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7th May 2017 at the Fair Grounds Race Course (Cultural Exchange Pavilion), New Orleans, USA (on display at instrument seller stall).
Batá Drums with originally played by the Yoruba people of Nigeria, it was taken to Cuba and used in Santeria ceremonies. They are often come in sets of three drums of different sizes (a Lyá, Itótele and Okónkolo). Both ends are struck.
Batá Drums are assigned the number 211.242.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
2 = Membranophones. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
21 = Struck Membranophones. Sound is produced by hitting the drumskin with a hand or object.
211 = Directly Struck Membranophones. Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly.
211.2 = Tubular Drums. Instruments in which the body is tubular.
211.24 = Hourglass Shaped Drums Instruments in which the body is hourglass-shaped.
211.242 = Instruments which have two usable membranes.
211.242.1 = single instruments.
1st October 2016 at Barbican, London EC2 (supporting Parissa).
The Tambur (or Tanbur) is a lute played in Turkish Classical Music and many forms of devotional music from that country. It has a semi-spherical body (the shell assembled from around 20 to 25 hardwood ribs), a long neck (around 100 to 110 cm) and 6 or 8 strings in double courses.
Tamburs are assigned the number 321.321-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Shakuhachi is a Japanese end-blown Flute with 5 fingerholes, traditionally made from bamboo. Bamboo Flutes came to Japan from China in the 6th century.
The Shakuhachi is in the middle of the photo. This instrument was made before 1885.
Shakuhachis are assigned the number 421.111.12 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421 = Edge-Blown Flutes. A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge.
421.1 = Flutes without a Duct. The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his lips.
421.11 = End-Blown Flutes. The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube.
421.111 = Individual end-blown flutes.
421.111.1 = Open single end-blown flutes. The lower end of the flute is open.
421.111.12 = With Fingerholes.
12th October 2016 at Cecil Sharp House (Trefusis Hall), London NW1 (Surpluz/ WÖR at "Flemish Folk Caravan" event).
Doedelzak is the Flemish name for Bagpipes. Playing of the instrument in the Low Countries declined in the 18th and 19th century, so the revival from the 1950s onwards had to reconstruct the instrument for 17th century paintings and books. The first instruments made took the form of the Pijpzak (see www.flickr.com/photos/kmlivemusic/13773902475/). More recently examples of Vlaamse Doedelzak (Flemish Bagpipes) have moved away from this model of two very long drones played in a vertical position and the sack in front of the body, and resembled even more closely the French Cornemuse du Centre. There is variation in the number of drones and whether they are held in a common stock.
Doedelzaks are assigned the number 422.112-62 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or 7s. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112-62 = With Flexible Air Reservoir.
A nearly unplayable but still wildly entertaining instrument. In the collection at the National Music Museum (Vermillion, SD).
1st October 2016 at Barbican, London EC2 (supporting Parissa).
The Tambur (or Tanbur) is a lute played in Turkish Classical Music and many forms of devotional music from that country. It has a semi-spherical body (the shell assembled from around 20 to 25 hardwood ribs), a long neck (around 100 to 110 cm) and 6 or 8 strings in double courses.
Tamburs are assigned the number 321.321-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
28th January 2017 at Grand Hall, City Halls, Glasgow.
The Rabeca is a Brazilian folk violin brought to the country by Portuguese settlers in the 16th century.
Rabecas are assigned the number 321.322-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-7 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bowing.
321.322-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.
18th September 2021 at The Scoop, London SE1.
Pedal Steel Guitars developed in the USA between the 1930s and the 1950s from Lap Steel Guitars. The player uses a metal bar or steel to shorten the length of the strings. The pitch is manipulated by foot pedals and knee levers. Its most familiar use is in Country music, but it it can be found elsewhere e.g. the Sacred Steel music in some American churches.
This instrument is a 1958 Fender 400. It has 8 strings and 4 pedals and was introduced in 1955 as a cusom model before going on general sale in 1957-58. At the same time Fender produced the double neck 1000. Fender discontinued making Pedal Steel Guitars in 1981.
Pedal Steel Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
FAIRBURN, GA - April 14: The Georgia Renaissance Festival
Spice Traders Music - Justin Williams and his wife, Meghan.
