The eyes are the 'windows of the soul' ♥

  

The Eyes Language is the most honest Language ♥

 

so , tell me

 

What you read in these eyes ?

 

---

 

say mashallah please ♥

 

Floriography noun : the language of flowers, Communication through the use of flowers.

 

textures thanks to Kim Klassen and Skeletalmess

  

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. -- The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center observed Memorial Day during a ceremony on Soldier Field at the Presidio of Monterey, California, May 26. The annual ceremony consists of a formation of troops in their dress uniforms representing all four service detachments, ceremonial cannon fire and the playing of taps. Retired U.S. Air Force Col. William “Terry” Bare, former assistant commandant at DLIFLC from 2008 to 2011, was guest speaker at the event that honored service members killed in service to our nation.

 

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

 

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

 

PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

Training exibition by a Buttero (knight of Maremma)

A yurt (from the Turkic languages) or ger (Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered and insulated with skins or felt and traditionally used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes and mountains of Inner Asia. The structure consists of a flexible angled assembly or latticework of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent as a roof. The roof structure is sometimes self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof ribs. Yurts take between 30 minutes and 3 hours to set up or take down, and are generally used by between five and 15 people. Nomadic farming with yurts as housing has been the primary life style in Central Asia, particularly Mongolia, for thousands of years.

 

Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden or concrete platform; they may use modern materials such as metal framing, plastics, plexiglass dome, or radiant insulation.

 

Etymology and translations

Old Turkic yurt "tent, dwelling, abode, range" may have been derived from the Old Turkic word ur - verb with the suffix +Ut. In modern Turkish and Uzbek, the word "yurt" is used as the synonym of "homeland" or a "dormitory", while in modern Azerbaijani, "yurd" mainly signifies "homeland" or "motherland". In Russian, the structure is called "yurta" (юрта), whence the word came into English.

 

Translations

alaçıq/alaçık/alasıq – in use in Azerbaijani, Turkish and Bashkir languages.

гэр (transliterated: ger, [ˈɡɛr]) – in Mongolian simply means "cover, shell and home".

тирмә (transliterated: tirmä) is the Bashkir term for yurt.

киіз үй (transliterated: kiız üi, [kɪjɪz ʏj]) – the Kazakh word, and means "felt house".

боз үй (transliterated: boz üy, [bɔz yj]) – the Kyrgyz term meaning "grey house", because of the color of the felt.

ak öý ([ɑq œj], "white house") and gara öý ([ʁɑˈɾɑ œj], "black house") – in the Turkmen language, which term is used depends on its luxury and elegance.

qara u'y (IPA: [qɑrɑ́ ʉj]) and otaw ([uʊtɑ́w]) – in Karakalpak the first term means "black house", while the second means "a newborn family" and is used only to name a young family's yurt.

In Hungarian yurt is called "jurta". Besides the more scientific modern-era word "jurta", Hungarians in everyday life still use "sátor" for all tent-like dwellings, which could be the original word Hungarians used for yurts in historic times.

In Bulgarian yurt is called "юрта" (yurta).

"Kherga"/"Jirga" – Afghans call them.

"Khema" (خیمه /ख़ेमा) in Hindustani is the word for a yurt or a tent-like dwelling in India and Pakistan, from the Arabic: خَيْمَة

In Persian yurt is called چادر (châdor)

In Tajik the names are "yurt", "khona-i siyoh", "khayma" (юрт, хонаи сиёҳ, хайма).

өг (ög, Tuvan pronunciation: [œɣ]) is the Tuvan word for yurt.

кереге (kerege, /keɾeɣe/) is the Southern Altai word for a yurt made from felt.

A Yaranga is a tent-like traditional mobile home of some nomadic Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, such as Chukchi and Siberian Yupik.

 

History

Yurts have been a distinctive feature of life in Central Asia for at least two and a half thousand years. The first written description of a yurt used as a dwelling was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus. He described yurt-like tents as the dwelling place of the Scythians, a horse riding-nomadic nation who lived in the northern Black Sea and Central Asian region from around 600 BC to AD 300.

 

Yurts beyond Central Asia

As popularity grew, it extended beyond Central Asia. In the 13th century, during the height of the Mongol Empire, yurts were introduced to parts of Europe and the Middle East. Marco Polo's writings even mentioned the use of yurts in the court of Kublai Khan. In more recent history, yurts have gained attention in the West for their unique aesthetics and practicality.

 

Construction

Traditional yurts consist of an expanding wooden circular frame carrying a felt cover. The felt is made from the wool of the flocks of sheep that accompany the pastoralists. The timber to make the external structure is not to be found on the treeless steppes, and must be obtained by trade in the valleys below.

 

The frame consists of one or more expanding lattice wall-sections, a door frame, bent roof poles, and a crown. The Mongolian ger has one or more columns to support the crown and straight roof poles. The (self-supporting) wood frame is covered with pieces of felt. Depending on availability, felt is additionally covered with canvas and/or sun covers. The frame is held together with one or more ropes or ribbons. The structure is kept under compression by the weight of the covers, sometimes supplemented by a heavy weight hung from the center of the roof. They vary in size and relative weight. They provide a large amount of insulation and protection from the outside cold of winters, and they are easily changed to keep the yurts cool for summertime.

 

A yurt is designed to be dismantled and the parts are carried compactly on camels or yaks to be rebuilt on another site. Complete construction takes around 2 hours

 

Insulation and decoration, symbolism

The traditional insulation and decoration within a yurt primarily consists of pattern-based woollen felted rugs. These patterns are generally not according to taste, but are derived from sacred ornaments with certain symbolism. Symbols representing strength are, for instance, the temdeg or khas (swastika), the four powerful beasts (lion, tiger, garuda – a kind of avian, and dragon), as well as stylized representations of the four elements (fire, water, earth, and air), considered to be the fundamental, unchanging elements of the cosmos. Such patterns are commonly used in the home with the belief that they will bring strength and offer protection.

 

Repeating geometric patterns are also widely used, like the continuous hammer or walking pattern (alkhan khee). Commonly used as a border decoration, it represents unending strength and constant movement. Another common pattern is the ulzii, a symbol of long life and happiness. The khamar ugalz (nose pattern) and ever ugalz (horn pattern) are derived from the shape of the animal's nose and horns, and are the oldest traditional patterns. All patterns can be found among not only the yurts themselves, but also on embroidery, furniture, books, clothing, doors, and other objects.

 

In Kyrgyz felted rug manufacturing the most common patterns are the Ala kiyiz and Shyrdak. Ornaments are visualising good wishes or blessings of the makers to a daughter who gets married, to children, or grandchildren.

 

The shangyrak or wooden crown of the yurt (Mongolian: тооно, [tɔːn]; Kazakh: шаңырақ, romanized: Shañıraq [ɕɑɴəɾɑ́q]; Kyrgyz: түндүк [tyndýk]; Turkmen: tüýnük) is itself emblematic in many Central Asian cultures. In old Kazakh communities, the yurt itself would often be repaired and rebuilt, but the shangyrak would remain intact, passed from father to son upon the father's death. A family's length of heritage could be measured by the accumulation of stains on the shangyrak from decades of smoke passing through it. A stylized version of the crown is in the center of the coat of arms of Kazakhstan, and forms the main image on the flag of Kyrgyzstan.

 

Today a yurt is seen as a national symbol among many Central Asian groups, and as such, yurts may be used as cafés (especially those specializing in traditional food), museums (especially those relating to national culture), and souvenir shops. In celebration of the city of Mary's year as Cultural Capital of the Turkic World, the government of Turkmenistan constructed a yurt-shaped structure, called Ak Öýi (White Building) and described as "The World's Largest Yurt", of concrete, granite, aluminum, and glass. Established on November 27, 2015, the structure is 35 meters high and 70 meters in diameter. According to the Turkmenistan state news agency, "A white yurt is a symbol of an age-old, distinctive historical-cultural legacy, a sign of preservation of our roots and origins." This three-story structure includes a café, offices, and VIP apartments ,as well as a large auditorium with 3,000 seats.

 

Buddhism in Mongolia

The design of the Mongolian ger developed from its ancient simple forms to actively integrate with Buddhist culture. The crown—toono adopted the shape of Dharmachakra. The earlier style of toono, nowadays more readily found in Central Asian yurts, is called in Mongolia "sarkhinag toono," while the toono representing Buddhist dharmachakra is called "khorlo" (Tibetan འཀོར་ལོ།) toono. Also the shapes, colors, and ornaments of the wooden elements—toono, pillars, and poles of the Mongolian yurt—are in accord with the artistic style found in Buddhist monasteries in Mongolia. Such yurts are called "uyangiin ger", literally meaning "home of lyrics" or "home of melodies".

 

Westernization

Enthusiasts in other countries have adapted the visual idea of the yurt, a round, semi-permanent tent. Although those structures may be copied to some extent from the originals found in Central Asia, they often have some different features in their design to adapt them to different climate and uses.

 

In Canada and the United States, yurts are often made using hi-tech materials. They can be highly engineered and built for extreme weather conditions. In addition, erecting one can take days and it may not be intended to be frequently moved. Such North American yurts are better thought of as yurt derivations, as they are no longer round felt homes that are easy to mount, dismount, and transport. North American yurts and yurt derivations were pioneered by William Coperthwaite in the 1960s, after he was inspired to build them by a National Geographic article about Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas's visit to Mongolia.

 

In 1978, American company Pacific Yurts became the first to manufacture yurts using architectural fabrics and structural engineering, paving the way for yurts to become popular attractions at ski resorts and campgrounds. Yurts are also popular in Northern Canada. In 1993, Oregon became the first state to incorporate yurts into its Parks Department as year-round camping facilities. Since then, at least 17 other US States have introduced yurt camping into their own parks departments.

 

In Europe, a closer approximation to the Mongolian and Central Asian yurt is in production in several countries. These tents use local hardwood, and often are made for a wetter climate with steeper roof profiles and waterproof canvas. In essence they are yurts, but some lack the felt cover and ornate features across the exterior that is present in traditional yurt. There are UK-made yurts that feature a metal frame in use in at least two glamping sites in Somerset and Dorset.

 

The palloza is a traditional building found in the Serra dos Ancares in Galicia (NW Spain). Pallozas have stone walls and a conical roof made of stalks of rye.

 

Different groups and individuals use yurts for a variety of purposes, from full-time housing to school rooms. In some provincial parks in Canada, and state parks in several US states, permanent yurts are available for camping.

 

Since the late 1920s the German youth and Scouting movements have adapted a variant of the yurt and the Sami Lavvu (Kohte), calling them Schwarzzelt (black tent), a term mainly used for tents from North Africa.

 

Ergaki Nature Park (Russian: Природный парк Ергаки, also referred to as Irgaki) is located in located in the Ergaki mountain range in southern Siberia, Russia. The park was established in 2005 and it is referred to as the "Russian Yosemite".

 

Background

On April 4, 2005, Ergaki Nature Park was established as a protected area of Siberia. The purpose of the nature park designation was to protect and preserve the area and resources while also developing tourism. The Western Sayan Mountains are in the park and they were thought to be an area which would attract recreational tourism. The park covers an area of over 217,000 ha (540,000 acres).

 

History

The park is in the in Krasnoyarsk Krai and it is a popular tourist area. It is known for its recreational uses and there is a hiking trail which is 35 km (22 mi) long. The trail was started in 2005 and it takes tourists through the park passing glacial lakes, mountains, canyons and rivers with waterfall features. It is recommended that hikers allow themselves three to five days to complete the trail. The trail ends at Lake Raduzhnoe, which is below a natural feature and attraction known as the Hanging Stone. One quarter of the park is off limits to visitors so that the areas are not disturbed. Threats to the park include tourism, poaching, and logging. The park is monitored by the Natural Park Protection Service.

 

Features

The park also has a rock ridge known as 'Sleeping Sayan". The ridge appears to be a silhouette of a man lying on his back. Authorities say that the park was visited by 120 thousand tourists per year. Many of the peaks have been given names, like Mirror, Bird, Star, Dragon's Tooth and Cone.

 

The highest point found in the park is found in the Aradansky mountain range: it is 2,466 m (8,091 ft). The second highest is found in the middle of the Ergaki mountains (Zvezdny peak) 2,265 m (7,431 ft). Also within the park is a natural feature called the Hanging Stone. It is large stone which seems to teeter on the cliff face perched high above Lake Raduzhnoyeke.

 

Flora

There park has hundreds of different mosses, liverworts, lichens and fungi. The park is estimated to have 1,500 different species of vascular plants. There are more than fifty species of the Asteraceae flowering plants. There are Ergakov mushrooms which have not been the subject of studies.

 

Siberia is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its various predecessor states since the centuries-long conquest of Siberia, which began with the fall of the Khanate of Sibir in the late 16th century and concluded with the annexation of Chukotka in 1778. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), but home to roughly a quarter of Russia's population. Novosibirsk and Omsk are the largest cities in the area.

 

Because Siberia is a geographic and historic concept and not a political entity, there is no single precise definition of its territorial borders. Traditionally, Siberia spans the entire expanse of land from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, with the Ural River usually forming the southernmost portion of its western boundary, and includes most of the drainage basin of the Arctic Ocean. It is further defined as stretching from the territories within the Arctic Circle in the north to the northern borders of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China in the south, although the hills of north-central Kazakhstan are also commonly included. The Russian government divides the region into three federal districts (groupings of Russian federal subjects), of which only the central one is officially referred to as "Siberian"; the other two are the Ural and Far Eastern federal districts, named for the Ural and Russian Far East regions that correspond respectively to the western and eastern thirds of Siberia in the broader sense.

 

Siberia is known for its long, harsh winters, with a January average of −25 °C (−13 °F). Although it is geographically in Asia, Russian sovereignty and colonization since the 16th century have rendered the region culturally and ethnically European. Over 85% of its population are of European descent, chiefly Russian (comprising the Siberian sub-ethnic group), and Eastern Slavic cultural influences predominate throughout the region.[7] Nevertheless, there exist sizable ethnic minorities of Asian lineage, including various Turkic communities—many of which, such as the Yakuts, Tuvans, Altai, and Khakas, are Indigenous—along with the Mongolic Buryats, ethnic Koreans, and smaller groups of Samoyedic and Tungusic peoples (several of whom are classified as Indigenous small-numbered peoples by the Russian government), among many others.

 

The early history of Siberia was greatly influenced by the sophisticated nomadic civilizations of the Scythians (Pazyryk) on the west of the Ural Mountains and Xiongnu (Noin-Ula) on the east of the Urals, both flourishing before the common era. The steppes of Siberia were occupied by a succession of nomadic peoples, including the Khitan people,[citation needed] various Turkic peoples, and the Mongol Empire. In the Late Middle Ages, Tibetan Buddhism spread into the areas south of Lake Baikal.

 

During the Russian Empire, Siberia was chiefly developed as an agricultural province. The government also used it as a place of exile, sending Avvakum, Dostoevsky, and the Decemberists, among others, to work camps in the region. During the 19th century, the Trans-Siberian Railway was constructed, supporting industrialization. This was also aided by discovery and exploitation of vast reserves of Siberian mineral resources.

 

Prehistory and antiquity

According to the field of genetic genealogy, people first resided in Siberia by 45,000 BCE and spread out east and west to populate Europe and the Americas, including the prehistoric Jomon people of Japan, who are the ancestors of the modern Ainu.

 

According to Vasily Radlov, among the Paleo-Siberian inhabitants of Central Siberia were the Yeniseians, who spoke a language different from the later Uralic and Turkic people. The Kets are considered the last remainder of this early migration. Migrants are estimated to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America more than 20,000 years ago.

 

The shores of all Siberian lakes, which filled the depressions during the Lacustrine period, abound in remains dating from the Neolithic age. Countless kurgans (tumuli), furnaces, and other archaeological artifacts bear witness to a dense population. Some of the earliest artifacts found in Central Asia derive from Siberia.

 

The Yeniseians were followed by the Uralic Samoyeds, who came from the northern Ural region. Some descendant cultures, such as the Selkup, remain in the Sayan region. Iron was unknown to them, but they excelled in bronze, silver, and gold work. Their bronze ornaments and implements, often polished, evince considerable artistic taste. They developed and managed irrigation to support their agriculture in wide areas of the fertile tracts.

 

Indo-Iranian influences in southwestern Siberia can be dated to the 2300–1000 BCE Andronovo culture. Between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE, the Indo-Iranian Scythians flourished in the Altai region (Pazyryk culture). They were a major influence on all later steppe empires.

 

As early as the first millennium BCE, trade was underway over the Silk Road. Silk goods were imported and traded in Siberia.

 

The establishment of the Xiongnu empire in the 3rd century BCE started a series of population movements. Many people were probably driven to the northern borders of the great Central Siberian Plateau. Turkic people such as the Yenisei Kirghiz had already been present in the Sayan region. Various Turkic tribes such as the Khaka and Uyghur migrated northwestwards from their former seats and subdued the Ugric people.

 

These new invaders likewise left numerous traces of their stay, and two different periods may be easily distinguished from their remains. They were acquainted with iron, and learned from their subjects the art of bronze casting, which they used for decorative purposes only. They refined the artistry of this work. Their pottery is more artistic and of a higher quality than that of the Bronze Age. Their ornaments are included among the collections at the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.

 

Middle Ages

The Mongols had long maintained relations with the people of the Siberian forest (taiga). They called them oin irged ("people of the forest"). Many of them, such as the Barga and Uriankhai, were little different from the Mongols. While the tribes around Lake Baikal were Mongol-speaking, those to the west spoke Turkic, Samoyedic, or Yeniseian languages.

 

By 1206, Genghis Khan had united all Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian Plateau and southern Siberia. In 1207 his eldest son Jochi subjugated the Siberian forest people, the Uriankhai, the Oirats, Barga, Khakas, Buryats, Tuvans, Khori-Tumed, and Kyrgyz. He then organized the Siberians into three tumens. Genghis Khan gave the Telengit and Tolos along the Irtysh River to an old companion, Qorchi. While the Barga, Tumed, Buriats, Khori, Keshmiti, and Bashkirs were organized in separate thousands, the Telengit, Tolos, Oirats and Yenisei Kirghiz were numbered as tumens. Genghis created a settlement of ethnic Han craftsmen and farmers at Kem-kemchik after the first phase of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The Great Khans favored gyrfalcons, furs, women and Kyrgyz horses for tribute.

 

Western Siberia came under the Golden Horde.[9] The descendants of Orda Khan, the eldest son of Jochi, directly ruled the area. In the swamps of western Siberia, dog sled Yam stations were set up to facilitate collection of tribute.

 

In 1270, Kublai Khan sent an ethnic Han official, with a new batch of settlers, to serve as the judge of the Kyrgyz and Tuvan basin areas (益蘭州 and 謙州). Ögedei's grandson Kaidu occupied portions of Central Siberia from 1275 on. The Yuan dynasty army under Kublai's Kipchak general Tutugh reoccupied the Kyrgyz lands in 1293. From then on the Yuan dynasty controlled large portions of Central and Eastern Siberia.

 

The Yenisei area had a community of weavers of ethnic Han origin. Samarkand and Outer Mongolia both had artisans of Han origin.

 

Novgorod and Muscovy

As early as the 11th century the Novgorodians had occasionally penetrated into Siberia.[4] In the 14th century the Novgorodians explored the Kara Sea and the West Siberian river Ob (1364). After the fall of the Novgorod Republic its communications between Northern Russia and Siberia were inherited by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. On May 9, 1483, the Moscow troops of Princes Feodor Kurbski-Cherny and Ivan Saltyk-Travin moved to West Siberia. The troops moved on the rivers Tavda, Tura, Irtysh, up to the River Ob. In 1499 Muscovites and Novgorodians skied to West Siberia, up to the river Ob, and conquered some local tribes.

