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Mir-1 (Мир-1) 2.8/37mm
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Industar-50 (Индустар-50) 3.5/50mm
Helios-44 (Гелиос-44) 2/58mm
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Jupiter-9 (Юпитер-9) 2/85mm
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Tair-11 (Таир-11) 2.8/133mm
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Telemar-22 5.6/200mm
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For Mah Sponsored: ULTRA EVENT - Rezology - SONG - [ Suicidal Unborn ]...Thanks You So Much Enjoy!!
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The Birds of Ireland: A Field Guide with Jim Wilson
Shorebirds of Ireland with Jim Wilson.
Freshwater Birds of Ireland with Jim Wilson NOW OUT OF PRINT
Ireland's Garden Birds with Jim Wilson
www.markcarmodyphotography.com
The Long-tailed Tit, Aegithalos caudatus, is a very small passerine bird. It breeds in most of Europe and Asia. It is usually a non-migratory species, although there have been several extralimital records, and migration has been observed in north-eastern Europe.
The Long-tailed Tit is black and brown above and whitish below, with reddish flanks. It has a white crown. North European birds (A. c. caudatus) have completely white heads and flanks. There are several other subspecies which vary substantially in plumage (such as European birds have got black above eye and Turkish birds has got greyish "eyebrow" above eye and black thoat with grey scapulars). Hybridization between subspecies is common, and the hybridization zone between caudatus and europaeus seems to move in an easterly direction.
Long-tailed Tits are found in deciduous woodlands with significant undergrowth. This is a restless species, constantly on the move as it searches for insects and other small food items. During the autumn and winter, it is usually found in flocks of up to thirty individuals; it has been described as an avian sheep. During the breeding season (late February to July), Long-tailed Tits form monogamous pairs. (wikipedia)
These are always quite vocal and their presence is usually given away by their constant contact calls. Such a busy bird, always flitting through trees and the hedgerows but always a treat to see. I never tire of watching these fantastic characters. Taken along the River Dodder, Dublin, Ireland.
The Prayer of the 5 Widows
In Memory of Elizabeth Eliot
www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1957/january-7/prayer-of-fiv...
The Prayer of the Five Widows
An account after the Auca ambush in Ecuador, from CT's seventh issue.
Elisabeth Elliot/ JUNE 15, 2015
This article originally appeared in the January 7, 1957, issue of Christianity Today—less than three months after the magazine's launch. It was posted June 15, 2015, to commemorate the death of Elisabeth Elliot.
On a beautiful Sunday afternoon a year ago, five young women were asking God for two things regarding their husbands: that they might be permitted to contact the Auca Indians again, and that they might be protected. As we sat in our jungle homes here in Ecuador, two in Arajuno, one in Shandia and two in Shell Mera, we little dreamed of the answer God was then giving. He answered both of those prayers, but, as is often the case with him whose thoughts are as far above ours as the heavens are high above the earth, his answer far transcended what we had in mind.
Silence on a Sand Strip
The second contact was given. Probably at about two-thirty in the afternoon at least ten Aucas arrived at the strip of sand where the men had set up their little camp. Having seen them some time earlier from the airplane, approaching the beach, the pilot had reported to his wife the anticipated contact. We can imagine the five, then, as the forest rang with their praises. They sang hymns together, committed themselves to the Lord once more and eagerly prepared for their longed for visitors. It was not long before savage yells, instead of hymns of praise, echoed through the forest, polished wooden spears slashed through the air and five young men lay dead on the Rio Curaray. Silence closed once more over the stand strip, and those beloved Indians returned nonchalantly to their thatched homes, to recount another killing to their waiting families.
The asked-for contact had been given. But what about the protection?
Protection from Disobedience
When the Lord Jesus prayed to His Father, as recorded in the seventeenth chapter of John, he asked, too, for protection for those whom the Father had given him. For what purpose? “. . . that they may be one, as we are.” Protection from what? “. . . that thou shouldst keep them from the evil one.” Each one of our five men, years before, had asked for the whole accomplishment of Gods will in him at any cost, to the end that Christ be glorified. The Evil One is determined, however, that Christ shall not be glorified. But, in making them obedient men, God had answered the prayer of his Son, the prayer of the men themselves and the prayer of their wives. The adversary did not succeed in turning them aside from Gods highest purpose. They were protected from that most fearful of all dangers, disobedience. They loved God above all else. “Herein is the love of God, that ye keep his commandments.”
