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RB-number two by Michael C. Pastur

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The more compact rb-number two, built to replace the "number one", see:

www.flickr.com/photos/michael-pastur/540252623/

A: rb-number two with 35mm foocal length aperture board.

B: viewfinder mounted on right side, Gary is left (dominant) eyed.

C: profile.

D & E: With 28mm plastic element board, showing action of rubberband-return

shutter.

F: slot for cut gel filters.

design & construction by m c pastur

Scarlet number two by Dennis Derby

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Same guy from the other day. Which do you like better, wide open aperture or narrowed?

First:

Exposure:0.003 sec (1/400)

Aperture:f/7.1

Focal Length:340 mm

Consecutively numbered by David Arnold

Consecutively numbered C class locos C502 and C503 stand on display at Goulburn station during the C class thru runners special train that run to Goulburn on 20-10-18.

At the time both of these C class were stored in the Goulburn workshops

Number 5 written on paper and taped to a pole close-up by Ivan Radic

Secret number fourteen. by Dyxie

6 19

Secret number fourteen:

If you ever see a woman driving down the road, talking to herself, in a dark blue Durango, that would be me.

Number 35 by Raditiya Putera

7 2

3737 by glennbphoto

2 1

Midland Red North 1867 (WTU467W) 825 (NTC625M) & 1904 (EEH904Y) 24071994 by Rossendalian2013

Midland Red North transferred ECW bodied Bristol VRT 1867 (WTU467W) from Oswestry to Macclesfield depot in July 1994. It entered service at Macclesfield with Cambrian Midland Red branding and was photographed at Macclesfield depot on 24 July 1994. It was new to Crosville numbered DVG467 in December 1980, passed to Crosville Wales when Crosville was divided and was one of the buses transferred to Midland Red North with Oswestry depot in 1991.

On the left was Midland Red North 825 (NTC625M), a 49 seat Leyland National that was new to Ribble in November 1973 numbered 445 and which was acquired by the C-Line Bus Company in 1992 and numbered SNL625. By July 1994 this was the only single deck bus at Macclesfield depot still painted in C-Lin'es Brunswick green and cream livery.

On the right was 1904 (EEH904Y) which was transferred from Tamworth to C-Line at Macclesfield in August 1993 and had been new to Midland Red North in July 1983.

66_Mustang_30aug15Z by Bert Visser

Number 66 in the Dutch Championship Historic Touring Cars & GTs is the Ford Mustang of Thomas Augustin. © Bert Visser

Number 19 by Mehrzad Hatami

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Bringing his playmates to the stars by chineseposters.net

Designer: Shi Shiming (史士明)

1980, June

Bringing his playmates to the stars

Ba xiao huoban songshang xingqiu (把小伙伴送上星球)

Call number: BG E15/478 (Landsberger collection)

See: chineseposters.net/themes/space-program

Familiar Number by Mark Lynn

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The same Tier-4 that led the M-NTWBRC two days earlier is on the point of the V-CHCDBU at Union Junction. DBU stands for Daytons Bluff so I'm not sure why the train is continuing west of there after doing work, but I'll take it.

The rear end of the train has just topped the hill out of St Paul and he's now in full dynos running on an approach to Park Junction.

Lush Paint by Number Deer wall quilt by badlandsquilts

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Blogged: www.badlandsquilts.com/2012/09/lush-paint-by-number-wall-...

Number 66 Lakeview by Chris Toombes

Number 66 Lakeview

Valparaiso, Indiana, May 28, 1864 - Postal Cover by Steve Shook

Postal Date: May 28, 1864, Valparaiso, Indiana

Scott Catalog Number of Postage Stamp: 65

Collection: Steven R. Shook

SENDER:

Unknown

RECIPIENT:

J. G. Dickson, M.D.

Canonsburg

Washington Co.

Pa.

REMARK:

Dr. John Glenn Dickson was a partner in the medical practice of Dr. J. V. Herriott in Canonsburg, Washington County, Pennsylvania. Herriott later moved to practice medicine in Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana. It is quite likely that this letter was sent to Dr. Dickson by Dr. Herriott.

The following biography of James Glenn Dickson appears in:

J. H. Beers Company. 1893. Commemorative Biographical Record of Washington County, Pennsylvania. Chicago, Illinois: J. H. Beers and Company. 1,486 pp.

JAMES GLENN DICKSON, M. D., a resident for the past fifty years of Canonsburg, Penn., was born February 15, 1825, in what is now South Fayette township, Allegheny Co., Penn. His parents were William and Margaret (Glenn) Dickson.

Dr. Dickson traces his ancestry in a direct line through a period of over three hundred years, and the year 1893 enables him to look upon the faces of the tenth generation.

The earliest records, which have yet been obtained by Dr. Dickson, tell of one John Dickson, a merchant in Glasgow, Scotland, "a man of religious character and possessed of considerable wealth." This merchant with his good wife stirred up others to pray with and for them, that the blessing of a son might be given them, "vowing that if their petition was granted they would devote him to the service of the Lord." Such a son was the Rev. David Dickson, born possibly in 1591, probably as early as 1583, as the exact date can not positively be stated. He was educated in the University of Glasgow, where he became a professor in 1641, remaining in that position until 1651, where he accepted a similar position in the Edinburgh University. He was appointed minister to Irvine in 1618, and of him it has been said: "The Professor of Divinity at Edinburgh was truly a great man; the Professor of Divinity at Glasgow was a greater man; but the minister of Irvine was the greatest man of all." His repudiation of the Five Articles of Perth, as issued by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1618, won for him much persecution, as well as great honor. He was pre- eminently a scholar, a preacher, a worthy Scotchman, as his biography and writings show. In all there are seven works, the offspring of his master intellect, copies of three of which, with a sketch of his life issued by the committee of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, are in possession of Rev. David Craig Stewart, of Hoboken, N. J., and were obtained of him recently in Edinburgh.

Alexander Dickson, a son of Rev. David Dickson, wrote the dedication in 1664 to the English preface of his father's last work, calling it a child of his father's old age the English translation of Latin treatise on the subject of the Conscience; his father having died in 1663, probably eighty years old, certainly not younger than seventy-two. Another son of Rev. David Dickson was John, who became a merchant in Edinburgh, Scotland; and this John established his sons David and George in mercantile business in Armagh, Ireland, as a branch of the Edinburgh house.

The records show that three sons of the Armagh merchant, George Dickson, came to America, including the family also of one of these three, that of Andrew, who had married a Seceder girl in Armagh previous to his emigration, and whose family record (Andrew's) is preserved in a Bible which gives the date of birth of each of his ten children, and the record of the marriage of nine of these. This Andrew Dickson, of the fifth generation thus far traced, was great-grandfather of Dr. James G. Dickson of the eighth generation.

The six elder children of Andrew Dickson were born in Ireland between the years 1734 and 1743, and the other four were born in America near Chambersburg, Penn., where their father had settled. The eldest of the four born in this country was Andrew, whose birth was in 1748, and who died in service in the Revolutionary army. The Bible containing Andrew Dickson's family record is now over one hundred and sixty years old, and is in possession of Rev. David French Dickson, of East Palestine, Ohio, a nephew of Dr. Dickson. Andrew Dickson's children were named: Hannah, George, Jean, James, Esther, Sarah, Andrew, Agnes, Mary Ann and John. George Dickson, the eldest son and second child in this family, was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. George Dickson was born December 7, 1735, and died in the fall of 1817. He married, in 1770, Rachel McKee, then twenty-nine years of age, a daughter of James McKee, of Chambersburg, Penn. In the summer of 1772 George came to Black Lick creek (now in Indiana county), accompanied by his younger brother, John, and bought 400 acres of land. There they built a cabin, cleared what land they could during the summer, and then went back to Chambersburg for the winter. In 1773 they returned and cleared more, and in 1774 George moved his family into the cabin. He continued to clear and cultivate the land until 1778, when, in the greatest haste, they were obliged to flee upon receiving news of the Wyoming massacre and near approach of the hostile Indians. With his wife and their small children, James, Andrew and Agnes, all mounted upon two saddle horses, they summarily returned across the mountains to Chambersburg. In 1782 George and his brother John again visited their property in western Pennsylvania to find everything in ashes. Coming southward to Pittsburgh, suitable land was found and purchased by George Dickson, it being some 440 acres on the north branch of Miller's run, and purchased from one Thomas Reed, an early settler, who held it under a patent grant. John Dickson went further west into Ohio, where he married and settled near Poland.

The family of George Dickson numbered eight children three sons and five daughters. These uncles and aunts to Dr. James Dickson were James, born January, 1772; Andrew, born May 27, 1775; Agnes, born February 27, 1777; Mary, born September 4, 1780; Rachel, born November 13, 1782; Hannah, born November 18, 1785; Elizabeth, born August 10, 1789; and William, the father of Dr. Dickson, born August 2, 1791. James, the eldest, married a Miss Frazee, and their family consisted of several daughters; James Dickson died in Cuyahoga county, Ohio. His brother, Andrew, also married a Miss Frazee, a sister of James' wife; Andrew died near DeKalb, Ohio, leaving a large family, chiefly sons. Agnes, the third child in George Dickson's family, died at the age of nineteen near Noblestown, Penn.; she had doubtless been named for her father's sister Agnes, the wife of Mr. Bryar, of Chambersburg. Mary, the fourth member of George Dickson's family, married Joseph Burnside, and resided near Canonsburg, where her death occurred at an advanced age, having for many years before her death been totally blind; her family numbered three daughters and one son, namely: Margaret Jane (recently deceased), the wife of Rev. David Thompson, D. D., of Monmouth, Ill.; Rachel, wife of John Foley; Mary Anne, now Mrs. Haslep, of near Monmouth, Ill.; and George Dickson Burnside, who died a few years since on his farm near Canonsburg. Rachel Dickson, the fifth in George Dickson's family, died near Scottsville, Penn., and was the wife of Solomon Irons; their family numbered six children, viz.: James, John, Rachel, William, Joseph and Andrew. Hannah, George Dickson's sixth child, became the wife of Andrew Henderson, and of their six children four were sons, named respectively: George, John, William and Ebenezer. Hannah Dickson Henderson died near Granville, Ill. The next younger sister was Elizabeth, the seventh child of George Dickson; she became the wife of James Stewart, and at her death which occurred near Clinton, Penn., left no family. The youngest child of the grandfather, George Dickson, was William, the father of Dr. James G. Dickson.

