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i came across this fiddle in a 'house clear out' some years ago. The label inside reads - Antonius Stradivarius. Cremona. Fecit Anno 1731. I'm not booking a holiday abroad yet., the odds against finding the real thing are slim to none. The fact that the label is not printed in Latin isn't a good start.
10th June 2016 at Royal Academy of Music Museum (Piano Gallery), London NW1.
The Harpsichord was a popular instrument in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. Pressing a key on the instrument's keyboard lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small plectrum (a wedge-shaped piece of quill, now usually plastic), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the jack falls back and a felt damper at the top of the jack stops the string vibratiing. The term harpsichord is used to cover a family of instrument, but more specifically a grand-piano-shaped instrument with a triangular case accommodating long bass and short treble strings. Harpsichords can have one, two, and sometimes even three keyboards, which are called manuals. Single manual harpsichords usually have two sets of strings per note, whilst double manual harpsichords usually have a third set of strings that sounds one octave higher than played. The upper manual was originally used for transposing; and later for contrast of tone with the ability to couple the registers of both manuals for a fuller sound.
This instrument was made in 1764 by Jacob Kirkman of London. It follows the Flemish tradition of building popuarised by the Ruckers family of Antwerp.
Harpsichords are assigned the number 314.122-6-8 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-6-8 = Strings are caused to vibrate by plectrum and keyboard.
22nd July 2017 at Woodberry Wetlands, London N16.
The Cununo is a Colombian drum, similar to a small conga but more conical in shape. Two of these drums of different sizes are played in the Marimba groups of the Pacific coast, usually by different players. The larger macho usually stays with a basic pattern, while the smaller hembra engages in fills and improvisations The instrument is closed at the bottom except for a small hole.
Cununos are assigned the number 211.251.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
2 = Membranophones. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
21 = Struck Membranophones. Sound is produced by hitting the drumskin with a hand or object.
211 = Directly Struck Membranophones. Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly.
211.2 = Tubular Drums. Instruments in which the body is tubular.
211.25 = Conical Drums. Instruments in which the body is conical-shaped.
211.251 = Instruments which have only one usable membrane.
211.251.2 = Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed.
Title: The Three Jovial Huntsmen
Author: Anonymous, after the English folk song “The Three Huntsmen” or “Three Jolly Huntsmen”
Illustrator: Randolph Caldecott (English, 1846-1886)
Engraver and printer: Edmund Evans (English, 1826-1905)
Work type: Illustration
Medium: color wood engraving
Publisher: George Routledge & Sons, London
Date: 1880
Page: [p. 2]
Page size: 227 x 202 mm.
Illustration size: 199 x 170 mm.
Related text [p. 3]: It’s of three jovial huntsmen, an’ a hunting they did go; An’ they hunted, an they hollo’d, an’ they blew their horns also. / Look ye there!
Subjects: Children’s literature; Folk songs; Hunters; Horses; Musical instruments
Interpretive notes: The three (possibly myopic) huntsmen ride to the hunt, blowing their horns. [An excerpt of this illustration inspired the original logo for The Horn Book Magazine]
Work rights: Work in the public domain
Image file: 23092101
Repository: Collection of Allan T. Kohl, Minneapolis College of Art and Design (MCAD), Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
28th April 2017 at the Fair Grounds Race Course (Jazz Tent), New Orleans, USA (Astral Project gig).
The 7-string guitar has an extra string, commonly extending the bass range (usually a low B) but it can also be used to extend the treble range. Acoustic versions are found in Brazilian and Russian traditional music. An Electric 7 string guitar was made for Jazz guitarist George Van Eps by Epiphone in the late 1930s. Gretsch produced its models in the late 60s and early 70s. In recent years the instrument has gained popularity across a variety of Western music styles.
The guitar in the photo was custom made for Masakowski by New Orleans luthier Salvador Giardini.
Electric Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-5 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-5 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bare hands and fingers.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Harpsichord was a popular instrument in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. Pressing a key on the instrument's keyboard lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small plectrum (a wedge-shaped piece of quill, now usually plastic), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the jack falls back and a felt damper at the top of the jack stops the string vibratiing. The term harpsichord is used to cover a family of instrument, but more specifically a grand-piano-shaped instrument with a triangular case accommodating long bass and short treble strings. Harpsichords can have one, two, and sometimes even three keyboards, which are called manuals. Single manual harpsichords usually have two sets of strings per note, whilst double manual harpsichords usually have a third set of strings that sounds one octave higher than played. The upper manual was originally used for transposing; and later for contrast of tone with the ability to couple the registers of both manuals for a fuller sound.
