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28th August 2016 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Fife is a small (about 40 cm) and narrow transverse flute with six fingerholes and usualy made of wood. It has a cylindrical bore and no keys (though versions exist which have a conical bore or keys). Its high pitch and shrill tone distingush the Fife from Concert (Boehm) Flutes.
The bottom two instruments were made in the 1820s in London (the upper one by John Cotton). Both are in a B♭ and have one brass key.
Fifes are assigned the number 421.121.12 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421 = Edge-Blown Flutes. A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge.
421.1 = Flutes without a Duct. The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his lips.
421.12 = Side-Blown Flutes. The player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube.
421.121 = Single Side-Blown Flutes.
421.121.1 = Open Side-Blown Flutes.
421.121.12 = With Fingerholes.
This is a modern clone of the Hurdy Gurdy that is under glass & far too fragile to handle.
This instrument plays albeit a tiny bit out of tune. Awkward as hell to handle.
Visited the Cantos foundation museum of electronic instruments and keyboards in February 2009 and got a lovely tour of the facilities. Took a lot of pictures & videos.
21st August 2016 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Cor Anglais (or English Horn) is part of the Oboe family, approximately one and a half times the length of an Oboe and pitched a fifth lower. It has a pear shaped bell. The instrument originated in Silesia in the early 18th century when a bulb bell was fitted to a curved oboe da caccia-type body. Therefore it has nothing to do with England. The name enabled the English to distinguish it from what they called the French Horn.
This instrument was made around 1840 by Frédéric Triébert in Paris. It has 10 keys.
Cor Anglais are assigned the number 422.112-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or Oboes. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112-71 = With Keys.
19th October 2012 at the County Arms, London SW18 (Funi gig).
The Kantele is a Finnish zither, and has become the national instrument. Simllar . instruments are found in many other countries bearing different names. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, and Belarus are sometimes given the collective name of Baltic psaltery. The first Kanteles had 5 or 6 strings. Today they can have 10 to 15, with concert versions of the instrument up to 40.
The instrument in the photo is a 10 string version built by Michael King from Cheltenham.
Kanteles are assigned the number 314.122-5 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-5 = Strings are caused to vibrate by bare hands.
26th January 2018 at Drygate Brewery, Glasgow (Torupilli Jussi gig).
The Torupill is an Estonian Bagpipe (toru means pipe, pill is a musical instrument) They have a bag, blow pipe, chanter and one or two or occasionally three drones. Bagpipes were introduced to the country from either Germany or Sweden. Torupilli were first mentioned in the 16th century, and were a highly popular musical instrument until the middle of the 19th century, but then gradually fell out of use.
This instrument has three drones which line up horizontally from the bottom of a long thin bag.
Torupilli are assigned the number 422.211-62 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422.2 = Single Reed Instruments. The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella.
422.21 = Single clarinets.
422.211 = With cylindrical bore.
422.211-62 = With Flexible Air Reservoir.
23rd (or rather early hours of 24th) January 2016 at Drygate Brewery, Glasgow (duo with Béla Fleck).
The Cello Banjo is tuned one octave below the tenor banjo like the cello and mandocello. It was originally played in the Banjo Orchestras of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
This is a Gold Tone CEB-5 which is a modern reinvention of the instrument. Introduced around 2009, it has a 14" pot and a 24¾ inch scale.
Cello Banjos are assigned the number 321.312-5 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.31 = Spike Lutes. Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through the resonator.
321.312 = Spike Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.312-5 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bare hands and fingers.
I like me a good hunk of wood...
Only trouble is it goes out of tune as you go up the neck and.. slightly more importantly.. the electronics are no longer working
15th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Ektara (or Gopi or Gopi Yantra) is a Bengali instrument with one string and a cylindrical wooden resonator.
This instrument was made in India in the second half of the 20th century.
Gopis are assigned the number 321.311 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.31 = Spike Lutes. Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through the resonator
24th September 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The use of Spoons as a musical instrument was probably foreshadowed by the similar use of two animal bones.
This instrument was made in Quebec, Canada in 1992. It is an example of Spoons which were spccifically produced to be used as a musical instrument rather than using the regular household utensils. It is carved from a single piece of Canadian hardwood, with the one handle for both spoons.