The prayer of our hearts today, of the widows who remain, is the same, that Christ may be glorified.
Christ’s Glory in Some Aucas
First of all, we continue asking for that which motivated the men from the beginning of the project—that Christ may be glorified in some Aucas. The contact God gave to the five was only one step in the opening of the fast-closed doors to that tribe.
Nor was it the first step. Others had thought and prayed for years about them, asking for an entrance, flying over the territory in search of their whereabouts, seeking a way to carry to them the Word of Life.
Some of the five men had long borne them before the Lord, asking for their salvation and committing themselves to God for them.
Now, thousands of Christians in all parts of the world have learned of them and are praying.
For us who have been most closely touched by the death of the five, there could be no greater joy than to know at last that the blood of our husbands has been the seed of the Auca church. Our hearts go out to the very ones whose strong brown arms sent flying the lances that killed our loved ones, for we know that they walk in darkness, knowing not even the name of Him who is more than life to us. And how shall they hear without a preacher?
So we ask for those whom God has prepared to be sent to the Aucas and only those. A well-meaning but misguided effort could ruin further opportunities to enter the tribe. But because God has done a tremendous thing in taking five of His choicest servants in this incipient stage, we are bold to expect tremendous answers to prayer in the future. We believe He will send the Light to the Aucas and have given ourselves anew for that, if He should care to choose any one of us to go. We were wholly at one with our husbands in their desire to reach the Aucas and had it been possible, would gladly have accompanied them. The last thing on earth we would have wanted would have been to hinder them in obeying the command of Christ, which was as clear to us as it was to them. He was directingthe only issue at stake was obedience. Jesus made the conditions of discipleship unequivocal—“Forsake . . . Deny . . . Follow.” This is the price we are asked to pay.
Many speak of the five men as having made the “supreme sacrifice.” We do not think of it in that way. They would not have called it that. One of them wrote in his diary years ago, “He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain what he cannot lose.” Jesus promised that whoever loses his life preserves it. Can we call this sacrifice? When we make a purchase, we pay the price, of course, but no one thinks of this as a sacrifice. How much less, then, when our lives, already paid for by Christ at tremendous sacrifice on his part, are offered to him? We lose nothing. We gain everything. Hence, we ask that God may choose those whom He wishes to carry the gospel to the Aucas, that they may be prepared by his Spirit, that they may not count their lives dear unto themselves, and that thereby the Aucas may be brought out of their bondage to know Jesus Christ, that he may be glorified in them.
Christ’s Glory in Us
We ask, further, that Christ may be glorified in us. “For we know that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us.” Our hearts are filled with gratitude for the privilege He gave us in being the wives of men who were chosen to be slain for His sake. None of us is worthy. It is all of His grace, but we know that the Lamb is worthy, a thousand times, the lives of our husbands and of us. He chose to glorify himself in their death—may He now glorify Himself in our lives.
During those harrowing days when the rescue party was on its way to the beach, when we did not know what the next radio report would bring, we were conscious that whatever the outcome, God was determined to bring us to himself. He had promised, “When thou passest though the waters, I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee; when thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned, neither shall the flame kindle upon thee, for I am the Lord thy God. . . . Since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honorable, and I have loved thee.” How could we have proved the truth of that promise if there had been no waters? And what rivers could overflow but deep ones? And so, to show us that he meant what he said, to prove to us his love, this was what he sent, this thing which each of us had been sure she could never endure, the loss of the one who was as her own soul.
Purpose in the Stab of Pain
And how, then, can Christ be glorified in us through this experience? By our responding with thanksgiving to his dealings with us, by our declaration of our love to him in utter obedience, by our believing that his judgments are right, that he in faithfulness has afflicted us. We ask that we may go on in peace, as he has mercifully permitted us to do thus far. In talking together, we have often said that we did not want to miss one lesson which our loving Father would teach us by this thing. To us, the loss of our husbands is not a tragedy in itself—it is one more of our Father’s right judgments. But it would indeed be a tragedy if, in our failure to respond to him with love, trust, and praise, we should miss what he intended for us through it. We ask that we may know him, and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable unto his death. If, through the loss of our husbands, we may cause Christ to rejoice, to see in us the travail of his soul and be satisfied, we shall never call it sacrifice. Each day, when little things remind us, with a new stab of pain, that our husbands are gone, we turn these things into prayer—“Lord, by this, too, glorify thyself. For this, too, I thank thee and trust thee, knowing that there shall be glory, as thou has promised, through this suffering.”