 

Khanate of Sibir

With the breakup of the Golden Horde late in the 15th century, the Khanate of Sibir was founded with its center at Tyumen. The non-Borjigin Taybughid dynasty vied for rule with the descendants of Shiban, a son of Jochi.

 

In the beginning of the 16th century Tatar fugitives from Turkestan subdued the loosely associated tribes inhabiting the lowlands to the east of the Ural Mountains. Agriculturists, tanners, merchants, and mullahs (Muslim clerics) were brought from Turkestan, and small principalities sprang up on the Irtysh and the Ob. These were united by Khan Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan. Conflicts with the Russians, who were then colonising the Urals, brought him into collision with Muscovy. Khan Yadegar's envoys came to Moscow in 1555 and consented to a yearly tribute of a thousand sables.

 

Yermak and the Cossacks

In the mid-16th century, the Tsardom of Russia conquered the Tatar khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan, thus annexing the entire Volga Region and making the way to the Ural Mountains open. The colonisation of the new easternmost lands of Russia and further onslaught eastward was led by the rich merchants Stroganovs. Tsar Ivan IV granted large estates near the Urals as well as tax privileges to Anikey Stroganov, who organized large scale migration to these lands. Stroganovs developed farming, hunting, saltworks, fishing, and ore mining on the Urals and established trade with Siberian tribes.

 

In the 1570s, the entrepreneur Semyon Stroganov and other sons of Anikey Stroganov enlisted many cossacks for protection of the Ural settlements against attacks by the Tatars of the Siberian Khanate, led by Khan Kuchum. Stroganov suggested to their chief Yermak, hired in 1577, to conquer the Khanate of Sibir, promising to help him with supplies of food and arms.

 

In 1581, Yermak began his voyage into the depths of Siberia with a band of 1,636 men, following the Tagil and Tura Rivers. The following year they were on the Tobol, and 500 men successfully laid siege to Qashliq, the residence of Khan Kuchum, near what is now Tobolsk. After a few victories over the khan's army, Yermak's people defeated the main forces of Kuchum on Irtysh River after a 3-day battle of Chuvash Cape in 1582. The remains of the khan's army retreated to the steppes, abandoning his domains to Yermak, who, according to tradition, by presenting Siberia to tsar Ivan IV achieved his own restoration to favour.

 

Kuchum was still strong and suddenly attacked Yermak in 1585 in the dead of night, killing most of his people. Yermak was wounded and tried to swim across the Wagay River (Irtysh's tributary), but drowned under the weight of his own chain mail. Yermak's Cossacks had to withdraw from Siberia completely, but every year new bands of hunters and adventurers, supported by Moscow, poured into the country. Thanks to Yermak's having explored all the main river routes in West Siberia, Russians successfully reclaimed all of Yermak's conquests just several years later.

 

Russian exploration and settlement

Siberian river routes were of primary importance in the process of Russian exploration and conquest of Siberia.

In the early 17th century, the eastward movement of Russian people was slowed by the internal problems in the country during the Time of Troubles. However, very soon the exploration and colonization of the huge territories of Siberia was resumed, led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. While Cossacks came from the Southern Urals, another wave of Russian people came by the Arctic Ocean. These were Pomors from the Russian North, who had already been making fur trade with Mangazeya in the north of the Western Siberia for quite a long time. In 1607 the settlement of Turukhansk was founded on the northern Yenisey River, near the mouth of the Lower Tunguska, and in 1619 Yeniseysky ostrog was founded on the mid-Yenisey at the mouth of the Upper Tunguska.

 

In 1620, a group of fur hunters led by the semi-legendary Demid Pyanda started out from Turukhansk on what would become a very protracted journey. According to folk tales related a century after the fact, in the three and a half years from 1620 to 1624 Pyanda allegedly traversed the total of 4,950 miles (7,970 km) of hitherto unknown large Siberian rivers. He explored some 1,430 miles (2,300 km) of the Lower Tunguska (Nizhnyaya Tunguska in Russian) and, having reached the upper part of the Tunguska, he came upon the great Siberian river Lena and explored some 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of its length. By doing this, he may have become the first Russian to reach Yakutia and meet Yakuts. He returned up the Lena until it became too rocky and shallow, and by land reached Angara. In this way, Pyanda may have become the first Russian to meet Buryats. He built new boats and explored some 870 miles (1,400 km) of the Angara, finally reaching Yeniseysk and discovering that the Angara (a Buryat name) and Upper Tunguska (Verkhnyaya Tunguska, as initially known by the Russian people) were one and the same river.

 

In 1627, Pyotr Beketov was appointed Yenisey voevoda in Siberia. He successfully carried out the voyage to collect taxes from Zabaykalye Buryats, becoming the first Russian to enter Buryatia. There he founded the first Russian settlement, Rybinsky ostrog. Beketov was sent to the Lena River in 1631, where in 1632 he founded Yakutsk and sent his Cossacks to explore the Aldan and further down the Lena, to found new fortresses, and to collect taxes.

 

Yakutsk soon turned into a major base for further Russian expeditions eastward, southward and northward. Maksim Perfilyev, who earlier had been one of the founders of Yeniseysk, founded Bratsky ostrog in 1631, and in 1638 he became the first Russian to enter Transbaikalia. In 1639 a group led by Ivan Moskvitin became the first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean and to discover the Sea of Okhotsk, having built a winter camp on its shore at the Ulya River mouth. The Cossacks learned from the locals about the proximity of the Amur River. In 1640 they apparently sailed south, explored the south-eastern shores of the Okhotsk Sea, maybe even reaching the mouth of the Amur River and discovering the Shantar Islands on their return voyage. Based on Moskvitin's account, Kurbat Ivanov draw the first Russian map of the Far East in 1642. He led a group of Cossacks himself in 1643 to the south of the Baikal Mountains and discovered Lake Baikal, visiting its Olkhon Island. Subsequently, Ivanov made the first chart and description of Baikal.

 

In 1643, Vasily Poyarkov crossed the Stanovoy Range and reached the upper Zeya River in the country of the Daurs, who were paying tribute to Manchu Chinese. After wintering, in 1644 Poyarkov pushed down the Zeya and became the first Russian to reach the Amur River. He sailed down the Amur and finally discovered the mouth of that great river from land. Since his Cossacks provoked the enmity of the locals behind, Poyarkov chose a different way back. They built boats and in 1645 sailed along the Sea of Okhotsk coast to the Ulya River and spent the next winter in the huts that had been built by Ivan Moskvitin six years earlier. In 1646 they returned to Yakutsk.

 

In 1644, Mikhail Stadukhin discovered the Kolyma River and founded Srednekolymsk. A merchant named Fedot Alekseyev Popov organized a further expedition eastward, and Dezhnyov became a captain of one of the kochi. In 1648 they sailed from Srednekolymsk down to the Arctic and after some time they rounded Cape Dezhnyov, thus becoming the first explorers to pass through Bering Strait and to discover Chukotka and the Bering Sea. All their kochi and most of their men (including Popov) were lost in storms and clashes with the natives. A small group led by Dezhnyov reached the mouth of the Anadyr River and sailed up it in 1649, having built new boats out of the wreckage. They founded Anadyrsk and were stranded there, until Stadukhin found them, coming from Kolyma by land. Later Stadukhin set off to the south in 1651 and discovered Penzhin Bay on the northern side of the Okhotsk Sea. He also may have explored the western shores of Kamchatka as early as the 1650s.

 

In 1649–50, Yerofey Khabarov became the second Russian to explore the Amur River. Through the Olyokma, Tungur and Shilka Rivers he reached the Amur (Dauria), returned to Yakutsk and then went back to the Amur with a larger force in 1650–53. This time he was met with armed resistance. He built winter quarters at Albazin, then sailed down the Amur and found Achansk, which preceded the present-day Khabarovsk, defeating or evading large armies of Daurian Manchu Chinese and Koreans on his way. He charted the Amur in his Draft of the Amur river.

 

In 1659–65, Kurbat Ivanov was the next head of Anadyrsky ostrog after Semyon Dezhnyov. In 1660, he sailed from Anadyr Bay to Cape Dezhnyov. Atop his earlier pioneering charts, he is credited with creation of the early map of Chukotka and Bering Strait, which was the first to show on paper (very schematically) the yet undiscovered Wrangel Island, both Diomede Islands and Alaska.

 

So, by the mid-17th century, the Russian people had established the borders of their country close to the modern ones, and explored almost the whole of Siberia, except eastern Kamchatka and some regions north of the Arctic Circle. The conquest of Kamchatka would be completed later, in the early 18th century by Vladimir Atlasov, while the discovery of the Arctic coastline and Alaska would be nearly completed by the Great Northern Expedition in 1733–1743. The expedition allowed cartographers to create a map of most of the northern coastline of Russia, thanks to the results brought by a series of voyages led by Fyodor Minin, Dmitry Ovtsyn, Vasili Pronchishchev, Semyon Chelyuskin, Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev. At the same time, some of the members of the newly founded Russian Academy of Sciences traveled extensively through Siberia, forming the so-called Academic Squad of the Expedition. They were Johann Georg Gmelin, Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt and others, who became the first scientific explorers of Siberia.

 

Russian people and Siberian natives

The main treasure to attract Cossacks to Siberia was the fur of sables, foxes, and ermines. Explorers brought back many furs from their expeditions. Local people, submitting to the Russian Empire, received defense from the southern nomads. In exchange they were obliged to pay yasak (tribute) in the form of furs. There was a set of yasachnaya roads, used to transport yasak to Moscow.

 

A number of peoples showed open resistance to Russian people. Others submitted and even requested to be subordinated, though sometimes they later refused to pay yasak, or not admitted to the Russian authority.

 

There is evidence of collaboration and assimilation of Russian people with the local peoples in Siberia. Though the more Russian people advanced to the East, the less developed the local people were, and the more resistance they offered. In 1607–1610, the Tungus fought strenuously for their independence, but were subdued around 1623. The Buryats also offered some opposition, but were swiftly pacified. The most resistance was offered by the Koryak (on the Kamchatka Peninsula) and Chukchi (on the Chukchi Peninsula), the latter still being at the Stone Age level of development. Resistance by local people may have been the result of forced unfair terms, that recorders would have benefitted from omitting.

 

The Manchu resistance, however, obliged the Russian Cossacks to quit Albazin, and by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Russia abandoned her advance into the basin of the river, instead concentrating on the colonisation of the vast expanses of Siberia and trading with China via the Siberian trakt. In 1852, a Russian military expedition under Nikolay Muravyov explored the Amur, and by 1857 a chain of Russian Cossacks and peasants were settled along the whole course of the river. The accomplished fact was recognised by China in 1860 by the Treaty of Aigun.

 

The scientific exploration of Siberia, commenced in the period of 1720 to 1742 by Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt, Johann Georg Gmelin, and Louis de l'Isle de la Croyère, was followed up by Gerhard Friedrich Müller, Johann Eberhard Fischer, and Johann Gottlieb Georgi. Peter Simon Pallas, with several Russian students, laid the first foundation of a thorough exploration of the topography, fauna, flora, and inhabitants of the country. The journeys of Christopher Hansteen and Georg Adolf Erman were the most important step in the exploration of the territory. Alexander von Humboldt, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, and Gustav Rose also paid short visits to Siberia, which gave a new impulse to the accumulation of scientific knowledge; while Carl Ritter elaborated in his Asien (1832–1859) the foundations of a sound knowledge of the structure of Siberia. Aleksandr Fyodorovich Middendorf's journey (1843–1845) to north-eastern Siberia — contemporaneous with Matthias Castrén's journeys for the special study of the Ural-Altaic languages — directed attention to the far north and awakened interest in the Amur, the basin of which soon became the scene of the expeditions of Akhte and Schwarz (1852), and later on of the Siberian expedition, advanced knowledge of East Siberia.

 

The Siberian branch of the Russian Geographical Society was founded at the same time in Irkutsk, and afterwards became a permanent centre for the exploration of Siberia; while the opening of the Amur and Sakhalin attracted Richard Maack, Schmidt, Glehn, Gustav Radde, and Leopold von Schrenck, who created works on the flora, fauna, and inhabitants of Siberia.

 

Russian settlement

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Russian people that migrated into Siberia were hunters, and those who had escaped from Central Russia: fugitive peasants in search for life free of serfdom, fugitive convicts, and Old Believers. The new settlements of Russian people and the existing local peoples required defence from nomads, for which forts were founded. This way forts of Tomsk and Berdsk were founded.

 

In the beginning of the 18th century, the threat of the nomads' attacks weakened; thus the region became more and more populated; normal civic life was established in the cities.

 

In the 18th century in Siberia, a new administrative guberniya was formed with Irkutsk, then in the 19th century the territory was several times re-divided with creation of new guberniyas: Tomsk (with center in Tomsk) and Yenisei (Yeniseysk, later Krasnoyarsk).

 

In 1730, the first large industrial project — the metallurgical production found by Demidov family — gave birth to the city of Barnaul. Later, the enterprise organized social institutions like library, club, theatre. Pyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, who stayed in Barnaul in 1856–1857, wrote: "The richness of mining engineers of Barnaul expressed not merely in their households and clothes, but more in their educational level, knowledge of science and literature. Barnaul was undoubtedly the most cultured place in Siberia, and I've called it Siberian Athenes, leaving Sparta for Omsk".

 

The same events took place in other cities; public libraries, museums of local lore, colleges, theatres were being built, although the first university in Siberia was opened as late as 1880 in Tomsk.

 

Siberian peasants more than those in European Russia relied on their own force and abilities. They had to fight against the harder climate without outside help. Absence of serfdom and landlords also contributed to their independent character. Unlike peasants in European Russia, Siberians had no problems with land availability; the low population density gave them the ability to intensively cultivate a plot for several years in a row, then to leave it fallow for a long time and cultivate other plots. Siberian peasants had an abundance of food, while Central Russian peasantry had to moderate their families' appetites. Leonid Blummer noted that the culture of alcohol consumption differed significantly; Siberian peasants drank frequently but moderately: "For a Siberian vodka isn't a wonder, unlike for a Russian peasant, which, having reached it after all this time, is ready to drink a sea." The houses, according to travellers' notes, were unlike the typical Russian izbas: the houses were big, often two-floored, the ceilings were high, the walls were covered with boards and painted with oil-paint.

 

Russian Empire

The Siberia Governorate was established in 1708 as part of the administrative reforms of Peter I. In 1719, the governorate was divided into three provinces, Vyatka, Solikamsk and Tobolsk. In 1762, it was renamed to Tsardom of Siberia (Сибирское царство). In 1782, under the impression of Pugachev's Rebellion, the Siberian kingdom was divided into three separate viceregencies (наместничество), centered at Tobolsk, Irkutsk and Kolyvan. These viceregencies were downgraded to the status of governorate in 1796 (Tobolsk Governorate, Irkutsk Governorate, Vyatka Governorate). Tomsk Governorate was split off Tobolsk governorate in 1804. Yakutsk Oblast was split off Irkutsk Governorate in 1805. In 1822, the subdivision of Siberia was reformed again. It was divided into two governorates general, West Siberia and East Siberia. West Siberia comprised the Tobolsk and Tomsk governorates, and East Siberia comprised Irkutsk Governorate, and the newly formed Yeniseysk Governorate.

 

Decembrists and other exiles

Siberia was deemed a good place to exile for political reasons, as it was far from any foreign country. A St. Petersburg citizen would not wish to escape in the vast Siberian countryside as the peasants and criminals did. Even the larger cities such as Irkutsk, Omsk, and Krasnoyarsk, lacked that intensive social life and luxurious high life of the capital.

 

About eighty people involved in the Decembrist revolt were sentenced to obligatory work in Siberia and perpetual settlement here. Eleven wives followed them and settled near the labour camps. In their memoirs, they noted benevolence and prosperity of rural Siberians and severe treatment by the soldiers and officers.

 

"Travelling through Siberia, I was wondered and fascinated at every step by the cordiality and hospitality I met everywhere. I was fascinated by the richness and the abundance, with which the people live until today (1861), but that time there was even more expanse in everything. The hospitality was especially developed in Siberia. Everywhere we were received like being in friendly countries, everywhere we were fed well, and when I asked how much I owed them, they didn't want to take anything, saying "Put a candle to the God"."

"...Siberia is an extremely rich country, the land is unusually fruitful, and little work is needed to get a plentiful harvest."

Polina Annenkova, Notes of a Decembrist's Wife

 

A number of Decembrists died of diseases, some suffered psychological shock and even went out of their mind.

 

After completing the term of obligatory work, they were sentenced to settle in specific small towns and villages. There, some started doing business, which was well permitted. Only several years later, in the 1840s, they were allowed to move to big cities or to settle anywhere in Siberia. Only in 1856, 31 years after the revolt, Alexander II pardoned and restituted the Decembrists in honour of his coronation.

 

Living in the cities of Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Irkutsk, the Decembrists contributed extensively to the social life and culture. In Irkutsk, their houses are now museums. In many places, memorial plaques with their names have been installed.

 

Yet, there were exceptions: Vladimir Raevskiy was arrested for participation in Decembrists' circles in 1822, and in 1828 was exiled to Olonki village near Irkutsk. There he married and had nine children, traded with bread, and founded a school for children and adults to teach arithmetics and grammar. Being pardoned by Alexander II, he visited his native town, but returned to Olonki.

 

Despite the wishes of the central authorities, the exiled revolutioners unlikely felt outcast in Siberia. Quite the contrary, Siberians having lived all the time on their own, "didn't feel tenderness" to the authorities. In many cases, the exiled were cordially received and got paid positions.

 

Fyodor Dostoevsky was exiled to katorga near Omsk and to military service in Semipalatinsk. In the service he also had to make trips for Barnaul and Kuznetsk, where he married.

 

Anton Chekhov was not exiled, but in 1890 made a trip on his own to Sakhalin through Siberia and visited a katorga there. In his trip, he visited Tomsk, speaking disapprovingly about it, then Krasnoyarsk, which he called "the most beautiful Siberian city". He noted that despite being more a place of criminal rather than political exile, the moral atmosphere was much better: he did not face any case of theft. Blummer suggested to prepare a gun, but his attendant replied: What for?! We are not in Italy, you know. Chekhov observed that besides of the evident prosperity, there was an urgent demand for cultural development.

 

Many Poles were also exiled to Siberia (see Sybirak). In 1866 they incited rebellion in Siberia.

 

Trans-Siberian Railway

The development of Siberia was hampered by poor transportation links within the region as well as between Siberia and the rest of the country. Aside from the Sibirsky trakt, good roads suitable for wheeled transport were few and far apart. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transportation; during the cold half of the year, cargo and passengers travelled by horse-drawn sleds over the winter roads, many of which were the same rivers, now ice-covered.

 

The first steamboat on the Ob, Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova, was launched in 1844; but the early starts were difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping started developing in the Ob system in the serious way. Steamboats started operating on the Yenisei in 1863, on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s.

 

While the comparably flat Western Siberia was at least fairly well served by the gigantic Ob–Irtysh–Tobol–Chulym river system, the mighty rivers of Eastern Siberia – Yenisei, Upper Angara (Angara below Bratsk was not easily navigable because of the rapids), Lena — were mostly navigable only in the north–south direction. An attempt to somewhat remedy the situation by building the Ob–Yenisei Canal were not particularly successful. Only a railroad could be a real solution to the region's transportation problems.

 

The first projects of railroads in Siberia emerged since the creation of the Moscow–St. Petersburg railroad. One of the first was Irkutsk–Chita project, intended to connect the former to the Amur river and, consequently, to the Pacific Ocean.

 

Prior to 1880 the central government seldom responded to such projects, due to weakness of Siberian enterprises, fear of Siberian territories' integration with the Pacific region rather than with Russia, and thus falling under the influence of the United States and Great Britain. The heavy and clumsy bureaucracy and the fear of financial risks also contributed to the inaction: the financial system always underestimated the effects of the railway, assuming that it would take only the existing traffic.