Spoons are assigned the number 111.14 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
111 = Directly Struck Idiophones. The player himself executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc.
111.1 = Concussion Idiophones or clappers. Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other.
111.14 = Concussion vessels or vessel clappers.
13th August 2021 at Glengall Wharf Garden, London SE15.
Chime Bars consist of a tuned metal bars mounted on wooden resonators, usually placed on a flat surface and played with mallets. It iis similar to the Glockenspiel, but is made up of individual bars.
Chime Bars are assigned the number 111.212 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
111 = Directly Struck Idiophones. The player himself executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc.
111.2 = Percussive idiophones. The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non-sonorous object (human body, the ground).
111.21 = Percussion sticks.
111.212 = Sets of percussion sticks.
21st October 2016 at SOAS (Brunei Gallery), London WC1 (Namlo gig).
The Tungna is a four string plucked Lute originally played by shepherds of the Himalayan regions.. It is carved from a single piece of wood which is hollowed out and the neck covered by a thin piece of wood and the bowl by thick skin. The soundhole is at the back.
Tungnas are assigned the number 321.321-5 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
321.321-5 = Strings vibrated by bare hands and fingers.
21st August 2016 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Saxhorn is a valved brass instruments with a conical bore and deep cup-shaped mouthpiece. It is played with the bell facing upwards rather than forwards. The Saxhorn was patented by Adolphe Sax in Paris in the 1840s, though he continued to develop it for years afterwards. There have been up to 10 different members of a family of instruments, and confusingly over the years the same description has been applied to ones with different pitches. The most common names are the Alto, Tenor, Baritone, Bass and Contrabass.
This instrument was made around 1850, by Adolphe Sax and distributed by the Distin family of London. It is a Tenor Saxhorn in E♭.
Saxhorns are assigned the number 423.232 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.2 = Chromatic Trumpet. The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically.
423.23 = Trumpets with Valves. The pitch can be changed by connecting or disconnecting auxiliary lengths of tube.
423.232 = With Semi-Conical Bore.
16th June 2012 at St Ethelburga’s, London EC2 (London Lucumi Choir gig).
The Chekere was imported to Cuba from African (where it is called a Shekere) and then spread around South America. It consistas of a large, hollow gourd surrounded by a network of cords, to which many coloured beads are attached. Similar instruments in Brazil are called a Xequerê or Afoxé (depending on their size).
Chekeres are assigned the number 112.13 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
112 = Indirectly Struck Idiophones. The player himself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player.
112.1 = Shaken Idiophones. The player makes a shaking motion.
112.13 = Vessel rattle. Rattling objects enclosed in a vessel strike against each other or against the walls of the vessel, or usually against both.
Note: While the rattling objects are not enclosed in the vessel, Chekeres are usually inclyded in this category]
2nd May 2017 at d.b.a., New Orleans, USA (Treme Brass Band gig).
The Saxophone was invented in 1841 by Adolphe Sax from the Belgium. It consists of a single reed mouthpiece and a conical metal tube, with keys which open and close by pressing buttons with the fingers.
The Baritone Saxophone is curved and has a lower pitch than most other members of the Saxophone family (there are Bass and Contrabass instruments with lower pitches, but these are much less common).
Saxophones are assigned the number 422.212 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.2 = Single Reed Instruments or Clarinets. The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella
422.21 = Single Clarinets [as opposed to sets of Clarinets].
422.212 = With conical bore.
I found an old elementary school music text book in the free pile at the library and I liked some of the photos inside, and so will you.
It's from "Silver Burdett Music" published in 1978 by Silver Burdett Company. The photographer was John Bacchus.
25th November 2018 at the Irish Cultural Centre, Hammersmith, London W6 (Celtic Fiddle Festival gig).
The Travel Guitar is a contemporary version of a Parlor Guitar (some use the names interchangeably, others try to define differences). The intention is that they are portable and inexpensive. Capable of being put in a backpack to take to a camp site or beach or be stowed in an airplane overhead compartment. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, though most are full or nearly full scale-length. The two main versions have either a narrower width or are easily disassembled e.g. the neck detaching from the body.
This instrument is a Voyage Air Guitar. Voyage Air is a Modesto, CA based company whose guitars are made in China. If folds in half with a hinge at the bottom of the neck.