William Dickson was born in South Fayette township, Allegheny Co., Penn., in 1791. On the death of his father he came into possession of the homestead, and became one of the most successful farmers in his part of the country, one of his specialties being the rearing of fine-wool Merino sheep, his flock of such being the first introduced into his neighborhood. He was a man of exemplary piety, and honorable dealings with his neighbors. In the year of his father's death, 1817, he married, and was elected ruling elder, to fill the vacancy caused by his father's demise, in the Noblestown (Penn.) Associate (now United Presbyterian) congregation, which office he continued to fill until his death, which occurred March 18, 1872, in his eighty-second year. He resided all his life on the farm where his father had spent the last thirty-four years of his life. William Dickson was twice married, his first wife being Margaret Glenn, a daughter of James and Jennie (Buchanan) Glenn, who came to western Pennsylvania a few years subsequent to the arrival of William Dickson's parents. The Glenns came from Lancaster county and settled in Westmoreland (now Allegheny) county, prior to 1800. Margaret Glenn was born in Lancaster county, Penn., in 1791. The marriage of William Dickson and Margaret Glenn occurred in 1817. Their children were as follows: Jennie Glenn, born August 21, 1818, died in infancy, May 9, 1819; Rachel, born July 18, 1820; George, born October 8, 1822; James Glenn, born February 15, 1825; Joseph, born December 10, 1826, died February 9, 1827; Mary J., born April 28, 1828; Andrew and William A. (twins), born June 15, 1831 (Andrew died in infancy, May 5, 1832). The mother of these children died November 18, 1852, at the age of sixty-one years. For his second wife William Dickson married, in 1857, Susan Aikins, who preceded her husband a little over two weeks in entering the Heavenly home, her death occurring March 1, 1872, and their remains repose in the cemetery at Robinson Run church, where are also the remains of William Dickson's parents. Rachel, daughter of William Dickson, became the wife of Robert Potter, and with her two daughters, Maggie D. and M. Lulu, has resided near Noblestown since the death of her husband July 16, 1887.

George Dickson, elder brother of Dr. Dickson, was married to Margaret French, daughter of Rev. David French, D. D., and her son, Rev. David French Dickson, has been mentioned earlier in this sketch. George Dickson's second wife was Eliza Glenn, who left no family at her death. In November, 1892, occurred the death of Annie Rankin, third wife of George Dickson. James Glenn Dickson is the next younger brother, and to present his lineage is the design of this sketch. Mary J. Dickson, a younger sister, married James Clark, and resided in Buffalo township, Washington Co., Penn., until 1870, when they removed to Canonsburg, where her husband's death occurred December 18, 1885. Their family consisted of Nettie, who died in infancy; William Dickson Clark, whose wife (now deceased) was Mrs. Lizzie McKeown; Marguerite S., the wife of Culbert M. Greer; Anna Mary, the wife of Rev. David Craig Stewart; and James Addison Clark, who resides with his mother.

William A. Dickson, the youngest of his father's family, like his father, William Dickson, came into possession of the ancestral estate, where with his family he resided for many years until his removal to the McBurney farm near Midway, Washington Co., Penn. His wife was Elizabeth McBurney, daughter of Robert and Eliza (Welsh) McBurney. William A. Dickson's family of eight children are: Margaret, Elizabeth, Robert, Anna S., William, Agnes, Walter and Bertha. William A. Dickson has in his possession his mother's Bible inscribed as follows: "Margaret Glenn, her book August 12, 1812." which also contains record of the birth of each of Dr. Dickson's sisters and brothers. The ponderous volume "Boston's Complete Works" is in possession of Rev. David F. Dickson, and contains the annals previously quoted of Dr. Dickson's grandfather, George Dickson's family.

Dr. James Glenn Dickson was brought up on his father's farm in South Fayette township, Allegheny county, and received his primary education at the subscription schools of the neighborhood, which was supplemented by a few terms at the public school, and instruction under the preceptorship of Rev. John M. French, pastor of the Associate Church at Noblestown; then in 1843 he entered Jefferson College, from which he graduated in 1847 under the presidency of Dr. Robert J. Breckenridge, of Kentucky. In 1848 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. J. V. Herriott, of Canonsburg, attending during the winters of 1849-50 and 1850-51 Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Penn., where in the spring of 1851 he received his medical diploma. In the summer of that year he commenced the practice of his chosen profession at Mount Jackson, Lawrence Co., Penn., remaining there one year. Then at the solicitation of his preceptor, Dr. Herriott, he returned to Canonsburg and entered into a partnership with him, which existed about two years, at the end of which time Dr. Herriott removed to Philadelphia, Dr. Dickson continuing the practice alone in Canonsburg. Upon the return of his old partner, after an absence of several years, Dr. Dickson again associated with him, but at the end of three years Dr. Herriott moved to Valparaiso, Ind., since when our subject has been alone in his professional practice. He has enjoyed an unbroken, most successful practice of over forty years in Canonsburg, a longer period than has fallen to the lot of any other physician of the place.

Dr. Dickson was married September 4, 1856, to Margaret H. Buchanan, who was born February 28, 1828 in North Strabane township, Washington Co., Penn., a daughter of Alexander and Mary (Miller) Buchanan. Two children were born to Dr. Dickson and wife, viz.: Mary Jeannette and William Alexander, both living with their parents. William A. was married September 24, 1885, to Margaret Gabby Allison (daughter of Hon. Jonathan and Margaret (Gabby) Allison), whose death occurred September 6, 1886, followed six weeks later by the death of their infant daughter, Maggie Olive. On October 23, 1890, occurred the marriage of William A. Dickson and Mary Lizzie Martin, daughter of Dr. John W. and Elizabeth (Allison) Martin. Their infant daughters are Aneita Marie and Margaret Elizabeth, who, with their parents, are part of Dr. Dickson's household. The family are members of the United Presbyterian Church, the Doctor having united with it when it was known as the Associate Church. Politically, he was first an Old-line Whig, and, since the organization of the party, he has been a stanch Republican. The commodious family residence was built by the Doctor some eight years ago, on the corner of Pike street and Greenside avenue.

The years herein recounted bring the Dickson lineage through ten generations; of the tenth there are in direct line eight representatives, viz.: Three children of Rev. David F. and Annie M. (McCready) Dickson George, David and Zetta; three grandchildren of Mary J. (Dickson) Clark, viz.: Clark and Lucile Greer, son and daughter of Culbert Means Greer and Marguerite S. (Clark) Greer, and Anna Mary, daughter of Rev. David Craig Stewart and Anna M. (Clark) Stewart; added to these the Doctor's two grandchildren, before named (Aneita Marie and Margaret Elizabeth), and the eight representatives of the tenth generation from John Dickson, of Glasgow, Scotland, are recounted.

The Doctor is wedded to his profession, and as he is by nature, as well as by education, eminently qualified for his, the most benevolent of all professions, he commands and enjoys the respect and confidence of his many patrons.

Copyright 2014. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.

Little Black Number by Bunny

3 4

Number 35 by nzcarl

3 1

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1909

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface vii

Special articles 1

The artificial illumination of naval vessels (a study in naval

hygiene), by J. D. Gatewood 1

A simple operation for hemorrhoids, by H. F. Hull 22

Suggested devices 25

A metal suspensory, by W. B. Grove 25

A short and accurate method of calculating the age in years and months,

by E. M. Brown 25

Card for index system to be used in preparing smooth quarterly form

"X" at recruiting stations, etc., by C. R. Keen 27

Clinical notes 29

A case of angina Ludovici, by W. S. Pugh 29

A case of Vincent's angina, by G. F. Clark 31

Rupture of the iris; two cases, by R. K. Riggs 32

Wood alcohol poisoning; 13 cases, 3 deaths, by R. A. Baehmann 33

A case of virulent chancroids, by D. C. Gather 36

A case of septicemia successfully treated with Steam's streptolytic

serum by M. F. Gates . 39

An unusual case of undescended testicle, by E. M. Brown 39

Current comment 41

United States Pharmacopeial Convention 41

Concerning extracts or abstracts for publication 4l

Measuring the height of recruits 43

Suggestions for the study of heat exhaustion 44

Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by

the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 46

Has the chemical examination of water practical value to the military medical

officer? by P. '.T'. Waldner 47

An aid in throat and laryngeal examinations, by E. M. Brown 50

Progress in medical sciences 51

Laboratory —An anatomical peculiarity noted in specimens of hook worm

from Culebra 51

Preliminary note on the lesions of anchylostomiasis in the intestines of

dogs, by O. J. Mink 51

Preliminary note on nematode found in the liver of a wild rat, by O.