Christ and the Little Ones
Not only do we ask that Christ be glorified in the Aucas and in us, but also in our children. Most of them will have no recollection of their fine fathers. But our Lord gave his word, “All thy children shall be taught of the Lord, and great shall be the peace of thy children.” We ask for his wisdom in training them, for his Spirit in us, that they may be as obedient as their fathers. How wonderful it would be if he should prepare one or more of them to go to the Aucas! We would give them to him for his use, asking that they come to know him as Savior and Lord at an early age. Far be it from us to withhold from the Lord the lives of these little ones, children of the men who did not withhold their own lives. May they sing from true hearts,
Faith of our Fathers, Holy Faith,
We would be true to Thee till death.
Wherever the Spirit Speaks
Finally, we ask that Christ be glorified in the lives of those to whom the Spirit of God has spoken because of the death of the five men. We have received letters from all over the world, telling of the impact of the event on one and another. But we have heard of few who have actually done anything about it, who have been changed by it. We pray earnestly that those who have heard the voice of the Lord may be obedient. We pray that young men who have been attracted by the “opportunities to use their talents for the Lord in the United States” may abandon themselves, with their talents, to Christ, for his use wherever he wants them. We pray that if any young wife is hesitating to commit her husband and family to God, through fear of loss, she may believe the words of our Lord Jesus, “Truly I say to you, there is no man who hath forsaken . . . who will not receive.” We have proved beyond any doubt that he means what he says—his grace is sufficient, nothing can separate us from the love of Christ We pray that if any, anywhere, are fearing that the cost of discipleship is too great, that they may be given to glimpse that treasure in heaven promised to all who forsake.
And all our supplication is “with thanksgiving”— for his great love, for the high privilege of serving him with all of our hearts, for having given us as husbands men who were true soldiers of Jesus Christ, men to whom we could look up in every respect, men who set for us a great example of faith that acts on what it believes. We look forward with joy to that day when God will reveal to us his complete plan, knowing that we shall see clearly that every step of the way was ordained to the end that Christ might be glorified. Our husbands already walk with him, their joy complete. We, too, shall see him face to face, and be satisfied.
This hath He done, and shall we not adore Him?
This shall He do and can we still despair?
Come let us quickly fling ourselves before Him,
Cast at His feet the burden of our care,
Flash from our eyes the glow of our thanksgiving,
Glad and regretful, confident and calm,
Then through all life, and what is after living,
Thrill to the tireless music of a psalm,
Yea, through life, death, through sorrow and
through sinning,
He shall suffice me, for He hath sufficed:
Christ is the end, for Christ was the beginning,
Christ the beginning, for the end is Christ.
(From St. Paul, F. W. H. Myans)
Find below quotes at
www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/moliere.html
Moliere, French Playwright
Date of Birth: January 15, 1622
Date of Death: February 17, 1673
A learned fool is more a fool than an ignorant fool.
A lover tries to stand in well with the pet dog of the house.
A wise man is superior to any insults which can be put upon him, and the best reply to unseemly behavior is patience and moderation.
Ah! how annoying that the law doesn't allow a woman to change husbands just as one does shirts.
All the ills of mankind, all the tragic misfortunes that fill the history books, all the political blunders, all the failures of the great leaders have arisen merely from a lack of skill at dancing.
All which is not prose is verse; and all which is not verse is prose.
As the purpose of comedy is to correct the vices of men, I see no reason why anyone should be exempt.
Books and marriage go ill together.
Don't appear so scholarly, pray. Humanize your talk, and speak to be understood.
Esteem must be founded on preference: to hold everyone in high esteem is to esteem nothing.
Every good act is charity. A man's true wealth hereafter is the good that he does in this world to his fellows.