 

Mainly the fear of losing Siberia convinced Alexander II in 1880 to make a decision to build the railway. Construction started in 1891.

 

Trans-Siberian Railroad gave a great boost to Siberian agriculture, allowing for increased exports to Central Russia and European countries. It pushed not only the territories closest to the railway, but also those connected with meridional rivers, such as the Ob (Altai) and the Yenisei (Minusinsk and Abakan regions).

 

Siberian agriculture exported a lot of cheap grain to the West. The agriculture in Central Russia was still under pressure of serfdom, formally abandoned in 1861. Another profitable industry is the fur trade, which contributed greatly to the national revenue on top of covering administrative costs in Siberia.

 

Thus, to defend it and to prevent possible social destabilization, in 1896 (when the eastern and western parts of the Trans-Siberian did not close up yet), the government introduced Chelyabinsk tariff break (Челябинский тарифный перелом)—a tariff barrier for grain in Chelyabinsk, and a similar barrier in Manchuria. This measure changed the form of cereal product export: mills emerged in Altai, Novosibirsk, and Tomsk; many farms switched to butter production. From 1896 to 1913 Siberia on average exported 30.6 million poods (~500,000 tonnes) of cereal products (grain, flour) annually.

 

Stolypin's resettlement programme

One early significant settlement campaign was carried out under Nicholas II by Prime Minister Stolypin in 1906–1911.

 

The rural areas of Central Russia were overcrowded, while the East was still lightly populated despite having fertile lands. On May 10, 1906, by the decree of the Tsar, agriculturalists were granted the right to transfer, without any restrictions, to the Asian territories of Russia, and to obtain cheap or free land. A large advertising campaign was conducted: six million copies of brochures and banners entitled What the resettlement gives to peasants, and How the peasants in Siberia live were printed and distributed in rural areas. Special propaganda trains were sent throughout the countryside, and transport trains were provided for the migrants. The State gave loans to the settlers for farm construction.

 

Not all the settlers decided to stay; 17.8% migrated back. All in all, more than three million people officially resettled to Siberia, and 750,000 came as foot-messengers. From 1897 to 1914 Siberian population increased 73%, and the area of land under cultivation doubled.

 

Tunguska event

The Tunguska Event, or Tunguska explosion, was a powerful explosion that occurred near the Podkamennaya (Lower Stony) Tunguska River in what is now Krasnoyarsk Krai of Russia, at around 7:14 a.m.[34] (0:14 UT, 7:02 a.m. local solar time[35]) on June 30, 1908 (June 17 in the Julian calendar, in use locally at the time).

 

The cause of the explosion is controversial, and still much disputed to this day. Although the cause of the explosion is the subject of debate, it is commonly believed to have been caused by a meteor air burst: the atmospheric explosion of a large meteoroid or comet fragment at an altitude of 5–10 kilometres (3.1–6.2 miles) above the Earth's surface. Different studies have yielded varying estimates of the object's size, with general agreement that it was a few tens of metres across.

 

Although the Tunguska event is believed to be the largest impact event on land in Earth's recent history, impacts of similar size in remote ocean areas would have gone unnoticed before the advent of global satellite monitoring in the 1960s and 1970s. Because the event occurred in a remote area, there was little damage to human life or property, and it was in fact some years until it was properly investigated.

 

The first recorded expedition arrived at the scene more than a decade after the event. In 1921, the Russian mineralogist Leonid Kulik, visiting the Podkamennaya Tunguska River basin as part of a survey for the Soviet Academy of Sciences, deduced from local accounts that the explosion had been caused by a giant meteorite impact. He persuaded the Soviet government to fund an expedition to the Tunguska region, based on the prospect of meteoric iron that could be salvaged to aid Soviet industry.

 

Kulik's party reached the site in 1927. To their surprise, no crater was to be found. There was instead a region of scorched trees about 50 kilometres (31 mi) across. A few near ground zero were still strangely standing upright, their branches and bark stripped off. Those farther away had been knocked down in a direction away from the center.

 

Russian Civil War

By the time of the revolution Siberia was an agricultural region of Russia, with weak entrepreneur and industrial classes. The intelligentsia had vague political ideas. Only 13% of the region's population lived in the cities and possessed some political knowledge. The lack of strong social differences and scarcity of urban population and intellectuals led to the uniting of formally different political parties under ideas of regionalism.

 

The anti-Bolshevik forces failed to offer a united resistance. While Kolchak fought against the Bolsheviks intending to eliminate them in the capital of the Empire, the local Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks tried to sign a peace treaty with the Bolsheviks, on terms of independence. Foreign allies, though being able to make a decisive effort, preferred to stay neutral, although Kolchak himself rejected the offer of help from Japan.

 

After a series of defeats in Central Russia, Kolchak's forces retreated to Siberia. Amid resistance of Socialist-Revolutionaries and waning support from the allies, the Whites had to evacuate from Omsk to Irkutsk, and finally Kolchak resigned under pressure of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, who soon submitted to the Bolsheviks.

 

Soviet era

1920s and 1930s

By the 1920s the agriculture in Siberia was in decline. With the large number of immigrants, land was used very intensively, which led to exhaustion of the land and frequent bad harvests. Agriculture wasn't destroyed by the civil war, but the disorganization of the exports destroyed the food industry and reduced the peasants' incomes. Furthermore, prodrazvyorstka and then the natural food tax contributed to growing discontent. In 1920–1924 there was a number of anti-communistic riots in rural areas, with up to 40,000 people involved. Both old Whites (Cossacks) and old "Reds" partisans, who earlier fought against Kolchak, the marginals, who were the major force of the Communists, took part in the riots. According to a survey of 1927 in Irkutsk Oblast, the peasants openly said they would participate in anti-Soviet rebellion and hoped for foreign help.[45] In 1929, one such anti-Soviet rebellion took place in Buryatia, the rebellion was put down will the deaths of 35,000 Buryats. It should also be noticed that the KVZhD builders and workers were declared enemies of the people by a special order of the Soviet authorities.

 

The youth, that had socialized in the age of war, was highly militarized, and the Soviet government pushed the further military propaganda by Komsomol. There are many documented evidences of "red banditism", especially in the countryside, such as desecration of churches and Christian graves, and even murders of priests and believers. Also in many cases a Komsomol activist or an authority representative, speaking with a person opposed to the Soviets, got angry and killed him/her and anybody else. The Party faintly counteracted this.

 

In the 1930s, the Party started the collectivization, which automatically put the "kulak" label on the well-off families living in Siberia for a long time. Naturally, raskulachivanie applied to everyone who protested. From the Central Russia many families were exiled to low-populated, forest or swampy areas of Siberia, but those who lived here, had either to escape anywhere, or to be exiled in the Northern regions (such as Evenk and Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrugs and the northern parts of Tomsk Oblast). Collectivization destroyed the traditional and most effective stratum of the peasants in Siberia and the natural ways of development, and its consequences are still persisting.

 

In the cities, during the New Economic Policy and later, the new authorities, driven by the romantic socialistic ideas made attempts to build new socialistic cities, according to the fashionable constructivism movement, but after all have left only numbers of square houses. For example, the Novosibirsk theatre was initially designed in pure constructivistic style. It was an ambitious project of exiled architects. In the mid-1930s with introduction of new classicism, it was significantly redesigned.

 

After the Trans-Siberian was built, Omsk soon became the largest Siberian city, but in 1930s Soviets favoured Novosibirsk. In the 1930s the first heavy industrialization took place in the Kuznetsk Basin (coal mining and ferrous metallurgy) and at Norilsk (nickel and rare-earth metals). The Northern Sea Route saw industrial application. At the same time, with growing number of prisoners, Gulag established a large network of labour camps in Siberia.

 

World War II

In 1941, many enterprises and people were evacuated into Siberian cities by the railroads. In urgent need of ammunition and military equipment, they started working almost immediately after their materials and equipment were unloaded.

 

Most of the evacuated enterprises remained at their new sites after the war. They increased industrial production in Siberia to a great extent, and became constitutive for many cities, like Rubtsovsk. The easternmost city to receive them was Ulan-Ude, since Chita was considered dangerously close to China and Japan.

 

On August 28, 1941, the Supreme Soviet stated an order "About the Resettlement of the Germans of Volga region", by which many of them were deported into different rural areas of Kazakhstan and Siberia.

 

By the end of war, thousands of captive soldiers and officers of German and Japanese armies were sentenced to several years of work in labour camps in all the regions of Siberia. These camps were directed by a different administration than Gulag. Although Soviet camps hadn't the purpose to lead prisoners to death, the death rate was significant, especially in winters. The range of works differed from vegetable farming to construction of the Baikal Amur Mainline.

 

Industrial expansion

In the second half of the 20th century, the exploration of mineral and hydroenergetic resources continued. Many of these projects were planned, but were delayed due to wars and the ever-changing opinions of Soviet politicians.

 

The most famous project is the Baikal Amur Mainline. It was planned simultaneously with Trans-Siberian, but the construction began just before World War II, was put on hold during the war and restarted after. After Joseph Stalin's death, it was again suspended for years to be continued under Leonid Brezhnev.

 

A cascade of hydroelectric powerplants was built in the 1960s–1970s on the Angara River, a project similar to Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States. The powerplants allowed creation and support of large production facilities, such as the aluminium plant in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, rare-earth mining in Angara basin, and those associated with the timber industry. The price of electricity in Angara basin is the lowest in Russia. But the Angara cascade is not fully finished yet: the Boguchany power plant waits to be finished, and a series of enterprises are planned to be set up.

 

The downside of this development is ecological damage due to low standards of production and excessive sizes of dams (the bigger projects were favoured by industrial authorities and received more funding), the increased humidity sharpened the already hard climate. Another powerplant project on Katun River in Altai mountains in the 1980s, which was widely protested publicly, was cancelled.

 

There are a number of military-oriented centers like the NPO Vektor and closed cities like Seversk. By the end of the 1980s a large portion of the industrial production of Omsk and Novosibirsk (up to 40%) was composed of military and aviation output. The collapse of state-funded military orders began an economic crisis.

 

The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences unites a lot of research institutes in the biggest cities, the biggest being the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Akademgorodok (a scientific town) near Novosibirsk. Other scientific towns or just districts composed by research institutes, also named "Akademgorodok", are in the cities of Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk. These sites are the centers of the newly developed IT industry, especially in that of Novosibirsk, nicknamed "Silicon Taiga", and in Tomsk.

 

A number of Siberian-based companies extended their businesses of various consumer products to meta-regional and an All-Russian level. Various Siberian artists and industries, have created communities that are not centralized in Moscow anymore, like the Idea (annual low-budged ads festival), Golden Capital (annual prize in architecture).

 

Recent history

Until completion of the Chita–Khabarovsk highway, the Transbaikalia was a dead end for automobile transport. While this recently constructed through road will at first benefit mostly the transit travel to and from the Pacific provinces, it will also boost settlement and industrial expansion in the sparsely populated regions of Zabaykalsky Krai and Amur Oblast.

 

Expansion of transportation networks will continue to define the directions of Siberian regional development. The next project to be carried out is the completion of the railroad branch to Yakutsk. Another large project, proposed already in the 19th century as a northern option for the Transsiberian railroad, is the Northern-Siberian Railroad between Nizhnevartovsk, Belyi Yar, Lesosibirsk and Ust-Ilimsk. The Russian Railroads instead suggest an ambitious project of a railway to Magadan, Chukchi Peninsula and then the supposed Bering Strait Tunnel to Alaska.

 

While the Russians continue to migrate from the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts to Western Russia, the Siberian cities attract labour (legal or illegal) from the Central Asian republics and from China. While the natives are aware of the situation, in Western Russia myths about thousands and millions of Chinese living in the Transbaikalia and the Far East are widespread.

Radiance Sculpture - LSU Energy Coast & Environmental Building

 

More information on this sculpture

Lehde (Lědy in the local Sorbian language) is a village situated near Lübbenau and meawhile integrated into that town. While Lehde had 298 inhabitants in 1929, only 150 people still live here (as of 2017). The place is a village consisting of many small islands. For centuries, until the early 1950s, Lehde could only be reached by water. Even today, practically all plots of land have their own access to one of the many canals between 0.8 and 1 meter deep, which largely have the function of roads. Postal deliveries and waste collection still take place by water. During the winter months, however, mail is delivered to mailboxes set up by the residents on the landside, by mail bike or car.

Due to the unusual location of Lehde and some preserved historical Spreewald houses, Lehde, which is completely under monumental protection, is a popular destination for tourists. Lehde can also be reached on foot, by bicycle or by car, however, the beauty and special features of the place can be experienced above all from the water side. (Wikpedia.de)

 

The Spreewald (German for 'Spree Forest'; in Lower Sorbian: Błota, i.e. 'the Swamps') is a section of the German state of Brandenburg located about 100 km sou It is known for its traditional irrigation system, consisting of more than 200 small canals (called Fließe; total length: 1,300 kilometres or 810 miles) within the 484-square-kilometre (187 sq mi) area. The landscape was shaped during the last Ice Age. About 50,000 people live in the biosphere reserve (1998). Many of them are descendants of the first settlers in the Spreewald region, the Slavic tribes of the Sorbs and Wends. They have preserved their traditional language, customs and clothing to this day.

Most inhabitants depend on tourism. Many tourists explore the Spreewald in punts. Agriculture, forestry and fishery are other important sources of income. The principal town of the area is Lübbenau. Alder forests on wetlands and pine forests on sandy dry areas are characteristic of the Spreewald region. Grasslands and fields can be found as well. About 18,000 species of flora and fauna have been identified. In 1991, the Spreewald was protected by the UNESCO under its Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreewald

Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796), also known familiarly as Rabbie Burns, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is in a "light Scots dialect" of English, accessible to an audience beyond Scotland. He also wrote in standard English, and in these writings his political or civil commentary is often at its bluntest.

 

He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish diaspora around the world. Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, and his influence has long been strong on Scottish literature. In 2009 he was chosen as the greatest Scot by the Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.

 

As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland, often revising or adapting them. His poem (and song) "Auld Lang Syne" is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and "Scots Wha Hae" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include "A Red, Red Rose", "A Man's a Man for A' That", "To a Louse", "To a Mouse", "The Battle of Sherramuir", "Tam o' Shanter" and "Ae Fond Kiss".

 

Burns Night, in effect a second national day, is celebrated on Burns's birthday, 25 January, with Burns suppers around the world, and is more widely observed in Scotland than the official national day, St. Andrew's Day. The first Burns supper in The Mother Club in Greenock was held on what was thought to be his birthday on 29 January 1802; in 1803 it was discovered from the Ayr parish records that the correct date was 25 January 1759.

 

The format of Burns suppers has changed little since. The basic format starts with a general welcome and announcements, followed with the Selkirk Grace. After the grace comes the piping and cutting of the haggis, when Burns's famous "Address to a Haggis" is read and the haggis is cut open. The event usually allows for people to start eating just after the haggis is presented. At the end of the meal, a series of toasts, often including a 'Toast to the Lassies', and replies are made. This is when the toast to "the immortal memory", an overview of Burns's life and work, is given. The event usually concludes with the singing of "Auld Lang Syne".

 

Amelia Robertson Hill (15 January 1821 – 5 July 1904), birth record Emmilia McDermaid Paton, was a prominent Scottish artist and sculptor throughout the 19th century and one of the few with public commissions. Her most noteworthy works are the statue of David Livingstone in Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh and statue of Robert Burns in Dumfries. She was the main female contributor to the statues on the Scott Monument, contributing three figures.

Life

 

Hill was born in Wooer's Alley, Dunfermline, the daughter of Catherine McDiarmid (d. 1853) and Joseph Neil Paton (1797–1874), a damask designer. Her sister Jemima, born on 11 November 1823. Her brothers were artists Joseph Noel Paton (1821–1901) and Waller Hugh Paton (1828–1895). She appears to have trained as a sculptor under William Brodie in Edinburgh.

 

In 1862 she married the pioneer photographer David Octavius Hill. She was his second wife. They lived in Edinburgh. His role as secretary of the Royal Scottish Academy played a part in this. In 1861 they moved to George Square, and in 1863 to Calton Stairs. In 1868 they set up home at Rock House, on the south-west corner of Calton Hill near the southern entrance steps to the hill. Although they are famously connected with this address they lived here only two years. He died in 1870 and Amelia moved out of the house, to Newington Lodge. She placed a bronze bust of his likeness, sculpted by her own hands, on his grave.

 

The 1891 census describes Hill as "sculptor, retired" but she exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy until 1902, aged 82. She died at her house, Newington Lodge, 38 Mayfield Terrace on 5 July 1904 aged 83. She was buried next to her husband in Dean Cemetery, beneath her own sculpture of 34 years earlier.

Bicentenary

 

A walking tour of her Edinburgh works was instigated as 'The Amelia Tour' in her bicentenary year, 2021.

 

Principal works

Bust of John Fergus MP, Kirkcaldy Town Hall (1861)

Marble bust of Mary Louise, Countess of Elgin, Lord Elgin Hotel, Ottawa (1863)

Marble busts of Rev. Robert Smith Candlish in his role as principal of New College, one of the leaders of the Scottish Disruption, held by the University of Edinburgh (1864 and 1865)

Marble bust of Rev. Horatius Bonar, hymn-writer (1865)

James Wemyss of Wemyss MP, Fife County Hall (1866)

Marble bust of Thomas Carlyle, National Trust of Scotland collection (1866)

Marble bust of David Livingstone (1866)

Bust of Edward Cazalet (1866)

Bust of her husband, David Octavius Hill (1867)

Marble bust of Sir George Harvey (1867)

Marble bust of David Brewster, scientist (1867)

Three stone figures for the Scott Monument on Princes Street, Edinburgh (1870) (Magnus Troil and Minna Troil of The Pirate (novel) and Richard the Lionheart)

Pet Marjorie, the child author (1870)

Marble bust of her brother, Joseph Noel Paton, Scottish National Portrait Gallery (1872)

Bust of Sir James Young Simpson (1872)

Painting, "Ludlow Castle, evening" (1873)

Very prominent statue to David Livingstone on Princes Street in Edinburgh (1875) erected by public subscription.

Memorial to Regent Murray in Linlithgow, marking the place of his assassination (1876)

Figures of "Painting" and "Poetry" flanking the shoulders of the ornate entrance to the Albert Buildings, 22–30 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh (1877)

Statue of Robert Burns, Church Place, Dumfries (1881)

Bust of Percy Bysshe Shelley, exhibited RSA (1882)

 

Dumfries is a market town and former royal burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, near the mouth of the River Nith on the Solway Firth, 25 miles (40 km) from the Anglo-Scottish border. Dumfries is the county town of the historic county of Dumfriesshire.

 

Before becoming King of Scots, Robert the Bruce killed his rival the Red Comyn at Greyfriars Kirk in the town in 1306. The Young Pretender had his headquarters here towards the end of 1745. In the Second World War, the Norwegian Army in exile in Britain largely consisted of a brigade in Dumfries.

 

Dumfries is nicknamed Queen of the South. This is also the name of the town's football club. People from Dumfries are known colloquially in Scots language as Doonhamers.

 

History

Early history

 

No positive information has been obtained of the era and circumstances in which the town of Dumfries was founded.