J.Mink 52

Chemistry and pharmacy — Note on the disintegration of tablets;

influence of benzoic acid and benzoates on digestion and health: address on the

clinical examination of urine, with especial reference to estimation of urea;

determination of pepsin by the edestin test, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 52

Surgery —Review of advances; the operative treatment of recent

fractures of the femoral shaft; the treatment of fractures by mobilization and massage;

has surgical treatment lessened mortality from appendicitis; when to operate

for appendicitis; diffuse septic peritonitis, due to appendicitis; local

anesthesia of a limb by venous transfusion after expulsion of blood; on

narcosis under an artificially restricted circulation; the correlation of

glands with internal secretion; improved technique for the detection of

tubercle bacilli in the urine; relief of the wounded during battle, H. C. Curl

and H. W. Smith 54

Pathology and bacteriology —On the so-called fatty degeneration of the adrenals;

three cases of squamous celled carcinoma of the gall bladder; the practical

value of the demonstration of spirochaeta pallida in the early diagnosis of

syphilis; C. 8. Butler and O. J. Mink 65

Medical zoology — Plague in ground squirrels (a review); the prevalence

and distribution of the animal parasites of man in the Philippine Islands, with

a consideration of their possible influence on the public'

health; preliminary note on a protozoan in yaws; the intestinal protozoa

of man, R. C. Holcomb • 67

Tropical medicine — Ankylostomiasis in the Tropics; bilharziasis among women

and girls in Egypt; a report of several cases with unusual symptoms caused by

contact with some unknown variety of jellyfish; the diagnosis of latent

malaria; haemolysins and antihaemolytic substances in the blood of malarial

patients, E. R. Stitt 73

General medicine —The direct inspection of the gastric mucous membrane;

toxemia from the standpoint of perverted metabolism; a rapid method of

test-meal removal, lavage, and inflation; the therapeutics of diseases which

involve the internal secretions (mercury in the treatment of tuberculosis — its

mode of action —a warning); Flexner's serum in the treatment of epidemic

cerebrospinal meningitis; vascular crises; the curative influence of extracts

of leucocytes upon infections in animals, R. M. Kennedy 77

Hygiene and sanitation —Koch's standpoint with reference to the

question of the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis; the prevention of

tuberculosis; tropical lands and white races; sanitary report of the operations

of the naval expeditionary corps (German) in southwest Africa and in east

Africa; growth and naval military service; a study in measurements of cadets at

the naval school; on growth in height of youths serving their time in the army;

the value of fencing as a sport from hygienic and ethical point* of view; on-

the significance of the ophthalmo-reaction for the army; hematuria caused by a

parasite akin to bilharzia; the complex nature of typhoid etiology and the role

played by animals and man in the spread of the typhoid group of diseases; amoebae

carriers, H. G. Beyer 90

Reports and letters 195

Annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Alrik Hammar,

delegate 105

Report of an epidemic of typhoid on the U.S.S. Maine, by M. S.

Elliott. 106

Report of an epidemic of grippe on the U. S. S. Charleston, by M. F.

Gates. 109

Number 2

Preface vii

Special articles 111

The treatment of tuberculosis and the results observed during the year 1908

(at the United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by B. L. Wright 111

Laboratory studies and observations during the year 1908 (at the United

States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by A. B. Clifford 114

Tonsillar hypertrophy; a menace to the service, by B. F. Jenness 120

The ice bag in the treatment of typhoid fever, by G. Tucker Smith 122

Treatment of typhoid fever by colon irrigations, by the late C. G.

Alderman 124

Suggested devices 129

Description of a pit incinerator furnace, by R. C. Holcomb 129

Clinical notes 131

Report of a case of malignant endocarditis, following chancroid, by I.

Franklin Cohn 131

A case of multiple infected wounds from bear bite, by C. C. Grieve 132

A case presenting successive liver abscesses, by H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith

134

Cerebro-spinal fever, by J. G. Field 135

Current comment 141

Gangosa in Haiti 141

Hookworm disease in recruits from the Southern States 141

Care of ears and eyes in the Japanese navy 142

The question of ear protection in the British navy 142

Report relative to a series of experiments conducted on board the U. S.

S. Ohio during target practice, with "Plasticine" for the protection

of the ear drums during heavy gun fire, by W. M. Garton 142

Hygienic rules, with particular reference to venereal prophylaxis, in

the Austro-Hungarian navy 144

Experiments with gonococcic vaccine, by W. M. Garton 145

Thyroidal enlargement among applicants for enlistment in the Northwest,

by W. A. Angwin 147

Progress in medical sciences 148

Laboratory — Sterilization of catgut, by H. W. Smith 148

Chemistry and pharmacy — Fluidglycerates, pharmaceutical and physiological

aspect; the importance and significance of the chemical examination of the

gastric contents after a test meal, with a new method for estimating the

ferment activity of the gastric contents; demonstrations of enzymes and

antienzymes; studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis; the clinical value of

viscosity determination; the viscosity of the blood; the detection and

quantitative determination of B-oxybutyric acid in the urine; a new method for

the quantitative estimation of albumin in the urine; concerning the diagnostic

value of Cammidge crystals in pancreatic diseases, E. W. Brown and P. J.

Waldner 150

Surgery — Review of advances; cerebral decompression; operative treatment

of acute gonorrheal epididymitis; appendectomy in diffuse septic peritonitis;

concerning technique of skin grafting; treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate

by injections of alien blood; the value of the Cammidge reaction in the diagnosis

of pancreatic disease; the Cammidge reaction in experimental pancreatitis; the

syphilis case sheet; the thymus in Basedow's disease; the effect of mammalian

pituitary on tetany after parathyreoidectomy, and upon the pupil; hemorrhage in

jaundice controlled by blood transfusion; on the haematogenic origin of

purulent nephritis through the staphylococcus; the snapping hip; three cases of

liver abscess treated by aspiration and injection of quinine, H. C. Curl and H.

\V. Smith: 156

Pathology and bacteriology — Widal’s

reaction with sterilized cultures; a new medium for typhoid work; report on a

further series of blood cultures from seventy-four cases of typhoid and

paratyphoid fever; the histology of liver tissue regeneration; typhoid bacilli

and gall bladder; the occurrence and distribution of the spirochaeta pallida in

congenital syphilis; experiments on the differentiation of cholera and

cholera-like vitrios by complement fixation;

C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 166

Medical zoology —What is "schistosoma mansoni;" pulmonary

bilharziasis; filariasis and elephantiasis in southern Luzon; the diagnosis of African

tick fever from the examination of the blood; the parasite of

Kula Azar and allied organisms; a new human nematode-strongylus gibsoni;

report of the Permanent Commission for the Suppression of Uncinariasis; on the

supposed occurrence of the filaria immitis in man, R. C. Holcomb 174

Tropical medicine —An inquiry concerning the etiology of beriberi; have

trypanosomes an ultramicroscopical stage in their life history?; atoxyl as a

curative agent in malaria, E. R. Stitt 179

General medicine —The treatment of acute inflammatory conditions by

Bier's hypertemia; treatment of tetanus with subarachnoid injections of

magnesium sulphate; the serum diagnosis of syphilis; tubercle bacilli in the

sputum; a summary of the most recently published work on the doctrine of

opsonins; experimental investigation on "simple continued fever," H.

M. Kennedy 182

Hygiene and sanitation —On the application of heat for the purification

of water with troops in the field; catarrhal icterus of eberthian origin; the epidemic

of typhoid fever on H. M. S. Regina Elena; the treatment of sweat-foot in the

army; a contribution to our knowledge of the spread of cerebro-spinal

meningitis; on book disinfection on the large scale; the etiology of impetigo

contagiosa; tuberculosis in the British army and its prevention; symptoms that

may be attributed to soldering with the oxyhydrogen

flame; tactics and the health of the army, H. G. Beyer 189

Reports and letters 203

Seventeenth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons,

Manley H. Simons, delegate 203

Report and recommendations of a board of officers, convened at the navy-yard,

Mare Island, Cal., on the precautionary methods to be taken to prevent the invasion of bubonic

plague at that station 205

Number 3

Preface VII

Special articles 211

Notes on the treatment of elephantiasis by the internal administration

of tinctuia ferri cbloridi, by P. S. Rossiter 211

A few notes on syphilis, by W. J. Zalesky 215

A note on the pathology of epidemic asthma, by O. J. Mink 222

Report on sixteen cases of heat prostration, with remarks on etiology,

by A. G. Grunwell 223

Reviews 231

Liver abscess from the point of view of etiology and prophylaxis; pathology

and differential diagnosis; and treatment (3 papers), by G. B. Crow,, J. A. B.

Sinclair, and J. F. Cottle 231

Suggested devices 245

Appliances improvised on sick bay bunks, by C. M. De Valin 245

Clinical notes 247

A case of fracture of patella, with operation at sea, by N. J.

Blackwood.. 247

A case of n current nasal hemorrhage, by Raymond Spear 250

A case of traumatic pneumonia, by C. F. Sterne 252

A case of liver abscess, by M. A. Stuart 254

Current comment 255

Hospital corps efficiency report 255

Physical defects found on reexamination of recruits 255

Some observations on the berthing of enlisted men of the navy, with suggestions

for improvement, by L. W. Curtis 256

The value of a chemical examination of water, by E. R. Noyes 257

Progress in medical sciences 267

Laboratory —A method for the preparation of flat worms for study, by O.

J. Mink and A. H. Ebeling .. 267

The formalin method for the clinical estimation of ammonia in the

urine, by E. W. Brown 269

Bang's method for estimation of sugar in the urine; the Edestin method for

the estimation of pepsin in stomach contents 273

Chemistry and pharmacy — Concerning the fractional precipitation of

albumin in the spinal fluid of normal cases luetics, functional and organic nervous

diseases and their bearing upon the differential diagnosis of dementia

paralytica, tabes dorsalis, tertiary and late syphilis; quantitative determination

of several sugars in the presence of each other in diabetic urines; the butyric

reaction for syphilis in man and in the monkey; excretion of amino acids in

pregnancy and after parturition; the relation between the protein content of

the blood serum and that of serous fluids; the further separation of antitoxin

from its associated proteins in horse serum, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner...276-279

Surgery —The Hodgen splint; surgical anemia and resuscitation; mechanism

underlying artificial respiration; a new theory of surgical shock; carbon

dioxide snow in the treatment of augioma; bursitis subacromialis, or

periarthritis of the shoulder joint; report on the local anesthetics recommended

as substitutes for cocaine; further researches on the etiology of endemic

goiter; auto- and iso-transplantation, in dogs, of the parathyroid glandules;

partial, progressive, and complete occlusion of the aorta and other large

arteries in the dog by means of the metal band; C. F. Stokes, R. Spear, and H.