This instrument was made around in 1709 by Thomas Barton in London. It is a single-manual Harpsichord. English Harpsichords were similar to French ones with the introduction of a new register: the lute. They were noted for their luxurious tone.
Harpsichords are assigned the number 314.122-6-8 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-6-8 = Strings are caused to vibrate by plectrum and keyboard.
11th May 2017 at London Irish Centre (Presidential Suite), London NW1 (Caoimhin O Raghallaigh & Cormac Begley gig).
The Concertina was developed in the 1830s in both England and Germany. It differs from the Accordion in having buttons in the same direction as the bellows rather than perpendicular. There are two keyboards of buttons, one at each end of the instruments bellows. Each button has an individual note.
There are several different types of Concertina. The English Concertina is octagonal and unisonoric (the same note on push and draw). The German Concertina (Chemnitzer) is rectangular and bisonoric (a different note on push and draw). There is also an Anglo-German Concertina (usually just called an Anglo) developed later in the 1860s which is closer to the English shape (usually hexagonal) and has the German note system. Other difference between the English and Anglo Concertinas are: the former have thumb straps and the latter hand straps, the rows of buttons on the former are straight and on the latter slightly curved downwards. The Duet Concertina is harder to pin down as there are a number of different systems. They are all unisonoric and have the bass notes are on the left side and the treble are on the right. The player can then play the melody on the right hand, with an accompaniment on the left, thus the name Duet.
Piccolo Concertinas are tuned one octave above the regular (Treble) instruments.
This is a C/G Lachenal Piccolo Anglo Concertina.
Louis Lachenal used to work for C. Wheatstone & Co before forming his own company in the 1850s.
Concertinas are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
18th October 2017 at Dingwalls, London NW1 (Lankum gig).
The Concertina was developed in the 1830s in both England and Germany. It differs from the Accordion in having buttons in the same direction as the bellows rather than perpendicular. There are two keyboards of buttons, one at each end of the instruments bellows. Each button has an individual note.
There are several different types of Concertina. The English Concertina is octagonal and unisonoric (the same note on push and draw). The German Concertina (Chemnitzer) is rectangular and bisonoric (a different note on push and draw). There is also an Anglo-German Concertina (usually just called an Anglo) developed later in the 1860s which is closer to the English shape (usually hexagonal) and has the German note system. Other difference between the English and Anglo Concertinas are: the former have thumb straps and the latter hand straps, the rows of buttons on the former are straight and on the latter slightly curved downwards. The Duet Concertina is harder to pin down as there are a number of different systems. They are all unisonoric and have the bass notes are on the left side and the treble are on the right. The player can then play the melody on the right hand, with an accompaniment on the left, thus the name Duet.
This is a Dipper Anglo Concertina.
C & R Dipper & Son of of Heytesbury, Wiltshire make high end, hand crafted instruments. Colin and Rosalie Dipper started making concertinas in 1973.
Concertinas are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
8th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Circular Trumpet is a Natural Trumpet has no slides, keys, or valves to help the player change the pitch. It is coiled like a horn. During the first half of the 19th century. various measures were taken to enable brass instruments to play chromatically, The hand stopping technique and crooks associated with horns was applied less commonly to trumpets by making them coiled rather than straight.
This instrument was made in the 19th century
Natural Trumpets are assigned the number 423.121.22 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
423 = Trumpets. The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.1 = There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips.
423.12 = Tubular trumpets.
423.121 = End-blown trumpets. The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.
423.121.2 = End-blown horns. The tube is curved or folded.
423.121.22 = With mouthpiece.
29th March 2014 at the Royal Festival Hall (St Paul’s Roof Pavilion), London SE1 (Talk at “Pull Out All the Stops” Festival).
House (or Residence) Organs are Barrel Organs which were played in private homes. They are mechanical musical instrument consisting of bellows and pipes housed in a case. It is played by turning a crank, with the music encoded onto wooden barrels.
This instrument is a 33 key Organ by the Hooghuys family of Geraardsbergen (Grammont), Belgium from around 1909.
Reed Pipe House Organs are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
19th July 2016 at Heath Street Baptist Church, London NW3.
