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Josef Sudek
Le monde à ma fenêtre
du 07 juin
au 25 septembre 2016
Concorde, Paris
« Le monde à ma fenêtre » est la première exposition de cette ampleur qui resitue le travail et la vie de Josef Sudek (Kolín, 1896 – Prague, 1976) dans le contexte pragois de la première moitié du XXe siècle, imprégné de l’intense vie artistique de la capitale tchèque. À travers une sélection de 130 œuvres couvrant l’ensemble de la carrière de l'artiste, de 1920 à 1976, l’exposition se propose d’examiner comment la photographie de Sudek reflète sa relation au monde environnant, des explorations de l’intimité de son atelier et de son jardin vu de sa fenêtre aux vagabondages plus lointains qui le mènent aux rues de Prague et à sa périphérie, en passant par ses excursions dans la campagne alentour.
La fascination durable qu’exercent sur Sudek la lumière et son absence est à l’origine de quelques-unes des photographies les plus envoûtantes du XXe siècle. Nature, architecture, rues et objets sont magnifiés par sa sensibilité et son intelligence du pouvoir de la lumière qui révèlent comment l’obscurité rend tout impénétrable.
Photographe extraordinairement soucieux de la qualité du tirage, condition du potentiel expressif de l’image, Sudek obtient du procédé pigmentaire le meilleur de son atmosphère et de son pouvoir évocateur, et recueille de l’épreuve argentique sa puissance de réflexion et de description. Outre ses premiers pas dans la carrière, l’exposition présente une période charnière qui débute dans les années 1940, au cours de laquelle il se livre à des expériences novatrices et, se focalisant sur les aspects techniques et formels du médium de la photographie, crée des tirages pigmentaires, des tirages tramés, des puřidlos (photographies entre deux vitres) et des veteše (photographies insérées dans des cadres anciens), techniques qui, toutes, lui offrent la possibilité de transformer la qualité objectale de la photographie.
La perte de son bras droit au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale et les difficultés qu’il rencontre désormais à transporter sa chambre grand format n’ont en rien entamé la passion inconditionnelle qu’il éprouve pour son activité photographique.
La fenêtre de son atelier, objet qui exerce sur Sudek une inépuisable fascination, est comparable à la surface d’une toile, réfléchissant des instants de tendresse exquise et d’espoir quand une branche en fleur se pressait contre elle, ou de poignante mélancolie lorsqu’il observe le jeu infini de la buée métamorphosant le monde extérieur contemplé à travers la vitre.
La chambre panoramique lui offre la possibilité de saisir son amour de Prague, exprimant avec une profondeur de sentiment allant de pair avec la précision de sa vision la richesse historique et la complexité architecturale de la capitale tchèque.
Comme beaucoup d’artistes de sa génération marqués par leur expérience de la guerre, Sudek manifeste une conscience particulièrement aiguë des aspects sombres et tourmentés de l’existence humaine – sentiments qui lui inspirèrent certaines de ses images les plus mélancoliques et les plus émouvantes. Une photographie réalisée la nuit à travers la vitre de sa fenêtre, montrant une ville plongée dans l’obscurité sous l’Occupation durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, communique un sentiment de désespoir indicible tout en attestant de manière radicale de l’aptitude de cette technique, telle que pratiquée par un maître, à transcender le littéral.
La première partie de l’exposition plante le décor du grand récit de l’œuvre future de Sudek, montrant ses premiers paysages, les portraits de ses camarades pensionnaires de l’Invalidovna, l’hospice praguois accueillant les invalides de guerre comme lui, ses explorations hésitantes du modernisme et ses vues de l’intérieur de la cathédrale Saint-Guy.
Façonnant ainsi par des images le récit de sa vie, nous pénétrons ensuite dans son monde intérieur, section retraçant l’environnement immédiat de Sudek ainsi que les vues et objets qu’il affectionnait, son atelier et son jardin. Ses interminables promenades dans Prague trouvent une expression dans les panoramas de la ville et de ses environs, ainsi que dans la photographie de ses « quartiers périphériques » plus sordides, sujet également traité par d’autres artistes praguois. L’est et le nord de la Bohême, les monts Beskides et la forêt de Mionší sont également des destinations que le photographe affectionnait. L’exposition « Josef Sudek. Le monde à ma fenêtre » trace ainsi un fascinant panorama de la création de cet artiste à l’identité si singulière.
Before I had a regular camera of my own, I got my start in school bus photography from taking videos, separating them into stills and trying to pick out the least pixelated ones. I just thought it would be interesting to share these with you guys and see how they translated onto flickr.
The Chin tattooed women live in the Chin, Rakhine and Arakan states in northwestern Myanmar. The origin of facial tattoos in the region is unknown. Some believe that the practice began during the reigns of Kings long ago. The royalty used to come to the villages to capture young women. The men from the tribe may have tattooed their women to make them ugly, thereby saving them from a life of slavery. Interestingly, I heard a similar origin for body modification among the Mursi tribe in Ethiopia. As legend has it, the tribeswomen began wearing giant lip plates to make them uglier to would-be kidnappers. Now, the bigger the lip plate the higher the bride price.
For years, access to the tribal Mindat area was restricted by the burmese government. It was opened just two years ago. Only about 700 tourists visit per year. Most of them only visit the bucolic Mount Victoria by bus, never meeting the tattooed women who remain isolated, hours away by foot. Those who do wish to meet them better pack good walking shoes and be prepared to sleep in smoke-filled local houses complete with rats.
There are a few different face tattoo patterns. The spiderweb tattoo is popular in the Mrauk U region. It takes a three hour long tail boat ride to reach this remote area. This tattoo is usually accompanied by a circle in the center of the forehead which represents the sun or lines under the nose symbolizing tiger whiskers.
Another design, known as the bee pattern, is common in the Mindat area. It is composed of dots, lines and occasionally circles. It is worn by the Muun tribe who inhabit the hills of the Arakan state.
The Magan tribeswomen wear huge earrings made of beads and calabashes. They can also play the flute with their noses.
I ventured to Kanpelet village in search of the women from the U Pu tribe who have the incredibly rare whole face tattoo. This is one of the most impressive styles: the entire face is inked up. Rumors had it that only three women in this area had the tattoo. After hours of off roading, I arrive in the village only to learn that one died recently and another was very ill. I was lucky enough to meet Pa Late. At 85, she is nearly deaf but still works hard with her family in a small house on the top of a little hill.
Pa Late said that a completely black face had become a symbol of beauty in the past. The few women who refused to do it looked ugly to the men. The tattoo took three days but the pain lasted over a month.
There are two ways to make the tattoo needle. The first consists of tying three pieces of bamboo together and the second uses thorns. The ink is a mixture of cow bile, soot, plants, and pig fat. It usually took one day to complete the standard tattoo and a few more for the totally black one. The tattoo artist was a specialist or in some cases a parent. Infection was a common problem as the girls had blood all over their face.
Everything, including the eyelids, was tattooed. Many women say that the neck was the most sensitive area.
Ma Aung Seim shared her memories of the tattoo sessions : “I was 10 years old. The day before the tattoo ceremony, I only ate sugarcane and drank tea. It was forbidden to eat meat or peanuts. During the tattoo session, I cried a lot, but I could not move at all. After the session, my face bled for 3 days. It was very painful. My mother put fresh beans leaves on my face to alleviate the pain. I had no choice if i wanted to get married. Men wanted women with tattoos at this time. My mother told me that without a tattoo on my face, i would look like... a man! The web drawn on my face attracted the men like a spiderweb catches insects!”
Not all the tattooed women live in remote areas deep in the mountains. Some have integrated into modern society. Miss Heu, 67, lives in Kanpelet. Her grandmother forced her to get tattooed. She lives in a modern house and even has TV (when electricity is not out). Chin people have maintained their modesty and shyness: when a movie showspeople kissing or making love, most of them still fast forward the scene.
As a leader in the local community, Miss Heu had the chance to meet Aung San Suu Kyi when she came in the area for a meeting. She is very aware of the tattooed women and the ethnicities that are forgotten by the central government. She says she and Aung San Suu Kyi are friends now. Heu’s daughter has graduated and works in Singapore.
The Chin culture is threatened by the government as their teachers are usually not Chin. For a long time, they fought for independence, but since the country began to democratize, things have calmed down.
“I am old. Soon I will die” says to me a Chin woman from Pan Baung village, while she does the gesture of drying tears from her eyes. In her village, only 6 tattooed woman remain alive. Those women are the last of their kind…
© Eric Lafforgue
Origin and Habitat: South Africa, Northern cape (Districts Gordonia, Hay, and Prieska)
Habitat: Lithops bromfieldii grows hidden under bushes or aloes on white greyish, brownish and red quartzite.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots
(unranked):Core eudicots
Order:Caryophyllales
Family:Aizoaceae
Genus:Lithops
Species:L. bromfieldii
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Il lago Maggiore o Verbano è un lago prealpino di origine glaciale, il secondo per superficie in Italia.
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Striated marks of erosion on a rock in a Northern California riverbed
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I was driving to Otterden, using John Vigar's book as a guide to the East Kent churches I had missed.
I was using the Sat Nav, at least to get me to the village, so I could concentrate on the roads and sights as I went along, just on the offchance I passed another church unexpectedly.
And so I came to Eastling, and across a walled field, I saw the church, so, finding there was a large car park, I pulled up.
To get into the church yeard, one could either climb over a wooden stile, one built into the wall, or through the gate a few metres further along. I chose the gate.
Through the churchyard, and under the shadow of a huge yew tree to find the porch door, and church door beyond both unlocked.
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A huge church entered across a meadow along a path which passes a huge Yew tree. The porch is high Victorian with the jazziest floor in Kent, no doubt the work of Richard Hussey who restored the church in the mid nineteenth century. This leads to a church with origins in the 12th century but owing more to the 13th and even more to the 19th century! The arcades are built in a much replaced Early English style but work well. In the centre alley is the lovely ledger slab of a man who put it there a few years before his death and inscribed lest someone else steal his pole position! In the south transept is a pretty monument showing kneeling children and a most colourful shield of arms displaying sea creatures. The chancel contains some rare blank arcading in the north wall which may have formed sedilia elsewhere or which may be part of a monument. Its arches are held up by four strong men with bulging shoulders. What a surprise it is! Next to it is one of the finest 14th century tomb recesses in the county, though the faces at either end are Victorian fantasies. This is a much-loved and rewarding Downland church, which is open daily.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Eastling
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It is widely accepted that there has been a place of worship on the site of the Parish Church of St Mary's at Eastling since Anglo-Saxon times.
The oldest surviving parts of the present building are the base of the south-west Tower, the Nave and the western part of the Chancel. All are thought to have been built by the 11th century, possibly on the foundations of an earlier church. The remainder of the Tower and the central part of the Chancel are Norman.
The North and South Aisles and the Arcades between the Aisles and the Nave were built in the 13th century. In the 14th century, the Chancel was extended eastwards to create a Sanctuary. Also in that century, the St Katherine Chapel and an Arcade was added to the south-east corner of the building.
In 1855-56, the Nave, North Aisle and the South Arcade were substantially rebuilt, the West Porch added and the Nave re-roofed.
The Nave - or central area of the church - dates from the 12th century and is notable for its unusually narrow original walls (later, the Arcade walls). Fractionally over 2ft thick, they are considered to be attributable to Saxon workmanship which favoured relatively "thin" solid walls against the Norman style of "thicker" walls comprising two leaves with a filled cavity.
The western end of the Nave is thought to be a late 12th-century extension.
The South Aisle was constructed in the early part of the 13th century and substantially rebuilt by Victorian architect R. C. Hussey in 1855. Some original 13th-century material was re-used, and the eastern respond located against the Chancel remains substantially untouched.
The North Aisle was also created in the 13th century and completely rebuilt by Hussey as part of his major "modernisation" of the building. The South Aisle incorporates a 14th-century window.
The Victorians' enthusiasm for remodelling churches also extended to the Nave which was rebuilt by Hussey in 1855-56. He also added the West Porch, constructed a Vestry and re-built the Chancel arch. It's worth comparing the ceilings of the South Aisle which is said to have escaped Hussey's attentions and that of the Nave where he left only the tie beams and principal trusses visible.
The box pews, pulpit, lectern, rector's stall and choir stalls all date from the Victorian era. The wooden wall benches pre-date the pews.
The alignment of the Tower and Chancel is considered attributable to Saxon, rather than Norman, workmanship. If you stand in front of the east window and look back to the west door you will see that the Nave and Chancel are out of alignment, and this suggests that the Chancel pre-dates the Nave.
Examples of Norman workmanship to be seen in St Mary today are:
• the upper part of the Tower;
• perhaps the belfry stage with its pairs of round-headed openings;
• the re-styling of the western part of the Chancel; and
• the west end of the Nave (possibly a late 12th century extension).
Early in the 13th century, the Chancel was re-styled and given Early English lancet windows.
A further period of rebuilding-took place during the 14th century. The Chancel was extended eastwards by a further 22ft, so creating the Sanctuary.
The stained glass in the Chancel windows are memorials to the Birch Reynardson family. The east window contains picture panels, the work of famous church glass artist Thomas Willement of Davington.
On the north wall of the Sanctuary at Eastling Church is a double Aumbry.
Built as a cupboard in the wall - usually with a wooden door - this would have been used to house the Church Plate.
A piscina is, in effect, a medieval stone bowl near the altar where a priest carried out ceremonial cleaning tasks.
The piscina in Eastling Church dates from the late 13th century and takes the form of a stone cill incorporating twin bowls - one for hand washing, the other for cleaning the chalice and other sacred vessels.
It was originally located in the Chancel. When this part of the building was extended during the 14th century, the piscina was moved to its present position on the south wall of the Sanctuary.
The sedilia at Eastling Church comprise three recessed stone seats with trefoiled canopies. By convention, sedilia were placed south of the altar and used by the priest, deacon and sub-deacon.