W. Smith 279-289

Pathology and bacteriology —A simple method for the diagnosis of

syphilis; differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacilli in infected

water and milk; a peculiar intralobular cirrhosis of the liver produced by the protozoal

parasite of kala azar; the pathological anatomy of atoxyl poisoning; an

observation on the fate of B. Bulgaricus in the digestive tract of a monkey; a

contribution to the pathology of the spleen; a note, on the histology of a caue

of myelomatosis with Bence-Jones protein in

the urine; a new method for the recognition of indol in media; the rapid

diagnosis of rabies (a new stain for negri bodies); C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink

289-297

Medical zoology —Anew intestinal trematodeof man; some applications of the

precipitin reaction in the diagnosis of hydatid disease; bilharzia, hematobia,

and circumcision; trichocephaliasis; R. C. Holcomb ...... 297-306

Tropical medicine — Rice and beriberi; on the etiology of ulcerative

granuloma of the pudenda; amaebic dysentery with abscess of the liver in a patient

who had never been out of England; E. R. Stitt 306-308

General medicine —The dietetic treatment of diabetes; artificial

hyperemia in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; remarks on the treatment of

gastric ulcer by immediate feeding; present status of the tuberculin tests; T.

W. Richards S0S-315

Hygiene and sanitation — On 'a new and practical method of securing bodily

cleanliness for our men on board ship; on the heat-conducting power of linoleum

as compared to that of floors made of wood or of

betone; on the discrimination of unrecognized diseases and on a disease

of overcrowding in ships, especially at

Malta; H. G. Beyer 315-320

Reports and letters 321

Guam; reports on health and sanitation for the years 1907 and 1908, by F.

E. McCullough and G. L. Angeny. 321

Number 4

Preface vii

Special articles 335

The hospital camp at Norfolk, Va., by P. A. Lovering 335

The teaching of tropical medicine outside of the Tropics, by E. R.

Stitt 308

Ethyl chloride as a general anaesthetic, by L. W. Johnson 344

Chronic nephritis in recruits, by B. F. Jenness 347

Supplementary report on the investigation of Samoan conjunctivitis, by P.

S. Rossiter 349

Points on embalming practicable on board ship, by C. Schaffer 351

Reviews 355

Surgical shock; a review of recent literature, by H. W. Smith 355

Suggested devices 365

Installation of an X-ray apparatus on the U. S. S. Maryland, by A.

Farenholt 365

Method of fumigation of vessels at Hamburg 368

An oxygen apparatus 370

An easily constructed bunk tray, by C. M. Oman 371

Clinical notes 373

Operations upon the kidney. United States naval hospital, New York, by G.

T. Smith 373

A report on two cases of dentigerous cysts, by D. N. Carpenter 374

A case of mammary development in the male, by E. M. Brown 376

Operative treatment of epididymitis, by W. S. Pugh, Jr 376

Two cases from report of U. S. S. Hancock—1908: (1) Retinal hemorrhage,

(2) myocarditis with rupture, by P. Leach 377

A case of fracture of the skull; operation and recovery, by F. W. F.

Wieber. 378

Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.

E. Riggs 379

Fracture of skull and gunshot wound of lung, with recovery, by W. S.

Pugh, Jr ..... 381

Two unusual appendix cases, by R. R. Richardson 382

Proctoclysis in typhoid fever, by C. F. Stokes 384

Current comment 385

Subscription price of the Bulletin 385

Note on New York Post-Graduate Medical School 385

Note on contributions to the Bulletin 385

Note on annual meeting of American Medical Association on revision of pharmacopeia

386

Note on inquiry concerning clothing in the Tropics 386

Note on publicity concerning venereal disease in California 387

Review of Gatewood's Naval Hygiene 387

Note on the work at Tay Tay 388

Medical examination of army recruits, by A. E. Peck 389

Notes on the treatment of syphilis, by W. S. Hoen 391

Views on the treatment of typhoid fever, by H. A. May 393

Progress in medical sciences 397

Laboratory —Benedict's method for the estimation of glucose in the

urine; estimation of uric acid in the urine, Folin-Schaffer; clinical method

for the estimation of uric acid, modification of the Folin-Schaffer process; test

for blood in the urine; two methods for the estimation of albumin in the urine,

by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 397

Chemistry and pharmacy —The excretion in urine of sugars other than

glucose; experiments and experiences, pharmacological and clinical, with

digitalis, squill, and strophanthus; a reagent for the detection of reducing

sugars; on the antagonism of alcohol to carbolic acid ; the antitoxic activity

of iodine in tuberculosis; new experiments on the physiological action of

sulphuric ether; contribution to the physiology of the glands —further

contributions on the function of the spleen as an organ of iron metabolism;

modifications in the chemical composition of the blood serum in victims of

carbon dioxide poisoning, by P. J. Waldnerand C. Schaffer 402

Pathology and bacteriology —Studies on typhoid fever; chloroform

poisoning — liver necrosis and repair; the importance of blood cultures in the

study of infections of otitic origin; the cultivation of the spirocheeta

pallidum; the cultivation of the bacillus leprae; the chemistry of the liver in

chloroform necrosis; the present status of the whooping-cough question; the

conveyance of whooping cough from man to animals by direct experiment; serology

of syphilis, by C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 407

Medical zoology — Schistosomiasis at Bahia; contribution to the study

of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil; notes on malaria and kala-azar; endemic

amoebic dysentery in New York, with a review of its istribution in North America; filaria

(microfilaria) philippinensis; the distribution of filaria in the Philippine

Islands; acariens and cancers—acariens and leprosy; necator americanus in

Ceylon; anaemia due to trichocephalus dispar; study of the protozoa of J. H.

Wright in sixteen cases of Aleppo boil, by R. C. Holcomb 411

Tropical medicine — Infantile kala-azar; on the identity of beri-beri

and epidemic dropsy; Malta fever in South Africa; leprosy in the Philippine

Islands and its treatment; the various types of plague and their clinical

manifestations, by C. S. Butler 417

Hygiene and sanitation —The means by which infectious diseases are

transmitted; a critical study of the value of the measurements of chest expansion

and lung capacity; notes on the sanitation of yellow fever and malaria; the

house fly as a disease carrier, by H. G. Beyer 419

General medicine —A study of the aural and laryngeal complications of

typhoid fever, especially as observed in hospital practice; the problem of

cancer considered from the standpoint of immunity; nine cases of typhoid fever

treated with an antiendotoxic serum, by T. W. Richards 425

Surgery —Some practical points in the application of the bismuth paste

in chronic suppurative diseases; the sequence of the pathological changes in appendiceal

peritonitis; direct blood transfusion by means of paraffin-coated glass tubes;

the use of animal membrane in producing mobility in ankylosed joints, by C. F.

Stokes and R. Spear 431

Reports and letters 489

American Medical Association, by M. F. Gates 439

Report on the Second International Conference for Revision of Nomenclature

of Diseases and Causes of Death, by F. L. Pleadwell 445

Report upon medical relief measures at Messina, Sicily, by M. Donelson.

. 449

Reports of medical relief measures at Adana, Turkey, by J. T. Miller

and L. W. McGuire 452

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Yangon (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်, MLCTS rankun mrui, pronounced: [jàɴɡòʊɴ mjo̰]; formerly known as Rangoon, literally: "End of Strife") is the capital of the Yangon Region of Myanmar, also known as Burma. Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military government relocated the capital to the purpose-built city of Naypyidaw in central Myanmar. With over 7 million people, Yangon is Myanmar's largest city and is its most important commercial centre.

Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in the region, and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact. The colonial-era commercial core is centred around the Sule Pagoda, which reputed to be over 2,000 years old. The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda — Myanmar's most sacred Buddhist pagoda. The mausoleum of the last Mughal Emperor is located in Yangon, where he had been exiled following the Indian Mutiny of 1857.

Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate infrastructure, especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia. Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure.

ETYMOLOGY

Yangon (ရန်ကုန်) is a combination of the two words yan (ရန်) and koun (ကုန်), which mean "enemies" and "run out of", respectively. It is also translated as "End of Strife". "Rangoon" most likely comes from the British imitation of the pronunciation of "Yangon" in the Arakanese language, which is [rɔ̀ɴɡʊ́ɴ].

HISTORY

EARLY HISTORY

Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (c. 1028–1043) by the Mon, who dominated Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centred about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon, renamed it "Yangon", and added settlements around Dagon. The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), but returned it to Burmese administration after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.

COLONIAL RANGOON

The British seized Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma. Yangon is also the place where the British sent Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, to live after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Based on the design by army engineer Lt. Alexander Fraser, the British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land, bounded to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British-ruled Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.

Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East." By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.

Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.

After World War I, Yangon became the epicentre of Burmese independence movement, with leftist Rangoon University students leading the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 all began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japanese occupation (1942–45), and incurred heavy damage during World War II. The city was retaken by the Allies in May 1945.

Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.

CONTEMPORARY YANGON

Soon after Burma's independence in 1948, many colonial names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the current military junta changed the city's English name to "Yangon", along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications, news bureaus including, most notably, the BBC and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and United States.)