 

Some writers hold that Dumfries flourished as a place of distinction during the Roman occupation of North Great Britain. The Selgovae inhabited Nithsdale at the time and may have raised some military works of a defensive nature on or near the site of Dumfries; and it is more than probable that a castle of some kind formed the nucleus of the town. This is inferred from the etymology of the name, which, according to one theory, is resolvable into two Gaelic terms signifying a castle or fort in the copse or brushwood. Dumfries was once within the borders of the Kingdom of Northumbria. The district around Dumfries was for several centuries ruled over and deemed of much importance by the invading Romans. Many traces of Roman presence in Dumfriesshire are still to be found; coins, weapons, sepulchral remains, military earthworks, and roads being among the relics left by their lengthened sojourn in this part of Scotland. The Caledonian tribes in the south of Scotland were invested with the same rights by an edict of Antoninus Pius. The Romanized natives received freedom (the burrows, cairns, and remains of stone temples still to be seen in the district tell of a time when Druidism was the prevailing religion) as well as civilisation from their conquerors. Late in the fourth century, the Romans bade farewell to the country.

 

According to another theory, the name is a corruption of two words which mean the Friars' Hill; those who favour this idea allege that St. Ninian, by planting a religious house near the head of what is now the Friars' Vennel, at the close of the fourth century, became the virtual founder of the Burgh; however Ninian, so far as is known, did not originate any monastic establishments anywhere and was simply a missionary. In the list of British towns given by the ancient historian Nennius, the name Caer Peris occurs, which some modern antiquarians suppose to have been transmuted, by a change of dialect, into Dumfries.

 

Twelve of King Arthur's battles were recorded by Nennius in Historia Brittonum. The Battle of Tribruit (the tenth battle), has been suggested as having possibly been near Dumfries or near the mouth of the river Avon near Bo'ness.

 

After the Roman departure the area around Dumfries had various forms of visit by Picts, Anglo-Saxons, Scots and Norse culminating in a decisive victory for Gregory, King of Scots at what is now Lochmaben over the native Britons in 890.

Medieval period

 

When, in 1069, Malcolm Canmore and William the Conqueror held a conference regarding the claims of Edgar Ætheling to the English Crown, they met at Abernithi – a term which in the old British tongue means a port at the mouth of the Nith. It has been argued, the town thus characterised must have been Dumfries; and therefore it must have existed as a port in the Kingdom of Strathclyde, if not in the Roman days. However, against this argument is that the town is situated eight to nine miles (14 km) distant from the sea, although the River Nith is tidal and navigable all the way into the town itself.

 

Although at the time 1 mile (1.6 km) upstream and on the opposite bank of the Nith from Dumfries, Lincluden Abbey was founded circa 1160. The abbey ruins are on the site of the bailey of the very early Lincluden Castle, as are those of the later Lincluden Tower. This religious house was used for various purposes, until its abandonment around 1700. Lincluden Abbey and its grounds are now within the Dumfries urban conurbation boundary. William the Lion granted the charter to raise Dumfries to the rank of a royal burgh in 1186. Dumfries was very much on the frontier during its first 50 years as a burgh and it grew rapidly as a market town and port.

 

Alexander III visited Dumfries in 1264 to plan an expedition against the Isle of Man, previously Scots but for 180 years subjected by the crown of Norway. Identified with the conquest of Man, Dumfries shared in the well-being of Scotland for the next 22 years until Alexander's accidental death brought an Augustan era in the town's history to an abrupt finish.

 

A royal castle, which no longer exists, was built in the 13th century on the site of the present Castledykes Park. In the latter part of the century William Wallace chased a fleeing English force southward through the Nith valley. The English fugitives met the gates of Dumfries Castle that remained firmly closed in their presence. With a body of the town's people joining Wallace and his fellow pursuers when they arrived, the fleeing English met their end at Cockpool on the Solway Coast. After resting at Caerlaverock Castle a few miles away from the bloodletting, Wallace again passed through Dumfries the day after as he returned north to Sanquhar Castle.

 

During the invasion of 1300, Edward I of England lodged for a few days in June with the Minorite Friars of the Vennel, before he laid siege to Caerlaverock Castle at the head of the then greatest invasion force to attack Scotland. After Caerlaverock eventually succumbed, Edward passed through Dumfries again as he crossed the Nith to take his invasion into Galloway. With the Scottish nobility having requested Vatican support for their cause, Edward on his return to Caerlaverock was presented with a missive directed to him by Pope Boniface VIII. Edward held court in Dumfries at which he grudgingly agreed to an armistice. On 30 October, the truce solicited by Pope Boniface was signed by Edward at Dumfries. Letters from Edward, dated at Dumfries, were sent to his subordinates throughout Scotland, ordering them to give effect to the treaty. The peace was to last until Whitsunday in the following year.

 

Before becoming King of Scots, Robert the Bruce stabbed his rival the Red Comyn at Greyfriars Kirk in the town on 10 February 1306. Bruce's uncertainty about the fatality of the stabbing caused one of his followers, Roger de Kirkpatrick, to utter the famous, "I mak siccar" ("I make sure") and finish the Comyn off. Bruce was subsequently excommunicated as a result, less for the murder than for its location in a church. Regardless, for Bruce the die was cast at the moment in Greyfriars and so began his campaign by force for the independence of Scotland. Swords were drawn by supporters of both sides, the burial ground of the monastery becoming the theatre of battle. Bruce and his party then attacked Dumfries Castle. The English garrison surrendered and for the third time in the day Bruce and his supporters were victorious. He was crowned King of Scots barely seven weeks after. Bruce later triumphed at the Battle of Bannockburn and led Scotland to independence.

 

Once Edward received word of the revolution that had started in Dumfries, he again raised an army and invaded Scotland. Dumfries was again subjected to the control of Bruce's enemies. Sir Christopher Seton (Bruce's brother in law) had been captured at Loch Doon and was hurried to Dumfries to be tried for treason in general and more specifically for being present at Comyn's killing. Still in 1306 and along with two companions, Seton was condemned and executed by hanging and then beheading at the site of what is now St Mary's Church.

 

In 1659 ten women were accused of diverse acts of witchcraft by Dumfries Kirk Session although the Kirk Session minutes itself records nine witches. The Justiciary Court found them guilty of the several articles of witchcraft and on 13 April between 2 pm and 4 pm they were taken to the Whitesands, strangled at stakes and their bodies burnt to ashes.

 

Eighteenth century

The Midsteeple in the centre of the High Street was completed in 1707. Opposite the fountain in the High Street, adjacent to the present Marks & Spencer, was the Commercial and later the County Hotel. Although the latter was demolished in 1984–85, the original facade of the building was retained and incorporated into new retail premises. The building now houses a Waterstones Bookshop. Room No. 6 of the hotel was known as Bonnie Prince Charlie's Room and appropriately carpeted in the Royal Stewart tartan. The timber panelling of "Prince Charlie's room" was largely reinstated and painted complete with the oil painted landscapes by Robert Norie (1720–1766) in the overmantels at either end of the room and can still be seen as the upstairs showroom of the book shop. The Young Pretender had his headquarters here during a 3-day sojourn in Dumfries towards the end of 1745. £2,000 was demanded by the Prince, together with 1,000 pairs of brogues for his kilted Jacobite rebel army, which was camping in a field not one hundred yards distant. A rumour that the Duke of Cumberland was approaching, made Bonnie Prince Charlie decide to leave with his army, with only £1,000 and 255 pairs of shoes having been handed over.

 

Robert Burns moved to Dumfriesshire in 1788 and Dumfries itself in 1791, living there until his death on 21 July 1796. Today's Greyfriars Church overlooks the location of a statue of Burns, which was designed by Amelia Robertson Hill, sculpted in Carrara, Italy in 1882, and was unveiled by future Prime Minister, Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery on 6 April 1882. Today, it features on the 2007 series of £5 notes issued by the Bank of Scotland, alongside the Brig o' Doon.

 

After working with Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, inventor William Symington intended to carry out a trial in order to show than an engine would work on a boat without the boat catching fire. The trial finally took place on Dalswinton Loch near Dumfries on 14 October 1788. The experiment demonstrated that a steam engine would work on a boat. Symington went on to become the builder of the first practical steamboat.

 

20th century and beyond

The first official intimation that RAF Dumfries was to be built was made in late 1938. The site chosen had accommodated light aircraft since about 1914. Work progressed quickly, and on 17 June 1940, the 18 Maintenance Unit was opened at Dumfries. The role of the base during the war also encompassed training. RAF Dumfries had a moment of danger on 25 March 1943, when a German Dornier Do 217 aircraft shot up the airfield beacon, but crashed shortly afterwards. The pilot, Oberleutnant Martin Piscke was later interred in Troqueer Cemetery in Dumfries town, with full military honours. On the night of 3/4 August 1943 a Vickers Wellington bomber with engine problems diverted to but crashed 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) short of the Dumfries runway.

 

During the Second World War, the bulk of the Norwegian Army during their years in exile in Britain consisted of a brigade in Dumfries. When the army High Command took over, there were 70 officers and about 760 privates in the camp. The camp was established in June 1940 and named Norwegian Reception Camp, consisting of some 500 men and women, mainly foreign-Norwegian who had volunteered for war duty in Norway during the Nazi occupation in early 1940. Through the summer the number was built up to around 1,500 under the command of General Carl Gustav Fleischer. Within a few miles of Dumfries are the villages of Tinwald, Torthorwald and Mouswald all of which were settled by Vikings.

 

Dumfries has experienced two Boxing Day earthquakes. These were in 1979 (measuring 4.7 ML  centred near Longtown) and 2006 (centred in the Dumfries locality measuring 3.6 ML ). There were no serious consequences of either. There was also an earthquake on 16 February 1984 and a further earthquake on 7 June 2010.

 

Like the rest of Dumfries and Galloway, of Scotland's three major geographical areas Dumfries lies in the Southern Uplands.

 

The river Nith runs through Dumfries toward the Solway Firth in a southwards direction splitting the town into East and West. At low tide, the sea recedes to such an extent on the shallow sloping sands of the Solway that the length of the Nith is extended by 13 km to 113.8 km (70.7 mi). This makes the Nith Scotland's seventh longest river. There are several bridges across the river within the town. In between the Devorgilla (also known as 'The Old Bridge') and the suspension bridge is a weir colloquially known as 'The Caul'. In wetter months of the year the Nith can flood the surrounding streets. The Whitesands has flooded on average once a year since 1827.

 

Dumfries has numerous suburbs including Summerhill, Summerville, Troqueer, Georgetown, Cresswell, Larchfield, Calside, Lochside, Lincluden, Newbridge Drive, Sandside, Heathhall, Locharbriggs, Noblehill and Marchmount. Maxwelltown to the west of the river Nith, was formerly a burgh in its own right within Kirkcudbrightshire until its incorporation into Dumfries in 1929; Summerhill, Troqueer, Lochside, Lincluden, Sandside are among other suburbs located on the Maxwelltown side of the river. Palmerston Park, home to the town's senior football team Queen of the South, is on Terregles Street, also on the Maxwelltown side of the river.

 

Queensberry Square and High Street are the central focal points of the town and this area hosts many of the historical, social and commercial enterprises and events of Dumfries. During the 1990s, these areas enjoyed various aesthetic recognitions from organisations including Britain in Bloom.

 

Dumfries got its nickname 'Queen of the South' from David Dunbar, a local poet, who in 1857 stood in the general election. In one of his addresses he called Dumfries "Queen of the South" and this became synonymous with the town.

 

The term doonhamer comes from the way that natives of Dumfries over the years have referred to the area when working away from home. The town is often referred to as doon hame in the Scots language (down home). The term doonhamer followed, to describe those that originate from Dumfries.

 

The Doonhamers is also the nickname of Queen of the South who represent Dumfries and the surrounding area in the Scottish Football League.

 

The crest of Dumfries contains the words, "A Lore Burne". In the history of Dumfries close to the town was the marsh through which ran the Loreburn whose name became the rallying cry of the town in times of attack – A Lore Burne (meaning 'to the muddy stream').

 

In 2017 Dumfries was ranked the happiest place in Scotland by Rightmove.

 

Located on top of a small hill, Dumfries Museum is centred on the 18th-century windmill which stands above the town. Included are fossil footprints left by prehistoric reptiles, the wildlife of the Solway marshes, tools and weapons of the earliest peoples of the region and stone carvings of Scotland's first Christians. On the top floor of the museum is a camera obscura.

 

Based in the control tower near Tinwald Downs, the aviation museum has an extensive indoor display of memorabilia, much of which has come via various recovery activities. During the second world war, aerial navigation was taught at Dumfries also at Wigtown and nearby Annan was a fighter training unit. RAF Dumfries doubled as an important maintenance unit and aircraft storage unit. The museum is run by the Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Group and is the only private aviation museum in Scotland. The restored control tower of the former World War II airfield is now a listed building. The museum is run by volunteers and houses a large and ever expanding aircraft collection, aero engines and a display of artefacts and personal histories relating to aviation, past and present. It is also home to the Loch Doon Spitfire. Both civil aviation and military aviation are represented.

 

The Theatre Royal, Dumfries was built in 1792 and is the oldest working theatre in Scotland.

 

The theatre is owned by the Guild of Players who bought it in 1959, thereby saving it from demolition, and is run on a voluntary basis by the members of the Guild of Players. It is funded entirely by Guild membership subscriptions, and by box office receipts. It does not currently receive any grant aid towards running costs.

 

In recent years the theatre has been re-roofed and the outside refurbished. It is the venue for the Guild of Players' own productions and for performances from visiting companies. These include: Scottish Opera, TAG, the Borderline and 7:84.

 

The Robert Burns Centre is an art house cinema in Dumfries. The Odeon Cinema, which showed more mainstream movies, closed its doors in mid-2018 due to the local council refusing to allow Odeon to relocate, forcing them to close.

 

The Loreburn Hall (sometimes known colloquially as The Drill Hall) has hosted concerts by performers such as Black Sabbath, Big Country, The Proclaimers and Scottish Opera. The hall has hosted sporting events such as wrestling. The new DG One sport, fitness and entertainment centre became the principal indoor event venue in Dumfries in 2007, but in October 2014, it closed due to major defects being discovered in the building. However, the refurbished building reopened to the public in the summer of 2019. The Theatre Royal has also reopened following renovation work.

 

With a collection of over 400 Scottish paintings, Gracefield Arts Centre hosts a changing programme of exhibitions featuring regional, national and international artists and craft-makers.

 

Dumfries Art Trail brings together artists, makers, galleries and craft shops with venues accessible all year round.

 

There are a number of festivals which take place throughout the year, mostly based on traditional values.

 

Guid Nychburris (Middle Scots, meaning Good Neighbours) is the main festival of the year, a ceremony which is largely based on the theme of a positive community spirit.

 

The ceremony on Guid Nychburris Day, follows a route and sequence of events laid down in the mists of time. Formal proceedings start at 7.30 am with the gathering of up to 250 horses waiting for the courier to arrive and announce that the Pursuivant is on his way, and at 8.00 am leave the Midsteeple and ride out to meet the Pursuivant. They then proceed to Ride the Marches and Stob and Nog (mark the boundary with posts and flags) before returning to the Midsteeple at 12.15 pm to meet the Provost and then the Charter is proclaimed to the towns people of Dumfries. This is then followed by the crowning of the Queen of the South.

 

Since 2013, Dumfries has seen the annual Nithraid, a small boat race up the Nith from Carsethorn, celebrating the town's historical relationship with the river.

 

The region is also home to a number of thriving music festivals such as the Eden Festival (at St Ann's near Moffat), Youthbeatz (Scotland's largest free youth music festival), the Moniaive Folk Festival, Thornhill Music Festival, Big Burns Supper Festival and previously Electric Fields at Drumlanrig Castle.

 

Queen of the South represent Dumfries and the surrounding area in the third level of the country's professional football system, the Scottish League One. Palmerston Park on Terregles Street is the home ground of the team. This is on the Maxwelltown side of the River Nith. They reached the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, losing 3–2 to Rangers.

 

Dumfries City VFC are a virtual football club from the town.

 

Dumfries Saints Rugby Club is one of Scotland's oldest rugby clubs having been admitted to the Scottish Rugby Union in 1876–77 as "Dumfries Rangers".

 

Dumfries is also home to a number of golf courses:

 

The Crichton Golf Club

The Dumfries and County Golf Club

The Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club

 

Of those listed, only the Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club is on the Maxwelltown side of the River Nith. This course is also bisected into 2 halves of 9 holes each by the town's Castle Douglas Road. The club house and holes 1 to 7 and 17 and 18 are on the side nearest to Summerhill, Dumfries. Holes 8 to 16 are on the side nearest to Janefield.

 

The opening stage of the 2011 Tour of Britain started in Peebles and finished 105.8 miles (170.3 km) later in Dumfries. The stage was won by sprint specialist and reigning Tour de France green jersey champion, Mark Cavendish, with his teammate lead out man, Mark Renshaw finishing second. Cavendish had been scheduled to be racing in the 2011 Vuelta a España. However Cavendish was one a number of riders to withdraw having suffered in the searing Spanish heat. This allowed Cavendish to be a late addition to the Tour of Britain line up in his preparation for what was to be a successful bid two weeks later in the 2011 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race. Cavendish in a smiling post race TV interview in Dumfries described the wet and windy race conditions through the Southern Scottish stage as 'horrible'.

 

DG One complex includes a national event-sized competition swimming pool.

 

The David Keswick Athletic Centre is the principal facility in Dumfries for athletics.

 

Dumfries is home to Nithsdale Amateur Rowing Club. The rowers share their clubhouse with Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club.

 

The town is also home to Solway Sharks ice hockey team. The team are current Northern Premier League winners. The team's home rink is Dumfries Ice Bowl. Dumfries Ice bowl is also recognised as Scotland's only centre of ice hockey excellence, and trials for the Scottish Jr national team are carried out at this venu.

 

Dumfries Ice Bowl is also home to two synchronised skating teams, Solway Stars and Solway Eclipse. In addition, Dumfries Ice Bowl is also home to several curling teams, competitions and leagues. Junior curling teams from Dumfries, consisting of curlers under the age of 21, regularly compete in the Dutch Junior Open based in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands. In 2007, 2008 and 2009 a Dumfries-based team have been the winners of the competition's Hogline Trophy.

 

Dumfries hosts three outdoor bowls clubs:

 

Dumfries Bowling Club

Marchmount Bowling Club

Maxwelltown Bowling Club

 

Dumfries hosts cycling organisations and cycling holidays

 

The most significant of the parks in Dumfries are all within walking distance of the town centre:-

 

Dock Park – located on the East bank of the Nith just to the South of St Michael's Bridge

Castledykes Park – as the name suggests on the site of a former castle

Mill Green (also known as deer park, although the deer formerly accommodated there have since been relocated) – on the West bank of the Nith opposite Whitesands

 

There are many buildings in Dumfries made from sandstone of the local Locharbriggs quarry.

 

The quarry is situated off the A701 on the north of Dumfries at Locharbriggs close to the nearby aggregates quarry. This dimension stone quarry is a large quarry. Quarry working at Locharbriggs dates from the 18th century, and the quarry has been worked continuously since 1890.

 

There are good reserves of stone that can be extracted at several locations. On average the stone is available at depths of 1m on bed although some larger blocks are obtainable. The average length of a block is 1.5m but 2.6m blocks can be obtained.

 

Locharbriggs is from the New Red Sandstone of the Permian age. It is a medium-grained stone ranging in colour from dull red to pink. It is the sandstone used in the Queen Alexandra Bridge in Sunderland, the Manchester Central Convention Complex and the base of the Statue of Liberty.

Resting - even then it looks like communication. Are these 2 letters? A 'C' from Taj and a very long 'M' from Kita? Or.... I've been puzzling to read this message for a whlie now. Do you any ideas or clues?

found photo

Emo Girl At The Bus Stop.

(Linoleum Cut).

Pretty little Emo Girl sitting all alone,

she is sad,

she is happy ,

crying on her phone,

she talks like a poet,

sings like the wind,

sometimes she is quiet,

moving as the wind,

seen her yelling at the top of her lungs,

pretty little Emo,

shaking off her wings,

can't seem to read her,

as she sits all alone,

pretty little Emo,

writing her fingers too the bone,

a private sort of creature,

living in a dream,

talking about suicide,

as she stares at the ground,

pretty little Emo,

she now lets out a smile,

no one understands her,

no one should even try,

O how can (YOU) not love the pretty little Emo ?