Created late in the 13th century, Eastling's sedilia were moved, during the 14th century, from the Chancel to their present position in the (then) new Sanctuary.
The Stone Stalls, on the north side of the Chancel, would have once served as choir stalls. These recessed seats have unusual carved stone canopies in the form of four trefoiled arches carried on caryatids (columns sculpted as female figures).
In his "Notes on the Church", Eastling Church historian Richard Hugh Perks says that a 19th century ecclesiologist, Francis Grayling, theorised that they were mural recesses. Mr Perks considers the church might once have been decorated extensively with murals - born out by the traces of wall paintings found in the 1960s when the Chancel was re-decorated. However, the paintings were in such very poor condition that they were covered over. Mr Perks also draws attention to the fragment of the former Chancel east wall which can be seen at the east end of the Stone Stalls.
The St Katherine Chapel was built around 1350. As part of the scheme, an arcade was formed on the south side of the Chancel. The fluted (concave-sided) pillars are an unusual design, also found in Faversham Parish Church and at Eastchurch, Sheppey. It is thought that the workmanship might be by masons from either Leeds Priory or Faversham Abbey.
The Chapel houses a 19th century organ, the Martin James monument and a fine oak chest with an inscription of "1664 H" carved inside. The "H" is the mark of a Michael Shilling, who was churchwarden at the time.
There is evidence that Eastling Church once had a Rood Screen, possibly extending across both the Chapel and the Chancel. On this would have stood a Cross with a carving representing a crucified Jesus. The Reformation saw the destruction of the Rood and no trace remains, apart from the base of a stairs turret at the south-east corner of the South Aisle.
The West Porch was built in 1855, by Victorian architect R.C. Hussey as part of his major alterations to the church.
However, the fine Norman west doorcase is much older, possibly dating from 1180. It is carved from chalk blocks; some of the internal wall faces are also chalk, a common feature of many Downland churches. It was partly restored by the Victorians.
The churchyard owes much to a generous bequest for its maintenance by Dorothy Long (d. 1968). It used to be part of the 'Gods Acre Project' setup by the Vicar of Eastling Parish Caroline Pinchbeck (who departed the parish in 2012) but from 2013 has been returned to previous landscaping regimes.
When the churchyard was being managed with wildlife in mind, it preserved the diversity of nature alongside well kempt areas. This means parts of the old graveyard were left to grow from springtime onwards and were cut in September. Many species of wild flowers grew in a spring meadow and were followed by grasses. This encouraged wildlife into the graveyard, owls, field mice, voles, multiple species of insects and birds. The uncut areas were managed, which means to say they were not left to grow out of control. Brambles, the majority of stinging nettles and other unwanted plants were removed by hand and the graves were always tended so that the vegetation did not disturb them.
Areas of the churchyard that were mown were done so with a petrol mower but the grass was not collected, It was left on the ground as a mulch. No pesticides were used, they damaged the graves, leaving contaminated black rings around them and killed any wild flowers or grass in the affected areas. The emphasis of the gods acre project management process, started in 2008, was balance. By maintaining the churchyard in this way it was both cost effective and beneficial to local wildlife and preservation. (N. Perkins/ Grounds man Eastling Church 2007-2012)
The original graveyard has a modern extension with spaces still available for burials and close to the entry gate is an area dedicated to the burial of ashes.
Several graves date from the 17th and 18th centuries and include memorial stones to Mary Tanner who was born in the year of the Battle of Naseby; to Christopher Giles born in 1674 and his wife Susannah born in 1691; and to Thomas Lake of Eastling Gent died February the 19th 1717.
Close to the West Porch is a 13th century stone coffin slab, in the form of a cross with a sword, a style sometimes referred to as a "Crusader Tomb".(original text) This is infact incorrect, an archaeologist has confirmed that the stone is a medieval headstone most likely from the back of the church which was once standing that has been moved and placed by the entrance for asthetic qualities. There is another stone to the left of the entrance from a sarcophagus which again has been moved and placed by the entrance.
There is a Yew Tree by the West Door and It is said to be an ancient which would put it's minimum age at 2000 years, predating the church. However dating methods for Yew Trees are inconclusive.. It is hard to reliably scientifically date a Yew Tree due to several factors.. Information on the dating process can be found here. (source: ancient-yew.org) Also Yew trees can grow fast and ages can be exaggerated, a large Yew is most likely the age of the Church but unlikely to be older than it's Anglo-Saxon predecessor. There is no firm evidence to link Yew trees to pagan religions or the theory that Church's were built on Pagan Ritual Sites. (source: Illustrated History of the Countryside, Oliver Rackham)
The circle of yews which continue around the church have been said to have sprouted from the ancient Yew Tree, however archeologists and Yew Tree Specialists have put forward that actually the Yew Trees have been landscaped to look like that. In the past Yew Trees were planted to ward of witches and evil spirits. It is clear if you measure out the trees and use dimensions for aging that the trees have been landscaped.
Work carried out on the tower in 2010 to install a compostable toilet has radically changed the dimensions and structure of the lower and middle of the tower.
The base of the south-west Tower is said to date from the early 11th century, possibly earlier. Much of the remainder of the Tower is Norman.
The Tower - five feet thick at its base - is of flint and chippings, with ragstone quoins, and is heavily buttressed. The external brick buttress to the tower is 18th century. Brick was also used in rebuilding sections of the north-west angle of the Tower, the belfry openings and the Tower doorcase. Today's slated spire would once have been clad with wooden shingles.
The door to the Tower is set in a large arch with "Articles" of the Ringing Chamber, on wooden boards above it.
Eastling has six bells, four of them made by Richard Phelps during the time he occupied the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Click here for more info. Unfortunately, the present condition of the timber bell frame with its elm headstocks (constructed around 1700) and the upper part of the Tower do not allow the bells to be rung safely.
www.eastlingvillage.co.uk/st-mary-s-church.html
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THE next parish south-eastward from Newnham, is Easling, written in old deeds likewise Esling, and Iseling.
It is situated among the hills, on very high ground, about five miles southward from Faversham, and a little more than a mile south-eastward from Newnham valley, in a healthy but cold and forlorn country, being much exposed to the north-east aspect. The village, with the church and parsonage in it, a near pretty dwelling, stands on the road leading from Otterden to Newnham valley; in it there is a large well-timbered house, called Gregories, formerly of some account, and rebuilt in 1616, it formerly belonged to Hoskins, and then to Parmeter, in which name it still continues.—Though there is some level land in the parish, yet it is mostly steep hill and dale, the soil in gen ral a red cludgy earth, poor, and much covered with flints. It is very woody, especially in the eastern parts of it.
A fair is held in the village on Sept. 14, yearly, for toys and pedlary ware. On Nov. 30, being St. Andrew's, there is yearly a diversion called squirrel bunting, in this and the neighbouring parishes, when the labourers and lower kind of people assembling together, form a lawless rabble, and being accoutred with guns, poles, clubs, and other such weapons, spend the greatest part of the day in parading through the woods and grounds, with loud shoutings, and under the pretence of demolishing the squirrels, some few of which they kill, they destroy numbers of hares, pheasants, partridges, and in short whatever comes in their way, breaking down the hedges, and doing much other mischief, and in the evening betaking themselves to the alehouses, finish their career there in drunkenness, as is usual with such sort of gentry.
THIS PLACE, at the time of the taking of the general survey of Domesday, was part of the extensive possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in that record:
Herbert held of the bishop of Baieux Nordeslinge. The arable land is one carucate. It was taxed at half a suling. There two borderers pay two shillings. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards, it was worth twenty shillings, now twenty-five shillings. Turgod held it in the time of king Edward the Confessor.
These two manors, (one of which was Throwley, described immediately before in this record) Herbert, the son of Ivo, Held of the bishop of Baieux.
And a little below,
Roger, son of Ansebitil, held of the bishop, Eslinges. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is one carucate. There is in demesne . . . . and one borderer has half a carucate. There is a church, and one mill of ten shillings, and two acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth sixty shillings, and afterwards twenty shillings, now forty shillings. Unlot held it of king Edward, and could go where he pleased with his land.
Fulbert held of the bishop, Eslinges. It was taxed at five suling, in the time of king Edward the Confessor, and now for two, and so it did after the bishop gave the manor to Hugh son of Fulbert. The arable land is six carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty villeins having three carucates. There is a church, and twenty-eight servants, and one mill of ten shilings. Wood for the pannage of thirty bogs In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth ten pounds, and when he received it six pounds, now four pounds, and yet the bishop had eight pounds. Sired held it of king Edward.
The three estates described before, included North Easting and its appendages, Huntingfield and Diven manors, with others estates in this parish, then esteemed as part of them.
On the bishop's disgrace four years afterwards, all his possessions were confiscated to the crown.
Fulbert de Dover, mentioned above as tenant to the bishop of Baieux for one of these estates, appears afterwards to have held all three of them of the king in capite by barony, the tenant of them being bound by tenure to maintain a certain number of soldiers from time to time, for the defence of Dover castle, in which there was a tower called Turris dei inimica, which he was bound by his tenure likewise to repair.
Of him and his heirs these estates were held by knight's service, of the honor of Chilham, which they had made the caput baroniæ, or chief of their barony. (fn. 1) That part of the above-mentioned estates, called in Domesday Nordeslinge, was afterwards known by the name of THE MANOR OF EASLING, alias NORTHCOURT, which latter name it had from its situation in respect to the others, being held of the lords paramount by a family of the name of Esling, one of whom, Ralph de Esling, died possessed of it in the 26th year of king Edward I. anno 1297, then holding it by knight's service of the honor of Chilham. He left an only daughter and heir Alice, who carried this manor, with that of Denton, alias Plumford, in marriage to Sir Fulk de Peyforer, who, with Sir William de Peyforer, of Otterden, accompanied king Edward. I. in his 28th year, at the siege of Carlaverock, where, with many other Kentish gentlemen, they were both knighted. They bore for their arms, Argent, six fleurs de lis, azure.
Sir Fulk de Peyforer, in the 32d year of the above reign, obtained a grant of a market weekly on a Friday, and one fair yearly on the feast of the exaltation of the Holy Cross at Esling, and free-warren for his lands there. Before the end of which reign, the property of these manors was transferred into the family of Leyborne, and it appears by an inquisition taken in the 1st year of Edward III. that Juliana, the widow of William de Leyborne, who died anno 2 Edward II. was possessed of these estates at her death, and that their grand-daughter Juliana, was heir both to her grandfather and father's possessions, from the greatness of which she was usually stiled the Infanta of Kent.
She was then the wife of John de Hastings, as she was afterwards of Sir William de Clinton, created earl of Huntingdon, who paid aid for the manor of Northcourt, alias Easling. She survived him, and afterwards died possessed of this estate in Easling, together with Denton, alias Plymford, in the 41st year of king Edward III. and leaving no issue by either of her husbands, these manors, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, for it appears by the inquisition taken that year, after her death, that there was no one who could make claim to her estates, either by direct or even by collateral alliance.
These manors remained in the crown till the beginning of king Richard the IId.'s reign, when they became vested in John, duke of Lancaster, and other seoffees, in trust for the performance of certain religious bequests in the will of Edward III. in consequence of which, the king Afterwards, in his 22d year, granted them, among other premises, to the dean and canons of St. Stephen's college, in Westminster, for ever. (fn. 2) In which situation they continued till the 1st year of king Edward VI. when, by the act passed that year, they were surrendered into the king's hands.
After which the king, by his letters patent, in his 3d year, granted these manors, among others lately belonging to the above-mentioned college, to Sir Thomas Cheney, privy counsellor and treasurer of his houshold, with all and singular their liberties and privileges whatsoever, in as ample a manner as the dean and canons held them, to hold in capite by knight's service. (fn. 3) whose son Henry, lord Cheney, of Tuddington, had possession granted to him of his inheritance anno 3 Elizabeth, and that year levied a fine of all his lands.
He passed these manors away by sale, in the 8th year of that reign, to Martin James, esq. prothonotary of the court of chancery, and afterwards a justice of the peace for this county, who levied a fine of them anno 17 Elizabeth, and died possessed of them in 1592, being buried in the south chancel of this church, under a monument, on which are the effigies of himself and his wife. He bore for his arms, Quarterly, first and fourth, vert, a dolphin naiant; second and third, Ermine, on a chief gules, three crosses, or. His great-grandson Walter James, esq. was possessed of them at the time of the restoration of king Charles II. whose heirs sold them in the latter end of that reign, to Mr. John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, who died possessed of them in 1678, after which they descended down to Richard Grove, esq. of Cambridge, but afterwards of the Temple, in London, who died unmarried in 1792, and by his will devised them to Mr. William Jemmet, of Ashford, and Mr. William Marshall, of London, who continue at this time the joint possessors of them.
THE MANOR OF HUNTINGFIELD, situated in the eastern part of this parish, was, at the time of the takeing of the general survey of Domesday, part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, as has been already taken notice of before, and on his disgrace came, with the rest of his estates, to the crown, about the year 1084.
After which, Fulbert de Dover appears to have held it, with others in this parish, of the king in capite by barony, by the tenure of ward to Dover castle for the defence of it. Of him and his heirs it was held by knight's service, of the honor of Chilham, the head or chief of their barony.