Since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya,

Shwepyitha and South Dagon in the 1980s. Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 square kilometres.

During Ne Win's isolationist rule (1962–88), Yangon's infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance and did not keep up with its increasing population. In the 1990s, the current military government's more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the city's infrastructure. Some inner city residents were forcibly relocated to new satellite towns. Many colonial-period buildings were demolished to make way for high-rise hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls, leading the city government to place about 200 notable colonial-period buildings under the Yangon City Heritage List in 1996. Major building programs have resulted in six new bridges and five new highways linking the city to its industrial back country. Still, much of Yangon remains without basic municipal services such as 24-hour electricity and regular garbage collection.

Yangon has become much more indigenous Burmese in its ethnic make-up since independence. After independence, many South Asians and Anglo-Burmese left. Many more South Asians were forced to leave during the 1960s by Ne Win's xenophobic government. Nevertheless, sizable South Asian and Chinese communities still exist in Yangon. The Anglo-Burmese have effectively disappeared, having left the country or intermarried with other Burmese groups.

Yangon was the centre of major anti-government protests in 1974, 1988 and 2007. The 1988 People Power Uprising resulted in the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands of Burmese civilians, many in Yangoon where hundreds of thousands of people flooded into the streets of the then capital city. The Saffron Revolution saw mass shootings and the use of crematoria in Yangoon by the Burmese government to erase evidence of their crimes against monks, unarmed protesters, journalists and students.

The city's streets saw bloodshed each time as protesters were gunned down by the government.

In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis hit Yangon. While the city had few human casualties, three quarters of Yangon's industrial infrastructure was destroyed or damaged, with losses estimated at US$800 million.

In November 2005, the military government designated Naypyidaw, 320 kilometres north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and subsequently moved much of the government to the newly developed city. At any rate, Yangon remains the largest city, and the most important commercial centre of Myanmar.

GEOGRAPHY

Yangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about 30 km away from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48' North, 96°09' East (16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours.

CLIMATE

Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification system. The city features a lengthy wet season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received; and a dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen. It is primarily due to the heavy rainfall received during the rainy season that Yangon falls under the tropical monsoon climate category. During the course of the year 1961 to 1990s, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 36 °C and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 °C.

CITYSCAPE

Until the mid-1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula setting between the Bago, Yangon and Hlaing rivers. People moved in, but little of the city moved out. Maps from 1944 show little development north of Inya Lake and areas that are now layered in cement and stacked with houses were then virtual backwaters. Since the late 1980s, however, the city began a rapid spread north to where Yangon International airport now stands. But the result is a stretching tail on the city, with the downtown area well removed from its geographic centre. The city's area has steadily increased from 72.52 square kilometres in 1901 to 86.2 square kilometres in 1940 to 208.51 square kilometres in 1974, to 346.13 square kilometres in 1985, and to 598.75 square kilometres in 2008.

ARCHITECTURE

Downtown Yangon is known for its leafy avenues and fin-de-siècle architecture. The former British colonial capital has the highest number of colonial period buildings in south-east Asia. Downtown Yangon is still mainly made up of decaying colonial buildings. The former High Court, the former Secretariat buildings, the former St. Paul's English High School and the Strand Hotel are excellent examples of the bygone era. Most downtown buildings from this era are four-story mix-use (residential and commercial) buildings with 4.3 m ceilings, allowing for the construction of mezzanines. Despite their less-than-perfect conditions, the buildings remain highly sought after and most expensive in the city's property market.

In 1996, the Yangon City Development Committee created a Yangon City Heritage List of old buildings and structures in the city that cannot be modified or torn down without approval. In 2012, the city of Yangon imposed a 50-year moratorium on demolition of buildings older than 50 years. The Yangon Heritage Trust, an NGO started by Thant Myint-U, aims to create heritage areas in Downtown, and attract investors to renovate buildings for commercial use.

A latter day hallmark of Yangon is the eight-story apartment building. (In Yangon parlance, a building with no elevators (lifts) is called an apartment building and one with elevators is called a condominium. Condos which have to invest in a local power generator to ensure 24-hour electricity for the elevators are beyond the reach of most Yangonites.) Found throughout the city in various forms, eight-story apartment buildings provide relatively inexpensive housing for many Yangonites. The apartments are usually eight stories high (including the ground floor) mainly because city regulations, until February 2008, required that all buildings higher than 23 m or eight stories to install lifts. The current code calls for elevators in buildings higher than 19 m or six stories, likely ushering in the era of the six-story apartment building. Although most apartment buildings were built only within the last 20 years, they look much older and rundown due to shoddy construction and lack of proper maintenance.

Unlike other major Asian cities, Yangon does not have any skyscrapers. Aside from a few high-rise hotels and office towers, most high-rise buildings (usually 10 stories and up) are "condos" scattered across prosperous neighbourhoods north of downtown such as Bahan, Dagon, Kamayut and Mayangon. The tallest building in Yangon, Pyay Gardens, is a 25-story condo in the city's north.

Older satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa are lined mostly with one to two story detached houses with access to the city's electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as North Dagon and South Dagon are still essentially slums in a grid layout. The satellite towns - old or new - receive little or no municipal services.

ROAD LAYOUT

Downtown Yangon's road layout follows a grid pattern, based on four types of roads:

Broad 49-m wide roads running west to east

Broad 30-m wide roads running south to north

Two narrow 9.1-m wide streets running south to north

Mid-size 15-m wide streets running south to north

The east-west grid of central was laid out by British military engineers Fraser and Montgomerie after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The city was later developed by the Public Works Department and Bengal Corps of Engineers. The pattern of south to north roads is as follows: one broad 30 m wide broad road, two narrow streets, one mid-size street, two more narrow streets, and then another 30 m wide broad road. This order is repeated from west to east. The narrow streets are numbered; the medium and broad roads are named.

For example, the 30 m Lanmadaw Road is followed by 9.1 m-wide 17th and 18th streets then the medium 15 m Sint-Oh-Dan Road, the 30-foot 19th and 20th streets, followed by another 30 m wide Latha Road, followed again by the two numbered small roads 21st and 22nd streets, and so on.

The roads running parallel west to east were the Strand Road, Merchant Road, Maha Bandula (née Dalhousie) Road, Anawrahta (Fraser) Road, and Bogyoke Aung San (Montgomerie) Road.

PARKS AND GARDENS

The largest and best maintained parks in Yangon are located around Shwedagon Pagoda. To the south-east of the gilded stupa is the most popular recreational area in the city – Kandawgyi Lake. The 61-ha lake is surrounded by the 45-ha Kandawgyi Nature Park, and the 28-ha Yangon Zoological Gardens, which consists of a zoo, an aquarium and an amusement park. West of the pagoda towards the former Hluttaw (Parliament) complex is the 53-ha People's Square and Park, (the former parading ground on important national days when Yangon was the capital.) A few miles north of the pagoda lies the 15-ha Inya Lake Park – a favorite hangout place of Yangon University students, and a well-known place of romance in Burmese popular culture.

Hlawga National Park and Allied War Memorial at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with the well-to-do and tourists.

Yangon Book Plaza, the first and biggest book shop in Myanmar was opened on February 26, 2017 on the fifth floor of Than Zay Market in Lanmadaw Township, Yangon.

ADMINISTRATION

Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). YCDC also coordinates urban planning. The city is divided into four districts. The districts combined have a total of 33 townships. The current mayor of Yangon is Maung Maung Soe. Each township is administered by a committee of township leaders, who make decisions regarding city beautification and infrastructure. Myo-thit (lit. "New Towns", or satellite towns) are not within such jurisdictions.

TRANSPORT

Yangon is Burma's main domestic and international hub for air, rail, and ground transportation.

AIR

Yangon International Airport, located 19 km from the centre, is the country's main gateway for domestic and international air travel. The airport has three terminals, known as T1, T2 and T3 which is also known as Domestic. It has direct flights to regional cities in Asia – mainly, Doha, Dubai, Dhaka, Kolkata, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul, Guangzhou, Taipei, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Kunming and Singapore. Although domestic airlines offer service to about twenty domestic locations, most flights are to tourist destinations such as Bagan, Mandalay, Heho and Ngapali, and to the capital Naypyidaw.

RAILWAYS

Yangon Central Railway Station is the main terminus of Myanmar Railways' 5,403-kilometre rail network whose reach covers Upper Myanmar (Naypyidaw, Mandalay, Shwebo), upcountry (Myitkyina), Shan hills (Taunggyi, Lashio) and the Taninthayi coast (Mawlamyaing, Dawei).

Yangon Circular Railway operates a 45.9-kilometre 39-station commuter rail network that connects Yangon's satellite towns. The system is heavily utilized by the local populace, selling about 150,000 tickets daily. The popularity of the commuter line has jumped since the government reduced petrol subsidies in August 2007.

BUSES AND CARS

Yangon has a 4,456-kilometre road network of all types (tar, concrete and dirt) in March 2011. Many of the roads are in poor condition and not wide enough to accommodate an increasing number of cars. The vast majority of Yangon residents cannot afford a car and rely on an extensive network of buses to get around. Over 300 public and private bus lines operate about 6,300 crowded buses around the city, carrying over 4.4 million passengers a day. All buses and 80% of the taxis in Yangon run on compressed natural gas (CNG), following the 2005 government decree to save money on imported petroleum. Highway buses to other cities depart from Dagon Ayeyar Highway Bus Terminal for Irrawaddy delta region and Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal for other parts of the country.