Travel Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-5 in the Hornbostel Sachs classification of musical instruments indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-5 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bare hands and fingers.
29th May 2019 at Kings Place (Hall Two), London N1 (Coig gig).
The Mandolin evolved from the Lute via the Mandore in 17th and 18th century Italy. It became popular in the United States in the mid 19th century, where folowing an instrument produced in 1905 by Orville H. Gibson it adopted a flat back rather than the bowl shaped one. The bodies of modern Mandolins can be either pear shaped or tear drop shaped (i.e. with a scroll carved into the headstock). They also vary in the shape and position of the sound holes which impacts on the sound of the instrument.
Pear shaped Mandolins usually have an oval sound hole (normally on the centre line of the body near the neck). The American Gibson company called this design of Mandolin the A style.
This instrument is a Franzke A4 Mandolin, made by Mark Frantze of Kansas City, Missouri
Mandolins are assigned the number 321.321 in the Hornbostel Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
7th June 2013 at St Ethelburga’s, London EC2 (Amaraterra gig).
Castanets consist of a pair of concave shells joined on one edge by a string. They are held in the hand and struck together to produce a clicking sound. They are found in the music of Spain and other mediterranean countries.
Castanets are assigned the number 111.141 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
111 = Directly Struck Idiophones. The player himself executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc.
111.1 = Concussion Idiophones or clappers. Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other.
111.14 = Concussion vessels or vessel clappers.
111.141 = Castanets - Natural and hollowed-out vessel clappers.
7th August 2016 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Native American Rattle Drum has a drum head of animal skin over a wooden hoop, with a handle covered in tightly wound leather. The sound is produced by tiny pellets that rattle inside the drum when it is shaken. It is used by Native American people across the Great Plains to provide rhythmic accompaniment for ceremonial dances.
Rattle Drums are assigned the number 212.322 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
2 = Membranophones. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
21 = Struck Membranophones. Sound is produced by hitting the drumskin with a hand or object.
212 = Shaken Membranophones. Instruments which are shaken, the membrane being vibrated by objects inside the drum.
212.3 = Frame Rattle Drums. Instruments in which the body depth is not greater than the radius of the membrane.
212.32 = Instruments which have a handle. A stick is attached to the frame in line with its diameter,
212.322 = Instruments which have two usable membranes.
the vacuum press shut, with the bag sucked down, the full weight of the atmosphere smooshing (that's the technical term) the veneers together
14th June 2013 at St Ethelburga’s, London EC2 (Karama gig).
The Udu is a Nigerian clay water jug, also used as a musical instrument. It has one hole at the top and another at the side. It spread from Africa to being played in Latin Music. The exterior is hit with one or both hands and the air within the resonating chamber controlled by covering or uncovering either of the holes. This can produce a very low sound. Thus the Udu is both a Percussive Idiophone and simultaneously a Plosive Aerophone..
Udus are assigned the numbers 111.24 and 413.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
1 = Idiophones. Sound is primarily produced by the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air.
11 = Struck Idiophones. These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck.
111 = Directly Struck Idiophones. The player himself executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc.
111.2 = Percussive idiophones. The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non-sonorous object (human body, the ground).
111.24 = Percussion vessels.
and
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
413 = Plosive Aerophones. The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air.
413.2 = Implosive aerophones. The air is forced in
15th March 2019 at SOAS (Brunei Gallery), London WC1 (Amaraterra gig).
The Mandola is part of the Mandolin family. The instrument tuned an octave below the Mandolin is called an [Octave] Mandola in Europe and an Octave Mandolin in North America. The latter reseve the term Mandola for an instrument tuned a fifth below a Mandolin, which the fomer call a Tenor Mandolin. The Octave instrument is larger than the Tenor one - with a scale length of around 50-58 cm (20-23”) compared to 40-42 cm (17-18”).
The instrument in the photo carries the Ashbury brand, with instruments made in Asia (mainly Vietnam) for sale in the UK.
Mandolas/Octave Mandolins are assigned the number 321.321 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
I got this bass cheap off a friend for £500. Apparently he hadn't paid a great deal for it in teh first place. But I found out it had been broken where the neck joins the body - strange as their thru neck build. But hey it played ok, and i made £200 profit when i sold it to buy a fence for my garden......