©Danielle Boise/Target Audience Magazine
from: How to Listen to Music: Hints and Suggestions to Untaught Lovers of the Art by Henry Edward Krehbiel
Charles Scribner's Sons, New York: 1897.
the tops, bottoms, and sides all cut out, along with the solid maple edging, with biscuit-joint slots cut and ready for gluing
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Rozhok is a wooden horn with trumpet-style mouthpiece and finger holes from the districts of Vladimir (it is also known as the "Vladimir horn") and Yaroslavl in the northeast-central part of European Russia. Initially it was a shepherds' cow horn, but it is now made of birch, maple or juniper. It has have six fingerholes, five of them on the front side and one on the backside (for the thumb). The instrment has become associated with ensembles which include three horns of different sizes: the largest "Bass" (100 cm), the in-between "Half-Bass" (50-60 cm) and the smallest "Whistling/Small Squeal" (30 cm).
These instruments were made around 1975.
Rozhki (plural of Rozhok) are assigned the number 423.21 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.2 = Chromatic Trumpet. The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically.
423.21 = Trumpets with Fingerholes.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Snare Drum contains one or more bands of stiff wire that make the sound of the drum sharper than just a simple drum head. They were first used in military bands in Europe from the 15th century (often combined with a fife), and are also called Field or Side Drums. The last name indicates how the drum suspended at a angle player's left side from a strap worn over the right shoulder. Snare Drums are also mounted on a stand as part of the Drum Kit used in Jazz and Popular music, and (with a Bass Drum) included the traditional lineup of a New Orleans Brass Band.
This instrument was made around 1930 by Vere.
Snare Drums are assigned the number 211.212.1 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
2 = Membranophones. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
21 = Struck Membranophones. Sound is produced by hitting the drumskin with a hand or object.
211 = Directly Struck Membranophones. Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly.
211.2 = Tubular Drums. Instruments in which the body is tubular.
211.21 = Cylindrical Drums. Instruments in which the body has the same diameter at the middle and end.
211.212 = Instruments which have two usable membranes.
211.212.1 = single instruments.
9th December 2015 at Old Queen’s Head, London N1 (Wiyos gig).
The Washboard, like some other implements such as Spoons and Saws, has moved beyond its practical purpose to become a musical instrument. It consists of a rectangular wooden frame with a series of ridges against which clothing was rubbed. As an instrument the player scrapes it with thimbles, brooms or brushes. The Washboard has been used in Old Time Music, Jazz and Skiffle to provide rhythm.
Washboards are assigned the number 112.25 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
112 = Indirectly Struck Idiophones. The player himself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player.
112.2 = Scraped Idiophones.The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly; a non-sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object, to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them; or an elastic sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non-sonorous object to cause a series of impacts.
112.25 = Scraped boards.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Bugle is a brass instrument which usually has no valves or other way of altering the pitch (there are some keyed bugles). It developed from the Hunting Horn and is most notably associated with military use.
This instrument was made circa 1914 by Adalbert Schürrlein in Nuremberg, Germany, and was used in World War One.
Bugles are assigned the number 423.121.22 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.1 = There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips.
423.12 = Tubular trumpets.
423.121 = End-blown trumpets. The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.
423.121.2 = End-blown horns. The tube is curved or folded.
423.121.22 = With mouthpiece.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Hichiriki is a Japanese double reed instrument used in Gagaku (court music). It is made of bamboo and 18 cm long There are seven fingerholes on the top (the first three holes for the left hand’s fingers and the last four for the right hand) and two thumbholes on the back.
This instrument was made in the early 20th Century.It is in the middle of the photo (with the much larger Shakuhachi to its left).
Hichirikis are assigned the number 422.111.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or Oboes. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.111 = With cylindrical bore.
422.111.2 = With fingerholes.
25th February 2011 at Kings Place (Hall Two), London N1 (Suurõ Pilvõ gig).
The Kannel is the Estonian name for the instrument known in Finland as the Kantele.
Traditionally it had a body made of one piece of wood and between 5 and 15 strings.
Kannels are assigned the number 314.122-5 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-5 = Strings are caused to vibrate by bare hands.
29th September 2016 at Milton Court, London EC2 (accompanying Marouane Hajji).
The Tbola (plural T'bel) is a double headed Moroccan bass drum played with one curved stick and one straight stick. It is used in Gnawa, Malhun, and other styles.
T'bel are assigned the number 211.212.1 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
2 = Membranophones. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
21 = Struck Membranophones. Sound is produced by hitting the drumskin with a hand or object.
211 = Directly Struck Membranophones. Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly.
211.2 = Tubular Drums. Instruments in which the body is tubular.
211.21 = Cylindrical Drums. Instruments in which the body has the same diameter at the middle and end.
211.212 = Instruments which have two usable membranes.
211.212.1 = single instruments.
9th June 2017 at Royal Festival Hall (Clore Ballroom), London SE1.