Even at 21 she is much too young,

she listens to bands,

that no one even knows,

that is what makes her language flows,

the bus has now arrived,

throwing things into her over sized black bag,

she bows her head,

as she steps gently inside,

to where she is headed?

Doesn't really matter,

she is a pretty little emo girl,

headed out all alone.

Steve.D.Hammond.

Manu.

Luke now knows sign language for equal. Using sign language to explain human rights to a four year old well, that is another story.

The Afrikaans Language Monument symbolises the contributions of Africa, Europe, and the Malayo-Indonesian world to the development of the language. Unfortunately, I didn't get a great shot of the wall on the stairway of the monument represents the influence of Malay-Indonesian languages on the development of Afrikaans. This is the wall on the stairway of the monument, the top of which is just poking up here, centre of shot. The rising trio of obelisks on the right represents Europe; the domes representing Africa aren't visible in this shot. I'll try better next time!

 

The Afrikaans Language Monument (Afrikaans: Afrikaanse Taalmonument) is located on a hill overlooking Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Officially opened on 10 October 1975, it commemorates the semicentenary of Afrikaans being declared an official language of South Africa separate from Dutch. Also, it was erected on the 100th anniversary of the founding of Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners (the Society of Real Afrikaners) in Paarl, the organisation that helped strengthen Afrikaners' identity and pride in their language.

 

The monument, surprisingly post-modern for the product of an authoritarian right-wing state, consists of various tapering structures of a convex and concave nature, symbolising the influences of different languages and cultures on Afrikaans itself, as well as political developments in South Africa, as follows:

* three columns symbolise the European heritage of the language. The columns are from high to low to illustrate Europe’s diminishing influence on Afrikaans.

* three convex mounds on a podium symbolise the African influences on the language

* a wall on the stairway symbolises the influence of the Malay language and culture, placed between the curves of Western Europe and Africa as a separate entity. Yet it forms a unity with the two forces of Western Europe and Africa that merge to form the bridge that symbolically depicts the roots of Afrikaans.

* the highest column (about 57m high) symbolises the growth of Afrikaans and is open at the top. The other writer that inspired the architect, CJ Langenhoven, wrote that Afrikaans grows like a “fast-rising arch”; the second very high column represents South Africa and the declaration of the Republic of South Africa in 1960.

 

There is also an open stadium at the bottom of the structure where concerts and events are held.

 

This description incorporates text from the English Wikipedia and the official Afrikaanse Taalmuseum & -monument website.

This memorial has been researched by the Roll of Honour team, and where information has been used from that site it is identified as (RoH).

www.roll-of-honour.com/Norfolk/NorwichStSaviour.html

 

W H Ager

 

William Henry AGER (RoH)

Private 328231, 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment. Killed in action 28th August 1918. Aged 19. Born and enlisted Norwich. Son of Mr. and Mrs. C. Ager, of 15, Golden Dog Lane, St. George's, Norwich. Buried in PERONNE ROAD CEMETERY, MARICOURT, Somme, France. Plot III. Row I. Grave 3.

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=310602

 

There is a picture of William Henry on Norlink

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

The accompanying notes read

Ager, Private William Henry, 3/4 Norfolk Regiment

Resident at 15 Golden Dog Lane, Norwich; enlisted 7 November 1915; killed in action in France, 26 August 1918.

 

The 2 year William , born Norwich, can be found on the 1901 Census at 15 Golden Dog Lane in the parish of St Saviour, This is the household of his parents, Charles, (aged 42 and a Carpenter from Norwich) and Caroline, (also aged 42 and from Norwich). Their other children are:-

Annie…….aged 18.….born Norwich…..Yarn Picker

Edith………aged 15.…born Norwich…..Yarn Twister

Sidney……aged 12.….born Norwich

Charles…..aged 8.……born Norwich

Alice…….aged 4.……born Norwich

 

However, while Charles senior still appears to be in Norwich for the 1911 census, his wife, William, Charles and Alice appear to be completely absent.

 

The Battalion would have been involved in the general advance following the Third Battle of Albert, which is one of the divisional Battle Honours.

 

Battle of Albert (1918) (August 21 - 22, 1918) was the third battle by that name fought during World War I, following the First Battle of Albert, and the Second Battle of Albert, with each of the series of three being fought roughly two years apart. This smaller third battle was significant in that it was the opening push that would lead to the Second Battle of the Somme, and heavily involved the New Zealand Division, formed after the disastrous Gallipoli campaign. This attack opened the advance, with the main attack being launched by the British Third Army, with the United States II Corps attached.

The attacks developed into an advance, which pushed the German 2nd Army back along a 50-mile (80 km) front line. On August 22, the New Zealand Division took Albert, with the British and Americans advancing on Arras. On August 29, Bapaume fell into British and American hands, which resulted in an advance by the Australian Corps, who crossed the Somme River on August 31 and broke the German lines during the Battle of Mont St. Quentin. Ultimately, the overall battle resulted in the German Army being pushed back to the Hindenburg Line, from which they had launched their spring offensive.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1918)

www.cwgc.org/victory1918/content.asp?menuid=35&submen...

 

A Barber

Arthur BARBER (RoH)

Private 267239, 13th (Service) Battalion (Forest of Dean)(Pioneers), Gloucestershire Regiment. Died 26th April 1918. Born St Saviour, Norwich, enlisted Norwich. No known grave. Commemorated on TYNE COT MEMORIAL, Zonnebeke, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Panel 72 to 75.

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=847003

(No personal details on CWGC).

 

We have a 2 year old Arthur A, born Norwich, and living at Tarrells Yard, which appears to be in the Cowgate \ Bull Close area in the neighbouring parish of St Pauls, as well as a 4 year old Arthur and his 26 year old father of the same name living in nearby St Augustines. There are then a further 5 Arthur \ Alfred’s of the right sort of age to have fought in WW1 in the ranks, i.e. born after 1875 and with a Norwich connection.

 

The division of which Arthur’s unit was part lists amongst its battle honours for 1918

Second Battle of Kemmel. 25-26 Apr.

As part of the German assault there was a heavy bombardment of the Artillery and rear areas with both conventional shell and gas.

www.webmatters.net/belgium/ww1_lys_4.htm

 

W Barber

William BARBER (RoH)

Private 6692, Depot, Norfolk Regiment. Died 9th July 1917. Aged 33. Husband of Ellen Barber, of 2, Mischief Yard, Peacock St., Norwich. Buried in NORWICH CEMETERY, Norfolk. Plot/Row/Section V. Grave 547.

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2803041

No match on Norlink

 

The 17 year old William,(born Norwich and employed as a Shoe Finisher), can be found on the 1901 census at 176 St George Street, in the parish of St Augustines. This is the household of his widower father, James, (aged 59 and a Publican from Norwich), Also resident is William’s brother, Walter, aged 19 and a shoe finisher from Norwich.

 

Wm A. Bassett

William A BASSETT (RoH)

Private 250620, 1st/6th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry. Killed in action 28th July 1918. Aged 23. Born and enlisted Norwich. Son of Mrs. L. E. Bassett, of 2, Ling's Court, Stump Goss, Magdalen St., Norwich. Formerly 5565, Norfolk Regiment. Buried in THELUS MILITARY CEMETERY, Pas de Calais, France. Plot V. Row C. Section 1.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=296709

CWGC only lists this soldier as W Bassett.

Brother of Walter Albert listed below.

No match on Norlink

 

The 1901 Census has the 4 year old Willie, born Norwich, recorded at 18, Gildencroft in the Parish of St Augustines. This is the household of his parents, George, (aged 45 and a sweep, no place of birth recorded), and Lottie, (aged 39 and from Norwich). The rest of their children are:-

Richard…………..aged 16.……born Norwich……Printers apprentice

Ethel………………aged 15.…..born Norwich

George……………aged 11.…..born Norwich

Walter…………….aged 10.….born Norwich

Lillian…………….aged 6.……born Norwich

Hilda…………..aged 2.……….born Norwich

 

The 1st/6th had been reduced to a cadre by the end of June, with surplus men being released to other units. As the Thelus Military Cemetery was used for battlefield casualties, I suspect Private Bassett was one of those surplus men, and he died while serving with another unit.

 

Wr.A.Bassett

Walter Albert BASSETT (RoH)

Private 12784, 7th Battalion, Norfolk Regiment. Died 13th October 1915. Aged 24. Born St Saviour, Norwich, enlisted Norwich. Son of Mrs. L. Bassett, of 2, Ling's Court, Magdalen St., Norwich; husband of Laura V. Watling (formerly Bassett), of 2, St. Saviour's Alley, Magdalen St., Norwich. Commemorated on LOOS MEMORIAL, Pas de Calais, France. Panel 30 and 31.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=727290

Brother of William above.

No match on Norlink

 

See William above for 1901 Census details.

 

On 12th October 1915 the Battalion moved from billets to a line in front of the St Elie Quarries, taking over from the Coldstream Guards. The attack was planned to go ahead the following day under a smoke cloud with the Norfolks closing on the German trenches from both ends of their position thus straightening their line, their own trenches being in a semi-circle. The left side of the Battalion was also tasked with bombing a German communications trench. A bright sunny day with an ideal wind for moving the smoke towards the enemy positions, the artillery bombardment began at 12:00 and was intensive by 13:45. 54 heavy and 86 field howitzers and 286 field guns fired on enemy trenches in the area of the Hohenzollern Redoubt, Fosse 8, the Quarries, Gun Trench and the positions south to Chalk Pit Wood. It failed to cause sufficient damage to the enemy positions. The smoke barrage went wrong and ceased by 13:40, twenty minutes before the attack was launched at 14:00 and was thus very thin. German machine gun fire from in front and from the direction of Slag Alley, opposite the Norfolks right flank, enfiladed their attack. Whilst they gained a foothold in the Quarries and consolidated the position they were unable to advance further. In the battalions first serious engagement they lost 5 Officers killed or died of wounds and 6 wounded, and 66 other ranks killed, 196 wounded and 160 missing.

Source: 1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=42270

 

W G Brown

William George BROWN (RoH)

Driver T/326178, Royal Army Service Corps. Died in India 6th October 1918. Born, resident and enlisted Norwich. Buried in Bangalore (Hosur Road) Cemetery and commemorated on MADRAS 1914-1918 WAR MEMORIAL, CHENNAI, India. Face 26.

Note: The MADRAS 1914-1918 MEMORIAL is situated at the rear of the Madras War Cemetery. It bears the names of more than 1,000 servicemen who died during the First World War who lie in many civil and cantonment cemeteries in various parts of India where it is not possible to maintain their graves in perpetuity.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1465419

No match on Norlink.

 

The 1911 Census high level search contains two individuals with the first names William George with a Norwich, (although there are also two George Williams). There are of course many William Browns who may be the man we are looking for. The details available are:

Circa 1901 born Norwich resident Norwich

Circa 1880 born Norwich resident Norwich

On the 1901 census the 1901 born individual doesn’t even appear, and therefore as its likely he was born after March 1901 its very unlikely he was serving overseas in the British Army in 1918.

There are two William Brown’s that match the 1880 individual and neither are listed with any middle names. Therefore any further information I add here would simply be mis-leading.

 

E D Brundish

Edgar Donald BRUNDISH (RoH)

Private 3/8042, 1st Battalion, Norfolk Regiment. Died 7th October 1915. Aged 39. Son of Edgar John and Ruth Brundish, of Norwich. Buried in POINT 110 OLD MILITARY CEMETERY, FRICOURT, Somme, France. Plot/Row/Section G. Grave 8.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=571013

 

There is a picture of Private Brundish on Norlink

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

The accompanying notes read

Born at St. James's, Norwich on 22nd December 1879, Private Brundish was educated at Silver Road School. He enlisted 25th August 1914 and was killed in action in France on 7th November 1915

 

(NB, the Norlink date is different to the CWGC\Roll of Honour Date.)

 

The 21 year old Edgar, (born Norwich and a Boot and Shoe Maker by trade), is recorded at 12 Mousehold Street in the Parish of St James with Pockthorpe on the 1901 census. He is married to Edith , aged 21 and a Boot Machinist, also from Norwich. Edgar is the head of household.

 

On the 1891 Census the 11 year old Edgar D. is recorded at The Paddocks, Silver Road in the Parish of St James. He is already employed as a Domestic Servant - a House Boy. Unfortunately, Edgar’s name is at the top of the page, with his parents, (and any elder siblings) on the previous page. He has 5 younger siblings:-

Ronald N………..aged 9.…..born Norwich

Patricia R……….aged 7.…..born Norwich….recorded as deaf and dumb

Rupert Jn……….aged 5.…..born Norwich

Maud M………..aged 3.……born Norwich

Percy Ed……….aged 1.……born Norwich.

 

Fortunately Edgar is just old enough to make the 1881 census. There his parents are listed as John, (aged 34?, and possibly a Brewers Serv.?, from Horning) and Ruth, aged 24 and also from Horning. There are no older siblings listed.

 

Interestingly, a family history web-site gives some slightly difference information. Edgar’s father John married Ruth Thompson in Norwich in 1879. Their children are listed as

Beatrice R. Brundish, b. 1884, Norwich, England, d. 1896, Aged 12 London.

Edgar Donald Brundish, b. 1880, Norwich, England, d. 07 Oct 1915, World War 1 France.

Percy Edward Brundish, b. 1890, Norwich, England, d. 1937, Wisbech.

Reginald Victor Brundish, b. 1882, Norwich, England, d. 1916, World War 1.

Rupert John Brundish, b. 1886, Norwich, England, d. date unknown, Australia. +Maud Maria Brundish, b. 04 Oct 1887, Norwich, England, d. 1981, Norwich, England.

Hilda R. Brundish, b. 1897, Norwich, England, d. date unknown.

familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/t/h/o/Donald-J-Thorpe...

 

Name: BRUNDISH, REGINALD V.

Rank: Bombardier Regiment/Service: Royal Field Artillery Unit Text: 35th Div. Ammunition Col. Age: 35 Date of Death: 17/07/1916 Service No: 6942

Grave/Memorial Reference: 27. 242. Cemetery: NORWICH CEMETERY, Norfolk

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2803070

 

The 1st Battalion were on rotation in and out of the front-line trenches at Fricourt at this time, in what was then a comparatively quiet sector. Sniping and the occasional artillery \ mortar barrage would take their toll. For a glimpse of this, take a look at the War Diary of the 1st Battalion Bedfordshire Regiment who were in the same Brigade as the 1st Norfolks and frequently fought together.

www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/1stbn/1stbtn1915diary.html

 

F B Edwards

Benjamin Frederick EDWARDS (RoH)

[Listed as F B on memorial and CWGC] Private 3673, 1st/4th Battalion, Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action 4th October 1915. Enlisted Norwich. Buried in 7th FIELD AMBULANCE CEMETERY, Turkey. Special Memorial Plot/Row/Section A. Grave 64.

Note: There are now 640 Commonwealth servicemen of the First World War buried or commemorated in this cemetery. 276 of the burials are unidentified but special memorials commemorate 207 casualties known or believed to be buried among them.

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=605477

No match on Norlink

 

There is no Frederick Benjamin or Benjamin Frederick with a Norfolk connection listed on the 1911 Census. There are numerous Frederick Edwards on the 1901 Census including one aged 6, born Norwich and currently resident at 30 Silver Road, Norwich in the neighbouring parish of St.Pauls, while there is also a 19 year old Benjamin Edwards, a Boot and Shoe Operator from Norwich who was currently residing at 43 Barracks Street, in the neighbouring parish of St James.

 

Fortunately the baptism records for some of these parish’s are on line. There is a Frederick Benjamin listed who was born 12th January 1895 and baptised the 24th September 1896 at the church of St.James, Pockthorpe. His parents are listed as Ellis William and Ellen Elizabeth. His fathers occupation is given as drayman. Going back to the census, this ties in with the 6 year old at Silver Road.

 

At the time of the 1901 census, Ellis was aged 34 and a Drayman from Long Stratton. Ellen was 36 and probably also from Long Stratton. As well as Frederick, their other children are:-

Alfred…….aged 14.…born Norwich……occupation undecipherable

Charles……aged 13.…born Norwich

Gertie…….aged 10.…born Norwich

Florence….aged 4.….born Norwich

 

After the fighting in the middle of August, the struggle was more against disease and hardship than against Turkish guns and rifles. Dysentery caused havoc in all ranks, and in the middle of October there remained of the 1/4th Battalion only sixteen officers and 242 men fit for duty.

user.online.be/~snelders/sand.htm

 

H E Fitt

Frank Herbert FITT (RoH) - but see my notes.

[Listed as H F on memorial and CWGC] Private 235096, 1st/5th Battalion, The King's (Liverpool Regiment). Killed in action 31st July 1917. Aged 27. Born Norwich, enlisted and resident Lowestoft. Son of Harry and Sally Fitt, of Eden Villa, 2, Eden St., Lowestoft; husband of Hilda Pearl Fitt, of 146, Raglan St., Lowestoft. No known grave. Commemorated on YPRES (MENIN GATE) MEMORIAL, Ieper, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Panel 4 and 6.

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1612459

 

I’ve looked at all the shots I took and its definitely an E, not an F. There is no H E Fitt listed on CWGC but there is a possible H Fitt.

 

Name: FITT Initials: H

Rank: Lance Corporal Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Date of Death: 25/04/1917 Service No: 9672

Grave/Memorial Reference: VI. H. 22. Cemetery: CABARET-ROUGE BRITISH CEMETERY, SOUCHEZ

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=585647

 

However, the 1901 Census throws up a new possibility - the 3 year old Harrold Fitt, born Norwich and living at 2, Cat & Fiddle Yard in the parish of St,Saviour. This is the household of his parents, Walter, (aged 40 and a Shoemaker from Norwich), and Emma, (aged 36 and from Norwich). Their other children are:-

Alice…………..aged 14.……………born Norwich

Walter…………aged 11.……………born Norwich

Sidney…………aged 9.…………….born Norwich

Maude…………aged 8.…………….born Norwich

May……………aged 5.……………born Norwich

Hilda…………..aged 1.……………born Norwich

 

As the 1st Battalion man is the only one of the four H. Fitt listed on the CWGC database who doesn’t have parents shown, and as the other three have parents who are not a Walter and Emma, the guesswork for now is that he is our man.

 

And indeed Lance Corporal H Fitt,9672, is down on the Great War Roll of Honour as a “Harold” Fitt.

 

Lance Corporal Fitt probably died as a result of wounds received in the attack of the 23/24th April.

 

From the War Diary of the 1st Bedfords

Report on action at La Coulotte.. Lt. Colonel P.B. Worrall M.C. Commanding 1st Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment.

Sir, I have the honour to report that I received orders to attack LA COULOTTE from T.1.d.1/9 to T.1.a.3/9. and attach a copy of my Operation Orders which I personally explained in detail to all Officers and NCO’s. Briefly, I had to make:

(a) a frontal attack to the N.

(b) a flank attack East on WATER TOWER TRENCH.

AND (c) attack on triangle south of WATER TRENCH from the south, including a large part of CYRIL TRENCH held by the Germans.

The whole undertaking seemed to be most hazardous.

I considered the WATER TOWER TRENCH to be key to the situation and so attacked it frontally and in enfilade. Had I not got this footing, my Battalion must haave been wiped out by WATER TOWER TRENCH if we were held up by wire.

NARRATIVE.

4.40am. For half an hour previous to this I heard no M.G. fire and this proved a successful deployment.

5.15am. Two wounded reported that left company had reached 1st line German trench. It proved afterwards to be correct but with regard to extreme left only.