Motor transportation in Yangon is highly expensive for most of its citizens. As the government allows only a few thousand cars to be imported each year in a country with over 50 million people, car prices in Yangon (and in Burma) are among the highest in the world. In July 2008, the two most popular cars in Yangon, 1986/87 Nissan Sunny Super Saloon and 1988 Toyota Corolla SE Limited, cost the equivalent of about US$20,000 and US$29,000 respectively. A sports utility vehicle, imported for the equivalent of around US$50,000, goes for US$250,000. Illegally imported unregistered cars are cheaper – typically about half the price of registered cars. Nonetheless, car usage in Yangon is on the rise, a sign of rising incomes for some, and already causes much traffic congestion in highway-less Yangon's streets. In 2011, Yangon had about 300,000 registered motor vehicles in addition to an unknown number of unregistered ones.

Since 1970, cars have been driven on the right side of the road in Burma, as part of a military decree. However, as the government has not required left hand drive (LHD) cars to accompany the right side road rules, many cars on the road are still right hand drive (RHD) made for driving on the left side. Japanese used cars, which make up most of the country's imports, still arrive with RHD and are never converted to LHD. As a result, Burmese drivers have to rely on their passengers when passing other cars.

Within Yangon city limits, it is illegal to drive trishaws, bicycles, and motorcycles. Since February 2010, pickup truck bus lines have been forbidden to run in 6 townships of central Yangon, namely Latha, Lanmadaw, Pabedan, Kyauktada, Botahtaung and Pazundaung Townships. In May 2003, a ban on using car horns was implemented in six townships of Downtown Yangon to reduce noise pollution. In April 2004, the car horn ban was expanded to cover the entire city.

RIVER

Yangon's four main passenger jetties, all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across the river to Dala and Thanlyin, and regional ferries to the Irrawaddy delta. The 35-km Twante Canal was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the 1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year-round. While passenger ferries to the delta are still used, those to Upper Burma via the Irrawaddy river are now limited mostly to tourist river cruises.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Yangon is the most populous city by far in Burma although estimates of the size of its population vary widely. All population figures are estimates since no official census has been conducted in Burma since 1983. A UN estimate puts the population as 4.35 million in 2010 but a 2009 U.S. State Department estimate puts it at 5.5 million. The U.S. State Department's estimate is probably closer to the real number since the UN number is a straight-line projection, and does not appear to take the expansion of city limits in the past two decades into account. The city's population grew sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s. Immigrants have founded their regional associations (such as Mandalay Association, Mawlamyaing Association, etc.) in Yangon for networking purposes. The government's decision to move the nation's administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon.

Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. While Indians formed the slight majority prior to World War II, today, the majority of the population is of indigenous Bamar (Burman) descent. Large communities of Indians/South Asian Burmese and the Chinese Burmese exist especially in the traditional downtown neighborhoods. A large number of Rakhine and Karen also live in the city.

Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed

some to study other languages: Mandarin Chinese is most popular, followed by Japanese, and French.

RELIGIONS

The primary religions practiced in Yangon are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Shwedagon Pagoda is a famous religious landmark in the city.

MEDIA

Yangon is the country's hub for the movie, music, advertising, newspaper and book publishing industries. All media is heavily regulated by the military government. Television broadcasting is off limits to the private sector. All media content must first be approved by the government's media censor board, Press Scrutiny and Registration Division.

Most television channels in the country are broadcast from Yangon. TV Myanmar and Myawaddy TV are the two main channels, providing Burmese-language programming in news and entertainment. Other special interest channels are MWD-1 and MWD-2, MRTV-3, the English-language channel that targets overseas audiences via satellite and via Internet, MRTV-4 and Channel 7 are with a focus on non-formal education programs and movies, and Movie 5, a pay-TV channel specializing in broadcasting foreign movies.

Yangon has three radio stations. Myanmar Radio National Service is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese (and in English during specific times.) Pop culture oriented Yangon City FM and Mandalay City FM radio stations specialize in Burmese and English pop music, entertainment programs, live celebrity interviews, etc. New radio channels such as Shwe FM and Pyinsawaddy FM can also be tuned with the city area.

Nearly all print media and industries are based out of Yangon. All three national newspapers – two Burmese language dailies Myanma Alin (မြန်မာ့အလင်း) and Kyemon (ကြေးမုံ), and the English language The New Light of Myanmar — are published by the government. Semi-governmental The Myanmar Times weekly, published in Burmese and in English, is mainly geared for Yangon's expatriate community. Over twenty special interest journals and magazines covering sports, fashion, finance, crime, literature (but never politics) vie for the readership of the general populace.

Access to foreign media is extremely difficult. Satellite television in Yangon, and in Burma, is very expensive as the government imposes an annual registration fee of one million kyats. Certain foreign newspapers and periodicals such as the International Herald Tribune and the Straits Times can be found only in a few (mostly downtown) bookstores. Internet access in Yangon, which has the best telecommunication infrastructure in the country, is slow and erratic at best, and the Burmese government implements one of the world's most restrictive regimes of Internet control. International text messaging and voice messaging was permitted only in August 2008.

COMMUNICATION

Common facilities taken for granted elsewhere are luxury prized items in Yangon and Burma. The price of a GSM mobile phone was about K1.1 million in August 2008. In 2007, the country of 55 million had only 775,000 phone lines (including 275,000 mobile phones), and 400,000 computers. Even in Yangon, which has the best infrastructure, the estimated telephone penetration rate was only 6% at the end of 2004, and the official waiting time for a telephone line was 3.6 years. Most people cannot afford a computer and have to use the city's numerous Internet cafes to access a heavily restricted Internet, and a heavily censored local intranet. According to official statistics, in July 2010, the country had over 400,000 Internet users, with the vast majority hailing from just two cities, Yangon and Mandalay. Although Internet access was available in 42 cities across the country, the number of users outside the two main cities was just over 10,000.

LIFESTYLE

Yangon's property market is the most expensive in the country and beyond the reach of most Yangonites. Most rent outside the centre and few can afford to rent such apartments. (In 2008, rents for a typical 60 to 70 m2 apartments in the centre and vicinity range between K70,000 and K150,000 and those for high end condos between K200,000 and K500,000.)

Most men of all ages (and some women) spend their time at ubiquitous tea-shops, found in any corner or street of the city. Watching European football (mostly English Premier League with occasional La Liga, Serie A, Bundesliga) matches while sipping tea is a popular pastime among many Yangonites. The average person stays close to his or her residential neighbourhood. The well-to-do tend to visit shopping malls and parks on weekends. Some leave the city on weekends for Chaungtha and Ngwesaung beach resorts in Ayeyarwady Division.

Yangon is also home to many pagoda festivals (paya pwe), held during dry-season months (November – March). The most famous of all, the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival in March, attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the country.

Yangon's museums are the domain of tourists and rarely visited by the locals.

Most of Yangon's larger hotels offer some kind of nightlife entertainment, geared towards tourists and the well-to-do Burmese. Some hotels offer traditional Burmese performing arts shows complete with a traditional Burmese orchestra. The pub scene in larger hotels is more or less the same as elsewhere in Asia. Other options include karaoke bars and pub restaurants in Yangon Chinatown.

Due to the problems of high inflation, the lack of high denomination notes, and the fact that many of the population do not have access to checks, or credit or debit cards, it is common to see citizens carrying a considerable amount of cash. (The highest denomination of Burmese currency kyat is 10 000 (~US$10.)) Credit cards are only rarely used in the city, chiefly in the more lavish hotels. Credit cards are also accepted in the major supermarket and convenience store chains.

SPORTS

As the city has the best sporting facilities in the country, most national-level annual sporting tournaments such as track and field, football, volleyball, tennis and swimming are held in Yangon. The 40,000-seat Aung San Stadium and the 32,000-seat Thuwunna Stadium are the main venues for the highly popular annual State and Division football tournament. Until April 2009, the now defunct Myanmar Premier League, consisted of 16 Yangon-based clubs, played all its matches in Yangon stadiums, and attracted little interest from the general public or commercial success despite the enormous popularity of football in Burma. Most Yangonites prefer watching European football on satellite TV. Teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Bayern Munich and Manchester City are among the favorite European teams among the Yangonites. It remains to be seen whether the Myanmar National League, the country's first professional football league, and its Yangon-based club Yangon United FC will attract a sufficient following in the country's most important media market.

Yangon is also home to annual the Myanmar Open golf tournament, and the Myanmar Open tennis tournament. The city hosted the 1961 and 1969 South East Asian Games. During colonial times, cricket was played mostly by British officials in the city. First-class cricket was played in the city in January 1927 when the touring Marylebone Cricket Club played Burma and the Rangoon Gymkhana. Two grounds were used to host these matches, the BAA Ground and the Gymkhana Ground. These matches mark the only time Burma and Rangoon Gymkhana have appeared in first-class cricket, and the only time first-class cricket has been played in Burma. After independence cricket all but died out in the country.

Yangon has a growing population of skateboarders, as documented in the films Altered Focus: Burma and Youth of Yangon. German non-profit organization Make Life Skate Life has received permission from the Yangon City Development Committee to construct a concrete skatepark at Thakin Mya park in downtown, and plans to complete the park in November 2015.

ECONOMY

Yangon is the country's main centre for trade, industry, real estate, media, entertainment and tourism. The city represents about one fifth of the national economy. According to official statistics for FY 2010–2011, the size of the economy of Yangon Region was 8.93 trillion kyats, or 23% of the national GDP.

The city is Lower Burma's main trading hub for all kinds of merchandise – from basic food stuffs to used cars although commerce continues to be hampered by the city's severely underdeveloped banking industry and communication infrastructure. Bayinnaung Market is the largest wholesale centre in the country for rice, beans and pulses, and other agricultural commodities. Much of the country's legal imports and exports go through Thilawa Port, the largest and busiest port in Burma. There is also a great deal of informal trade, especially in street markets that exist alongside street platforms of Downtown Yangon's townships. However, on 17 June 2011, the YCDC announced that street vendors, who had previously been allowed to legally open shop at 3 pm, would be prohibited from selling on the streets, and permitted to sell only in their townships of residence, presumably to clean up the city's image. Since 1 December 2009, high-density polyethylene plastic bags have been banned by city authorities.