Simon de Chelsfield held it of them, as lords paramount, in the reign of Henry III. but at the latter end of that reign, this manor was come into the possession of that branch of the eminent family of Huntingfield settled in this county, descended from those of Suffolk, in which county and in Norfolk they had large possessions. Hence this manor assumed the name of Huntingfield-court, and it appears by the roll of knights fees, taken at the beginning of the reign of Edward I. that Peter de Huntingfield then held it. He resided at times both here and at West Wickham, of which manor he was likewise possessed, though it seems when he was sheriff in the 11th, 12th, and 13th years of that reign, he kept his shrievalty at Huntingfield-court. In the 9th year of it he obtained a charter of free-warren for his lands at Eslynge and Stalesfeld, and in the 28th year of it attended the king at the siege of Carlaverock, in Scotland, for which service he, with others, received the honor of knighthood. He died in the 7th year of Edward II. anno 1313, leaving by the lady Imayne his wise, who was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, London, Sir Walter de Huntingfield his son and heir, who having obtained several liberties for his manor of Wickham, and liberty to impark his grounds there, (fn. 4) seems to have deserted this place, which in the next reign of Edward III. was sold either by him or by his son, Sir John de Huntingfield, to one of the family of Sawfamere, and in the 20th year of that reign, the lady Sawfamere, Dna' de Sawsamero, as she is written in the book of aid, paid respective aid for it.
But before the end of that reign, it had passed into the name of Halden, for it appears by the escheat-rolls that William de Halden died in the 50th year of it, possessed of Easling manor, called Huntingfield, held of the castle of Chilham; soon after which it became the property of Sir Simon de Burleigh, who being attainted in the 12th year of Richard II. this manor, among the rest of his possessions, came to the crown. After which, anno 2 Henry IV. John, son and heir of Sir John de Burley, cousin and heir of Sir Simon de Burley, was, upon his petition, restored in blood, and the judgment against Sir Simon was revoked, and three years afterwards the king, with the assent of the lords, wholly restored him to all his hereditaments, except as to those excepted by him. (fn. 5) How long this manor remained in this name I have not found, but in the reign of Henry VI. it was in the possession of Sir James Fienes, who anno 25 of that reign, by reason of his mother's descent, was created Lord Say and Sele, and was afterwards made lord treasurer, but becoming unpopular, from his being so great a favorite, he was seized on in the insurrection raised by Jack Cade, and beheaded in the 29th year of that reign. He was at his death possessed of this manor, which by his will be devised to his son Sir William Fienes, who became likewise lord Say and Sele, but the unhappy contention which then subsisted between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which he risked not only his person, but his whole fortune, brought him soon afterwards into great distresses, and necessitated him to mortgage and sell the greatest part of his lands. How this manor was disposed of I have not found, but within a very few years afterwards it appears to have been in the hands of the crown, for king Richard III. in his first year, granted to John Water, alias Yorke Heraulde, an annuity out of the revenues of his lordship of Huntingfield, and afterwards by his writ, in the same year, on the resignation of John, garter, principal king at arms, and Thomas, clarencieux, king at arms, he committed to Richard Champeney, alias called Gloucestre, king of arms, the custody of this manor.
But the see of it seems to have remained in the crown till king Henry VIII. in his 35th year, granted it to John Guldford and Alured Randall, esqrs. to hold in capite by knight's service. John Guildford was the next year become the sole proprietor of it, and then alienated it to Sir Thomas Moyle; he sold it, in the 7th year of Edward VI. to John Wild, esq. of St. Martin's hill, Canterbury, with its members and appurtenances in Esling, Sheldwich, Whitstaple, Reculver, and Ulcombe. However, it appears that he was not possessed of the entire see of it at his death in 1554, for he by his will devised his two thirds of this manor, (besides the third part due to the queen, after his wife's death) to his son Thomas Wild, then an infant, whose son John Wild, esq. of St. Martin's hill, alienated his share, or two thirds of it, which included the courts, sines, amerciaments, and other privileges belonging to it, to Martin James, esq. prothonotary of the court of chancery, owner of the manor of North-court, alias Easling, as above-mentioned, whose great-grandson, Walter James, esq. possessed it at the restoration of Charles II. at the latter end of which reign his heirs sold it to Mr. John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, who died possessed of it in 1678, and his great-grandson Richard Grove, esq. of London, proprietor likewise of North-court above-described, died in 1792, having by his will devised these manors (which having been for many years united in the same owners, are now consolidated, one court being held for both, the stile of which is, the manor of Easling, alias North court, with that of Huntingfield annexed, in Easling, Ulcomb, and Sheldwich) among the rest of his estates, to Wm. Jemmet, gent. of Ashford, and William Marshall, of London, and they continue at this time the joint possessors of these manors.
BUT THE REMAINING THIRD PART of the manor of Hunting field, in the hands of the crown in the reign of Philip and Mary, as before-mentioned, in which was included the mansion of Huntingfield court, with the demesne lands adjoining to it, continued there till it was granted, in the beginning of the next reign of queen Elizabeth, to Mr. Robert Greenstreet, who died possessed of it in the 14th year of that reign, holding it in capite by knight's service. His descendant Mr. Mathew Greenstreet, of Preston, leaving an only daughter Anne, she carried this estate in marriage to Mr. Richard Tassell, of Linsted, and he alienated it in 1733 to Edward Hasted, esq. barrister-at law, of Hawley, near Dartford, whose father Mr. Joseph Hasted, gent. of Chatham, was before possessed of a small part of the adjoining demesne lands of Huntingfield manor, which had been in queen Elizabeth's reign become the property of Mr. Josias Clynch.
The family of Hasted, or as they were antiently written, both Halsted and Hausted, was of eminent note in very early times, as well from the offices they bore, as their several possessions in different counties, and bore for their arms, Gules, a chief chequy, or, and azure. William Hausted was keeper of the king's exchange, in London, in the 5th year of Edward II. from whom these of Kent hold themselves to be descended, one of whom, John Hausted, clerk, or as his descendants wrote themselves, Hasted, born in Hampshire, is recorded to have been chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and a person much in favor with her, whom he so far displeased by entering into the state of marriage, which he did with a daughter of George Clifford, esq. of Bobbing, and sister of Sir Coniers Clifford, governor of Connaught, in Ireland, that he retired to the Isle of Wight, where he was beneficed, and dying there about the year 1596, was buried in the church of Newport. His great grandson Joseph Hasted, gent. was of Chatham, and dying in 1732, was buried in Newington church, as was his only son Edward, who was of Hawley, esq. the purchaser of Huntingfield court as before-mentioned. He died in 1740, leaving by his wife Anne, who was descended from the antient and respectable family of the Dingleys, of Wolverton, in the isle of Wight, one son, Edward Hasted, esq. late of Canterbury, who has several children, of whom the eldest, the Rev. Edward Hasted, late of Oriel college, in Oxford, is now vicar of Hollingborne. He bears for his arms the antient coat of the family of Halsted, or Hausted, as mentioned before, with the addition in the field, of an eagle displayed,ermine,beaked and legged, or, with which he quarters those of Dingley, Argent, a fess azure, in chief, two mullets of the second between two burts, which colours Charles, the third son of Sir John Dingley, of Wolverton, in James the 1st.'s reign, changed from those borne by his ancestors and elder brothers, i.e. from sable to azure.
Edward Hasted, esq. of Canterbury, above-mentioned, succeeded his father in this estate, which he, at length, in 1787, alienated to John Montresor, esq. of Throwley, who continues the possessor of it.
The foundations of slint and stone, which have continually been dug up near this house, shew it to have been formerly much larger that it is at present. There was once a chapel and a mill belonging to it, the fields where they stood being still known by the name of chapel-field and mill-field, which answers the description of this estate given in Domesday.
DIVEN is A MANOR, situated almost adjoining to the church of Easting, which is so corruptly called for Dive-court, its more antient and proper name. This estate was likewise one of those described before in Domesday, as being part of the possessions of the bishop of Baieux, on whose disgrace it was, among, the rest of his estates, forfeited to the crown; after which, Fulbert de Dover appears to have held it, with others in this parish therein-mentioned, of the king in capite by barony, by the tenure of ward to Dover cattle, and of him and his heirs it was held, as half a knight's fee, of the honor of Chilham, the caput barouiæ, or head of their barony.
In the reign of Henry III. John Dive held this estate as before-mentioned, of that honor; and his descendant Andrew Dive, in the 20th year of king Edward III. paid aid for it as half a knight's fee, held of the above barony, when it paid ward annually to Dover castle. In this name the manor of Diven continued till the beginning of the next reign of king Richard II. when it was alienated to Sharp, of Ninplace, in Great Chart, in which it remained till the latter end of Henry VII. when it was conveyed to Thurston, of Challock, from which, some year after, it was passed by sale to John Wild, esq. who, before the reign of queen Elizabeth, sold it to Gates, and he alienated it to Norden, who conveyed it to Bunce, where it remained after the death of king Charles I. in 1648; soon after which this manor was sold to John Adye, esq of Down court, in Doddington, who died possessed of it in 1660, and his two sons, Edward and Nicholas, seem afterwards to have possessed it in undivided moieties.
Edward Adye, esq. was of Barham, and left seven daughters his coheirs, of whom Susanna, married to Ruishe Wentworth, esq. son and heir of Sir George Wentworth, a younger brother to Thomas, the noted but unfortunate earl of Strafford, entitled her husband to the possession of her father's moiety of this manor, with other lands in Doddington, upon the division of his estates among them. He left an only daughter and heir Mary, who married Thomas, lord Howard, of Essingham, who died possessed of this moiety of Diven-court in 1725, and leaving no male issue, he was succeeded in this estate by Francis his brother and heir, who was in 1731 created Earl of Essingham, and died in 1743. His son Thomas, earl of Effingham, afterwards alienated this moiety of Divencourt to Oliver Edwards, esq. of the six clerks office, as will be further mentioned hereafter.
The other moiety of this manor, which, on the death of his father, came into the possession of Nicholas Adye, esq. of Down-Court, in Doddington, was devised by him to his eldest son John Adye, esq. of Down court, who anno 23 Charles II. suffered a recovery of it. (fn. 6)
He left an only daughter and heir Mary, married to Henry Cullum, sergeant-at-law; but before that event, this estate seems to have been passed away by him to Thomas Diggs, esq. of Chilham castle, Whose descendant of the same name, in 1723, conveyed it, with Chilham-castle, and the rest of his estates in this county, to Mr. James Colebrook, citizen and mercer of London, who died possessed of this moiety of Diven-court in the year 1752, after which it passed in like manner with them, till it was at length sold by his descendants, under the same act of parliament, in the year 1775, to Thomas Heron, esq. of Newark upon Trent, afterwards of Chilham-castle, who about the year 1776, joined with Oliver Edwards, esq. the proprietor of the other moiety, as has been mentioned beforce, to Mr. Charles Chapman, of Faversham, who then became possessed of the whole of it, which, at his death in 1782, he devised by his will to his nephews and nieces, of the name of Leeze, two of whom are now entitled to the fee of it.
THE MANOR OF ARNOLDS, which is situated about a mile eastward from the church of Easling, was likewise part of the estates of the bishop of Baieux, mentioned before, and on his disgrace came with the rest of them, to the crown, of which it was held afterwards in capite by barony, by Fulbert de Dover, by the tenure of ward to Dover castle, and of him and his heirs it was again held, as half a knight's fee, as of the honor of Chilham, the head of their barony.
Of them it was held by Arnold de Bononia, whence it acquired the name of Arnolds, alias Esling. His son John Fitzarnold afterwards possessed it in the reign of Edward III. after which Peter de Huntingfield was owner of it, but in the 20th year of Edward III. the lady Champaine, or Champion, and the earl of Oxford paid aid for it, as half a knight's fee, held of the barony above-mentioned. How it passed afterwards I have not seen, but in the next reign of Richard II. it was become part of the endowment of the dean and canons of the collegiate free chapel of St. Stephen's, Westminster, with whom it remained till the suppression of it in the 1st year of Edward VI. when it came into the hands of the crown; after which it became the property of Gates, and after that of Terry, in which it continued several years, and by that acquired the name of Arnolds, alias Terrys, from which name it was sold, in the reign of queen Anne, one part to the Rev. William Wickens, rector of this parish, who bore for his arms, Party, per pale, or, and sable, a chevron coupee, between three trefoils, all counter changed, whose son Mr. William Wickens, succeeded to it on his death in 1718. He died without male issue, and by his will devised it to his two daughters, one of whom marrying Elvy, he bought the other sister's share in it, and his widow surviving him now possesses both of them; another part was sold to Chapman, and a third to Avery. Since which it has become more inconsiderable, by the two parts last-mentioned having been again parcelled out, so that now it is sunk into that obscurity, as hardly to be worthy of notice, but the manerial rights of the manor are claimed by John Wynne and Lydia his wife.
Charities.
EDWARD GRESWOLD, by his will in 1677, gave 20l. for the benefit of the poor not receiving alms, to be laid out in land or otherwise, by his executors, who in 1680 purchased a piece of land, called Pinkes-cross, in Easling, containing two acres, in trust, for this purpose, the rent of it is now 154. per annum, vested in the minister and parish officers.
The poor constantly relieved are about twelve, casually twenty-five.
EASLING is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Ospringe.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, consists of three isles and a south chancel, called St. Katherine's. The steeple, which is a low pointed one, stands at the west end; there are six bells in it.
Alicia de Esling, wife of Robert de Eschequer, and lady of the manor of Esling, with the consent of archbishop Theobald, in the reign of king Stephen, granted the church of Elinges, situated on her estate, to the priory of Ledes, in perpetual alms, together with the temporalities, or appropriation of it, to be possessed by them for ever after the death of Gervas then incumbent of it. Which gift was confirmed by archbishop Hubert, in the reign of Richard I.
Notwithstanding which, there was no vicarage endowed here, nor did the canons of Ledes ever enjoy the parsonage of it; but archbishop Stephen Langton, who succeeded archbishop Hubert, with the consent and approbation of William de Eslinges, patron of this church, granted to the canons of Ledes twenty shillings yearly, to be received from it in the name of a benefice; and he ordained, that beyond that sum, they should not claim any thing further from it, but that whenever it should become vacant, the said William de Esling should present to it. But it should seem that after this, they had not given up all pretensions to it, for they obtained, seventy years after this, viz. in 1278, of the prior, and the convent of Christchurch, Canterbury, a confirmation of the archbishops Theobald and Hubert's charters to them, in which this church is particularly mentioned. (fn. 7) How long it continued in the hands of the family of Esling I do not find, or in those of private patronage; but before the 22d year of Edward III. it was become part of the possessions of the college founded by Sir John Poultney, in the church of St. Laurence, Canon-street, London, with which it remained till the suppression of the college, in the reign of Edward VI. when it came, with the rest of the possessions of it, into the hands of the crown.