The Theorbo is a Bass Lute developed during the late 16th century in Italy. It has a distinctive long neck extension carrying additional bass strings. This was because before the invention of wire-wound strings, increasing the length was the only way to obtain a clear and sustained sound from low bass strings. The primary strings are generally between about 70 and 90 cm long, and the extended basses ones from 150 to 180 cm. Different versions of the instrument have different number of strings (many between 16 and 20), and often the primary strings are in double courses.
Theorbos are assigned the number 321.321 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck.
321.321 = Necked Bowl Lutes. Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved.
15th October 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Siren is a loud noise-making device used to provide a warning or alert. Originally consisting of two perforated disks that were mounted coaxially at the outlet of a pneumatic tube. One disk was stationary, while the other disk rotated. The rotating disk periodically interrupted the flow of air through the fixed disk, producing a tone. Later mechanical sirens used cylinders rather than discs.
This instrument was made in the second half of the 19th century, probably in Germany. It is a silver plated sphere in two halves. One half houses a wheel which with six holes. There are six corresponding holes in the face beneath, as they are connected to a hole on the outside face. Air can pass through these holes when they align with those on the wheel.
Sirens are assigned the number 412.22 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive free aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.2 = Non-idiophonic interruptive instruments. The air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense. The vibrating air is not confined by the instrument. The interruptive agent is not a reed.
412.21 = Rotating aerophones. The interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis.
25th May 2016 at the V&A (Europe 1600-1815 galleries), London SW7.
The Oboe (then known as a Hautbois) developed in the 17th century, from an older instrument the Shawm. In time it became narrower and more keys were added. It is a double reed instrument with two pieces of cane vibrating against each other. The keys are finger operated levers used to open or close tone holes, thereby shortening or lengthening the resonating tube of the instrument.
This instrument was made in the Netherlands around 1700. On the bell are two carved scenes. . One shows a man and woman dancing to the accompaniment of a violin. The other depicts a woodwind ensemble of two oboes, a tenor oboe and a bassoon, playing from part-books laid flat on a table (this was before the introduction of music stands).
Oboes are assigned the number 422.112-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-free aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or Oboes. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112-71 = With Keys.
3rd May 2014 at the Fair Grounds Race Course (Casa do Brasil), New Orleans, USA.
[the photo was actually taken on a different day to this performance at João do Pife’s stall in the tent]
The Pife grew out of the European Fife (a small high pitched transverse flute) and native American flutes. It is made of bamboo and popular in the north east of Brazil.
Pifes are assigned the number 421.121.12 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421 = Edge-Blown Flutes. A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge.
421.1 = Flutes without a Duct. The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his lips.
421.12 = Side-Blown Flutes. The player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube.
421.121 = Single Side-Blown Flutes.
421.121.1 = Open Side-Blown Flutes.
421.121.12 = With Fingerholes.
My 8th construction of this kind of instrument , with an extra care to aesthetics and functionality .
Detail: strummer (top), finger and puller (buttom).
I wanted to try changing the pitch of a guitar string by stretching it with a solenoid - thus "tension guitar." I thought I'd be able to get multiple pitches by turning the puller on and off very quickly (PWM) but that didn't work well, so I was stuck with just two pitches. That was boring, so I added a little finger that frets the string. With the combination of the two, it can play four pitches. Over and over and over, thanks to the automatic strummer. Like this. There's also video of the various moving parts here.
1st September 2019 at Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park, London SE1 (at Tibetan Peace Garden 20th Anniversary Commemoration).
The Gyaling is a Tibetan Reed Shawm. It is made from a hardwood bore (such as teak or black rosewood).with a gilded copper, bell-shaped trumpet end, and a reed mouthpiece with a small resonator made of beaten metal. The Gyaling has seven holes at the front and one at the back.
Gyalings are assigned the number 422.112.2 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
422 = Reed Instruments. The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 = Double reed instruments or Oboes. There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.11 = Single Oboes [as opposed to sets of Oboes].
422.112 = With conical bore.
422.112.2 = With fingerholes.
18th January 2019 at Drygate Brewery, Glasgow.
The Concertina was developed in the 1830s in both England and Germany. It differs from the Accordion in having buttons in the same direction as the bellows rather than perpendicular. There are two keyboards of buttons, one at each end of the instruments bellows. Each button has an individual note.