Manufacturing accounts for a sizable share of employment. At least 14 light industrial zones ring Yangon, directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010. The city is the centre of country's garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9 fiscal year. More than 80 percent of factory workers in Yangon work on a day-to-day basis. Most are young women between 15 and 27 years of age who come from the countryside in search of a better life. The manufacturing sector suffers from both structural problems (e.g. chronic power shortages) and political.

problems (e.g. economic sanctions). In 2008, Yangon's 2500 factories alone needed about 120 MW of power; yet, the entire city received only about 250 MW of the 530 MW needed. Chronic power shortages limit the factories' operating hours between 8 am and 6 pm.

Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw, new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009–2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008–2009.

Tourism represents a major source of foreign currency for the city although by south-east Asian standards the number of foreign visitors to Yangon has always been quite low - about 250,000 before the Saffron Revolution in September 2007. The number of visitors dipped even further following the Saffron Revolution and Cyclone Nargis. The recent improvement in the country's political climate has attracted an increasing number of businessmen and tourists. Between 300,000 and 400,000 visitors that went through Yangon International in 2011. However, after years of underinvestment, Yangon's modest hotel infrastructure - only 3000 of the total 8000 hotel rooms in Yangon are "suitable for tourists" - is already bursting at seams, and will need to be expanded to handle additional visitors. As part of an urban development strategy, a hotel zone has been planned in Yangon's outskirts, encompassing government- and military-owned land in Mingaladon, Hlegu and Htaukkyant Townships.

EDUCATION

Yangon educational facilities has a very high number of qualified teachers but the state spending on education is among the lowest of the world. Around 2007 estimate by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies puts the spending for education at 0.5% of the national budget. The disparity in educational opportunities and achievement between rich and poor schools is quite stark even within the city. With little or no state support forthcoming, schools have to rely on forced "donations" and various fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers' salaries, forcing many poor students to drop out.

While many students in poor districts fail to reach high school, a handful of Yangon high schools in wealthier districts such as Dagon 1, Sanchaung 2, Kamayut 2, Bahan 2, Latha 2, and TTC provide the majority of students admitted to the most selective universities in the country, highlighting the extreme shallowness of talent pool in the country. The wealthy bypass the state education system altogether, sending their children to private English language instruction schools such as YIEC or more widely known as ISM, or abroad (typically Singapore or Australia) for university education. In 2014, international schools in Yangon cost at least US$8,000 a year.

There are over 20 universities and colleges in the city. While Yangon University remains the best known (its main campus is a part of popular Burmese culture e.g. literature, music, film, etc.), the nation's oldest university is now mostly a graduate school, deprived of undergraduate studies. Following the 1988 nationwide uprising, the military government has repeatedly closed universities, and has dispersed most of undergraduate student population to new universities in the suburbs such as Dagon University, the University of East Yangon and the University of West Yangon. Nonetheless many of the country's most selective universities are still in Yangon. Students from around the country still have to come to study in Yangon as some subjects are offered only at its universities. The University of Medicine 1, University of Medicine 2, Yangon Technological University, University of Computer Studies and Myanmar Maritime University are the most selective in the country.

HEALTH CARE

The general state of health care in Yangon is poor. According to a 2007 estimate, the military government spends 0.4% of the national budget on health care, and 40% to 60% on defense. By the government's own figures, it spends 849 kyats (US$0.85) per person. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals including the flagship Yangon General Hospital lack many of the basic facilities and equipment.

Wealthier Yangonites still have access to country's best medical facilities and internationally qualified doctors. Only Yangon and Mandalay have any sizable number of doctors left as many Burmese doctors have emigrated. The well-to-do go to private clinics or hospitals like Pun Hlaing International Hospital and Bahosi Medical Clinic. Medical malpractice is widespread, even in private clinics and hospitals that serve the well-to-do. In 2009 and 2010, a spate of high-profile deaths brought out the severity of the problem, even for the relatively well off Yangonites. The wealthy do not rely on domestic hospitals and travel abroad, usually Bangkok or Singapore, for treatment.

WIKIPEDIA

black number 1 by danny williams1

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number-95 by Jakes Nguyễn

Number 7 Acura Team Penske Acura DPi driven by Helio Castroneves and Ricky Taylor by albionphoto

IMSA Weathertech Sahlen's six hours of the Glen at Watkins Glen on June 30th 2019

Meter Number Four by Mark Turnauckas

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It's a digital world but it wasn't always so. These electric meters use principles of electricity discovered over a hundred years ago.These meters are probably as old as I am and still going strong.

The scene is lit by sunlight through a small glass block window behind the camera. Shot handheld, Program AE, ISO 3200, spot focused on the meter on the upper right.

I like the shallow DoF and the way it looks drained of color. I considered converting it to B&W but the low light and drab scene seems to have mostly done it for me.

Number 73: Illuminated Address presented to Sir Samuel Walker Griffith (1886) by Queensland State Archives

Portrait of Sir samuel Walker Griffith: Queensland State Archives Image ID DR3064

Born at Merthyr Tydfil in Wales in 1845, Griffith came to Queensland with his parents in 1853 when his father was appointed Congregational Minister at Ipswich. Griffith excelled in his studies in Queensland and New South Wales, and after gaining a Master’s degree from the University of Sydney he returned to Queensland and became an articled law clerk at Ipswich. Rapidly making his presence felt in legal circles, Griffith also displayed an early interest in politics. Admitted to the Bar in 1867, he took silk in 1876, by which time he was already active in politics. In 1872 Griffith won the seat of East Moreton and served as Queensland Attorney-General from 1874 to 1878. After replacing John Douglas as leader of the Liberals, Griffith became Premier in 1883. During the five years he remained in power Griffith pushed through many important legislative reforms, some of it reflecting his broad humanitarian concerns. Although he lost the elections in 1888, he regained the premiership less than two years later. In 1891 Griffith played a prominent role in drafting the Australian Constitution and continued to be closely involved in discussions on Federation despite leaving politics in 1893 to become Chief Justice of Queensland. Following the creation of the High Court in 1903, Griffith was appointed Australia’s first Chief Justice, a position he retained until 1919 when he retired to Brisbane. He died the following year.

Image courtesy of State Library of Queensland

Hangar Number 4 by Fotoman.ca

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This is the abandoned and neglected Hangar Number 4 at the old RCAF base at Claresholm, Alberta. It was really neat visiting these old RCAF bases...some original hangars like this one, and some original runways/taxiways/aprons. You could almost hear the tigermoths flying around.

Here's some history on this base:

RCAF Station Claresholm was initially a British Commonwealth Air Training Plan station that trained pilots for World War II service. The station was located near Claresholm, Alberta, Canada. No. 15 Service Flying Training School (SFTS) was opened on June 9, 1941, and closed in March 1945. Ansons and Cessna Cranes were the aircraft used. No. 2 Flying Instructor School (FIS) opened in April 1942 but closed September 1942 and moved to Vulcan. Student pilots at No.2 FIS flew Tiger Moths and Cessna Cranes.

Claresholm was placed on care and maintenance status until reactivated in 1951 as a NATO training centre run by No. 3 Flying Training School (flying Harvards). The station closed again in 1958 when the school was relocated to Gimli, Manitoba. It is now the Claresholm Industrial Airport.

221 MG 14::28 Supersports (Bullnose) (1926) by Robert Knight

MG 14/28 Supersports (1924-26) Engine 1802cc S4 SV Production 1500 approx includes 14/40 (1928-29) (approx 400 Bullnose)

Registration Number ON 9717

MG SET

www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157623797586658...

The MG marque evolved from Morris garages, originally set up to supply special bodies for Morris chassis. In 1924 ,anager Cecil Kimber produced the 14/28 Super Sports, at this stage MG was not a car make, but a Morris Oxford fitted with a Morris Garages Super Sports body. All 14/28 MG's were registered as Morris Oxfords and carry a Morris chassis plate. However the body had coachbuilders plates below the doors stamped Morris Garages and bearing what was to become the famous MG octagon.

MG became officially independant when the operation was moved to new premises at Edmund Road, Cowley in 1927.

The 14/28 is powered by a Morris Oxford engine with servo assisted four wheel brakes. The car was launched with the rounded Bullnose body until 1927 when replaced with the flatnose radiator the car was uprated to 14/40 from 1928.

This car is one of the oldest surviving MGs

Shot at The VSCC Curborough Speed Trials. Curborough, Lichfield 05:05:2013 Ref: 91-221

Train number 12296 Patna-Bangalore city Sanghamitra Express crosses the massive Tawa Bridge with Itarsi Diesel Loco Shed's EMD GT46Ace WDP-4B 40048 . by shan

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Train number 12296 Patna-Bangalore city Sanghamitra Express crosses the massive Tawa Bridge with Itarsi Diesel Loco Shed's EMD GT46Ace WDP-4B 40048 . The Sanghamitra express is the only daily train between Bangalore-Patna and recently it has started to get the relatively new EMD WDP-4B class loco from Diesel Loco Shed Itarsi for the Itarsi-Allahabad stretch.