After which it seems to have been granted to Sir Thomas Moyle, of Eastwell, whose sole daughter and heir Catherine married Sir Thomas Finch, of that place, and afterwards Nicholas St. Leger, esq. who in her right presented to this rectory in 1574; after which Sir Moyle Finch, knight and baronet, the eldest son of Sir Thomas and lady Catherine, succeeded to it, in whose descendants, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, this advowson continued down to Daniel, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, who died possessed of it in 1769, without male issue, leaving his four daughters his coheirs. He was succeeded in titles by his nephew George Finch, esq. only son of his next brother William; but this advowson, with Eastwell, and the rest of his Kentish estates, he gave by his will to his nephew George Finch Hatton, esq. only son of his third brother the hon. Edward Finch Hatton, (fn. 8) who is the present owner of it.
The pension of twenty shillings payable from this church to the priory of Ledes, at its suppression in the reign of Henry VIII. came into the hands of the crown; after which it was settled, among other premises, by the King, in his 33d year, on his newerected dean and chapter of Rochester, who are now entitled to it.
¶This rectory is valued in the king's books at sixteen pounds, and the yearly tenths at 1l. 12s. In 1587 the communicants here were eighty-seven.
In 1640 it was valued at 120l. Communicants one hundred. It is now worth upwards of 200l. per annum.
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Girl:
Meaning:
Origin:
Boy:
Meaning:
Abigail
Father’s Joy
Hebrew
Aakarshan
Attraction
Abina
Born On Thursday
Ghanian
Abdiel
Servant Of
God
Acantha
Legendary Nymph
Greek
Abi
Elder Brother
Adar
Fire
Hebrew
Abiel
God Is Father
Aden
Fiery One
Arabic
Abijah
Lord Is My Father
Adeola
Crown
Nigerian
Abisha
God’S Gift
Aderyn
Bird
Welsh
Abundiantus
Plentiful
Adiba
Cultured
Arabic
Achyuta
Name Of Vishnu
Adiel
Ornament Of God
Hebrew
Acton
Oak Trees
Adila
Equal, Like
Arabic
Adair
Oak Trees
Adorna
Adorned With Jewels
Latin
Adeipho
Brother
Adriano
Dark, Rich
Greek
Ademaro
Glorious In Battle
Agate
Precious Stone
French
Adin
Sensual
Ahneta
Ambitious
Latin
Aditya
Lord Of Sun
Ahuva
Beloved
Hebrew
Adolph
Wolf
Airlia
Ethereal
Greek
Adon
Lord
Akala
Parrot
Aboriginal
Agilard
Bright
Akina
Spring Flower
Japanese
Agu
Leopard
Alameda
Poplar Tree
Spanish
Ahren
Eagle
Alani
Orange Tree
Hawaiian
Aidan
Little Fiery
One
Alaqua
Sweet Gum
Tree
Native
American
Ajatashatru
Name Of
Vishnu
Alba
Sand Hill
Aboriginal
Akaash
Sky
Aldara
Winged Gift
Greek
Akando
Ambush
Allegra
Cheerful,
Joyous
Italian/Spanish
Akiyama
Mountain
Alohi
Brilliant
Hawaiian
Akshay
Name Of God
Altheda
Flower-Like
Greek
Aland
Bright As Sun
Aluma
Girl
Hebrew
Alasdair
Protector Of
Men
Alzena
Woman
Arabic
Alcott
From Stone
Cottage
Ama
Born On
Saturday
Ghanian
Alika
Defender
Amadea
Beloved Of
God
Latin
Allambee
Quiet Resting-
Place
Amana
Faithful Or
Loyal
Hebrew
Alric
Ruler
Amani
Aspiration,
Desire
Arabic
Altair
Bird, Star
Amaranth
Unfading
Flower
Greek
Alvah
Exalted One
Amaryllis
Shepherdess
Greek
Alvis
All Wise
Amber
Gemstone
Arabic
Amador
Lover
Ambika
Mother
Hindi
Amar
Forever
Ambra
Gemstone
Arabic
Amaro
Dark, Like
Moor
Amira
Arabic:
Princess
Arabic
Amaroo
Beautiful
Place
Anar
Anaar
Hindu
Amato
Beloved
Anaya
Anaia
Latin
Amida
Name Of
Ancilla
Handmaiden
Latin
Amiel
Lord Of My
People
Andras
Breath
Norwegian
Amiri
East Wind
Annissa
Charming,
Gracious
Arabic
Amistad
Friendship
Anteia
Mythological
Figure
Greek
Amit
Endless
Anthea
Flower-Like
Greek
Ammon
Ancient God
Anzu
Apricot
Japanese
Amon
Trustworthy
Aolani
Heavenly
Cloud
Hawaiian
Amulya
Priceless
Aphra
Dust
Hebrew
Amund
Divine
Protection
Apollonia
Belonging
To Apollo
Greek
Aneurin
Truly Golden
Aponi
Butterfly
Native
American
Angelo
Saintly
Messenger
Arabella
Beautiful
Altar
Latin
Angus
Unique
Strength
Araminta
Flower
Greek
Annan
From Stream
Ardath
Field Of
Flowers
Hebrew
Antoni
Worthy Of
Praise
Aria
Beautiful
Melody
Latin
Anwell
Beloved, Dear
One
Arika
Waterlily
Aboriginal
Anyon
Anvil
Arilda
Hearth
Maiden
German
Aran
Active,
Nimble
Arinya
Kangaroo
Aboriginal
Archard
Sacred And
Powerful
Ariza
Cedar Tree
Hebrew
Ardon
Bronze
Arlette
Eagle
Teutonic
Ari
Lion
Armelle
Princess
French/Celtic
Ariel
Lion Of God
Armilla
Bracelet
Latin
Ariki
Chief
Arnurna
Blue
Waterlily
Aboriginal
Aristedes
Best
Artemisia
Belonging
To Artemis
Greek
Aristo
Best
Arti
Popular
Girl’s Name
Indonesian
Arkin
Eternal King’S
Son
Arva
Eagle
Greek
Arland
Pledge
Ashleigh
Ash Tree
Old English
Arlen
Pledge
Ashling
Vision Or
Dream
Irish Gaelic
Arnall
Gracious
Eagle
Asia
East
Greek
Arne
Eagle
Askini
Daughter
Hindu
Arnett
Little Eagle
Aster
Flower
Greek
Aronne
Exalted
Astera
Flower
Name
Hebrew
Art
Rock
Astrid
Divine
Strength
Old Norse
Arthus
Bear Hero,
Rock
Atifa
Affection
Arabic
Arun
Dawn
Atiya
Gift
Arabic
Arvin
Friend Of
People
Atmaja
Daughter
Hindu
Ashish
Blessings
Audun
Deserted
Norwegian
Ashok
Without
Sadness
Aure
Breeze, Soft-
Air
Greek
Aslak
Divine Sport
Aurora
Daybreak
Latin
Aswad
Black
Autumn
Autumn
Latin
Athol
New Ireland
Ava
Eagle
Greek
Atilla
Beloved
Father
Avanti
Ancient
Malwa
Hindu
Atiu
Eldest
Avera
Transgressor
Hebrew
Atley
From Meadow
Avoca
Sweet Valley
Irish
Attis
Handsome
Boy
Awusi
Born On
Sunday
Ghanian
Atworth
From Farm
Ayala
Deer
Modern Hebrew
Auberon
Noble
Ayiana
Eternal
Bllom
Native
American
Aubrey
Golden-Haired
Aylwen
Fair Brow
Welsh
Audric
Old, Wise
Ruler
Azarni
Thistle
Flower
Japanese
Aurek
Golden-Haired
Baako
First Born
African
Aurelio
Gold
Baka
Crane
Hindu
Aurelius
Golden One
Bakana
Lookout
Aboriginal
Averell
Slayer Of Boar
Bakarne
Solitude
Basque
Averill
Boar-Warrior
Bala
Young Girl
Sanskrit
Axel
Source Of All
Life
Balbina
Strong,
Stammers
Latin
Ayer
Heir
Bambalina
Little Girl
Italian
Ayhner
Noble And
Famous
Banan
Fingertips
Arabic
Aylward
Awe-Inspiring
Bara
To Choose
Hebrew
Azim
Grand
Barakah
White One
Arabic
Aziz
Powerful One
Barbara
Foreigner Or
Stranger
Latin
Babar
Lion
Barika
Successful
Swahili
Bacchus
Romgod Of
Wine
Barina
Summit
Aboriginal
Bahar
Baharak
Basha
Daughter Of
God
Polish
Baingana
People Are
Equal
Basimah
Smiling One
Arabic
Baird
Bard Or
Minstrel
Bathilde
Maiden Of
War
Teutonic
Bairn
Child
Batyah
Daughter Of
God
Modern Hebrew
Bakari
Promising
Bayo
To Find Joy
Nigerian
Balavan
Powerful
Beata
Blessed
Latin
Balder
God Of Light
Bebe
Baby
French
Baldric
Princely Ruler
Beda
Warrior
Maiden
Old English
Baldwin
Protector
Bedelia
Strength
Old English
Bale
Home Of
Mutimclan
Behira
Brilliant One
Hebrew
Bali
Mighty
Warrior
Bel
Apple Tree
Hindu
Balint
Strong And
Healthy
Belda
Beautiful
Lady
French
Balun
River
Belicia
Dedicated
To God
Spanish
Bane
Long-Awaited
Child
Belina
Goddess
French
Banning
Blond Child
Belinda
Beautiful
Italian
Baptista
Baptised One
Belita
Beautiful
One
Spanish
Barabas
Barabba
Belladonna
Beautiful
Woman
Italian
Barak
Flash Of
Lightning
Bellanca
Stronghold
Greek
Barend
Firm Bear
Benilda
Of Good
Intentions
Latin
Barnett
Noble Man
Benta
Wise One
Hebrew
Baron
Nobleman
Beranger
Courage Of
Bear
French
Barry
Like Spear
Berdine
Glorious
Maiden
Teutonic
Bars
Pepper
Berit
Bright, Glorious
Old German
Barse
Fresh-Water
Perch
Bernia
Maiden Of
Battle
Old English
Baruch
Blessed
Bertana
Day
Aboriginal
Bashir
Good Omen
Berthilda
Shining
Warrior
Maid
Old English
Basil
Like King
Beryl
Precious
Green Jewel
Greek
Baxter
Baker
Beta
Dedicated
To God
Czech
Bayanai
Hero
Beth
House Of
God
Hebrew
Bazyli
Royalty
Bethel
House Of
God
Hebrew
Beagan
Little One
Bethia
Daughter Of
God
Hebrew
Beattie
Provider
Bevin
Sweet
Voiced
Irish Gaelic
Bebe
Baby
Bhoomi
Earth
Hindu
Becan
Little One
Bian
Secretive
Vietnamese
Bedrich
Peaceful Ruler
Bibi
Lady
Arabic
Belen
Arrow
Binda
Deep Water
Aboriginal
Bem
Peace
Binty
Daughter
Swahili
Bemus
Platform
Birdie
Little Bird
Modern English
Berenger
Courage Of
Bear
Birget
Protecting
Norwegian
Bergren
Mountain
Stream
Birkita
Strength
Celtic
Beriszl
Honor
Blaine
Thin
Irish Gaelic
Bersh
One Year
Blake
Fair-Haired
Old English
Beval
Like Wind
Blanda
Dazzling
Teutonic
Bhavin
Swedish
Bliss
Joy, Gladness
Old English
Bhima
Mighty One
Blodwen
White
Flower
Welsh
Bhrigu
Prajapati
Blossom
Flower Or
Bloom
Old English
Bhudev
Lord Of Earth
Bly
High, Tall
Native
American
Bilal
Convert
Bo-Bae
Treasure,
Precious
Korean
Bingham
Crib
Bodil
Battle
Maiden
Old Norse
Birch
At Birch Tree
Bohdana
From God
Russian
Bishop
Bishop
Bona
Good
Latin
Bitalo
Finger-Licking
Bonita
Pretty
Spanish
Blade
Glory,
Prosperity
Bonnie
Pretty
English/Scottish
Blaine
Thin
Bonny
Pretty
English/Scottish
Blaxton
Black Stone
Borgny
Help, New
Norwegian
Blaz
Protector
Brandie
Brandy, Fine
Wine
Dutch