6.15am. 24 prisoners marched in from DEVONS and BEDFORDS captured at the junction of these two Battalions. 6.5am O.C. right assault company reported wounded but right company going through gaps. This Officer in charge and many others afterwards reported that it took at least five minutes to get through the wire, that there were few gaps, and a double belt (the first one 15 yards thick) in front of the first line.

7.05am. Touch with NORFOLKS reported.

7.55amj. Right 2nd wave (“C” Coy.) report they had passed through first objective (second German line) met with strong resistance, machine gun fire from houses and minerwerfer, but captured 9 prisoners (sent back), and 2 machine guns which they later smashed, and parties actually reached buildings T.1.b.5/9 and made a great attempt to rush LA COULOTTE from there, patrols were also sent out from there to try and get touch with the NORFOLKS , and companies on the left.

9.50am. NCO’s from “B” and “D” (left companies) reported that their right was held up, they had been surrounded and several prisoners had been taken. I have satisfied myself that these men were between two belts of wire with wire and a communication trench on the right from which they were enfiladed, and the gaps through which they had advanced were covered, and that they were bombed from the front and like rats in a trap.

Lt. Hunter from the right and who was on the other side of the road witnessed it and stated they were absolutely powerless.

10.00am. I sent orders to “A” and “C” to hang on and throw a defensive flank from junction of LENS-ARRAS ROAD and 1st German line and make strenuous efforts to get in touch with “B” and “D” .

11.05am. Lt. Woodford wounded, reported that “B” and “D” took the German 2nd line and were at once driven out of it with the exception of extreme left (communication trench T.1.a.30/95). Capt. C.A.S. Morris O.C. B Company was killed in rallying his men to make a gallant attack on machine guns, holding up their advance from 2nd line. At the same time I received a message that the remnants of A and C Companies were under 100 in WATER TOWER TRENCH and TRIANGLE, and that there were some NORFOLKS fighting with them and that they could not hold out much longer. They asked for reinforcements and bombs.

1.30pm. I applied at once for permission to conduct retirement in person but on this being refused I despatched Lt.H.J.EVERERTT MC with all available men from headquarters with 700 bombs and detailed orders for retirement if forced back, and I considered it imperative:

1. To hold the strong point in CYRIL TRENCH and not save the OUTPOST LINE

2. To evacuate my wounded (some 30) in the TUNNEL before evacuation.

My orders were more than carried out, the bombs were taken up under heavy fire, though some sent up by another Regiment failed to arrive, a splendid attack was led by a Sergeant of the NORFOLKS before the withdrawal, all the wounded were got away, and barricade strengthened before withdrawal.

[Cannot read time]. Verbal message received that A and C Companies had withdrawn to our original OUTPOST LINE and that Lt. H.J.EVERETT MC again sent up with a further supply of ammunition and bombs for strong point in CYRIL TRENCH.

[Cannot read time]. My position at the time of this withdrawal was:

1. About 60 men of “A” and “C”, all me effective rifles and some NORFOLKS from about T.1.a.6/7 to T.1.a.9/0 (German Front Line).

2. On my left from T.1.a.5/6 to T.1.a.1/8 the remnants of “B” and “D” lying out in front of German Wire till dusk, being continually bombed, grenaded and minenwerfened.

[Cannot read time]. A proportion of “B” and “D” Companies withdrew under the smoke of a protective barrage on German 2nd Line trench, to left of OLD OUTPOST LINE.

Copy of orders of my forced retirement attached.

I consider that my Officers, NCO’s and men showed great devotion to duty against untold odds, particularly wire and machine guns and I am forwarding under separate cover a list of recommendations.

I have the honour to be, Sir, your obedient servant

P.R.WORRALL, Lt.Colonel commanding 1st Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/1stbtn/1stbtn1917appendices.html

 

F Futter

F FUTTER (RoH) - but see my notes

 

Either Frank Charles FUTTER, Private 10554, 3rd Battalion, Coldstream Guards. Killed in action 11th May 1915. Aged 20. Born Burnham Thorpe, enlisted Norwich, resident Wells, Norfolk. Son of Charles and Elizabeth Futter, of Graver's Cottage, Burnham Thorpe, King's Lynn. Buried in CUINCHY COMMUNAL CEMETERY, Pas de Calais, France. Plot II. Row A. Grave 1.

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=594134

 

Or Frederick FUTTER, Private G/10190. 1st Battalion, Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment). Killed in action 25th September 1915. Born St Bartholomew's. Norfolk, enlisted Norwich. Formerly 13023, Norfolk Regiment. Buried in CAMBRIN CHURCHYARD EXTENSION, Pas de Calais, France. Plot/Row/Section H. Grave 25.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=170678

 

The 1911 census has a Frederick Futter, born Norwich circa 1896 and still recorded in the district. There are no Futters recorded living in Norwich on the 1901 census, and no Norwich baptisms on the transcribed records available for the period 1881 to 1901. Frank is up at Burnham Thorpe, along with his nephew Walter Frederick who also died in the Great War.

 

The register of births doesn’t appear to have anything for 1896, but in 1895 in the April June quarter there is a Frederick John H recorded at Yarmouth.

 

The Great War Roll of Honour has Frederick down as Fred., and Frank Charles down as Charles F.

 

Therefore the balance is looking more like Frederick rather than Frank.

 

25th September-30th September 1915.

When dawn broke on the morning of 25th it seemed as if the elements had again conspired to make the attack abortive, for heavy rain fell and the wind, what there was of it, shifted almost continually; it was a bad day for the projection of gas. Indeed, one Brigade of the 2nd Division (6th) notified Divisional Headquarters that the wind was unfavourable, but was ordered to proceed with the projection. So, at 5.50 a.m., the cylinders were opened and great clouds of asphyxiating gas were projected into the air, whilst the smoke candles were lighted. But instead of the gas floating across No Man's Land and settling down over the German trenches, it hung lifeless in the air or blew back upon the British trenches from which it had been projected, in many places with disastrous effects.

The left Battalion (the Highlanders) of the 19th Brigade fared worse than the right-the Middlesex-for the ground in front of the former was much cut up by craters, and in these the gas hung about with exasperating stillness.

Across No Man's Land the Germans could be seen donning gas masks and using sprays-in order to dispel the gas-whilst all along their parapets, at intervals of about 20-30 yards, they lighted fires for the same purpose, and by their activities they appeared quite unaffected by the noxious fumes. For forty minutes the gas projection lasted and then, at 6.30 a.m., the signal was given for the assault.

"A", "B" and "C" Companies of the 1st Middlesex, awaiting the order to go forward, at once began their advance; "D" Company was in reserve. But the men had not gone more than a few yards ere a storm of rifle and machine-gun bullets tore their ranks to shreds and No Man's Land was soon littered with killed and wounded. Undeterred by the gas fumes the Germans stood up in their trenches, in many places upon the parapets, and poured a deadly accurate fire upon the advancing British troops. For not alone from in front of the gallant Die-Hards did fierce resistance take place, but all up and down the line. Unable to make further progress, the Middlesex men laid down. By this time the German trenches, which when the advance began had been lightly held, were packed with men and the volume of fire increased. With orders to reinforce the three forward companies, "D" Company now "went over the top," only to share a similar fate, and survivors lay close to the ground with a rain of bullets pouring overhead. The Battalion Diary records the action in the following and all too brief words: "At 5.50 a.m. a gas attack was opened on the German trenches for 40 minutes. This was not, however, very successful, and did not have much effect. At 6.30 the Battalion attacked with three Companies in the front line and one Company ("D") in reserve. The Battalion was all flung into the line, but failed to get further forward than 100 yards and were then hung up. Gunners again shelled the hostile line, but no further advance was made. At 12 noon the Battalion was ordered to withdraw into Brigade Reserve, having lost very heavily in both officers and men. A large proportion of N.C.Os. were casualties."

The 19th Brigade Diary throws but little further light on the action, though the position of the Brigade at 7.30 a.m. is given thus: "1st Middlesex about 100 yards in front of our front-line trenches; 2nd A. and S. Highlanders being under cover of the German parapet by the wire " (a terrible position). Then a little later the narrative states: "2nd A. and S. Highlanders withdrawn to their original trenches, leaving many men behind, including two complete platoons who reached the German front trenches. 1st Middlesex, trying to get on, are a hundred yards in front. Artillery shell the German front line very heavily. A bombardment under 2nd Divisional orders was arranged to start at 9a.m., after which infantry were to advance. 2nd Royal Welch Fusiliers now put out two companies to support the Middlesex, but they were met with fierce opposition and lose heavily. Bombers of 1st Middlesex reach the craters at "D," but are heavily fired on by our own artillery." At 9.45a.m. orders were received at Brigade Headquarters stating that as the attack on the right of the 2nd Division was progressing favourably, no further attack was to be made for the present by the 19th Brigade and the 6th Brigade ( the latter was on the left of the former).

Amongst the appendices to the Diary of the 19th Infantry Brigade, however, are several field messages of special interest to the Middlesex Regiment, and although there are gaps in the story it is possible to follow the course of the Battle from a battalion point of view.

The first message, timed 6.57 a.m., is from Brigade Headquarters to Battalion Headquarters Middlesex and reads: "Any news aaa How far have you advanced aaa Is gas returning you aaa Keep me well informed so that artillery barrage may be altered to suit if you want it." In reply to this message there follow several, one after the other, from the O.C. Middlesex, and they are given in their correct order, though the first was evidently despatched while the Brigade message was on its way to Battalion Headquarters: (i) "6.50 a.m. Much opposition to our front. Please ask guns to shell Les Briques trench." (ii) "7 a.m. Reserve company has got on, but we are being very heavily fired at." (iii) "7.16 a.m. Line held up. Very heavy fire aaa Have " (here the message is overwritten and is unreadable. (iv) "7.20 a.m. Ask guns to shell German front-line trench aaa Railway trench I mean." (v) "7.26 a.m. Don't think gas is affecting us or Germans. They are holding their front-line trench aaa Our Battalion is all out in area between their front trench and ours aaa 2nd Royal Welch Fusiliers are now up aaa It is essential to now shell hostile front trench." (vi) "7.30 a.m. Reported casualties probably 400, but impossible to tell aaa Have observed an enormous number fall." ( vii) "7.55 a.m. Must shell German first line aaa Our men are all out in front aaa Almost all must be killed or wounded aaa Please shell first line aaa Welch Fusiliers are now advancing." And, at 8 a.m. the Commanding Officer asks for men for the attack on his left: "Is there any news re Argylls and Sutherlands ?"

It is apparent from the last message that no news had reached the Commanding Officer of the Middlesex from his own front line of the situation on his left flank. About 8 a.m., however, Colonel Rowley received the following message from Lieut. A. D. Hill ( commanding "C" Company): "Enemy very strong in front with machine-guns and rifles. "C" Company strength only about 30 or 35 men. Impossible to advance on account of machine guns. Mr. Henry and 3 men alone remain out of two platoons. Can we have reinforcements ? We are in Square 27B in crater S.E. of road and about 60 yards south Point 79." To which, at 8.12 a.m., Colonel Rowley replied: "Hang on where you are until reinforced." The next message is written on a small muddy and blood-stained piece of paper: "8.30 a.m. "B" Company attack held up 100 yards out of own trench. Major Swainson wounded. "B" Company knocked out, few men stand fast." It is signed "P. Choate, 2nd Lieutenant."

The only other information received by Colonel Rowley from No Man's Land was a second message from Lieut. Choate, timed 10.50 a.m.: "So far as can ascertain "B" Company nearly wiped out. A few men are lying near me 100 yards in front of our front trench to left of wrecked aeroplane and facing Les Briques Farm. I have not enough men to advance further. Can you reinforce or give orders ?" There is no reply in the Diaries to this message.

The one bright spot in the attack was an assault from the left flank carried out by the Grenade Reserve platoon, assisted by a platoon of the Reserve Company ("D"). These gallant fellows attacked a large crater (at D) and actually captured it.

There is little more to tell ! At 1.15 p.m. the Battalion- all that was left of it-was ordered into reserve at Siding No. 3 and Braddell Trench. When this movement had been carried out, but a handful of men-84 other ranks-were mustered, though when darkness had fallen over the battlefield on the night of 25th other men, who had been lying out all day in No 2 Man's Land, were able to withdraw. The little party of "D" Company who had hung on to the crater they had captured were also withdrawn. During the day they had actually pushed beyond the crater, but were held up by very thick hostile wire entanglements, and the grenade officer was killed whilst trying to force a way through. A machine gun had also been pushed forward into the crater and did great execution, but the machinegun officer being wounded, the gun had to be withdrawn. Throughout the morning the Battalion stretcher-bearers performed many gallant deeds and worked heroically

Ten officers killed (Captains N. Y. L. Welman, F. V. A. Dyer, L. G. Coward and R. J. Deighton; 2nd Lieuts. C. A. J. Mackinnon, C. Pery, B. U. Hare, A. L. Hill, R. C. Mellish, J. H. Linsell; Lieut. A. W. R. Carless died of wounds on 27th September.) and 7 wounded; 73 other ranks killed, 285 wounded, 66 missing, 7 gassed and 2 suffering from shell concussion-a total of 455-were the casualties suffered by the 1st Middlesex throughout the day. Well indeed might the Brigadier-General (P. R. Robertson) commanding 28th Brigade write in a letter to Colonel Rowley, dated 26th September: "Please convey to all ranks my very high appreciation of the splendid behaviour of all ranks in yesterday's action. They did all that it was possible to do under such circumstances; their conduct was most gallant and fully upheld the fine reputation of the Die-Hards."

Source freespace.virgin.net/howard.anderson/loos.htm

 

S Guyett

Sidney GUYETT (RoH)

Private 241797, 1st/5th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers. Died 14th November 1916. Born Norwich, enlisted Norwich. Formerly 3165, Norfolk Regiment. Buried in THIEPVAL MEMORIAL, Somme, France. Pier and Face 10 B 11 B and 12 B.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=788145

No match on Norlink

 

No match on either the 1911 or 1901 Census, although there are plenty of Guyett’s in Norfolk,

 

The attack on Hook Sap 14th November 1916

 

Captain Francis Buckley wrote, in Q6a and Other Places:

 

The position in front was now as follows. The 1st Division had pushed the enemy back to a line running along the top of a ridge running from the Butte of Warlencourt practically due east. This ridge prevented our seeing the enemy's approaches and support positions in Le Barque. On the other hand from Loupart Wood the whole of our approaches and support trenches were in full view of the enemy, as far back as High Wood. Across those two miles no one could move in daylight without being seen by the enemy, and there was practically no position to put our field guns forward of High Wood. The enemy's front line consisted of two trenches - Gird Line and Gird support - with a forward trench on the top of the ridge, called on the left 'Butte Trench' and on the right 'Hook Sap.' Our front line Snag Trench and Maxwell Trench lay this side of the ridge and about two hundred yards away from the German forward trench.

 

The Butte of Warlencourt, an old Gallic burial place, was a round chalk hill, rising about 100 feet above ground level; and had been mined with deep dugouts and made into a formidable strong point. From the Butte, machine guns defended the approaches to Hook Sap, and from Hook Sap and the Gird Line, machine guns defended the approaches to the Butte. The ground between and around the opposing trenches had been ploughed up with innumerable shells, some of huge calibre, and it was now a spongy morass, difficult to cross at a walk and impossible at a run. As events proved, unless both the Butte and the Gird Line could be taken at the same time, the one would render the other impossible to hold. This then was the problem that faced the 50th Division, a problem that would have been difficult enough in the driest of weather, but rendered four times more so by the rain which fell in deluges on three days out of four during the whole of October and November.

 

I have dealt with these details rather fully, because this phase of the Somme battle has been passed over as a thing of no account. The eyes of the public have been directed to the successful operations at Beaumont Hamel and Beaucourt. They have not been directed to the misery and horror that we endured heroically but unavailingly on the slopes between Eaucourt L'Abbaye and Le Barque. Never have the soldiers of the 50th Division deserved more and won less praise than they did during the operations between October 25 and November 15. I have no pen to describe the conditions that were faced by the brave men, who after labouring unceasingly in the slimy horrors and rain for three weeks without rest or relief, stormed and took Hook Sap, only to be cut off and killed to the last man by successive counter- attacks. It is a sorrowful page in the history of the 7th N.F., but for stark grim courage and devotion to duty it cannot be surpassed by anything in the history of the battalion.

At dawn on November 14 the 149th Brigade attacked the Hook Sap and Gird Line, the 5th N.F. on the right, the 7th N.F. on the left opposite the sap At the same time the Australian Corps attacked farther to the right, but no attack was made on the Butte itself. An officer, who was in the trenches south-west of the Butte and saw the Northumberlands go forward, told me that he had never seen such a strange sight. The men staggered forward a few yards, tumbled into shell-holes or stopped to pull out less fortunate comrades, forward a few more yards, and the same again and again. All the while the machine guns from the German trenches poured a pitiless hail into the slowly advancing line; and the German guns opened out a heavy barrage on the trenches and on the ground outside. In spite of mud, in spite of heavy casualties, the survivors of two companies of the 7th N.F. struggled across that spongy swamp and gained the German line. What happened after that can only be conjectured, for they never kept in touch with the 5th N.F., who reached and took the Gird Line. But it is known that the 7th N.F. got a footing both in Hook Sap and in the Gird Line behind.

The Germans barraged the captured trenches twice or three times during the day, and are thought to have attacked them in force, with fresh reserves each time. Owing to the heavy and continuous barrage across No Man's Land no news could be got back, and no supports could be sent forward. Finally, at night, the remnants of the shattered brigade were collected, and another attempt were made to reach the trenches; but the Germans had evidently now got back to their old position and in the mud and darkness the fresh attack had little chance of success. Nothing more has been seen or heard of the two companies that reached Hook Sap. It is believed that they perished to the last man, over whelmed by successive German counter-attacks. Second-Lieut. E. G. Lawson fell at Hook Sap, also 2nd-Lieut. R.H.F.Woods, both Bombing Officers of the 7th N.F.; also Bombing Sergts. J.R. Richardson and J. Piercy.

The 5th N.F. did well indeed, for they succeeded in holding their ground in the Gird Line, and handed it over next day to the troops that relieved them. But that also had to be abandoned at last owing to its isolated position.

The only consolation that can be drawn from this heroic but tragic affair is that it may have created a diversion to our successful operation at Beaucourt. As an isolated operation it was doomed from the start owing to the state of the ground and the exhaustion of the men who took part in it.

www.fairmile.fsbusiness.co.uk/hooksap.htm

 

A Lake

A LAKE (RoH)

 

Either LAKE, Arthur Norman, Sapper 85613, 207th Field Company, Royal Engineers. Died 19th January 1917. Aged 34. Born Colegate, Norfolk, enlisted Norwich. Awarded the Military Medal (M.M.). Son of Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Lake, of 36, Pitt St., Norwich; husband of Eliza Alice Lake, of 7, Rosebery Rd., Norwich. Buried in BREWERY ORCHARD CEMETERY, BOIS-GRENIER, Nord, France. Plot IV. F. 13.

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=59108

 

There is a picture of Arthur Norman on Norlink. Accompanying notes read Sapper Lake was killed on 19th January 1917

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

 

Arthur Norman was baptised at St George’s Colegate on the 12th October 1884. His actual date of birth isn’t noted. His parents are listed as Frederick William and Sarah, and their address is given as Pitt Street, Norwich.

 

Or LAKE, Arthur, Private 3921, 2nd Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers. Killed in action 12th March 1915. Aged 19. Born and enlisted Norwich. Son of Mr. and Mrs. Lake. No known grave. Commemorated on PLOEGSTEERT MEMORIAL, Comines-Warneton, Hainaut, Belgium. Panel 2.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=869348

 

Norlink also has

Lake, Lance Corporal Arthur Walter, 101st Winnipeg Light Infantry (Overseas) Battalion

Lance Corporal Lake was born at Norwich, 31st December 1883, the son of W. Walter and Lottie Lake of 83 Crown Road, Great Yarmouth. He enlisted in early 1916 and was killed 9th April 1917 at Vimy Ridge, France.