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
Bagpipes are first recorded in Scotland around the 15th century. The Great Highland Bagpipes (or Bagpipe) has four reeds, a conical bore chanter, three cylindrical bore drones (two tenor and one bass), plus a bag and blowpipe.
This instrument was made c. 1770-80, probably in Glasgow. The bag is a modern replacement.
Great Highland Bagpipes are assigned the number 422.112-62 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or 7s. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112-62 = With Flexible Air Reservoir.
26th October 2019 at the Clayton Crown Hotel (Galtymore Suite, previously callled Bentley Suite), London NW2 (in a duo with Brian McGrath).
The Concertina was developed in the 1830s in both England and Germany. It differs from the Accordion in having buttons in the same direction as the bellows rather than perpendicular. There are two keyboards of buttons, one at each end of the instruments bellows. Each button has an individual note.
There are several different types of Concertina. The English Concertina is octagonal and unisonoric (the same note on push and draw). The German Concertina (Chemnitzer) is rectangular and bisonoric (a different note on push and draw). There is also an Anglo-German Concertina (usually just called an Anglo) developed later in the 1860s which is closer to the English shape (usually hexagonal) and has the German note system. Other difference between the English and Anglo Concertinas are: the former have thumb straps and the latter hand straps, the rows of buttons on the former are straight and on the latter slightly curved downwards. The Duet Concertina is harder to pin down as there are a number of different systems. They are all unisonoric and have the bass notes are on the left side and the treble are on the right. The player can then play the melody on the right hand, with an accompaniment on the left, thus the name Duet.
The Miniature Concertina according to an article in Papers of the International Concertina Association is 3¾ inches or less across their flat ends (rather than measuring diagonally from point to point of the hexagon or octagon). They were produced in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries by the main Concertina manufacturers (e.g. Crabb, Lachenal, Wheatstone) in all of the three types of the instrument. They have (counting both ends) between 8 and 18 keys, most commonly 12.
This is a Dipper Miniature Anglo Concertina. Few Miniatures have been made in recent years, Most of those which are described as Miniatures the author of the above article calls Semi Miniatures (between 3¾ and 5 inches across).One of the exceptions is C & R Dipper and Sons who have made a 12 key (plus right-side air key) 2¼ inch Anglo model. Noel Hill also owns a vintage Jeffries Miniature but no longer takes it out on the road.
Concertinas are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
15th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Stick Zither is found across East (and to a lesser extent Cental) Africa. The different versions combine elements of Indian and South East Asian stick zithers. They consist of string bearer flat bar of wood laid over the edge of a hemispherical gourd attached to one end of the bar by a loop of wire.
Ths instrument was made before 1930 and comes from the Lake Tanganyika area (which borders on what are now Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, and Zambia).
Stick Zithers are assigned the number 311.221 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
311 = Bar or Stick Zithers. The string bearer is bar shaped.
311.2 = Stick Zither. With rigid string carrier.
311.22 = True stick zithers.
311.221 = With one resonator gourd.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The English Guitar is a type of Cittern, which was popular in many places in Europe between the middle of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century. The term is a modern one to distingush the instrument fronm the Spanish Guitar. At the time it was known as simply a Guitar or Guittar. It is wire strings and has an open major tuning Being cheap and relatively easy to play, the English Guitar was popular among amateur musicians, particularly upper-class women. The instrument took a variety of shapes (and sizes), including pear, teardrop and bell.
This instrument was made in 1772 by William Gibson in Dublin. It has six-courses and 10 strings (4 x 2 and 2 x 1).
English Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-5 in the Hornbostel Sachs classification of musical instruments indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-5 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bare hands and fingers.
17th June 2011 at the Queen Elizabeth Hall (Front Room), London SE1 (Mingus Profiles Sextet gig).
A Flugelhorn differs from a Trumpet in having a wider, conical bore. The first instruments to bear the name developed in the 18th century in Germany from a hunting horn. However the modern Flugelhorn owes more to a Saxhorn derived by Adolphe Sax from a valved Bugle.
The photo shows a Flugelhorn alongside a Trumpet.
Flugelhorns are assigned the number 423.231 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.2 = Chromatic Trumpet. The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically.
423.23 = Trumpets with Valves. The pitch can be changed by connecting or disconnecting auxiliary lengths of tube.
423.231= With Conical Bore.