Bledig
Like Wolf
Branwen
Beautiful
Welsh
Bod
Branch
Brenda
Flaming
Sword
Old Norse
Bodor
Curly
Brenna
Raven-
Haired
Irish Gaelic
Bogdan
Gift From God
Bretta
From Britain
Celtic
Bolton
Of Manor
Farm
Briallen
Primrose
Welsh
Bonamy
Good Friend
Briar
Thorny Plant
Middle English
Booker
Beech Tree
Brier
Heather
French
Boone
Good
Brietta
Strong
Celtic
Booth
Shelter
Brina
Protector
Celtic
Bosley
Grove Of
Trees
Brites
Strength
Celtic
Botan
Peony
Brodie
Ditch
Irish Gaelic
Botond
Warrior
Bron
Source
African
Bowie
Golden-Haired
Brona
Sorrow
Irish
Bowman
Archer
Bronnen
Rush
Cornish
Boyden
Herald
Bronwen
Fair Breasted
Welsh
Brae
Hill
Bronwyn
Fair Breast
Welsh
Bram
Father Of
Many
Bronya
Armour,
Protection
Slavonic
Bramwell
Sword Blade
Brygid
Strength
Polish
Brand
Fiery Sword
Bryna
Strength
Irish
Brander
Mountains
Bryony
Vine-Like
Plant
Greek
Brecon
Crowned With
Laurel
Buena
Good
Spanish
Brencis
Raven
Bunny
Little Rabbit
English
Brendan
Name Of
Early Saint
Burilda
Black Swan
Aboriginal
Breok
One Who
Brews Beer
Cace
Daughter Of
Wind
Greek
Brewster
Strong One
Cadence
Rhythmic
Latin
Brian
Castle
Cait
Pure,
Virginal
Irish Gaelic
Briand
One Who Is
Loved
Caja
Daisy
Cornish
Brighton
Born During
Rain
Cala
Castle
Arabic
Brishen
Colour
Caldra
Lark
Greek
Brown
Brown Haired
Calista
Most
Beautiful
One
Greek
Bruno
Bruto
Call
Chatter
German
Brutus
Strong, Protector
Calla
Beautiful
Greek
Burchard
Proof
Callia
Beautiful
French
Burhan
Honor In
Battle
Callidora
Gift Of
Beauty
Greek
Cadogan
Victory Of
People
Calliope
Muse Of
Poetry
Greek
Cailean
Stream
Camira
Of Wind
Aboriginal
Calder
Cold Spring
Caoimhe
Calm
Celtic
Caldwell
Devoted One
Caragh
Love
Irish
Caleb
Most Beautiful
Cari
Flows Like
Water
Turkish
Calisto
Cup
Carissa
Most
Beloved One
Latin
Callis
Dove
Carleigh
Freeholder
German
Calum
Calf Herder
Carlen
Wom
Teutonic
Calvert
Little Bald
One
Carmel
Garden Or
Orchard
Hebrew
Calvin
Crooked Line
Carna
Horn
Arabic
Camlin
Beloved Or
Amiable
Caron
Pure
French
Caradoc
From Black
Fortress
Carrie
Free Person
English
Carden
Free Man
Carys
Beloved One
Welsh
Carl
Place Of Fort
Casilda
Of Home
Latin
Carlisle
Free Man
Castalia
Mythological
Figure
Greek
Carlos
Pile Of Rocks
Catrin
Pure
Welsh
Carne
Rocky Cliff Or
Cape
Cayleigh
Party
Gaelic
Carrick
Beautiful
Cecia
Free
German
Carrington
Fierce Warrior
Celdia
Swallow
Greek
Carroll
Great
Destroyer
Celeste
Heavenly
Latin
Casimir
Belonging To
Castle
Celestyn
Heaven
Polish
Castel
Knowledgable,
Wise
Celine
Goddess Of
Moon
Greek
Caton
Spirit Of
Battle
Cerdwin
Mother
Goddess
Celtic
Cayden
To Cut
Cerelia
Of Spring
Latin
Ceasar
Blind One
Ceridwen
Fair Poetry
Welsh
Cecil
Perfect
Cerise
Cherry Red
French
Cemal
Battle, Warrior
Chah
Grace
Hebrew
Chadwick
Light
Charis
Grace,
Graceful
One
Greek
Chahaya
Life
Charisma
Grace
Greek
Chaika
Boy, Son
Charissa
Grace
Greek
Chal
Strong And
Manly
Charmaine
Delightful
Greek
Chale
Dependability
Chaya
Life
Hebrew
Chane
Merchant Or
Trader
Chenoa
White Dove
Native Americ
Chapman
Hunter
Cher
Beloved One
French
Chase
Bootmaker
Cherise
Grace
Greek
Chaucer
Chancellor
Cherish
Treasured
One
Old French
Chauncey
Falcon
Chesna
Peaceful
Slavonic
Chayton
From Oak
Grove
Chimalis
Bluebird
Native Americ
Cheyney
Power Of God
Chitra
Portrait
Hindu
Chike
From
Children’S
Farm
Chloe
Fertile
Young
Maiden
Greek
Chilton
Precious One
Chloris
Plt Lover
Greek
Chin
Wise One
Choden
Devout One
Tibetan/Sherpa
Chung
From Church
On Hill
Chruse
Golden,
Golden One
Greek
Churchill
Dark, Black
Chrysilla
Golden-
Haired
Greek
Ciaran
From Heaven
Chyou
Autumn
Chinese
Ciel
Lame One
Ciara
Spear
Irish Gaelic
Claudio
Lame One
Cinnamon
Spice Name
Hebrew
Claudius
From Clay
Circe
Witch-
Goddess
Greek
Clay
Place On
Headland
Claiborne
Born Of
Earth
Old English
Clinton
Cliff
Clemence
Mild,
Merciful
Latin
Clive
Famous
Warrior
Cleva
From Cliff
Old English
Clovis
Resting-Place
Clitha
Glorious
Flower
Greek
Clunes
Name Of
River
Clodagh
From Name
Of River
Irish
Clyde
Burnt Earth
Clotilda
Battle
Maiden
Teutonic
Cobar
From Hill
With Knob
Clover
Flower
Name
Old English
Cobden
Bright
Seafarer
Clymene
Renowned
Greek
Colbert
From Dark
Country
Colenso
From Dark
Pool
Cornish
Colby
Dark And
Swarthy
Colleen
Girl
Irish Gaelic
Cole
Dove
Columbia
Dove
Old English
Colon
From Dark, Town
Concordia
Harmonious
One
Latin
Colton
Noble
Cora
Maiden
Greek
Coman
From Farm In
Valley
Coralia
Like Coral
Greek
Compton
As Strong As
Wolf
Cordelia
Jewel Of Sea
Celtic
Conall
Wise And
Intelligent
Coreen
End Of Hills
Aboriginal
Conan
Wise Man
Corliss
Cheerful
One
Old English
Condon
Hero
Cornelia
Horn
Latin
Conlan
Strong Will
Corona
Town
Latin
Connor
Wise
Cosima
Perfect
Order
Greek
Conroy
Barrel Maker
Crescent
One Who
Creates
Old French
Cooper
Raven
Crystal
Clear As Ice
Greek
Corbett
Lad Of
Chariot
Cuyler
Chapel
Celtic
Cormac
Bold
Cynara
Thistle
Greek
Cort
Friend Of
Heart
Cypria
Wom From
Cyprus
Greek
Corwin
From Court
Land
Cytheria
Venus
Latin
Courtland
Rock Or Crag
Daba
Kind Words
Hebrew
Craig
From Hill Of
Cranes
Dae
Greatness
Korean
Crandon
Meadow Of
Cranes
Dagna
New Day
Old Norse
Cranley
Ford With
Crows
Dakin
Danish
Danish
Crawford
Swarthy One
Dalila
Gentle
Swahili
Cronan
Handsome
Damalis
One Who
Gentles
Greek
Cullen
From
Cornwall
Damara
Gentle Girl
Greek
Curnow
Churn
Damaris
Gentle
Greek
Currier
Courteous
Dame
Lady
German
Curtis
Brilliant
Damini
Lightning
Hindu
Cuthbert
Great Chief
Damita
Little Noble
Lady
Spanish
Cynfor
Of Kingly
Lineage
Danica
Morning Star
Slavic
Cynric
Day
Danika
Morning Star
Slavonic
Dag
Grain, Or
Earth
Danu
Fruitfulness
Gaelic
Dagan
Shining Sun
Danuta
Little Deer
Polish
Dagobert
Happiness
Daralis
Beloved
Old English
Dakarai
Friend
Darra
Small Great
One
Gaelic, Farsi
Dakota
Sand
Darri
Track
Aboriginal
Daku
Pride’S People
Dasha
Gift Of God
Greek
Dallin
Earth
Davine
Loved
Hebrew
Damek
God Is My
Judge
Dawn
Daybreak,
Dawn
English
Danny
Blue Sky
Daya
Bird
Hebrew
Darel
Beloved
Dayla
To Draw
Water
Hebrew
Darrel
Great
Dechen
Happiness
Tibetan/Sherpa
Darren
Leader
Decima
Tenth
Latin
Dartagnan
Beloved
Friend
Deepika
Little Light
Hindu
Darwin
Beloved
Friend
Deiene
Religious
Holiday
Basque
Davidson
Bright One
Delanna
Soft As, Wool
Italian
Davin
Roofer
Delbin
Dolphin
Greek
Decker
Like Lamp Or
Light
Delicia
Delight
Latin
Deepak
Shining One
Delma
Of Sea
Spanish
Delling
Sea
Delta
Fourth
Greek
Delmore
He Is So
Delyth
Neat And
Pretty
Welsh
Delsin
Man
Dembe
Peace
Ugandan
Deman
Goddess Of
Fertility
Demetria
Goddess Of
Fertility
Greek
Demetrius
Peace
Demi
Half
Latin
Dempe
Proud One
Dep
Beautiful
Vietnamese
Dempsey
Judge
Derryth
Of Oak
Welsh
Dempster
Wine, Drama
Dervla
Daughter Of
Poet
Irish Gaelic
Denes
Homestead In
Valley
Desiree
Desired One
Latin
Denham
Home Of
Danes
Desma
Pledge
Greek
Denholm
Godlike
Desta
Happiness
Ethiopian
Deo
Envy Free
Destinee
Destiny
French
Dermot
Desired One
Destry
War Horse
French
Desiderius
World
Devika
Little
Goddess
Sanskrit
Desmond
Godlike
Devnet
Home Of
Danes
Swedish
Dev
Fighter Of
Wrong
Devona
From Devon
Old English
Devante
Sage Of Devas
Devora
Industrious
Woman
Jewish
Devarsi
Poet
Devorah
Industrious
Woman
Jewish
Devin
Fierce Bravery
Diane
Divine One
French
Devlin
Right-Handed
Diantha
Divine
Flower
Greek
Dexter
Candle
Diarria
Flower
Greek
Dian
Without Envy
Didrika
People’s
Ruler
Teutonic
Diarmad
Powerful, Rich
Ruler
Diella
Worships
God
Latin
Dick
Powerful, Rich
Ruler
Diki
Healthy And
Wealthy
Tibetan/Sherpa
Dickinson
Desired One
Dillian
Worshipped
One
Latin
Didier
Ruler Of
People
Dilys
True,
Steadfast
Welsh
Diederik
Lost Or
Strayed
Dimity
From Cotton
Material
Greek
Diggory
King
Dinah
Judgment
Hebrew
Dilip
Lord Of Day
Disa
Double
Greek
Dinesh
Richard’S Son
Diva
Goddess
Latin
Dixon
Goddess Of
Fertility
Divya
Heavenly,
Brilliant
Hindu
Dmitri
Good
Dobrila
Kind, Good
Slavonic
Dobry
Black-Haired
Dohna
Female
Deity
Tibetan/Sherpa
Dolan
God’S Own
Dominga
Sunday
Spanish
Domokos
Warrior
Donata
Given By
God, Gift
Latin
Donahue
Ruler Of
World
Donla
Brown Lady
Irish Gaelic
Donald
Gift, Given By
God
Donna
Lady
Italian
Donato
Thunderbolt
Dooriya
Sea
English
Dorjee
Dark Stranger
Dore
Golden
French
Dougal
Difficult To
Conquer
Dorinda
Gift Of God
Greek
Durjaya
Fortune- Telling
Dorota
God’s Gift
Greek, Spanish
Durriken
Dear Friend
Douce
Gentle,
French
Durwin
Warrior
Sweet
Dova
Peace, Dove
Teutonic
Dustin
Little Dark
One
Dreama
Joyous
Greek
Dwayne
One Of
Music
Originality
Drina
Helper Of
Spanish
Dwennon
White, Fair
Mankind
One
Drisana
Daughter Of
Hindu
Dwight
Eagle
Sun
Dristi
Sight, Form
Hindu
Dyami
Father Of
Of Devi
Hecate
Druella
Elfin Vision
Teutonic
Dymas
Dear Or
Precious One
Duana
Little Dark
Irish Gaelic
Dyre
Maiden
Duena
Chaperone
Spanish
Dulcie
Sweet
Latin
The post Baby Names A through D appeared first on Buzz People.
