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30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Cor Solo is a Natural Horn which uses crooks (exchangeable segments of tubing which alter the length of the pipe) to change pitch. Before with the Hand Horn the player achived this by inserted a hand into the bell. The Cor Solo was developed by the Raoux family in Paris, who lengthened the body of the horn and providing crooks in different keys. The player had to wait for a break in the music to change the crook. The name derives from it being suitable for solos, concertos and chamber music but not for the orchestra, because of the limited range of keys.
This instrument was made around 1760 by John Christopher Hofmaster in London. It is part of a pair. One of them is covered in red flannel lapping which is not original. It comes with one master crook and four couplers.
The photo shows a Cor Solo without a crook inserted.
Cors Solo are assigned the number 423.121.22 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.1 = There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips.
423.12 = Tubular trumpets.
423.121 = End-blown trumpets. The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.
423.121.2 = End-blown horns. The tube is curved or folded.
423.121.22 = With mouthpiece.
6th May 2017 at the Fair Grounds Race Course (Cultural Exchange Pavilion), New Orleans, USA.
The Güira is a perforated metal cylindrical or torpedo shaped instrument which is played with a brush. It is found in Dominican Merengue and Colombian Vallenato.
This instrument is an LP (Latin Percussion) "Merengue Guiro" (though the name Guiro is usually applied to a gourd scraper). It was being played by a Cuban Changüí group in place of the Guayo which is traditionally part of such ensembles.
Güiras are assigned the number 112.23 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
112 = Indirectly Struck Idiophones. The player himself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player.
112.2 = Scraped Idiophones.The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly; a non-sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object, to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them; or an elastic sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non-sonorous object to cause a series of impacts.
112.23 = Scraped vessels.
10th November 2017 at Barbican, London EC2.
The Guitar Synthesizer enables guitarists to access synthesizer capabilities. Guitar-based models include a converter that translates analog signals to digital output which can be input to a Synthesizer.
This is a Roland G-303 Guitar Synthesizer Controller 6 string. The Roland G-303 was made from 1980 to 1984 and was Roland’s most popular guitar synth controller.
Guitar Synths are assigned the number 5 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
5 = Electrophones. Sound is generated by electrical means.
29th September 2016 at Milton Court, London EC2 (with Master Musicians of Jajouka supporting Marouane Hajji).
The Gunbri (or Guinbri or Loutar) is a pear shaped instrument played in central Morocco and the Rif mountains, mainly by the Berbers and Rwais people. It has a body carved from a block of wood, is covered in goat skin, and has three or four strings. There is also a similarly named rectangular instrument played in Gnawa music (Gimbri).
Gunbris are assigned the number 321.311 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.31 = Spike Lutes. Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through the resonator.
321.311 = Spike Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
21st August 2016 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Kit (or Pochette) is a small violin which was able to be carried in a coat pocket (perhaps by a dancing master who could then demonstrate steps). It is about 16 inches long and very narrow. They were made between the 16th and 18th centuries.
This instrument was made by around 1680 in Germany. The body is made from a fruitwood coupled with ivory in fancy alternation.
Kits are assigned the number 321.322-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-7 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bowing.
321.322-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.
A music practice session at the National Centre for Korean Traditional Performing Arts, Seoul.
국립국악원 있는 거문고 연습
Instrument in foreground (which is being repaired), and those being played, are geomungos. Against the wall are (L to R) 9 modern kayageums, 3 geomungos, 5 traditional kayageums. These latter have 12 strings, the modern kayageums have from 15 to 25 strings.
No flash. Lit by fluorescent light.
A hank (hang+tank) drum, a homemade hangdrum made out of a propane tank. Sounds like a church belfry.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Octave Spinet (or Octave Virginal or Ottavino) is a portable version of the Italian Spinet, widely used in private homes in the 17th and 18th centuries to accompany singing. It was pitched an octave higher than the normal, and was consequently much smaller. Mostly triangular in shape, some are rectangular.
This instrument was made in 1710 by Petrus Michael Orlandus in Italy. The shape is triangular.
Octave Spinets/Virginals are assigned the number 314.122-6-8 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-6-8 = Strings are caused to vibrate by plectrum and keyboard.