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

 

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2954741

His enlistment papers can be seen here

www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e...

www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e...

 

To add to our plethora of choices, the 1901 census has an 8 year old Arthur, born Norwich and recorded at 15 Priory Yard in the Parish of St James with Pockthorpe. His parents are Walter and Eliza. There is also a 11 year old Arthur recorded at 117 Oak Street, who lives with parents Robert and Mary.

 

While Arthur Norman from Pitt Street is there, and Arthur Walter, who by the time of the 1901 census has moved to 83 Crown Road, Great Yarmouth, there is no trace of the youngest Arthur on either the 1901 or the 1911 census. The only Arthurs of the right age and with a Norfolk connection on the 1901 census were born at Stalham and Attleborough.

 

C G Marshall

Cecil George MARSHALL (RoH)

probably Private M/33836, "N" Forage Company (Cambridge), Royal Army Service Corps. Died in United Kingdom 4th November 1918. Aged 22. Born Eccles, Kent, enlisted Chatham, resident Maidstone. Husband of Mabel Sophia Marshall, of 9, Howletts Court, Botolph St., Norwich. Buried in NORWICH CEMETERY, Norfolk. Plot/Row/Section 47. Grave 803.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2803224

No match on Norlink

 

There is also a Claude at 67 Magpie Road Aged 8 Parents Thomas and Mary on the 1901 census who is still around in Norwich in 1911, but the only match on CWGC for a Claude Marshall is a Temporary Lieutenant in the 7th Battalion South Staffs Regiment, who died in 1917.

Unfortunately no next of kin details shown on CWGC

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=159629

 

Private Marshall’s headstone:-

www.flickr.com/photos/43688219@N00/3085037887/

 

G H Marshall

George Henry MARSHALL (RoH)

Private 772766, 2nd Battalion, Canadian Infantry (Eastern Ontario Regiment). Died 29th September 1918. Aged 30. Born 12th September 1888 in Norwich. Son of Robert and Sarah Marshall, of 26, Stacey Road, Norwich; husband of Ellen Mary Marshall, of King's Head Yard, Magdalen St., Norwich. Machinist by trade,. Unmarried. Enlisted 5th February 1916 at Brantford, Ontario, Canada, passed fit 7th February 1916. Height 5 feet 5½ inches, girth 35½ inches, complexion fair, eyes brown, hair light brown, religion Church of England. Buried in BUCQUOY ROAD CEMETERY, FICHEUX, Pas de Calais, France. Plot II. Row K. Grave 23. National Archives of Canada Accession Reference: RG 150, Accession 1992-93/166, Box 5952 - 17

CWGC: www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=179082

 

There is a picture of George on Norlink

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Accompanying notes read Private Marshall was born in Norwich on 21st September 1888, and educated at Angel Road School. He enlisted on 30th July 1916, and died of wounds received at the Battle of Cambrai on 29th September 1918

Interestingly the photo was taken at Bonds of Magdalen Street, Norwich.

 

The 12 year old George appears on the 1901 Census at 51 Esdelle Street in the parish of St Augustines. This is the household of his parents, Robert, (aged 43 and a Fruiterers Porter from Norwich), and Sarah, (aged 43 and also from Norwich). Their other children are:-

Robert……..aged 21.…..Born Norwich…..Printers Compositor

Edward……aged 20.…..Born Norwich…..Shoemakers Pressman

Walter……..aged 17.….Born Norwich…..Printers Porter

Albert……..aged 16.…..Born Norwich…..Errand Boy - Drapers

Sarah………aged 14.….Born Norwich

Rosa……….aged 11.….Born Norwich

Susan………aged 10.…Born Norwich

Eliza……….aged 8.…..Born Norwich

Arthur………aged 4.….Born Norwich

 

The enlistment papers for George Henry Marshall, born 12th September 1888 can be seen on-line in the Canadian Archive.

www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e...

www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e...

He gives his next of kin as his father, Robert Marshall, of 26, Stacey Road, Norwich

 

27th September 1918

On the Corps left the 1st Division’s success paid tribute to careful planning and well-directed and determined execution. Two guns of the 1st Battery C.F.A. gave the 1st Brigade a good start by moving in front of Inchy-en-Artois and firing point-blank into enemy positions along the canal. Thus aided, the 4th Battalion, having crossed the dry bed with little difficulty, was able to jump ahead to the north-east and capture its assigned portion of the Marquion Line. Here the 1st Battalion pushed through as planned and secured the Green Line in short order. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions now assumed the lead, only to be stopped by heavy fire from the embanked railway which curved north from Bourlon. With the aid of a timely flanking attack by the 72nd Battalion they overcame this resistance and swept on to the Blue Line.

 

On the whole the day had gone very well. That night (General) Currie wrote in his diary: “Today’s success jeopardizes the hold of the enemy on the Quéant- Drocourt system north of the Scarpe, and he may be expected to fall back to Douai.” With the obstacle of the Canal du Nord overcome there was hope that Cambrai might soon be captured, and that the fall of Douai would follow. But gains had been limited on the Corps right, where the 4th Canadian Division, suffering from an open flank because of the slow progress of the British formations farther south, had been unable to start the second phase of the operation. During the night of 27-28 September, however, the Germans fell back. With his divisions ejected from their lines and lying unprotected in the open fields from Epinoy to Ribécourt, General von Below gave orders for a withdrawal to the far side of the Sensée between Arleux and Aubigny, and to the “Hagen” position running southward from Aubigny through Marcoing.108

 

On the evening of the 27th General Currie issued orders for the advance to continue throughout the night and following day in an effort to work around the north side of Cambrai and keep the enemy from setting up a defensive line west of the city.

 

The 2nd Battalion seems to have been engaged in holding the line on the 28th and 29th, as the various Canadian Reserve units were brought forward to keep the momentum going.

See Chapter 14, Matrix Nicholson Transcriptions.

Source: cefresearch.com/matrix/Nicholson/Transcription/

 

W H Mason

William Henry MASON (RoH)

Private Norfolk Regiment 1st/4th Battalion, Aged 21 Died 19/04/1917 200086 Son of Henry and Mary A. Mason, of 24, Rose Yard, St. Augustines, Norwich. Plot Panels 12 to 15. Buried in JERUSALEM MEMORIAL

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1646317

No match on Norlink

 

The five year old William H. is recorded on the 1901 Census at 11 Thompsons Yard in the Parish of St Edmunds. This is the household of his parents, Henry, (aged 46 and a Crepe Finisher from Morwich), and Mary.A., (aged 38 and from Norwich). Their other children are:-

May……….,,,,,,,,,,,,,,aged 10.…….born Norwich

Alice M……………..aged 9.……..born Norwich

Ethel………………aged 3.………born Norwich

Making up the household is a 1 year old boarder, Ernest Camplin

 

19th April 1917 During the 2nd Battle of Gaza,

 

Facing the Tank Redoubt was the 161st Brigade of the 54th Division. To their right were the two Australian battalions (1st and 3rd) of the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade who had dismounted about 4,000 yards from their objective. As the infantry went in to attack at 7.30am they were joined by a single tank called "The Nutty" which attracted a lot of shell fire. The tank followed a wayward path towards the redoubt on the summit of a knoll where it was fired on point blank by four field guns until it was stopped and set alight in the middle of the position.

The infantry and the 1st Camel Battalion, having suffered heavy casualties on their approach, now made a bayonet charge against the trenches. About 30 "Camels" and 20 of the British infantry (soldiers of the 5th (territorial Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment) reached the redoubt, then occupied by around 600 Turks who immediately broke and fled towards their second line of defences to the rear.

The British and Australians held on unsupported for about two hours by which time most had been wounded. With no reinforcements at hand and a Turkish counter-attack imminent, the survivors endeavoured to escape back to their own lines.

To the right (west) of Tank Redoubt, the 3rd Camel Battalion, advancing in the gap between two redoubts, actually made the furthest advance of the battle, crossing the Gaza-Beersheba Road and occupying a pair of low hills (dubbed "Jack" and "Jill"). As the advances on their flanks faltered, the "Camels" were forced to retreat to avoid being isolated.

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza

 

E S Plumstead

Ernest Sidney PLUMSTEAD (RoH)

Gunner 875273, "A" Battery, 173rd Brigade (Territorial Force), Royal Field Artillery Killed in action 15th October 1918. Born and enlisted Norwich. Buried in DADIZEELE NEW BRITISH CEMETERY, Moorslede, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Plot I. Row C. Grave 35.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=163254

No match on Norlink

 

The 3 year old Ernest is recorded on the 1901 census at 55 Peacock Street in the Parish of St Pauls. This is the household of his parents, Samuel, (aged 41 and a Painter from Norwich), and Alice, (aged 31 and from Norwich). Their other children are:-

Percy……………….aged 8.………born Norwich

Alice……………….aged 6.………born Norwich

Arthur………………aged 5.……..born Norwich

Also living with them is Samuel’s Sister-in-Law, (and therefore probably Alice’s sister), Susan Saddleton, aged 19 and a Silk Weaver in a Crape Factory. Susan was also from Norwich.

 

CLXXIII (East Ham) Brigade: War Raised Unit; Formed at East Ham in 1915 and consisted of A, B, C and D Batteries; 36th (Ulster) Division. The Division moved to France 3-6 Oct 1915; Divisional Artillery remained in England until November 1915.

 

Forum Post,

14th - 15th October 1918

During the liberation of my village (Gulleghem, incl hamlets such as Salines, Steenbeek, Drie Masten...), 43 soldiers were killed and burried on the spot, the graves scattered all over the village. A document in the village archive lists their names, numbers and regiments. Most of the killed men were from the 29th Division (a few from the 35th and 36 division) serving with the South Wales Borderers, the Royal Scots, the Hampshire regiment, the Border Regiment, King's Own Scottish Borderers, Machine Gun Corps, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and Royal Field Engineers

(Gunner Plumstead is in the attached list)

1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=104003

 

J W Scottow

John 'Jack' William SCOTTOW (RoH)

Gunner 101885, 355th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery. Died of wounds 21st August 1918. Born Heigham, enlisted Norwich. Buried in DAOURS COMMUNAL CEMETERY EXTENSION, Somme, France. Plot V. Row B. Grave 27.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=77657

There is a picture of Gunner Scottow on Norlink

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

The accompanying notes read Gunner Scottow was born in Norwich in March 1887. He enlisted in August 1916, and was killed in action on 21st August 1918

 

On the 1911 census, a John Scottow, born Norwich circa 1887, is recorded in the district of Dartford. Other possibly related Scottow’s are a Mary, (born circa 1883, Norwich - possibly John’s wife?), and a Richard, (born circa 1909 Norwich - possibly John’s son?).

There isn’t a match on the 1901 census. On the 1891 census, the 3 year old John W is recorded at 29 Orchard Street in the parish of St Bartholomews. This is the household of his parents, John, (aged 39 and a Carpenter & Joiner from Alby, Norfolk), and Elizabeth, (aged 36 and from Hanworth). Their other children are:-

Mary……..,,,,,,,,,aged 17.….born Norwich…….Teacher:Elementary

George……,,,,,,,,aged 15.…born Norwich…….Labourer as a Packer

Elizabeth……….aged 13....born Norwich

Havvield(? Daughter)…..aged 1.…born Norwich

 

G Snelling

Gordon SNELLING (RoH)

Private 30316, 8th Battalion, Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action 11th May 1917. Born St Saviour, Norwich, enlisted Norwich. No known grave. Commemorated on ARRAS MEMORIAL, Pas de Calais, France. Bay 3.

CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1653957

No match on Norlink

 

On the 1901 census the 8 year old Gordon is recorded at 8, Little White Horse Yard, Botolph Street, in the Parish of St Saviour. This is the household of his parents, George, (age 39 and a Shoemaker from Norwich), and Emma, (also aged 39 and from Norwich). Their other children are:-

George………aged 13.……..born Norwich

Emma……….aged 10.……..born Norwich

William……..aged 4.……….born Norwich

Walter………aged 1.……….born Norwich

 

The 18th Division, of which the 8th Battalion were part, lists amongst its battle honours the third battle of the Scarpe, (3rd May-5th May 1917), part of the wider Battle of Arras. However, while fatalities amongst the 8th continued through-out May, its difficult to establish there whereabouts during this period.

  

I think this is a good source for learning several languages at one time. Seriously, you can look at the word "sugar", for example.

 

There are English, French, German, Spanish, Portguese, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish (mmm, difficult), Russian (this is very difficult), Greek (very difficult), Polish (difficult), Chech (difficult), Arabic (you'll need at least 30 days to learn the letters), Japanese (my native tongue so no problem for me), and Chinese (the characters are the same so I can guess to some extent).

 

In this picture, there are Norwegian (blurred), Danish, Finnish, Russian, Greek, Polish, Chech, Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese (blurred).

The Trumpetist ~ Paris ~ MjYj

  

GettyImages | Tumblr | Flickriver | Twitter | Facebook | Ipernity | DeviantArt | Windows Live | 500pix | StumbleUpon | Myspace | Wordpress | Fluidr | SkyRock | Digg | Youtube | Google Buzz | Dailymotion | Artlimited | BlogSpot

  

Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other

media without my explicit permission.

MjYj© All rights reserved

   

at Debaser, Sthlm, Friday 13 January. Opening song: Where you belong

Teacher of Mandarin Language

Corktown Strut

Detroit, MI

July 2016

Shaheed Minar on 21st February, International Mother Language Day.......... this is day when we remember the language martyrs....... this is the day when we celebrate our privilege of speaking in our mother tongue.......... you'll always live in our hearts and guide us all the way.......

 

For more from the same venture, please visit my blog page:

Ekushey February, Dhaka, February 2009

__ Allora ti sei divertita?

__ Così

__ L'hai visto il metrò?

__ No

__ E allora,che cosa hai fatto?

__ Sono invecchiata

 

(R.Queneau---Zazie nel metrò)

The French Institute, created in 1795, brought together five of France’s academies of arts and sciences. The most famous of these is the Académie Française, founded in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu. Its 40 members, known as the Immortels (Immortals), have the Herculean (some say impossible) task of safeguarding the purity of the French language.

 

The domed building housing the institute, across the Seine from the Louvre’s eastern end, is a masterpiece of French neoclassical architecture.

For Kim Klassen's Friday Finds -

A few weeks ago I read a novel called "The Language of Flowers" by Vanessa Diffenbaugh - a very touching story that I highly recommend if you are looking for something to read. Anyway, my interest in the Victorian flower language was piqued, so I went looking for reference books. I found this little book - The Secret Language of Flowers by Samantha Gray - on Amazon.com (used, $4 including postage). Little did I know until it arrived that the beautiful illustrations, by Sarah Perkins, make it a piece of artwork in itself - well worth the price!

 

Texture: Kim Klassen's Sonnet 2

repeat: from old pictures I had.

This was shot for the "Body Language" assignment on This Is A Photo Blog.

 

photolauren.com

blog

Language not only communicates, it defines culture, nature, history, humanity, and ancestry. The indigenous languages of the Arctic have been formed and shaped in close contact with their environment. They are a valuable source of information and a wealth of knowledge on human interactions with nature is encoded in these languages. If a language is lost, a world is lost. This deep knowledge and interconnectedness is expressed in Arctic song, subsistence practices, and other cultural expressions but especially in place names across the Arctic. Place names of the indigenous peoples reflect subsistence practices, stories, dwelling sites, spawning sites, migratory routes of animals, and links to the sacred realms of the indigenous peoples of the north. From surveys it was possible to calculate change in the absolute number of speakers and proportion of speakers for 44 of the surveyed languages. Only 4 languages displayed an increase in absolute numbers of speakers, proportion of speakers and net population. Thirty nine of the surveyed languages experienced a decrease in vitality over the last decade, i.e., a decrease in numbers of speakers and in the proportion of speakers within their populations. Thirty-five languages experienced reductions in proportion of speakers and 22 of these ranged from 10–50%. Of the remaining languages all but seven experienced reductions of over 10% in the absolute numbers of speakers within their populations. Some languages, such as the Enet language of the Russian Federation experienced a 70% decrease in the numbers of speakers. Only twelve languages displayed an increase in absolute numbers of speakers The Inuit language(s) had the highest gain while the Chukchi language had the greatest loss.

 

For any form of publication, please include the link to this page:

www.grida.no/resources/6270

 

This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Hugo Ahlenius, GRID-Arendal & CAFF

she will do well soon

www.flickr.com/search/?sort=date-taken-desc&safe_sear...

www.flickr.com/search/?sort=date-taken-desc&safe_sear...

 

Wintergarten_Conservatory - Greenhouse Wintergarten conservatory or commonly called the green house or in the English language is a greenhouse used to grow other crops as well. wintergarten Wintergarten comes from the German language is commonly called the greenhouse in English. conservatory Wintergarten amazingly constructed for informal meetings or also plant crops. greenhouse about Wintergarten_Conservatory - Greenhouse from youtu.be/rX6NGhXTyYU

I won't repeat the the filthy bilge this bad boy was spewing...it's what comes I guess from hanging out too long with park employees and other human beings. You pick up some pretty fancy lingo. A wild goose would gag on this stuff.

Xo in American Sign Language

 

Learn more about the XO laptop at OLPC News - your independent blog of record about the One Laptop Per Child program

detta anche : campanella pelosa

 

on Explore

Title in other languages:

English: Fashion brands at Cologne Central Station, Germany

Nederlands: Modemerken aan Keulen Centraal Station (Duitsland)

 

English:

 

Welcome and thank you for being here! This image forms part of a collection of photographs of moments on Planet Earth.

 

If you enjoy this work and want to support me financially, I’m glad to receive your donation via Paypal: paypal.me/jankohoener

 

If you intend to use this picture for your own purposes, please credit me with the following attribution line: Janko Hoener / CC-BY-SA-4.0. This is required by the license terms. A link back to this page and informing me about your usage via FlickrMail is appreciated.

 

Deutsch:

 

Willkommen und vielen Dank, dass Sie hier sind! Dieses Bild stellt Teil einer Sammlung von Fotografien von Augenblicken auf dem Planet Erde dar.

Wenn Ihnen diese Arbeit zusagt und Sie mich finanziell dabei unterstützen möchten, so freue ich mich über Ihre Spende via Paypal: paypal.me/jankohoener

 

Wenn Sie dieses Foto für eigene Zwecke nutzen möchten, geben Sie bitte Janko Hoener / CC-BY-SA-4.0 in der Bildunterschrift an. Dies ist per Lizenz gefordert. Über einen Link auf diese Seite und eine Benachrichtigung über die Nutzung via FlickrMail freue ich mich.

Su Nuraxi is a nuragic archaeological site in Barumini, Sardinia, Italy. It was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997 as Su Nuraxi di Barumini.

 

Su Nuraxi simply means "The Nuraghe" in Campidanese, the southern variant of the Sardinian language.

 

Su Nuraxi is a settlement consisting of a seventeenth century BCE Nuraghe, a bastion of four corner towers plus a central one, and a village inhabited from the thirteenth to the sixth century BCE, developed around the Nuraghe. They are considered by scholars the most impressive expression of the Nuragic civilization and were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.

 

Structure

 

The main tower and the inner courtyard

 

The Nuraghe and its countryside in summer

The oldest part of the Nuraghe consists of a central tower with three superposed chambers (18.6m high), was built in blocks of basalt between the seventeenth and thirteenth centuries BCE. Later, during the Late Bronze Age, four towers joined by a curtain wall with an upper balcony (no longer extant) were built around the central tower, all communicating with an inner courtyard served by a well. During the Iron Age, the complex was surrounded by a heptalobate curtain wall.