42 SAINT ETIENNE Et Jean-Henri Manara, niçois d'origine, débute sa carrière en 1960 comme assistant de mathématiques à la Faculté des sciences de Paris-Jussieu, après avoir étudié à l'Ecole normale de Nice et celle de Montpellier, puis à l'Ecole normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud. II s'oriente vers l'informatique, accompagnant le rapide développement de cette nouvelle technologie qu'il enseigne comme maître de conférence, toujours sur le site de Jussieu (Université Paris 7-Diderot), jusqu'à sa retraite en 1998. Avec son premier appareil photo, un Agfa Silette, il commence par immortaliser ses vacances dans divers lieux touristiques. Ce sont les premières des plus de 50 000 diapositives qu'il possède aujourd'hui. Le déclic en faveur des transports provient, se souvient-il, de la couverture d'un numéro de La Vie du Rail qui met en vedette un tramway PCC de Saint-Etienne, alors que ce mode de transport disparaît à vitesse accélérée de nos villes. Jean-Henri Manara "mitraille" alors les tramways survivants en France et franchit les frontières pour photographier ceux de réseaux allemands, suisses, belges, portugais, norvégiens, autrichiens et italiens. Il s'intéresse ensuite aux trains à voie métrique, puis au trolleybus, aux autobus et enfin aux autocars (son premier cliché concernant le transport routier est celui d'un trolleybus niçois, pris en 1961). Parmi ces milliers de clichés consacrés aux transports, 371 ont donné naissance à ce livre ! Nicolas Tellier, originaire de Caen, se passionne depuis toujours pour les autocars et les autobus, avec une prédilection pour les premiers. Depuis ses débuts professionnels en 1979, il a toujours travaillé chez un constructeur, d'abord allemand, puis suédois et aujourd'hui italien, dans différents domaines : commercial, marketing, communication et relations presse. En parallèle, il s'est activement penché sur l'histoire de la profession en écrivant trois livres (La grande aventure des cars Chausson, Edijac 1988 . La fabuleuse aventure du S 45 ou 40 ans d'histoire de cars Renault, Massin 1993 . Les cars Isobloc, ETAI 1998) ainsi que de nombreux articles, pour la revue Charge Utile, sur de nombreux transporteurs et carrossiers français. Parmi ces derniers, on peut citer Amiot, Belle-Clot, Besset, la Carrosserie dauphinoise, Currus, Di Rosa, Gangloff, Gruau, Ravistre & Martel, dont on retrouve certaines réalisations illustrées dans ce livre. Nicolas Tellier prend autant de plaisir à évoquer l'histoire de nos vénérables véhicules qu'à les conduire. Ainsi, il possède depuis 1985 un car ancien, qui fut tout à tour un Chausson ANG de 1959 suivi d'un APH 522 du même millésime. puis un Renault R 4192 de 1956, un Berliet PHC Escapade de 1958, et, aukourd'hui, un Saviem S 53 M Luxe de 1975. De quoi passer de joyeux moments avec famille et amis dans l'ouest francilien où il réside ! les passionnés du monde automobile, et particulièrement ceux dont les autocars, les autobus et les trolleybus sont les véhicules de prédilection ! Ouvrez grand les yeux, 371 photos en couleurs, toutes plus belles les unes que les autres - prises par Jean-Henri Manara, photographe émérite de véhicules de transport en commun depuis 1961, et légendées par Nicolas Tellier, historien reconnu en la matière - permettent de profiter sans retenue de ces véhicules dans leur merveilleux environnement des Trente Glorieuses. Ce périple photographique nous transporte un peu partout en France pour découvrir de nombreux autocars d'entreprises privées ainsi que des autobus et des trolleybus de la RATP et de plusieurs réseaux urbains de province. Le panorama des marques qu'arborent tous ces véhicules témoigne de la richesse de notre industrie, à l'époque : Berliet, Chausson, Delahaye, Floirat, Isobloc, Saviem, Somua, Verney, Vetra, entre autres, sans oublier d'illustres carrossiers comme Amiot, Besset, Currus, Gangloff, MGT, pour en citer quelques-uns. Les matériels étrangers roulant dans notre pays sont tout aussi présents, provenant d'Allemagne, d'Angleterre, de Belgique et d'Italie. Circulez, il y a plein de choses à voir ! transporturbain.canalblog.com/pages/l-histoire-des-trolle... @ Tramways mis en service le 4 décembre 1881 amtuir.org/03_htu_cp/03_reseau_france_cp/saint_etienne_cp...
Trolleybus mise en service courant 1940
Compléments des services assurés par des autobus
La ville de Saint-Etienne est bâtie sur un long axe nord-sud sur lequel s'étendent d'interminables communes étirées tout au long d'étroites vallées. La vocation de la région a très tôt été tournée vers l'industrie. La topographie de la vile a déterminé la structure des réseaux de transports. Ainsi, les premiers tramways ont-ils été construits au fond des vallées sur des itinéraires à gros trafic. En complément de ces lignes, d'autres itinéraires ont été desservis vers les collines à partir de cet axe central.En 1883, la Compagnie des Chemins de Fer à Voie Etroite de Saint-Etienne, Firminy, Rive-de-Gier et Extensions (CFVE) fut constituée. Deux lignes de tramways furent mises en chantier, d'une part entre Saint-Etienne et Firminy et, d'autre part, entre Saint-Etienne et Rive-de-Gier. Le 4 décembre 1881, le premier tronçon urbain entre Bellevue et Terrasse, fut mis en service, suivi le 20 mars 1882 par un court prolongement à La Digonnière.Le réseau suburbain fut ensuite achevé et ouvert à l'exploitation le 23 février 1882 vers Firminy, le 1er juillet 1882 entre Saint-Etienne et Saint-Chamond et le 16 novembre suivant entre Saint-Chamond et Rive-de-Gier. Toutes les lignes étaient construites à voie métrique, unique avec des évitements.L'exploitation était assurée par des train à vapeur comportant trois ou quatre voitures. Le parc comportait en 1884, 34 locomotives Winterthur, Brown ou Tubize, 97 voitures et 12 fourgons.
En 1907, les CFVE procédèrent à des extensions de leur réseau :la ligne de Rive-de-Gier est prolongée de 2 km vers La Madeleine, le 14 septembre 1907 ;
un embranchement de la ligne est mis en service vers Saint-Jean-Bonnefond, le 4 décembre 1907 ;
la ligne de Firminy est envoyée vers Pertuiset, sur 4 km supplémentaires, le 18 juin 1907.
Toujours en 1907, deux nouvelles lignes furent construites, l'une vers La Fouillouse, sur 7 km ; l'autre vers Saint-Genest-Lerpt (12 avril et 4 décembre 1907). Enfin, un embranchement de cette dernière ligne vers Riche-la-Molière fut mis en service le 15 avril 1908.Mais à la fin du XIX° siècle, une nouvelle compagnie stéphanoise était apparue : la Compagnie des Tramways Eletriques de Saint-Etienne (TE). Le 7 avril 1897, elle mit en service deux lignes à voie métrique reliant Bellevue et La Rivière à la Gare de Châteaucreux et le Rond-Point au Marais. Les deux lignes, parallèles à celles des CFVE, les concurrençaient directement. En 1906, les TE mirent en service une nouvelle ligne entre Châteaucreux et l'Hôtel de Ville. L'exploitation était assurée par des motrices électriques à deux essieux, de construction assez sommaire, avec un accès frontal par les plates-formes. Leur gabarit en largeur était limité à 1,87 m. En plus des CFVE et des TE, la Société des Tramways Electriques de Saint-Chamond (TSC) mit en service, le 1er juillet 1906, une petite ligne de 2 km, entre Izieux et saint-Chamond, en correspondance avec la ligne CFVE de Rive-de-Gier. L'exploitation était assurée par de petites motrices à deux essieux.Devant la concurrence de ces deux nouvelles compagnies, les CFVE modernisèrent leur propre réseau. La totalité des services furent électrifiés entre août 1907 et juin 1914. Une série de lourdes motrices à essieux radiants, de type H assurèrent dès lors l'exploitation. Elles tractaient les anciennes remorques des trains vapeur. Les motrices étaient équipées du frein à air mais ne possédaient pas de compresseur : les réservoirs étaient remplis à chaque terminus à l'aide de prise d'air comprimé. Ce système restera une particularité stéphanoise jusqu'à l'arrivée des PCC, en 1959. Après la première guerre, les CFVE complétèrent leur parc par du matériel d'occasion provenant de Nancy (type R). A partir de 1920, les TE rencontrèrent de graves difficultés financières et tombèrent en faillite en 1930. Leurs lignes furent alors reprises par les CFVE. Mais la concurrence des autocars qui commencaient à apparaître, provoqua des difficultés importantes aux CFVE. Ces derniers abandonnèrent alors les lignes interurbaines vers Rive-de-Gier, Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds, La Fouillouse et Saint-Genest-Lerpt. En contrepartie, les CFVE obtinrent le monopole sur les lignes de Firminy et de Terrenoire. En 1935-38, une nouvelle série de 8 motrice de type J furent construites neuves et mises en service. Parallèlement quelques morices H furent modernisées. Enfin, en 1941, une petite série de 10 nouvelles motrices de type K fut mise en service. Mais le tracé défecteux des lignes des anciens TE provoqua une première mise sur route en 1938. Dès lors, il fut envisagé de convertir une partie du réseau pour l'exploitation par trolleybus. Dès 1940, les CFVE avaient entamé la transformation de tout l'ancien réseau des TE. A la fin de 1940, la ligne Tardy - Le Soleil vit appraître 6 trolleybus Vétra CS35 prévus à l'origine pour le réseau de Poitiers. A la fin de 1942, 7 Vétra CS45 de 45 places remplacent les CS35 qui furent envoyé à Poitiers.
En 1947, 22 trolleybus de type CS60 remplacèrent les tramways sur la ligne de Bellevue à Firminy. De décembre 1947 à 1954, 6 trolleybus VBD, 40 VCR et 50 ELR furent mis en service sur les anciennes lignes de TE dont les derniers tramways disparurent en 1949.
En 1954, seule la ligne de Bellevue à Terrasse restait exploitée par tramways. Bien qu'envisagée, sa conversion en trolleybus ou autobus paraissait impossible ; son important trafic (70 à 80.000 voyageurs par jour) et son tracé dans des rues étroites, rendait quasi impossible une exploitation par véhicule routier.
Après quelques années d'hésitation, la Ville de Saint-Etienne accepta le maintien des traways dans le centre - cas unique en France - et les CFVE passèrent commande de 30 motrices PCC de conception belge et construites à Strasbourg. Ces remarquables motrices étaient calquées pour la voie métrique sur celles circulant depuis 1951 à Bruxelles. Montées sur deux ogies à roues élastiques, elles comportaient quatre moteurs de 50 CV. Le confort intérieur était particulièrement soigné. Chaque motrice présente une caisse de 13,95 m de long.
En complément, les voies de la ligne furent réaménagée afin de permettre aux tramways de circuler sans être gênés par la circulation automobile.
La première motrice PCC fut livrée le 4 août 1958 et mise en service le 11 décembre suivant. Le 1er septembre 1959, le dernier tramway ancien fut retiré du service. Le succès fut complet : les critiques à l'encontre des anciens tramways s'évaporèrent et les Stéphanois pouvaient s'ennorgueillir de posséder la ligne urbaine la plus moderne de France.
En 1967, les CFVE commandèrent une nouvelle série de 5 motrices PCC articulées afin de renforcer la capacité de la ligne dont le tafic augmentait.
Parallèlement, le parc de trolleybus s'étoffa entre 1960 et 1970, de plusieurs séries de voitures Berliet ELR provenant de Nice et de quelques VA3B2 de Marseille. En 1972, le parc comprenait 35 motrices de tramways, 105 trolleybus et 80 autobus.
Contrairement à ce qui se rencontrait alors en France, le réseau de Saint-Etienne avait su conserver un grande qualité de service et une attractivité qui en faisait un des réseaux les plus efficaces. Cas rare, les CFVE réussissaient à maintenir l'équilibre de leurs comptes ...
Voir aussi :
les tramways de Saint-Etienne dans les années cinquante
le renouveau des tramways de Saint-Etienne
les trolleybus de Saint-Etienne
140 ans de tramway à Saint-Etienne – un record de longévité inégalé en France www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv6hWmCaLq8&feature=emb_imp_woyt - 1881 – 2021. Cela fait 140 ans que le tramway circule à Saint-Étienne sans discontinuité. À travers ce record de longévité inégalé en France pour un tramway intramuros, c’est aussi des milliers d’hommes et de femmes qui se sont succédés pour assurer au quotidien le déplacement de plusieurs milliards de voyageurs.
140 ans jour pour jour après le lancement de son premier tramway, la Société de Transport de l’Agglomération Stéphanoise et Saint-Étienne Métropole ont décidé de célébrer l’événement comme il se doit.
La journée à débuté par la sortie de la motrice J74 du dépôt de la STAS qui a repris du service pour 200 heureux voyageurs, qui, tirés au sort parmi près de 1000 inscrits, pourront circuler à bord de cette motrice emblématique toute la journée entre les stations. Terrasse et Bellevue, tronçon historique du réseau exploité dès 1881 ! Les locomotives à vapeur du réseau CFVE (Chemin de Fer à Voie Etroite) 1881 – 1914
Rue Gambetta sur la ligne Terrasse-Bellevue: En décembre 1881 pour l’ouverture de la ligne; le service est limité à un tram toutes les 1/2 heures pour que les stéphanois s’habituent à la présence des tramways.
C’est en 1981 que le nom STAS apparait pour la première fois, remplaçant la CFVE.
Quatre murs et un toit 1953 - Le Corbusier, l'architecte du bonheur 1957 conceptions architecturales le modulor, l'architecture de la ville radieuse, Chandigarh, Marseille, Nantes www.dailymotion.com/video/xw8prl Un documentaire consacré aux conceptions architecturales et urbanistiques de Le Corbusier.
Exposées par l'architecte lui-même et étayées par des plans, dessins et images de ses réalisations en France et à l'étranger, ces théories témoignent d'une réflexion approfondie et originale sur la ville et sa nécessaire adaptation à la vie moderne, notamment Paris dont l'aménagement révolutionnaire rêvé par Le Corbusier est ici exposé. Un classique du documentaire.
Les premiers projets de Le Corbusier resteront à l'état de maquette : le plan de modernisation de la ville d'Alger. Certains seront réalisés par d'autres architectes : ministère de l'éducation à Rio de Janeiro, Palais de l'ONU à New York. Dès l'après-guerre en moins de 10 ans, Le Corbusier réalise de grandes unités d'habitation à Marseille, Nantes une chapelle à Ronchamps, une usine à Saint-Dié, une ville Chandigarh en Inde. Par des schémas, l'architecte présente sa théorie de la "ville radieuse", le modulor clef mathématique de son œuvre ainsi que son projet de réorganisation de la campagne, des cités industrielles et urbaine en un regroupement autour d'un système coopératif. Le film expose les conceptions architecturales de Le Corbusier, dans la ligne des précurseurs de l'architecture moderne comme Claude-Nicolas Ledoux. Paris et le désert français 1957 réalisation : Roger Leenhardt et Sydney Jezequel, résoudre le déséquilibre démographique ville campagne www.dailymotion.com/video/x177lrp Film réalisé par Roger Leenhardt et Sydney Jezequel en 1957, d'après le livre de Jean-François Gravier. Document d'information général proposant les solutions de l'époque pour éviter la désertification des campagnes et la folie concentrationnaire des villes. Dès 1957, la désertification des campagnes prend des proportions tragiques. L'exemple est donné pour le village de Gourdon dans le Quercy.