Frenchmen have an unlimited capacity for gallantry and indulge it on every occasion.
___________________________
Thursday, August 28, 2008
Thursday of the Twenty-first Week in Ordinary Time
St. Augustine, author of the first Western autobiography.
Learn about his sinful and faith-filled life and works at
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine
A reflection on today's Sacred Scripture:
1 Corinthians 1:1-9
Psalm 145:2-3, 4-5, 6-7
Matthew 24:42-51
In today's Gospel Jesus tells His disciples: "Stay awake!" (Matthew 24:42)
The briefness of the statement and the exclamation mark at the end leave no room for misunderstanding. It isn't a request or something that would be rather nice to do, but is instead, a command. As such, it implies dire consequences for those who would disobey.
In this case, it is being unprepared for the Lord's return as judge of the living and the dead; a time we might suppose, where we have run out of opportunities for another chance.
The thought is frightening—for what one of us doesn't think there will always be at least a little time to set things in better order, but Jesus says, in order to be ready, we must stay awake!
To stay awake beyond what we are accustomed is often exhausting if not altogether impossible. Yet, we are told, "Stay awake!" and not just sometimes, but always!
How much these few words make me realize how much we are in need of God's help—and that we already have it! When the Blessed Trinity resides in us as Triune Lord and King, He never sleeps! His are the eyes that watch, His the ears that hear, His the spirit that prays and adores on our behalf.
"Stay awake! For you do not know on which day your Lord will come." (Matthew 24:42)
- Donna Nelson, OCDS | email: drn3rd@hughes.net
__________________________
below I got from
infoenglish@zenit.org
US Bishops: Pelosi Got Church Teaching Wrong
House Speaker Misrepresents Catholic Understanding of Life
WASHINGTON, D.C., AUG. 26, 2008 (Zenit.org).- The chairmen of the U.S. bishops' Committees on Pro-Life Activities and Doctrine affirmed that Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi misrepresented Church teaching on abortion during an interview on national TV.
Pelosi was asked on NBC-TV's "Meet the Press" on Sunday to comment on when life begins. She responded saying that as a Catholic, she had studied the issue for "a long time" and that "the doctors of the Church have not been able to make that definition."
Cardinal Justin Rigali, chairman of the U. Committee on Pro-Life Activities, and Bishop William Lori, chairman of the Committee on Doctrine, said her answer "misrepresented the history and nature of the authentic teaching of the Catholic Church against abortion."
They noted that the Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches, "Since the first century the Church has affirmed the moral evil of every procured abortion. This teaching has not changed and remains unchangeable. Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law."
And the prelates explained: "In the Middle Ages, uninformed and inadequate theories about embryology led some theologians to speculate that specifically human life capable of receiving an immortal soul may not exist until a few weeks into pregnancy. While in canon law these theories led to a distinction in penalties between very early and later abortions, the Church's moral teaching never justified or permitted abortion at any stage of development.
"These mistaken biological theories became obsolete over 150 years ago when scientists discovered that a new human individual comes into being from the union of sperm and egg at fertilization. In keeping with this modern understanding, the Church teaches that from the time of conception -- fertilization -- each member of the human species must be given the full respect due to a human person, beginning with respect for the fundamental right to life."
For the record
Other bishops also released statements clarifying Church teaching.
Archbishop Donald Wuerl of Washington, D.C., noted that bishops are entrusted with the responsibility to interpret and teach Catholic doctrine.
"We respect the right of elected officials such as Speaker Pelosi to address matters of public policy that are before them, but the interpretation of Catholic faith has rightfully been entrusted to the Catholic bishops," he said in a statement. "Given this responsibility to teach, it is important to make this correction for the record. […]
"From the beginning, the Catholic Church has respected the dignity of all human life from the moment of conception to natural death."
And from Denver, Archbishop Charles Chaput and Auxiliary Bishop James Conley addressed an online letter to their faithful, titled "On the Separation of Sense and State: a Clarification for the People of the Church in Northern Colorado."
The letter affirms: "Ardent, practicing Catholics will quickly learn from the historical record that from apostolic times, the Christian tradition overwhelmingly held that abortion was grievously evil. In the absence of modern medical knowledge, some of the Early Fathers held that abortion was homicide; others that it was tantamount to homicide; and various scholars theorized about when and how the unborn child might be animated or 'ensouled.'