38 by duncan cumming

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Number 71 by Mark Tindale

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Everyday numbers #71 pink fibro home in the burbs Western Sydney

suitcase number by R.S.Studio

Handmade Suitcase for blythe

Number 2 Bay by Jocelyn Kinghorn

The new Bus Interchange on a walk around the city on a damp grey day August 29, 2015 Christchurch, New Zealand to catch up on what's happing.

ccdu.govt.nz/projects-and-precincts/bus-interchange

Bangladesh Phone sex Girl 01786613170 puja roy by Bd Phone sex Girl 01786613170 puja roy bdsex

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ফোন সেক্স করি ৩০০ (১৫ মিনিট){ 30 min 500 tk} টাকা বিকাস করে ফোন করতে হবে, জারা টাকা বিকাস দিতে পারবেন কেবল তারাই ফোন করবেন, ভিডিও সেক্স ২০০০ টাকা বিকাস, ৩০ মিনিট, বিকাস ছাড়া কথা বলি না, আমার নাম্বার 01786613170 puja roy

23 - 25 by Tim Boric

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Amsterdam, Agatha Dekenstraat

See my photostream in thumbnails

Ambulance by Durley Beachbum

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Number 9 for 2021 Weekly Alphabet Challenge : Iconic

Outside Royal Bournemouth Hospital

232 by Eva the Weaver

Mig-21 UM at Autobedrijf Aktief, Sint Isidorushoeve by Marten Kuilman

The MiG-21 jet fighter was a continuation of Soviet jet fighters, starting with the subsonic MiG-15 and MiG-17, and the supersonic MiG-19. A number of experimental Mach 2 Soviet designs were based on nose intakes with either swept-back wings, such as the Sukhoi Su-7, or tailed deltas, of which the MiG-21 would be the most successful.

Development of what would become the MiG-21 began in the early 1950s when Mikoyan OKB finished a preliminary design study for a prototype designated Ye-1 in 1954. This project was very quickly reworked when it was determined that the planned engine was underpowered; the redesign led to the second prototype, the Ye-2. Both these and other early prototypes featured swept wings. The first prototype with delta wings as found on production variants was the Ye-4. It made its maiden flight on 16 June 1955 and its first public appearance during the Soviet Aviation Day display at Moscow's Tushino airfield in July 1956.

In the West, due to the lack of available information, early details of the MiG-21 often were confused with those of similar Soviet fighters of the era. In one instance, Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1960–1961 listed the "Fishbed" as a Sukhoi design and used an illustration of the Su-9 'Fishpot'.

The MiG-21 was the first successful Soviet aircraft combining fighter and interceptor characteristics in a single aircraft. It was a lightweight fighter, achieving Mach 2 with a relatively low-powered afterburning turbojet, and is thus comparable to the American Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter and the French Dassault Mirage III. Its basic layout was used for numerous other Soviet designs; delta-winged aircraft included the Su-9 interceptor and the fast E-150 prototype from MiG bureau while the mass-produced successful front fighter Su-7 and Mikoyan's I-75 experimental interceptor combined a similar fuselage shape with swept-back wings. However, the characteristic layout with the shock cone and front air intake did not see widespread use outside the USSR and finally proved to have limited development potential, mainly because of the very small space available for the radar.

Like many aircraft designed as interceptors, the MiG-21 had a short range. This was exacerbated by the poor placement of the internal fuel tanks ahead of the centre of gravity. As the internal fuel was consumed, the center of gravity would shift rearward beyond acceptable parameters. This had the effect of making the plane statically unstable to the point of being difficult to control, resulting in an endurance of only 45 minutes in clean condition. This can be somewhat countered by carrying fuel in external tanks closer to the center of gravity. The Chinese variants somewhat improved the internal fuel tank layout (also the second generation of Soviet variants), and also carry significantly larger external fuel tanks to counter this issue. Additionally, when more than half the fuel was used up, violent maneuvers prevented fuel from flowing into the engine[citation needed], thereby causing it to shut down in flight. This increased the risk of tank implosions (MiG-21 had tanks pressurized with air from the engine's compressor), a problem inherited from the MiG-15, MiG-17 and MiG-19. The short endurance and low fuel capacity of the MiG-21F, PF, PFM, S/SM and M/MF variants—though each had a somewhat greater fuel capacity than its predecessor—led to the development of the MT and SMT variants. These had an increased range of 250 km (155 mi) compared to the MiG-21SM, but at the cost of worsening all other performance figures, such as a lower service ceiling and slower time to altitude.

The delta wing, while excellent for a fast-climbing interceptor, meant any form of turning combat led to a rapid loss of speed. However, the light loading of the aircraft could mean that a climb rate of 235 m/s (46,250 ft/min) was possible with a combat-loaded MiG-21bis, not far short of the performance of the later F-16A. MiG-21's Tumansky R-25 jet engine's specialty was the addition of a second fuel pump in the afterburning stage. Activating the ЧР (rus. "чрезвычайный режим" - emergency mode)(Emergency Power Rating, EPR in India) booster feature allows the engine to develop 97.4 kilonewtons (21,896 lbf) of thrust under 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) of altitude. The rpm of the engine would increase by 2.5% and the compression ratio would thus increase, with a rise in exhaust temperature. The limit of operation is 2 minutes for both practice and actual wartime use, as further use causes the engine to overheat. The fuel consumption increased by 50% over the rate in full afterburner. Use of this temporary power gave the MiG-21bis slightly better than 1:1 thrust-to-weight ratio and a climbing rate of 254 meters/second, equalling the F-16's nominal capabilities in a close-quarters dogfight. The use of WEP thrust was limited to 2 minutes to reduce stress on the engines' 750 (250+250+250) flight hours lifetime since every second of super-afterburner counted as several minutes of regular power run due to extreme thermal stress. With WEP on, the MiG-21bis's R-25 engine produced a huge 10-12 meter long blowtorch exhaust - with six or seven brightly glowing rhomboid "shock diamonds" visible inside. The Russians gave the emergency-power setting its "diamond regime" name, never used in India.[5] Given a skilled pilot and capable missiles, it could give a good account of itself against contemporary fighters. Its G-limits were increased from +7Gs in initial variants to +8.5Gs in the latest variants. It was replaced by the newer variable-geometry MiG-23 and MiG-27 for ground support duties. However, not until the MiG-29 would the Soviet Union ultimately replace the MiG-21 as a maneuvering dogfighter to counter new American air superiority types.

The MiG-21 was exported widely and remains in use. The aircraft's simple controls, engine, weapons, and avionics were typical of Soviet-era military designs. The use of a tail with the delta wing aids stability and control at the extremes of the flight envelope, enhancing safety for lower-skilled pilots; this, in turn, enhanced its marketability in exports to developing countries with limited training programs and restricted pilot pools. While technologically inferior to the more advanced fighters it often faced, low production and maintenance costs made it a favorite of nations buying Eastern Bloc military hardware. Several Russian, Israeli and Romanian firms have begun to offer upgrade packages to MiG-21 operators, designed to bring the aircraft up to a modern standard, with greatly upgraded avionics and armaments.

A total of 10,645 aircraft were built in the USSR. They were produced in three factories: AZ 30[N 1] (3,203 aircraft) in Moscow (also known as MMZ Znamya Truda), GAZ 21 (5,765 aircraft) in Gorky [N 2] and TAZ 31 (1,678 aircraft) in Tbilisi. Generally, Gorky built single-seaters for the Soviet forces. Moscow constructed single-seaters for export, and Tbilisi manufactured the twin-seaters both for export and the USSR, though there were exceptions. The MiG-21R and MiG-21bis for export and for the USSR were built in Gorky, 17 single-seaters were built in Tbilisi (MiG-21 and MiG-21F), the MiG-21MF was first constructed in Moscow and then Gorky, and the MiG-21U was built in Moscow as well as in Tbilisi.

Great Kiskadee feeding young - Louisiana by Cameron Rutt

A very rare breeder in Louisiana, the literature had exceedingly sparse evidence of breeding statewide. First, George Lowery, in his "Summary of Seasonal Occurrences of Louisiana's Birds," marked this species with an asterisk, indicating that breeding is known:

losbird.org/lowery_seasonal_occurrences.pdf

Thanks to responses from a number of Louisiana birders, I think the following represents the current breeding evidence for this species in the state since Lowery's time. In the past 10-15 years, there have been several confirmed breeding attempts in coastal Louisiana, although I do not believe a successful (active?) nest has yet been verified. A single bird in Venice, Plaquemines Parish (southeast LA) built a nest, one or more nests in Nunez Woods, Cameron Parish (southwest LA) were found in 2009, and a pair at White Lake Conservation Area, Vermilion Parish (south-central LA), seem likely to have bred successfully but access there is restricted. Hidden Ponds RV Park, Sulphur, Calcasieu Parish, LA (5 May 2015)

ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist?subID=S23294661

number 1 martin place by JennWrenn

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Fracture Interconnectiveness by Rusty Marvin - JohnWoracker.com

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P1740091 - As a number of you know I do some of these challenges and towards the end of the month I start to realise that having thought about various shots or trying to locate something is not going to well. There is a sudden burst of interconnectiveness either in a holistic form or quanta not sure how it happens or the improbability drive kicks in.

A work colleague and me had been through a bit of rough morning with stuff, I was think I'll go chill out and take a few shots, so off we went, deciding to take the complete opposite route to what is normally taken, maybe it was the hope that we got lost perhaps! If you knew the area this is not a tough decision to make, go right and your in a shopping mall go left and you're in the historic docks car park. Went left and continued walking, discussing how bland the walk was and each of us had spent some time in the museum shop, then a building caught our eye, not been in there before and there we go the pealing on the lean wall.

Reckon thats a tipping wall myself:)

SOOC

DMC G1 + LUMIX G 14/F2.5

Free hand

Scavenger Challenge

1. The subject itself (as opposed to the photographic plane) must be tilted or tipped.

Probably not quite what you meant, but I thought it hit the spot

Architectural Fracture by Alexandra Hanschell BA(Hons)

University of Kent - School of Arts - Historic dockyard site

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