There are several different types of Concertina. The English Concertina is octagonal and unisonoric (the same note on push and draw). The German Concertina (Chemnitzer) is rectangular and bisonoric (a different note on push and draw). There is also an Anglo-German Concertina (usually just called an Anglo) developed later in the 1860s which is closer to the English shape (usually hexagonal) and has the German note system. Other difference between the English and Anglo Concertinas are: the former have thumb straps and the latter hand straps, the rows of buttons on the former are straight and on the latter slightly curved downwards. The Duet Concertina is harder to pin down as there are a number of different systems. They are all unisonoric and have the bass notes are on the left side and the treble are on the right. The player can then play the melody on the right hand, with an accompaniment on the left, thus the name Duet.
This is a Dipper Bass Anglo Concertina ( think a G/D one). Dipper is the only contemporary luthier to make Bass Concertinas. So far six in all of which Begley owns two. This one was custom made for him. It has five drone levers (three on one side and two on the other). Usually Concertinas have only one such lever (if any at all) played with the left thumb.
The photo shows three of the levers.
Concertinas are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
1st April 2017 at Cecil Sharp House (Kennedy Hall), London NW1 (Aly Bain & Phil Cunningham gig).
The Accordions is a bellows driven free reed instrument. From the 1820s onwards several different free reed instruments were invented across Europe (the first to use the name Accordion was patented in Vienna in 1829). They evolved into three main types of instrument: Diatonic, Chromatic and Piano Accordions (as well as Concertinas).
The Piano Accordion was developed in the 1850s in France and Germany. On the right hand side it has a piano style keyboard. It is unisonic producing the same note when the bellows are pushed and pulled. The instrument is more common than the button accordion in English speaking North America, Scotland, and many European countries.
This instrument is made by the Italian manufacturer Manfrini.
Piano Accordions are assigned the number 412.132 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
41 = Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
412 = Interruptive Free Aerophones. The air-stream is interrupted periodically.
412.1 = Idiophonic Interruptive Aerophones or Reeds. The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently.
412.13 = Free Reed Instruments. Instrument features a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot.
412.132 = Sets of Free Reads.
24th September 2020 at Horniman Museum, London SE23.
The Tabor Pipe is a three hole pipe played with the left hand (using the thumb and first two fingers), whle a drum (the Tabor) hangs on the performer's left arm or around the neck allowing the drum to be beaten with the right hand).
The Txirula is a type of three hole pipe (two fingerholes in front and one thumbhole in the back) played in the Basque Country.There is another called the Txistu which is larger and lower pitched. They are played with a drum called a Tamboril or another percussion instrument.
This instrument was made in the 19th century.
Tabor Pipes are assigned the number 421.221.12 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
4 = Aerophones. Sound is primarily produced by vibrating air. The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.
42 = Non-Free Aerophones. The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421 = Edge-Blown Flutes. A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge.
421.2 = Flutes with a Duct. A narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice.
421.22 = Flutes with an Internal Duct. The duct is inside the tube.
421.221. = Single Flutes with an Internal Duct.
421.221.1 = Open Flutes with an Internal Duct.
421.221.12 = With Fingerholes.
28th April 2014 in Louisiana Music Factory, New Orleans, USA (Kevin Clark & Tom McDermott gig).
The Mute is a device fitted to a musical instrument to alter the timbre and volume. They are most commonly associated with Brass instruments like the trumpet. They can be made from metal or plastic and come in a variety of shapes, including straight and cup
18th January 2019 at St Andrew’s in the Square, Glasgow (in duo with Ian Carr suppoting Brighde Chaimbeul).
The Nyckelharpa is a traditional Swedish instrument. It means “keyed harp” and images are found in churches dating from the 14th century onwards. The pitch is changed using the keys. The Nyckelharpa has sympathetic strings which are not bowed directly. The most common modern version of the instrument is the three row Chromatic Nyckelharpa. The first of these was made in 1926, with a sereis of further developments by Eric Sahlström later in the century. It has 4 playing strings (one a drone string rarely played), 12 sympathetic strings, and 37 keys.
Nyckelharpas are assigned the number 321.322-71 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator’s surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-7 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bowing.
321.322-71 = Instruments where the strings vibrated using a bow.
8th August 2017 at Ham Marquee, Sidmouth (Catrin Finch & Seckou Keita gig).