"But none diminished the unique evil of abortion as an attack on life itself, and the early Church closely associated abortion with infanticide. In short, from the beginning, the believing Christian community held that abortion was always, gravely wrong."
Cardinal Edward Egan released a statement this morning saying he was "shocked to learn" of Pelosi's remarks. He said her statements were "misinformed."
The cardinal affirmed that the unborn have "an inalienable right to live, a right that the speaker of the House of Representatives is bound to defend at all costs for the most basic of ethical reasons."
"Anyone who dares to defend that they may be legitimately killed because another human being 'chooses' to do so or for any other equally ridiculous reason," he added, "should not be providing leadership in a civilized democracy worthy of the name."
--- --- ---
On the Net:
Statement of Denver bishops: www.zenit.org/article-23469?l=english
Statement of Archbishop Wuerl: www.zenit.org/article-23470?l=english
Statement of Cardinal Egan: www.zenit.org/article-23476?l=english
EXPLORE # 404 on Thursday, August 28, 2008; # 440 on Thursday, September 11, 2008
The Fallen Gods 12th Anniversary Party on October 19, 2019 was a 12-hour marathon of fun, celebrating one of the most remarkable and awesome creators and communities on Second Life. Here are the looks I wore for the costume themes during the party.
Theme: The Zodiac
My look - Aries:
Skin: Fallen Gods - Chronos Coal Silver
Hair: Exile - Broadcast the Boom Bento Hair
*~*Illusions*~* Canadensis Horns
✰ Credit ✰
Shoes : Buxom - Natal Heels - Anthem
Pose : Versuta. - Ruth Pose
Plants : [QE] - Naturals Plant Collection
NEW ATTITUDE
● Tumblr
● Flickr
● Primfeed
#Home #cozy #decor #art #fashion #style #portrait #homedecor #aesthetic #creative #lifestyle #photography #model #fashionphotography #design #mood #vibrant #Event #Anthem #[QE] #Plants #Versuta #Pose #Buxom #Heels #REED
www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKOtzIo-uYw
gabbyjaws.blogspot.com/2024/12/killing-me-softly.html
Liv Black
Isoke Skin - Oya Tone - Genus+Reborn
Liv Black Coffin nails
Liv Black
Main Store
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Remonta/40/144/1501
CAMO Tanya Locs
JUMO Addison necklace, earrings
Maitreya Lara
Lel EvoX Avalon
SAS Lika Gold gown
Shape remodified by me
Source: www.autoworldmuseum.com/about.html
Why build an automotive museum? Because one way or another, our lives are touched by the automobile. We remember our parents’ cars, the ones we traveled in with family, the ones we borrowed for our first car date, the first ones we bought. The fast cars, the junkers, the modified ones and the ones we rebuilt—all of them are tied to us in memory. We even dream of cars.
William E. Backer, former owner of Backer Potato Chip Company in Fulton, Missouri, looked back in time and found that a vintage automobile was a thing of fascination. His memories were of old country roads and two lane highways. Bill Backer was an engineer and a builder who loved to tinker. Having built a successful potato chip company, he looked back at the cars that were part of his childhood. Shortly after, he owned a Canadian 1924 Dodge Touring. Dark blue with black fenders and a cloth top. Bill drove his family around the back country roads of Callaway County, Missouri and felt himself touching fading memories.
Not long after he collected the Dodge, Bill had a 1909 Ford Model T. Soon after that, a 1930 Model A. Then a 1929 Cord, a 1931 Rolls Royce Phantom II, a 1957 Chevy Bel Air, and so on. By the mid 1990’s, the number of classic autos in the collection neared 100. Bill found a home for many of his classic cars in an old retail building in Fulton. The Auto World Museum Foundation was formed and a classic car museum was opened to the public. Ten years later, in 2006, the automobile museum was moved to its current home at 200 Peacock Drive in Fulton. It is a building dedicated to the history of vintage and modern automobiles as well as the history of Callaway County and Fulton, Missouri.