The Saz is a Turkish instrument similar to the Oud with a deep round body, but with a much longer and straight neck. The name Saz properly applies to a family of instruments which vary in their body radius and neck length.
The BaÄŸlama is the most common of them, its dimensions falling in the middle of the ranges. It has 7 strings in 3 courses.
Sazlar (the plural form of Saz) are assigned the number 321.321-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-6 = Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
27th October 2017 at Kings Place (Hall Two), London N1 (in a duo with Brian McGrath).
The Concertina was developed in the 1830s in both England and Germany. It differs from the Accordion in having buttons in the same direction as the bellows rather than perpendicular. There are two keyboards of buttons, one at each end of the instruments bellows. Each button has an individual note.
There are several different types of Concertina. The English Concertina is octagonal and unisonoric (the same note on push and draw). The German Concertina (Chemnitzer) is rectangular and bisonoric (a different note on push and draw). There is also an Anglo-German Concertina (usually just called an Anglo) developed later in the 1860s which is closer to the English shape (usually hexagonal) and has the German note system. Other difference between the English and Anglo Concertinas are: the former have thumb straps and the latter hand straps, the rows of buttons on the former are straight and on the latter slightly curved downwards. The Duet Concertina is harder to pin down as there are a number of different systems. They are all unisonoric and have the bass notes are on the left side and the treble are on the right. The player can then play the melody on the right hand, with an accompaniment on the left, thus the name Duet.
This is a c.1870 Lachenal Anglo Concertina.
Louis Lachenal used to work for C. Wheatstone & Co before forming his own company in the 1850s.
Concertinas are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
top with tuning keys/pegs . The arch holding the keys is held on with wooden pegs . Lyres are all based on the Sutton Hoo find . I used some rock hard maple on this one . Ouch !
15th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Nail Fiddle (or Violon de fer) consists of iron or brass nails of different lengths fixed to a semicircular wooden soundboard, They are struck by a bow with coarse black horsehair, produceding sound by friction. It was invented in Germany byJohann Wilde in 1740. Later versions made by others included instruments with glass or wooden rods instead of metal nails, and ones played using rosined gloves or bare hands.
The instrument was made in France circa 1750.
Nail Fiddles are assigned the number 131.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
13 = Friction Idiophones. Instruments set into vibration by rubbing.
131 = Friction Sticks.
131.2 = Sets of friction sticks.
16th December 2016 at Royal Festival Hall (Clore Ballroom), London SE1 ("Sever"; Xiban gig).
The Sanxian (literally three strings) is a fretless Chinese lute with a long fingerboard and a rounded resonator. It is played with a plectrum (traditionally animal horn but now normally plastic). Traditionally the resonator was covered in snakeskin. The instrument is related to the Okinawan Sanshin and Japanese Shamisen.
Sanxians are assigned the number 321.312-6 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.31 = Spike Lutes. Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through the resonator.
321.311 = Spike Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.312 = Spike Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.312-6 = Instruments where the Strings vibrated by a plectrum.
*Wayne Huebner near Hawley, MN, 1937. His teacher Miss Hartke had a party for the students at her house.
8th June 2018 at Old Cranleighan Club, Thames Ditton, Surrey.
The Concertina was developed in the 1830s in both England and Germany. It differs from the Accordion in having buttons in the same direction as the bellows rather than perpendicular. There are two keyboards of buttons, one at each end of the instruments bellows. Each button has an individual note.
There are several different types of Concertina. The English Concertina is octagonal and unisonoric (the same note on push and draw). The German Concertina (Chemnitzer) is rectangular and bisonoric (a different note on push and draw). There is also an Anglo-German Concertina (usually just called an Anglo) developed later in the 1860s which is closer to the English shape (usually hexagonal) and has the German note system. Other difference between the English and Anglo Concertinas are: the former have thumb straps and the latter hand straps, the rows of buttons on the former are straight and on the latter slightly curved downwards. The Duet Concertina is harder to pin down as there are a number of different systems. They are all unisonoric and have the bass notes are on the left side and the treble are on the right. The player can then play the melody on the right hand, with an accompaniment on the left, thus the name Duet.
This instrument is a Lachenal 55 button Crane system Duet Concertina.
It follows what has become known as the Crane System. Crane & Sons Ltd. of Liverpool launched this in 1912 under the name Triumph, and the instrument was adopted by the Salvation Army. This system is the second most popular of the Duet Concertinas (after the Maccann or McCann system). It differs from the latter in having 5 rows of buttons for either hand rather than 4. In the case of the 55 key instrument, 30 keys for the right hand and 20 for the left.
Concertinas are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.