Quelles évolutions proposer pour éviter l'exode rural et le développement anarchique, qui s'amorce, des villes champignons, construites en plein champ sans urbanisme et sans âme ? Le commentaire propose les solutions de l'époque : modernisation de l'agriculture, adaptation de l'artisanat, implantations d'industries dans les provinces. Gazoducs dans le sud-ouest, barrage en Haute-Savoie, polder en Bretagne semblaient à l'époque pouvoir résoudre le déséquilibre ville campagne. Visages de la France 1957 Production - réalisation Atlantic-Film Marcel de Hubsch www.dailymotion.com/video/x19g59p Le film commence avec des vues de villages et d'architecture traditionnelle du Pays Basque, des Landes, de la Touraine, de la Normandie, de la Bretagne, d'Alsace. La voix off s'interroge : faut il transformer la France en un musée de ses vieilles demeures ? et poursuit : pourquoi des maisons de 10 à 15 mètres de hauteur à Honfleur n'ont elles que 3 à 5 mètres de large ? Le commentaire se pose la question du nombre de maisons individuelles dans les villes qui entrainent l'étalement urbain. Lorsque les villes ont bâtit des immeubles, le commentaire se demande que cachent ces façades ? Des coures étroites que le soleil ne visite jamais, un enchevêtrement inouï de constructions hétéroclites. L'époque de grande prospérité de la troisième république n'a rien su construire de grand poursuit la voix off. Ce document nous propose ensuite une animation de maquette pour l'aménagement d'une friche. Dans un premier temps à la façon d'avant avec la maison individuelle. La voix off s'exclame : ce n'est pas autrement que d'affreuses banlieues naquirent que tant de villes furent à jamais enlaidies, essayons autre chose. L'animation se met à empiler les maisons individuelles et propose des bâtiments collectifs dans des jardins. Le commentaire poursuit : maintenant c'est l'heure de l'urbaniste à lui de répartir les constructions dans la cité. Plusieurs organisation de logements collectifs sont proposées en maquettes. La voix off pointe les défauts d'un urbanisme des grands ensemble trop ennuyeux. Puis une solution émerge de l'animation : pour que la cité vive il faut mettre au place d'honneur école, dispensaire, bibliothèque, salle de réunion, puis viennent les deux pièces maîtresse deux grands immeubles puis les rues se glissent dans la composition et enfin les pelouse et les jardins apparaissent et voila conclue le commentaire. Le film montre ensuite de réalisation de grands ensemble et on entre dans un immeuble au sein d'une famille : air et lumière sont au rendes-vous. On voit des enfants faire du patin à roulette dans le parc de l'immeuble la voix off annonce : finit l'individualisme renfrogné de l'échoppe d'antan : la cité tout entière est un jardin, les jeux d'enfants se mêlent aux fleurs. Le film se termine sur des vues de réalisation de grands ensemble sur toute la France (vue entre autre de la cité radieuse de Le Corbusier à Marseille). Production Films Caravelle MRU (ministère de la reconstruction et de l'urbanisme) Scenario et réalisation : Pierre JaLLAUD
This is Part 21 of 50 in a sporadic series.
This is the longest one of these yet. Which makes sense, considering I live here. I ought to know a little about this one.
If I wanted to break the rules, I could divide this one up into two posts, one for the "Origin of Chicago" and one for the "Origin of Downstate." Chicago and the rest of Illinois have a long history of hating each other that goes back to its early American settlement, owing mostly to the way settlement happened. The people who settled Chicago came from northern places by way of the Great Lakes, and they gave the city and surrounding communities a northern feel with an industrial tilt. Downstate settlers were more agricultural by nature, and they came into the Illinois country from more southerly, rural places by way of the Ohio River. It's kind of a geographical accident that these disparate populations wound up living in the same state, and each side would probably have been perfectly happy without the other. The funny thing here is that Downstate folks have nobody to blame for this but themselves.
But I get ahead of myself. First I have to talk about the Indians. And then, of course, the French.
From Cahokia to the Illini
Like anyplace in North America, people have been living in Illinois since about five minutes after the last glacier melted, but Illinois occupies an interesting position in that prehistory. If there was ever a place in the modern United States that could have been the center of an indigenous North American empire, it's here. From about the year 800 AD to sometime around 1350, a group of mound builders occupied a city on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River near the present-day site of St. Louis. Early French explorers called the city's remains Cahokia, after an Illiniwek tribe that lived nearby 400 years later. With a population that probably numbered about 40,000 at its 13th century height, it would be the largest city ever to exist north of Mexico until Philadelphia got going. And then, for unknown reasons (though I suspect extended conflict triggered by a shifting climate), the Cahokia Mississippians vanished about 150 years before Columbus hit Hispaniola.
Algonquian-speaking people soon moved into the region from points east. By the time the French came along in the 17th century, Illinois was filled with dozens of separate Algonquian groups. One of the more prominent was a collection of allied tribes often called the Illiniwek Confederation, or sometimes just the Illini. The French explorers would later apply the name of this group to the country as a whole.
Again, With the French
And yes, you've heard this story before. There are always more French. That's not going away any time soon.
Even better, the first Frenchmen to pass through Illinois were none other than our good friends Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette. I talk about these guys all the time because half the things near my house are named for one or the other of them, so you should know their deal by now. Short version: In 1673, these guys led an expedition from Michigan through Wisconsin and down the Mississippi River all the way south to the confluence with the Arkansas. The next year on the way back, the expedition took a right and followed the Illinois River right into primordial Chicagoland. On a whim Marquette decided to spend the winter with the natives camped at the swampy portage between the Des Plaines and Chicago Rivers, just inside what would eventually become the Chicago city limits. (Editor's Note: This was about 5 miles from where I'm typing this.) Marquette would go on to die of dysentery in Michigan the next summer, but the portage the natives had shown him would stick in the minds of the French long enough to convince more wanderers, priests, traders, and trappers to follow.
The French were always looking for a good portage, after all. A quirk of the geography left by the glaciers meant the divide between the Great Lakes and Mississippi basins was low and swampy. To French traders looking for faster ways to ship furs to Europe, the ease of this passage meant easy access to money, and they started poking all over the place looking for quick portages. Jolliet and Marquette had made their epic circle in the first place hoping to find a link between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. In 1680, recurrent character René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle came into Illinois by way of a portage between the St. Joseph and Kankakee Rivers. This eventually put him on the Illinois River, where he built Fort Crèvecoeur at the eventual site of Peoria. He then declared the whole region part of New France and lumped the modern states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota together under the label "Illinois Country" before going off on a fort-building spree.
Other French settlements followed, usually built alongside established native villages to make it easier for religious men to save a few souls while trading men made a few bucks. Settlements popped up along the Mississippi at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and a priest built a short-lived mission at the Chicago portage. Kaskaskia grew the most quickly, and by the middle of the 18th century it had become a center of French commerce and government boasting a population of about 7,000 people.
But we know how that story ends: The French got kicked out in 1763. Some of the French settlers stuck around, but most of them jumped the Mississippi to what had suddenly become Spanish territory, where they sat in Ste. Genevieve and waited for me to get to the Missouri story.
For King and Country ... And Then Another Country
The thing about the British occupation of the Illinois Country was that they didn't do much with it. This was 300 miles past King George's Proclamation line, and His Majesty didn't intend for any of his subjects to ever come wandering out this way. He mostly wanted to leave it to the natives, so he staffed a garrison at Kaskaskia and a fort just across the Wabash in Indiana and left the rest of the Illinois countryside alone. And for the most part, the King's colonists left it alone with him, as the Illinois Country wasn't just hopping a ridge from Virginia into Kentucky. This place was remote. By 1776, fewer than a thousand British colonials called Illinois home.
But then 1776 happened, and the colonial rebels started getting nervous about the remote British garrisons in Illinois. Somebody reasoned that even if the colonies won, it would be a bad idea to leave the British with a foothold in the West. So in the spring of 1778, a Kentucky man named George Rogers Clark led a raid into southern Illinois all the way up to the St. Louis area, grabbing Kaskaskia and a couple of small outposts along the way. That winter, Clark dove back across the Illinois Country and took the British fort at Vincennes, and just like that, the British had lost control over Illinois and Indiana.
Yes, Virginia, There Really Is an Illinois
Here's a funny thing that makes no sense if you look at a map.
After the Revolutionary War, Kentucky was still a part of Virginia called Kentucky County. Even though George Rogers Clark lived in what would eventually become the Commonwealth of Kentucky, he was still a Virginian leading a Virginia expedition of conquest into Illinois. So for a while, Virginia considered Illinois to be Virginia territory and incorporated it into the state as yet another county. If that had stuck, the farthest corner of Illinois would have been served by a capital 800 miles away. Put another way, you could have lined up 17 Rhode Islands in the space covered by one Virginia.
There was no way the other states were going to let Virginia get away with that, and Virginia kind of had enough on its plate trying to decide what to do about Kentucky, anyway, so they surrendered whatever weird claim they thought they had on Illinois in 1784. Illinois County got wrapped up with Indiana and Ohio and a few other places in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, and the flood of settlers started pouring down the Ohio and carving downstate farms from the wilderness.
My Kind of Town
Meanwhile, there was that portage up on the Chicago River that had gotten the French so excited. I've mentioned this portage on this site probably a thousand times, as it's the primary reason the place where I've lived the last 13 years exists. At the dawn of the 19th century, the Chicago River was a small, stagnant stream that flowed a mere 10 miles from a swamp into Lake Michigan. But a low hill only a few hundred feet wide separated that swamp from the Des Plaines River, which flows southwest to the Illinois, then the Mississippi. This was probably the easiest spot for a guy in a canoe to get between the basins, and thousands of people passed over the portage through the years.
Sometime around 1780, a man named Jean Baptiste Point du Sable--who was probably of African descent and had likely come into the colonies by way of Haiti, though the details are a little foggy--established a small farm at the portage, and is widely recognized as Chicago's first permanent settler. A decade later, Antoine Ouilmette built a farm of his own near the Chicago River's mouth, probably about where the Wrigley Building is today. Several taverns soon popped up where the river splits into two branches about a thousand feet from the lake, and the forerunner of the city of Chicago was off and running.
Meanwhile, the federal government was looking at that portage with a nervous feeling. Even though the British had ceded the Great Lakes region to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, they'd dragged their feet about actually leaving. Many Americans thought another war was inevitable, so in 1803 they built Fort Dearborn about where Michigan Avenue crosses the river today.
Not that it did them any good. When the British captured Fort Mackinac at the onset of the War of 1812, the Army ordered soldiers and civilians to evacuate Fort Dearborn. On the way out, area natives--who, according to legends I eye with suspicion, had been angered that the evacuating Americans had burned all the liquor on their way out the door--attacked the Americans and killed 52 of them.
But history has shown time and again that a little massacre now and then isn't enough to keep a Chicagoan down. The feds survived the war and rebuilt their fort in 1816, and what would soon become the city of Chicago started growing at a phenomenal speed around it.
The Illinois Compromise
The agricultural land downstate wasn't growing nearly as fast, but it grew fast enough for the settlers to build themselves into an organized government and start working toward statehood. In 1809, Illinois split from the Indiana Territory and became a territory all its own with a capital initially established at Kaskaskia.
In what would prove a growing trend, the actual act of admission to the Union depended more on what was happening in national politics than anything going on inside Illinois. The territory faced two hurdles. One, while the eastern, western, and southern borders of Illinois were set by circumstances, the northern border was amorphous. The Northwest Ordinance had intended for the northern borders of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to all follow the same line of latitude, but the surveyors had messed that up on the other two states (there's a story), leaving Illinois in the lurch.
The other problem was that the minimum population required for a territory to become a state was 60,000 people, and using the lines drawn by the Northwest Ordinance--establishing a northern border that started at Lake Michigan's southernmost point and extended due west--even a generous count could only muster about 36,000 Illinois folk.
The leadership of Illinois didn't want to wait, though, as they saw an issue brewing on the national level related to the probable state-to-come next door. Missouri soon would likely ask to be admitted to the Union as a slave state. Mississippi had just been admitted as a slave state, and Alabama was getting ready to do the same thing. This would have tipped the balance in the number of free states versus slave states--which at the moment stood at a 10-10 tie--two states in the slave direction. Power in Congress would be tipped the same direction. Illinois folk knew the free states would fight this, gumming up the works for any territory trying for admission for no telling how long. Illinois needed to beat the rush.
In 1817, Nathaniel Pope, the Illinois Territory's delegate to Congress, came up with an idea. He suggested that Illinois could move things along by shifting the border 30 miles north of Lake Michigan's southernmost point, incorporating the fast growing community of Chicago into the territory. Chicago was destined to be a commercial powerhouse, Pope knew, and a proposed canal cut between the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers would bring that along even faster. This would give Illinois a vital connection with the Northeast--with the side benefit of increasing the state's abolitionist tendencies over time--and quickly push the territory past the population requirement.
But it didn't put Illinois over the population line yet. Fortunately, we're talking about Chicago, which even then wasn't all that committed to hard numbers. Congress was eager enough to avoid the brewing slave-vs-free state issue that they ignored the fuzzy math, and in 1818, Illinois--including Chicago--was admitted to the Union as the 21st state.
And at the time, Downstate folk were thrilled with that outcome. But it wouldn't take long for them to regret absorbing Chicago into their state. Over time, the flood of northerners into Chicago would drown out the rural settlers in the south, and Downstaters would spend all their time grumbling about how they'd like to give Chicago back to Wisconsin.
Origin is an interactive sound and light installation that functions through the use of the electricity naturally produced from the bodies of the participants. Through this we are given the opportunity to experience a world of light and sound created by our own physicality.