15th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Qing is a Chinese lithophone, a piece of rock which produces musical notes when struck with a mallet (there is also a singing bowl with the same name). This L-shaped flat stone chimes can be hung individually on a stand or, more usually, in a set of 12 or 16 of different pitches brought together on a wooden frame ((called a Bianqing). The stone qing and metal zhong (bell) are often paired together in Chinese ritual music.
This instrument was made around.1764.
Qings (the lithophone version) are assigned the number 111.222 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
111 = Directly Struck Idiophones. The player himself executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc.
111.2 = Percussive idiophones. The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non-sonorous object (human body, the ground).
111.22 = Percussion plaques.
111.222 = Sets of percussion plaques.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Hardanger Fiddle (or Hardingfele) is a Norwegian instrument. The oldest known example dates from the 17th century. It differs from the Violin in having eight strings. Four understrings resonate under the influence of the other four producing an echo effect.
This instrument was made in 1929 by Åsmund V Källår in Telemark, Norway.
Fiddles are assigned the number 321.322-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.
15th March 2019 at SOAS (Brunei Gallery), London WC1 (Amaraterra gig).
The Tamburello is a Tambourine with jingles from Southern Italy. It comes in a variety of different sizes from 20 cm to 60 cm in diameter.
Tamburellos are assigned the number 211.311 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
2 = Membranophones. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
21 = Struck Membranophones. Sound is produced by hitting the drumskin with a hand or object.
211 = Directly Struck Membranophones. Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly.
211.3 = Frame Drums. Instruments in which the body depth is not greater than the radius of the membrane.
211.31 = Instruments which do not have a handle.
211.311 = Instruments which have only one usable membrane.
the ramps will push the dowels (and snare strings) against the inside of the "soundboard", and the pins will position the strings
18th April 2016 at St Martin-in-the-Fields (in the Church), London WC2.
The Pipe Organ was developed in the 16th century in Germany. Larger ones have both flue pipes and reed pipes. Churches are one of the most important locations for large organs.
This organ was built by J W Walker & Sons in 1990. It is a 3 manual 48 stop instrument with the Werkprinzip arrangement of divisions and stops This is a modern term used to describe the characteristics of organs built in the late 17th century, mainly in north Germany, The St Martin-in-the-Fields organ has 3,000 pipes ranging in size from a mighty 32 foot reed to flutes smaller than a pencil.
Pipe Organs with both Flue and Reed Pipes are assigned the numbers 421.222.11 and 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421 = Edge-Blown Flutes. A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge.
421.2 = Flutes with a Duct. A narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice.
421.22 = Flutes with an Internal Duct. The duct is inside the tube.
421.222 = Sets of flutes with internal duct.
421.222.1 = Sets of open flutes with internal duct.
421.222.11 = Without fingerholes.
and
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
18th May 2016 at the V&A (British galleries), London SW7.
The Italian Spinet (or Spinetta a tabola) is part of Harpsichord family. Spinet is the name for the instrument in Italy. In England it is called a Virginal or Virginals. In the latter country from the end of 17th century Spinet came to be used only for instruments with the strings are at a 90 degree angle to the keyboard. The Italian Spinet was popular in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, and was pentagonal or heptagonal, as well as rectangular shaped. It has the same mechanism as a Harpsichord (wire strings are plucked by plectra mounted in jacks), but only one string per note running more or less parallel to the keyboard on the long side of the case. Many, if not most, of the instruments were constructed without legs, and would be placed on a table for playing.
This instrument was made Giovanni Baffo, Venice, Italy around 1570. It is known as the Queen Elizabeth’s Virginals, as it is claimed that it once belonged to her (it bears the royal coat of arms and the falcon holding a sceptre, the private emblem of her mother, Anne Boleyn). The instrument is pentagonal in shape, and embellished with sgraffito (scratched) ornamentation in red and blue glazes on gold, an elaborate laminated wood and parchment rosette set into the soundboard, keys inlaid with various materials, and key fronts decorated with embossed and gilded paper.
Italian Spinets/Virginals are assigned the number 314.122-6-8 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-6-8 = Strings are caused to vibrate by plectrum and keyboard.
6th May 2017 at the Fair Grounds Race Course (Cultural Exchange Pavilion), New Orleans, USA.
The Marimbula is a Cuban plucked box musical instrument played in Changüí music. It is also found in Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica (known as the Marimbol , Marimba and Rumba Box respectively). The player sits on a a wood resonating box with a sound hole cut in the centre and metal strips tuned to different pitches attached.