The Electro-harp is a light (carbon fibre) amplified lever harp. The first commercially available instrument was developed by the French maker Joël Garnier of the CAMAC company in the mid 1980s.
Electro-harps are assigned the number 322-221 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones.
322 = Instruments where the plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator's surface.
322.2 = Frame Harp. The harp has a pillar.
322.22 = with tuning action.
322.221 = with manual tuning action.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Harpsichord was a popular instrument in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. Pressing a key on the instrument's keyboard lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small plectrum (a wedge-shaped piece of quill, now usually plastic), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the jack falls back and a felt damper at the top of the jack stops the string vibratiing. The term harpsichord is used to cover a family of instrument, but more specifically a grand-piano-shaped instrument with a triangular case accommodating long bass and short treble strings. Harpsichords can have one, two, and sometimes even three keyboards, which are called manuals. Single manual harpsichords usually have two sets of strings per note, whilst double manual harpsichords usually have a third set of strings that sounds one octave higher than played. The upper manual was originally used for transposing; and later for contrast of tone with the ability to couple the registers of both manuals for a fuller sound.
This instrument was made in 1755 by Luigi Baillon in Citeaux, France. It is a double-manual Harpsichord. French Harpsichords developed from Flemish ones, extending the range by an octave. They had a rich tone with deep basses.
Harpsichords are assigned the number 314.122-6-8 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-6-8 = Strings are caused to vibrate by plectrum and keyboard.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Harpsichord was a popular instrument in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. Pressing a key on the instrument's keyboard lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small plectrum (a wedge-shaped piece of quill, now usually plastic), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the jack falls back and a felt damper at the top of the jack stops the string vibratiing. The term harpsichord is used to cover a family of instrument, but more specifically a grand-piano-shaped instrument with a triangular case accommodating long bass and short treble strings. Harpsichords can have one, two, and sometimes even three keyboards, which are called manuals. Single manual harpsichords usually have two sets of strings per note, whilst double manual harpsichords usually have a third set of strings that sounds one octave higher than played. The upper manual was originally used for transposing; and later for contrast of tone with the ability to couple the registers of both manuals for a fuller sound.
This instrument was made in 1638 by Andreas Ruckers the elder in Antwerp, Belgium. It is a double-manual Harpsichord. Flemish Harpsichords were more solidly constructed than the Italian ones, with longer scaling, greater string tension, a more responsive soundboard, and a more sustained tone.
Harpsichords are assigned the number 314.122-6-8 in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs ), indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
31 = Simple Chordophones. Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer
314 = Board Zither. Instrument uses a string bearer that is shaped like a board, or is the ground.
314.1 = Instrument with strings parallel to the string bearer.
314.12 = Instrument has a resonator.
314.122 = Box Zither. Instrument has a resonator made from slats.
314.122-6-8 = Strings are caused to vibrate by plectrum and keyboard.
30th January 2018 at the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments, St Cecilia’s Hall, Edinburgh.
The Guitar was developed across Europe from the 12th century onwards. Modern Guitars usually have six strings. Their vibration is transmitted to the body of the Guitar via a sound board. Air inside the body vibrates and increases the sound.
The Romantic Guitar first appeared towards the end of the 18th century in Naples, Italy. It had six or more single courses of strings compared to the Baroque guitar which usually had five double courses (9 or 10 strings). They led on in the second half of the 19th century to Antonio de Torres Jurado in Analucia, Spain popularing a Guitar which larger and thinner. With lighter soundboards that were arched in both directions, made possible by a system of fan-bracing for strength. These Spanish guitars are the precursor of the modern Classical Guitar.
The instrument in the middle of the photo was made in 1829 by Johann Georg Staufer in Vienna, Austria. It has 6 strings and is called a Legani model as it was developed in collaboration with the guitarist and composer Luigi Rinaldo Legnani.
Guitars are assigned the number 321.322-5 in the Hornbostel Sachs classification of musical instruments indicating:
3 = Chordophone. Instruments where the sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points.
32 = Composite Chordophone. Acoustic and electro acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid body electric chordophones.
321 = Lutes. Instruments where the plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonators surface.
321.3 = Handle Lutes. Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle.
321.32 = Necked Lutes. Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck
321.322 = Necked Box Lutes. Instruments in which the resonator is built up from wood.
321.322-5 = Instruments where the strings are vibrated by bare hands and fingers.