Miss Malaika UK Beauty Of African Origin Ethnic Cultural Pageant Contest London 2006 With Daulcie South African Lady in Black Outfit with Zulu Beads
Le origini del Teatro risalgono all’inizio del XVIII secolo quando Vittorio Amedeo II decise di commissionare all’architetto Filippo Juvarra la progettazione e la costruzione di un nuovo grande teatro nell’ambito del più generale riassetto urbano della Piazza Castello.
L’intento venne però perfezionato solo qualche anno più tardi da Carlo Emanuele III (incoronato re nel 1730) il quale, in seguito alla morte di Juvarra, scelse di affidare il progetto all’architetto Benedetto Alfieri con la richiesta di progettare un teatro di grande prestigio. Il «Regio Teatro» di Torino, edificato nel tempo record di due anni, venne inaugurato il 26 dicembre del 1740 con l’Arsace di Francesco Feo, diventando subito un punto di riferimento internazionale per la capienza – circa 2.500 posti tra platea e cinque ordini di palchetti –, le magnifiche decorazioni della sala fra le quali spiccava la volta dipinta da Sebastiano Galeotti, gli imponenti scenari e le attrezzature tecniche, nonché la qualità delle rappresentazioni.
Ogni stagione aveva inizio il 26 dicembre, si concludeva con la fine del Carnevale e comprendeva due nuove opere serie composte appositamente per il Teatro: nel corso del XVIII secolo scrissero per il Regio celebri compositori italiani come Galuppi, Jommelli, Cimarosa, Paisiello e autori stranieri come Gluck, Johann Christian Bach e Hasse; vi cantarono inoltre i più celebri castrati e prime donne dell’epoca, contribuendo in modo determinante al successo degli spettacoli. Non minore interesse suscitavano i danzatori, che si esibivano nei due balli entr’acte e nell’azione coreografica finale che corredavano ogni opera.
1790-1814
Manfiesto della Fête de la St. Napoleon, 1813 Par ordre de S.A.I. le Prince Camilleur, Dimanche 15 Août Théâtre Imperial Entrée gratis TurinIn seguito a cinque anni di chiusura (1792/1797) il Regio cambia nome più volte, rispecchiando gli eventi storici: nel 1798 diviene Teatro Nazionale, nel 1801 Grand Théâtre des Arts e nel 1804 Théâtre Impérial.
Nel clima moralizzatore degli anni repubblicani è abolito il gioco d’azzardo e viene proibito l’ingaggio dei castrati (che torneranno in epoca imperiale). In repertorio continuano a esserci opere italiane, con libretti rimaneggiati più o meno superficialmente in senso giacobino. Napoleone presenzia agli spettacoli in tre occasioni e giungono a Torino interpreti di prima grandezza, come il soprano Isabella Colbran, il tenore Nicola Tacchinardi e il coreografo Salvatore Viganò.
1815-1870
Architettura neoclassicaCon la Restaurazione, il teatro rientra in possesso dei Savoia. All’epoca di Carlo Felice, grande appassionato di musica, calcano le scene del Regio virtuosi come Giuditta Pasta e Domenico Donzelli, ma nell’Ottocento Torino perde importanza rispetto a Milano, Napoli e Venezia.
Sotto Carlo Alberto la sala riceve un’impronta neoclassica (sottolineata dai lavori di rifacimento affidati a Ernesto Melano e Pelagio Palagi). Alla metà del secolo vengono introdotte alcune novità nella programmazione: si passa alla stagione di Carnevale-Quaresima, articolata in cinque o più opere, ora prevalentemente di repertorio (e non più scritte appositamente per il Teatro). Inoltre a partire dal Barbiere di Siviglia rossiniano (1855), il Regio si apre all’opera buffa.
Un nuovo restauro, realizzato da Angelo Moja nel 1861, cancella le modifiche palagiane conferendo alla sala una veste “neobarocca”.
1870-1936
Programma illustrato del decimottavo Concerto Popolare sotto la direzione del Maestro Cavalier Carlo Pedrotti, Teatro Vittorio Emanuele, 1876Nel 1870 la proprietà del Regio passa al Comune di Torino; in questi anni la storia del Teatro si intreccia con quella dell’Orchestra Civica e dei Concerti Popolari ideati da Carlo Pedrotti, il quale apporta forti innovazioni nel repertorio introducendo nella programmazione la musica di Wagner e Massenet. Nel nome di Wagner è pure l’esordio in Teatro di Arturo Toscanini, che collabora con l’Orchestra dal 1895 al 1898 e che il 26 dicembre 1905, dopo i lavori di ristrutturazione guidati da Ferdinando Cocito, inaugura la nuova sala con il Sigfrido.
Altri autori significativi nella storia del Regio sono Giacomo Puccini, che tiene a battesimo a Torino Manon Lescaut (1893) e La bohéme (1896), e Richard Strauss, che nel 1906 dirige Salome in “prima” italiana. L’ultima grande “prima” ospitata dal Regio antico è Francesca da Rimini di Riccardo Zandonai, su libretto di Gabriele D’Annunzio (1914). Dopo la chiusura nel periodo bellico, il Teatro si dedica a opere di repertorio.
Nella notte tra l’8 e il 9 febbraio 1936 il Teatro viene distrutto da un violento incendio: saranno necessari quasi quarant’anni per la sua ricostruzione.
1936-1973
ConcorsoDopo l’incendio del 1936, si pone il problema di stabilire a chi affidare il progetto di ricostruzione del Teatro. Il bando di concorso, pubblicato nel 1937, viene vinto dagli architetti Aldo Morbelli e Robaldo Morozzo della Rocca.
Il loro progetto, tuttavia, non si sarebbe mai concretizzato: nel 1965, infatti, l’amministrazione civica promuove una nuova soluzione con l’affidamento dell’incarico all’architetto Carlo Mollino e all’ingegner Marcello Zavelani Rossi. I lavori hanno inizio nel settembre 1967 per concludersi nei primissimi mesi del 1973.
Dal 1973 a oggi
Cancello Teatro Regio, OdisseaIl nuovo Teatro Regio viene inaugurato il 10 aprile 1973 con l’opera di Giuseppe Verdi I vespri siciliani, per la regia di Maria Callas e Giuseppe Di Stefano. Da quella data l’attività produttiva si è progressivamente incrementata, fino alle ricorrenze che hanno segnato la storia degli ultimi anni del Regio: nel 1990 il 250° anniversario dalla sua fondazione, nel 1996 il centenario dalla “prima” assoluta della Bohème in diretta tv, nel 1998 i 25 anni del nuovo teatro (con un importante restauro acustico), nel 2006 la straordinaria avventura dei XX Giochi Olimpici Invernali e delle Olimpiadi della Cultura.
Alla Stagione d’Opera e Balletto, che prevede almeno dieci titoli da ottobre a giugno, si affiancano molte altre attività: concerti sinfonico-corali e cameristici che vedono impegnati l’Orchestra e il Coro del Teatro Regio; una serie di spettacoli allestiti al Piccolo Regio e destinati al nuovo pubblico e alle famiglie; manifestazioni organizzate in collaborazione con le istituzioni locali come Torino Settembre Musica, Torinodanza, RegioneInTour, Punto Verde Giardini Reali e altre; La Scuola all’Opera, fitto calendario di attività e spettacoli destinati a bambini e ragazzi; e poi conferenze, visite guidate e mostre. Tutte manifestazioni che pongono il Teatro Regio al centro della vita culturale e artistica di Torino e del Piemonte ma non solo.
Performed by Drum Feng at the Esplanade Outdoor Theatre during Moonfest 2018 for the Mid-Autumn Festival celebrations.
Carol VanHook
Where I am From
I am from amusement parks and hula dancing in the streets
with cousins up North at Grandma's and Pa's
My memory treasure chest is filled with their shiny bush-coins
making playtime wealthy
I am from ancient pecans trees down South
bearing wheel barrow tree houses up high
Hearing the jingle
of the ice cream truck coming down the lane
I am from the Georgia - Florida line where a cold spring takes my breath away, dock fishing is a delight, and swimming in the seaweed is OK to do
I am from trips to the Piggly-Wiggly with Grand-papa and to the old pristine library in search of Nancy Drew
My home life featured a red Cocker, Flash, who would play hide and seek and a Siamese, Lucifer, who'd leave headless gifts in my closet
I am from country ham and biscuits, pecan pie, boiled peanuts, and pinto beans -- real soul food
I am from teenage shopping trips with Mom in search of Bobby Brooks
I am from big oaks and pines and rows of rainbow-colored flowers
I am from Daddy’s royal harvest of silver queen, red juicy tomatoes, and purple crowders just waiting for a scrumptious Sunday dinner
I am from visits to aunts and uncles who adored their nieces and nephews and offered words of wisdom to boost spirit and confidence
I am from the mindset that there is something good in everyone and that when you find your true love,
it's a 50/50 “give and take” relationship
I am from a family mix spanning all across America!
The memories are precious and give tribute to a happy childhood!
(1986 picture with World Trade Center.)
New York, NY (New York County)
Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders, which equals roughly $1059 in current terms. The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.
New York County is the United States' second-smallest county by land area (larger only than Kalawao County, Hawaii), and is also the most densely populated U.S. county. It is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a census-estimated 2019 population of 1,628,706 living in a land area of 22.83 square miles, or 72,918 residents per square mile, higher than the density of any individual U.S. city. On business days, the influx of commuters increases this number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York City's five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, and is the smallest borough in terms of land area. If each borough were ranked as a city, Manhattan would rank as the sixth-most populous in the U.S. (1)
References (1) Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan
Today is the 200th birthday of biologist Charles Darwin.
It is a little known fact that he actually had already written down the first draft of his theory of evolution at his family home in Shrewsbury before he went aboard the HMS Beagle. He came up with the revolutionary theory of the Origin of Species after he had observed how adaptable the local sheep were to their surroundings.
Specially one sheep, who seemed to have managed to use some form of throwing stars to pick down apples from trees, took his interest.
He had never seen anything like it before and that got him thinking... a few days later the first draft was finished.
He only went on the 5 year cruise on the Beagle because... well who would turn down a free cruise!
Happy Darwin Day everyone, may the quest for knowledge never cease.
À l’origine de la cathédrale, il y a le présent fait aux environs de l’an 925, par le roi de Francie orientale, Henri l’Oiseleur au duc Venceslas Ier, une relique de Saint Vit et que celui-ci place dans une église en forme de rotonde qu’il fait édifier à cet effet sur un lieu de culte païen.
Lorsqu’en 973, Prague est élevée au rang d’évêché, c’est cette rotonde, plutôt que l’église Saint-Georges qui est celle des ducs de Bohême, qui est choisie par le nouvel évêque pour y abriter sa chaire, le trône épiscopal. En 1060, une basilique romane à trois nefs s’élève à la place de la rotonde originelle ; construite sur ordre de Spytihněv II, elle est en pierre blanche, sa nef fait 70 mètres de long et l’admiration de ses contemporains.
Le 30 avril 1344, Prague est élevée au rang d’archevêché par le pape Clément VI et sous l’impulsion du roi Jean, la construction d’une cathédrale métropolitaine est entreprise le 21 novembre de la même année. Un français, Mathieu d’Arras, en est le premier architecte (1344-52) puis Peter Parler (1356-99). Comme pour nombre de cathédrales, le chantier s’étale sur plusieurs siècles; celui de la Cathédrale de Prague ne s’achève qu’en 1929. Mathieu d’Arras s’inspire du plan de la cathédrale Saint-Just-et-Saint-Pasteur de Narbonne. Peter Parler apporte une innovation en faisant du triforium un élément autonome qui, au lieu du buter sur les piliers, se brise et les contourne pour créer un mouvement ondulatoire sur toute la longueur de la nef.
À la mort de Parléř, ses fils prennent la tête du chantier mais, en 1420, les guerres hussites mettent un terme à la construction. Elle ne reprend qu’en 1560, après le grand incendie qui a ravagé Malá Strana et le Château, avec l’architecte Bonifác Wohlmut qui coiffe la tour sud d’un bulbe renaissance à tourelles d’angles. En 1770, Nicolò Pacassi reconstruit la tour sud incendiée par la foudre et la surmonte d’un toit baroque en forme de bulbe.
C’est entre 1861 et 1929, avec le voûtement de la nef et construction de la façade ouest et de ses tours néogothiques que la cathédrale est finalement achevée. Le pouvoir impérial s’est désintéressé de Prague et c’est essentiellement grâce à une souscription populaire que le chantier est achevé, à temps pour célébrer le millénaire de saint Venceslas qui la fonda et qui lui donne aussi partiellement son nom.
Une partie des colonnes et des chapiteaux sont probablement des matériaux de réemploi d'origine romaine tandis que certains chapiteaux à cannelures et entrelacs dateraient de la construction mérovingienne.
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Origin - Taking the first guns to make landfall, and adapting them to the modern battlefield.
~ 2073
The G36A50, a direct successor of the G36A6, is Origin's answer to both the suitable weapons shortage, and the question of what to do with the 12,000 or so G36A6s brought by original settlers. The A50 variant is chambered in a .50BMG cartridge, and so is powerful enough to take down the toughest foes. To compensate for the bigger round, the reciever was lengthened and internally braced, as well as a completely new bolt system.
To combat recoil, a shrouded muzzle break works in harmony with a spring-buffered stock, allowing for the heavy forces of firing to be kept low enough for the relatively light weight and size of this weapon. As with the G36A6, the integral 6x zoom optic and carrying handle are present, as well as the same trigger group, pistol grip and fire select. Because of this, fully automatic fire is possible, but not recommended.
The weapon operates with a short-stroke gas piston system, and fires from a 14 round magazine. Both 20 round sticks and a 32 round drum are available for this weapon.
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I don't really know how to feel about this one. It's something I've just wanted to do for ages, take a bunch of modern guns, and then convert them to a completely new environment. How did I do?
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