Marimbulas are assigned the number 122.1 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column
12 = Plucked Idiophones. Idiophones set in vibration by being plucked.
122 = In the form of a comb. The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board like the teeth of a comb.
122.1 = With laced on lamellae.
Javanese kiddie song on my little instrument :D
the instrument is called saron, which is a part of indonesian (particularly javanese/balinese) musical ensemble, gamelan
7th May 2017 at the Fair Grounds Race Course (Cultural Exchange Pavilion), New Orleans, USA (on display at instrument seller stall).
Batá Drums with originally played by the Yoruba people of Nigeria, it was taken to Cuba and used in Santeria ceremonies. They are often come in sets of three drums of different sizes (a Lyá, Itótele and Okónkolo). Both ends are struck.
Batá Drums are assigned the number 211.242.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
2 = Membranophones. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
21 = Struck Membranophones. Sound is produced by hitting the drumskin with a hand or object.
211 = Directly Struck Membranophones. Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly.
211.2 = Tubular Drums. Instruments in which the body is tubular.
211.24 = Hourglass Shaped Drums Instruments in which the body is hourglass-shaped.
211.242 = Instruments which have two usable membranes.
211.242.1 = single instruments.
1st October 2016 at Barbican, London EC2 (supporting Parissa).
The Tambur (or Tanbur) is a lute played in Turkish Classical Music and many forms of devotional music from that country. It has a semi-spherical body (the shell assembled from around 20 to 25 hardwood ribs), a long neck (around 100 to 110 cm) and 6 or 8 strings in double courses.
Tamburs are assigned the number 321.321-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Shakuhachi is a Japanese end-blown Flute with 5 fingerholes, traditionally made from bamboo. Bamboo Flutes came to Japan from China in the 6th century.
The Shakuhachi is in the middle of the photo. This instrument was made before 1885.
Shakuhachis are assigned the number 421.111.12 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421 = Edge-Blown Flutes. A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge.
421.1 = Flutes without a Duct. The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his lips.
421.11 = End-Blown Flutes. The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube.
421.111 = Individual end-blown flutes.
421.111.1 = Open single end-blown flutes. The lower end of the flute is open.
421.111.12 = With Fingerholes.
12th October 2016 at Cecil Sharp House (Trefusis Hall), London NW1 (Surpluz/ WÖR at "Flemish Folk Caravan" event).
Doedelzak is the Flemish name for Bagpipes. Playing of the instrument in the Low Countries declined in the 18th and 19th century, so the revival from the 1950s onwards had to reconstruct the instrument for 17th century paintings and books. The first instruments made took the form of the Pijpzak (see www.flickr.com/photos/kmlivemusic/13773902475/). More recently examples of Vlaamse Doedelzak (Flemish Bagpipes) have moved away from this model of two very long drones played in a vertical position and the sack in front of the body, and resembled even more closely the French Cornemuse du Centre. There is variation in the number of drones and whether they are held in a common stock.
Doedelzaks are assigned the number 422.112-62 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or 7s. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112-62 = With Flexible Air Reservoir.
1st October 2016 at Barbican, London EC2 (supporting Parissa).
The Tambur (or Tanbur) is a lute played in Turkish Classical Music and many forms of devotional music from that country. It has a semi-spherical body (the shell assembled from around 20 to 25 hardwood ribs), a long neck (around 100 to 110 cm) and 6 or 8 strings in double courses.
Tamburs are assigned the number 321.321-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
28th January 2017 at Grand Hall, City Halls, Glasgow.
The Rabeca is a Brazilian folk violin brought to the country by Portuguese settlers in the 16th century.
Rabecas are assigned the number 321.322-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-7 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bowing.
321.322-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.
18th September 2021 at The Scoop, London SE1.
Pedal Steel Guitars developed in the USA between the 1930s and the 1950s from Lap Steel Guitars. The player uses a metal bar or steel to shorten the length of the strings. The pitch is manipulated by foot pedals and knee levers. Its most familiar use is in Country music, but it it can be found elsewhere e.g. the Sacred Steel music in some American churches.
This instrument is a 1958 Fender 400. It has 8 strings and 4 pedals and was introduced in 1955 as a cusom model before going on general sale in 1957-58. At the same time Fender produced the double neck 1000. Fender discontinued making Pedal Steel Guitars in 1981.
Pedal Steel Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.