 

Function

The real function of the nuraghe is still debated. The discoverer of Su Nuraxi, the archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu, confirmed the traditional interpretation of fortress-site. Other archaeologists believe that the oldest part of the dolmen was destined for a religious purpose, refuge, civil or even parliament or registered the village chief, while the towers were added perhaps intended for military purposes and stock.

 

The village

A village, intended to accommodate the surrounding population, was built around the Nuraghe in the Late Bronze Age. The village consisted of about fifty huts, and was built on a circular plan with large boulders covered with dry stone walls and conical roofs made of wood and branches. Though the huts were structured in a single unit in more remote periods, there was a later, more prevalent tendency to subdivide housing into individual units. Of the huts found, the most significant appear to have been reserved for meetings of the local leaders. These huts were larger and more complex in structure, and the hut reserved for the inhabitants' meetings contained symbols of the deities worshiped by locals. Other rooms have been identified as workshops, kitchens, and agricultural processing centres.

 

During the sixth century BCE, the buildings were destroyed and subsequently restored by Carthage before being occupied by the Romans. They were eventually completely abandoned.

 

The nuraghe and the village were strategically connected to the system of other Nuraghes, such as the polylobate nuraghe found beneath the fifteenth-century Palazzo Zapata in the village of Barumini.

 

Archaeological excavations[edit]

The archaeological site was fully excavated between 1950 and 1957 under the direction of Giovanni Lilliu, a local expert. The excavations allowed archaeologists to retrace the different stages of the construction of the towers and surrounding village, confirming that the entire complex was a vibrant, vital centre up to the first century BCE, during the Roman period.

 

Excavations brought to light important remains in the form of tools, weapons, pottery, and ornaments.

 

This site is essential to an understanding of the timeline of Sardinian civilization: "The relative chronology of Sardinian prehistory is largely based on the first modern excavation of a 'nuraghe' at Su Nuraxi, Barumini. Giovanni Lilliu […] used a combination of structural phases and pottery typology to construct a general Nuragic sequence."

 

There is another important nuragic site at nearby Casa Zapata, the important finds of which are on display at the site's museum.

 

FOR MORE INFORMATIONS:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)

 

FOR THE PLACE, PLEASE, FOLLOW THIS LINK:

wikimapia.org/#lang=it&lat=39.706019&lon=8.991022...

 

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“It is an illusion that photos are made with the camera…

they are made with the eye, heart and head.”

[Henry Cartier Bresson]

*******************************************************************************

Please don't use any of my images on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit written permission.

© All rights reserved

[image in cooperation with Mo/ (Sorrenta)]

  

those three words are never enough

 

~~

~

if you are the meaning of love,

I need not know more words

 

if you are who I am to live for,

there is no limit to life

 

if you are the reasons I need to try,

let there be no boundaries

 

if you are why life's restless motion

soothes to the silence of a moment,

there is no time

 

if you are all my heart seeks

and all it will ever need

let it be yours, let it be

 

if you are my soul to whole

let it be to you,

as you are to me

 

if you are why we make one

there is no such thing as distinction

 

if you are why truth turns trust turns belief

let my heart rest blind in your hands.

 

- those three words

 

[Writen by Mo /(Sorrenta)]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

I'm proud of being a part of one of Sorrenta's beautiful ideas. He did the editing and did the writing, my only cooperation was the my hands (The blury ones ;)

Presidio of Monterey, CA

It's a pity humans' ears are fixed, because they'd give a good clue as to a person's emotional state.

 

When cats, dogs and horses, and alpacas and their South American cousins put their ears back, one should take notice.

 

Here, when this vicuña lowered his ears, I knew the photo session was over. Here's why:

================

Llamas and alpacas are sweet animals but won't hesitate to spit at you.

 

Lisa Williamson is an associate professor of large animal medicine at the University of Georgia. She says llamas and alpacas spit for several reasons. A female uses this behavior to tell a male she's not interested in his advances, and both genders use it to keep competitors away from food.

 

Spitting is also used to warn an aggressor away.

 

Some llamas and alpacas are just crabbier than others and spit with little provocation. But, most of them usually give fair warning before unloading the full arsenal.

 

"They'll raise their chin, and they'll flatten their ears back, and they may first threaten that way," says Williamson. "Then if the animal they're directing that behavior at doesn't pick up on it, they will first blow out some air and saliva. And it makes a little "pfffffpth" noise."

 

If the offending party doesn't get the hint and back off, the llama or alpaca will regurgitate its stomach contents and spit it up to 10-feet away. The animals' moment of victory is brief, however, because the gastric goo isn't pleasant for them, either.

 

"They can't stand the taste of it! They'll actually sit there with their mouths hanging open and they'll take their ears to half-mast," says Williamson. "It's really hysterical! So their mouth's hanging open, there's green stuff falling out, and they just look like somebody washed their mouth out with soap. And sometimes they'll walk around, they'll seek out something like a breath mint, you know a tasty leaf, just to try to get the taste out of their mouth. And that will go on for a few minutes while they're just, "ugh, why did I do that?"

 

Williamson says most llamas and alpacas do not spit on people. But if their ears are pinned back, and they're staring at you, avoid eye contact and act nonthreatening.

Editors: Reimer

Language: German

Booklet, 248 pages

ISBN-10: 3496027169

ISBN-13: 978-3496027164

 

Franziska Becker (2001): Ankommen in Deutschland - Einwanderungspolitik als biografische Erfahrung im Migrationsprozess russischer Juden

 

Die Studie untersucht Migrationsprozesse russischer Juden. Dabei werden sowohl die Einwanderungspolitik als auch die Erfahrungsperspektive der Migranten in den Blick genommen. Dichte biografische Fallstudien eröffnen Einblicke in einen komplexen Umbauprozess sozialer Erfahrung und individueller Verortung.

 

Seit 1991 werden Juden aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion in Deutschland als „jüdische Kontingentflüchtlinge“ aufgenommen. Franziska Becker lotet die Einwanderungspolitik und ihre rechtlichen und bürokratischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie ihre sozialen und kulturellen Kontexte aus. Dabei wird auch eine (deutsche) Strategie der Identitätszuschreibung vorgeführt, die eindeutig konstruktive und normative Züge trägt. Die Studie zeigt anhand biographischer Fallstudien, wie diese Zuschreibungsdiskurse im individuellen Migrationsprozess wirken, wie sie Migranten dazu herausfordern, ihre Lebensgeschichte reflexiv neu zu bewerten, um das Hiersein plausibel zu machen und zu legitimieren. Eindrückliche Porträts geben Aufschluss darüber, mit welchen Identitätserwartungen und Stereotypen russische Juden im Kontakt mit den Institutionen der Aufnahmegesellschaft wie Flüchtlingsheimen, Ausländerbehörden, der Sozialbürokratie und jüdischen Gemeinden konfrontiert werden und wie sich dabei ihre jüdischen Selbstbilder verändern. Die Studie setzt neue Akzente in der ethnologischen Migrationsforschung und lässt sich zugleich als Ethnografie des deutsch-jüdischen Verhältnisses lesen, eines für die Bundesrepublik zentralen Politikfeldes.

...ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Integrationsforschung, der „Integration“ gegen den Strich liest, nämlich als Resultat eines mühevollen Prozesses der Auseinandersetzung mit den Paradoxien der deutschen Einwanderungspoltik.[H-Soz-U-Kult]

Die ethnologische Dissertation von Franziska Becker über die russisch-jüdische Einwanderung ist eine hervorragende wissenschaftliche Arbeit, die man als eine Einführung in die überaus komplexe Materie empfehlen kann. [Im Gespräch – Martin-Buber-Gesellschaft.e.V.] /

 

Franziska Becker (2001): Arriving in Germany - Immigration policy as a biographical experience in the migration process of Russian Jews

 

The study analyses the migration processes of Russian Jews. Both immigration policy and the migrants' experiences are analysed. Dense biographical case studies provide insights into a complex process of transformation of social experience and individual localisation.

 

Since 1991, Jews from the former Soviet Union have been admitted to Germany as "Jewish quota refugees". Franziska Becker explores immigration policy and its legal and bureaucratic framework as well as its social and cultural contexts. In the process, a (German) strategy of identity attribution is also presented that clearly bears constructive and normative traits. Using biographical case studies, the study shows how these attribution discourses work in the individual migration process and how they challenge migrants to reflexively re-evaluate their life stories in order to make being here plausible and legitimise it. Impressive portraits shed light on the identity expectations and stereotypes with which Russian Jews are confronted in contact with the institutions of the host society, such as refugee centres, immigration authorities, the social bureaucracy and Jewish communities, and how their Jewish self-images change in the process. The study sets new accents in ethnological migration research and can also be read as an ethnography of the German-Jewish relationship, a central political field for the Federal Republic of Germany.

...an important contribution to integration research that reads "integration" against the grain, namely as the result of a painstaking process of coming to terms with the paradoxes of German immigration policy. [H-Soz-U-Kult] Franziska Becker's ethnological dissertation on Russian-Jewish immigration is an outstanding academic work that can be recommended as an introduction to the extremely complex subject matter. [In dialogue - Martin-Buber-Gesellschaft.e.V.] /

 

Franziska Becker (2001) : Arriver en Allemagne - La politique d'immigration comme expérience biographique dans le processus migratoire des Juifs russes.

 

L'étude examine les processus migratoires des Juifs russes. Elle s'intéresse aussi bien à la politique d'immigration qu'à l'expérience des migrants. Des études de cas biographiques denses ouvrent des perspectives sur un processus complexe de transformation de l'expérience sociale et de la localisation individuelle.

 

Depuis 1991, les Juifs de l'ex-Union soviétique sont accueillis en Allemagne en tant que "réfugiés du contingent juif". Franziska Becker explore la politique d'immigration et son cadre juridique et bureaucratique ainsi que ses contextes sociaux et culturels. Ce faisant, elle démontre également une stratégie (allemande) d'attribution d'identité qui présente des traits clairement constructifs et normatifs. L'étude montre, à l'aide d'études de cas biographiques, comment ces discours d'attribution agissent dans le processus de migration individuel, comment ils poussent les migrants à réévaluer leur histoire de vie de manière réflexive afin de rendre plausible et de légitimer leur présence ici. Des portraits impressionnants permettent de comprendre à quelles attentes identitaires et à quels stéréotypes les Juifs russes sont confrontés au contact des institutions de la société d'accueil telles que les foyers de réfugiés, les autorités d'immigration, la bureaucratie sociale et les communautés juives, et comment leur image de soi juive se modifie dans ce contexte. L'étude pose de nouveaux jalons dans la recherche ethnologique sur la migration et peut en même temps être lue comme une ethnographie des relations entre juifs et allemands, un domaine politique central pour la République fédérale.

...une contribution importante à la recherche sur l'intégration, qui lit "l'intégration" à contre-courant, à savoir comme le résultat d'un processus laborieux de confrontation avec les paradoxes de la politique d'immigration allemande.[H-Soz-U-Kult] La thèse de doctorat en ethnologie de Franziska Becker sur l'immigration juive russe est un excellent travail scientifique, que l'on peut recommander comme introduction à cette matière extrêmement complexe. [Entretien - Martin-Buber-Gesellschaft.e.V.] /

 

Franziska Becker (2001): Llegar a Alemania - La política de inmigración como experiencia biográfica en el proceso migratorio de los judíos rusos

 

El estudio analiza los procesos migratorios de los judíos rusos. Se analizan tanto la política de inmigración como las experiencias de los emigrantes. Densos estudios de casos biográficos permiten comprender un complejo proceso de transformación de la experiencia social y de localización individual.

 

Desde 1991, los judíos de la antigua Unión Soviética son admitidos en Alemania como "refugiados de cuota judía". Franziska Becker explora la política de inmigración y su marco jurídico y burocrático, así como sus contextos sociales y culturales. En el proceso, también se presenta una estrategia (alemana) de atribución de identidad que presenta claramente rasgos constructivos y normativos. Mediante estudios de casos biográficos, el estudio muestra cómo funcionan estos discursos de atribución en el proceso migratorio individual y cómo desafían a los inmigrantes a reevaluar reflexivamente sus historias de vida para hacer plausible y legitimar su presencia aquí. Impresionantes retratos arrojan luz sobre las expectativas de identidad y los estereotipos a los que se enfrentan los judíos rusos en contacto con las instituciones de la sociedad de acogida, como los centros de refugiados, las autoridades de inmigración, la burocracia social y las comunidades judías, y cómo cambia su autoimagen judía en el proceso. El estudio establece nuevos acentos en la investigación etnológica de la migración y también puede leerse como una etnografía de la relación germano-judía, un campo político central para la República Federal de Alemania.

...una importante contribución a la investigación sobre la integración que interpreta la "integración" a contracorriente, es decir, como el resultado de un minucioso proceso de reconciliación con las paradojas de la política alemana de inmigración [H-Soz-U-Kult] La disertación etnológica de Franziska Becker sobre la inmigración ruso-judía es un trabajo académico sobresaliente que puede recomendarse como introducción a un tema extremadamente complejo. [En diálogo - Martin-Buber-Gesellschaft.e.V.]. /

 

Franziska Becker (2001): Arrivare in Germania - La politica di immigrazione come esperienza biografica nel processo migratorio degli ebrei russi

 

Lo studio analizza i processi migratori degli ebrei russi. Vengono analizzate sia la politica di immigrazione che le esperienze dei migranti. I densi studi di casi biografici forniscono indicazioni su un complesso processo di trasformazione dell'esperienza sociale e di localizzazione individuale.

 

Dal 1991, gli ebrei dell'ex Unione Sovietica sono stati ammessi in Germania come "rifugiati in quota ebraica". Franziska Becker esplora la politica di immigrazione e il suo quadro legale e burocratico, nonché i suoi contesti sociali e culturali. Nel processo, viene anche presentata una strategia (tedesca) di attribuzione dell'identità che presenta chiaramente tratti costruttivi e normativi. Utilizzando casi di studio biografici, lo studio mostra come questi discorsi di attribuzione funzionino nel processo migratorio individuale e come sfidino i migranti a rivalutare in modo riflessivo le loro storie di vita per rendere plausibile e legittimare la loro presenza qui. Ritratti impressionanti fanno luce sulle aspettative identitarie e sugli stereotipi con cui gli ebrei russi si confrontano a contatto con le istituzioni della società ospitante, come i centri per rifugiati, le autorità per l'immigrazione, la burocrazia sociale e le comunità ebraiche, e sul modo in cui l'immagine di sé degli ebrei cambia nel corso del processo. Lo studio pone nuovi accenti nella ricerca etnologica sulle migrazioni e può essere letto anche come un'etnografia del rapporto tra tedeschi ed ebrei, un campo politico centrale per la Repubblica Federale Tedesca.

... un importante contributo alla ricerca sull'integrazione che legge l'"integrazione" controcorrente, cioè come il risultato di un accurato processo di avvicinamento ai paradossi della politica tedesca sull'immigrazione. [H-Soz-U-Kult] La dissertazione etnologica di Franziska Becker sull'immigrazione russo-ebraica è un'opera accademica eccezionale che può essere raccomandata come introduzione a un argomento estremamente complesso. [In dialogo - Martin-Buber-Gesellschaft.e.V.] /

 

Франциска Беккер (2001): Прибуття до Німеччини - імміграційна політика як біографічний досвід міграційного процесу російських євреїв

 

У дослідженні проаналізовано міграційні процеси російських євреїв. Аналізується як імміграційна політика, так і досвід мігрантів. Детальний аналіз біографічних прикладів дає уявлення про складний процес трансформації соціального досвіду та індивідуальної локалізації.

 

З 1991 року євреїв з колишнього Радянського Союзу приймають до Німеччини як "біженців за єврейською квотою". Франциска Беккер досліджує імміграційну політику, її правові та бюрократичні рамки, а також соціальний і культурний контексти. У процесі дослідження також представлено (німецьку) стратегію атрибуції ідентичності, яка має чітко виражені конструктивні та нормативні риси. Використовуючи біографічні приклади, дослідження показує, як ці дискурси атрибуції працюють в індивідуальному міграційному процесі і як вони змушують мігрантів рефлексивно переосмислювати свої життєві історії, щоб зробити перебування тут правдоподібним і легітимізувати його. Вражаючі портрети проливають світло на ідентифікаційні очікування та стереотипи, з якими стикаються російські євреї, контактуючи з інституціями приймаючого суспільства, такими як центри для біженців, імміграційні служби, соціальна бюрократія та єврейські громади, а також на те, як змінюється їхнє єврейське самоусвідомлення в процесі міграції. Дослідження розставляє нові акценти в етнологічних дослідженнях міграції, а також може бути прочитане як етнографія німецько-єврейських відносин, що є центральним політичним полем для Федеративної Республіки Німеччина.

...важливий внесок в інтеграційні дослідження, які прочитують "інтеграцію" протилежно, а саме як результат кропіткого процесу примирення з парадоксами німецької імміграційної політики. [H-Soz-U-Kult] Етнологічна дисертація Франциски Беккер про російсько-єврейську імміграцію є видатною академічною працею, яку можна рекомендувати як вступ до надзвичайно складного предмету. [У діалозі - Martin-Buber-Gesellschaft.e.V.] /

 

Франциска Беккер (2001): Прибытие в Германию - иммиграционная политика как биографический опыт в миграционном процессе российских евреев

 

В исследовании анализируются миграционные процессы российских евреев. Анализируются как иммиграционная политика, так и опыт самих мигрантов. Насыщенные биографические кейсы дают представление о сложном процессе трансформации социального опыта и индивидуальной локализации.

 

С 1991 года евреи из бывшего Советского Союза принимаются в Германию в качестве "беженцев по еврейской квоте". Франциска Беккер исследует иммиграционную политику, ее правовые и бюрократические рамки, а также социальный и культурный контекст. В процессе работы также представлена (немецкая) стратегия атрибуции идентичности, которая явно несет в себе конструктивные и нормативные черты. На примере биографических примеров исследование показывает, как эти дискурсы атрибуции работают в индивидуальном миграционном процессе и как они заставляют мигрантов рефлексивно пересматривать свои истории жизни, чтобы сделать пребывание здесь правдоподобным и легитимировать его. Впечатляющие портреты проливают свет на ожидания и стереотипы идентичности, с которыми сталкиваются российские евреи в контакте с институтами принимающего общества, такими как центры для беженцев, иммиграционные власти, социальная бюрократия и еврейские общины, и на то, как при этом меняется их еврейское самовосприятие. Исследование расставляет новые акценты в этнологических исследованиях миграции, а также может быть прочитано как этнография немецко-еврейских отношений - центрального политического поля Федеративной Республики Германия.

...важный вклад в исследование интеграции, в котором "интеграция" рассматривается против зерна, а именно как результат кропотливого процесса примирения с парадоксами немецкой иммиграционной политики" [H-Soz-U-Kult]. Этнологическая диссертация Франциски Беккер о русско-еврейской иммиграции - это выдающаяся научная работа, которую можно рекомендовать в качестве введения в чрезвычайно сложную тему. [В диалоге - Martin-Buber-Gesellschaft.e.V.]

spider style

ట గుణింతం. స్తలం చాలదని కావాలని "టృ టౄ" వదిలేసాను.

For my Hindi knowing friends, refer the picture in comments section.

 

For non Indian language speaking folks, There are set of vowels and consonants similar to any other language. However to get a particular sound, a fixed consonant with a fixed shape representing vowel sound results a series of letters. For example, in my mother tongue Telugu, the above letters are pronounced in this order Tamoto, Tom Hanks, Tea, Teacher , Two, Too much, Telephone, Table, Tie, Toe, Toaster, Town, Tum and Taha (not an english word but pronounced exactly)

   

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