After his passing in 2008, his daughter, Vicki McDaniel, assumed leadership of the museum and the collection of cars. Since then, the collection of vintage autos has changed a little. However, her primary passion is for the presentation of antique cars and modern ones in a place that everyone can visit.
The presentation of cars and staging of the museum is the vision of Tom K. Jones, Artistic Director of TKJ Designs in Fulton, Missouri. His concept for the museum was a movement through time and a portrayal of the history of Callaway County, Missouri. Auto World Museum is a stage—a movement through history. Its deep black curtains, scenes from back when, panels of advertising and memorabilia will take you through a history of motion in time. At first, you will visit a period not that long ago, although some say 100 years is a long time. As you move in a clockwise direction through the museum, you will find enticing displays. The simplicity of family drives in the convertible. The decadence of Hollywood and its fancy cars. The sights and sounds of the drive-in as you watched from the comfort of your Studebaker or Corvair. You will ponder when gas prices were really, really low. Finally, you will find yourself nearing the future, with displays of alternative fuel vehicles.
Auto World Museum will spark your curiosity. We hope that you will find that our collection of vintage and modern automobiles fascinates you the way that it did Bill Backer. We hope you will continue the journey with us as we add to the collection over time. We would like to thank William Harrison for his dedication to the research on the autos in the museum.
de / From:
cuscoperu.origenandino.com/chinchero-peru.html
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Chinchero conocida como la ciudad del Arco Iris está ubicada a 28 km. al noroeste de la ciudad del Cusco, sobre los 3160 msnm., flanqueada por los nevados de Salkantay, Verónica y Soray. La vista desde aquí es impresionante. Chinchero pertenece a la provincia de Urubamba, departamento de Cusco
Chinchero, la población más típica del Valle Sagrado de los Incas, es una ciudad netamente incaica que los conquistadores quisieron "civilizar" para implantar su cultura, pero nunca lo lograron totalmente. Sus pobladores habitan las construcciones incaicas casi intactas, en el mismo lugar donde sus lejanos antepasados vivieron y formaron la civilización más grande y próspera de América.
En el Conjunto Arqueológico de Chinchero llama la atención inicialmente sus andenes, lo que permite entender que fue un centro de producción agrícola en la época inca, también se construyo un almacén y se doto a todo el complejo de un sistema de regadío muy eficiente. La historia cuenta que con la llegada de los españoles, Chinchero fue incendiada en 1536 por Manco Inca, en su huida hacia Vilcabamba, con el objetivo de no dejarles nada a los españoles.
Sobre el Palacio de Tupac Yupanqui los españoles levantaron la Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Monserrat en 1607, con la finalidad de representar su sometimiento de forma simbólica. Su Altar mayor tallado en pan de oro y estilo barroco está dedicado a la Virgen de la Natividad. Sus paredes están decoradas con obras de Diego Quispe Tito el máximo representante de la escuela cusqueña. También hay trabajos de Francisco Chihuantito.
En Chinchero el pasado persiste obstinadamente, como si el espíritu de una cultura milenaria se aferrara en este lugar, negándose a desaparecer. Los pobladores nativos, ataviados con coloridos trajes típicos, bajan de sus comunidades los domingos y se aglomeran en la plaza principal para intercambiar sus productos. Ver a todo este grupo de gente de raíces culturales profundas, ajenos a todo signo de modernidad, resulta todo un espectáculo.
En la concurrida y colorida feria dominical de chinchero se puede encontrar objetos de uso domestico, algunos verdaderamente antiguos como los famosos textiles de chinchero. En este pueblo, con comunidades unidas se ha podido conservar un patrimonio vivo, inmaterial, de extraordinario valor, que se expresa tanto en la textilería como en las prácticas agrícolas y en una red de relaciones familiares y comunitarias. En los talleres de las asociaciones de artesanas se exponen diariamente todo el proceso del tejido, desde el lavado de la lana, hasta el producto final, se aprende de las técnicas de hilado, teñido y tejido.
Desde Chinchero se puede acceder a la bella Laguna de Huaypo y al pueblo de Piuray. Chinchero es reconocido también por ser un pueblo de talentosos artesanos textiles.
versión interactiva - immersion view
Pincha sobre las letras azules - Click on the blue letters
Para moveros por la panorámica 360º el ratón es la mejor opción. La rueda central es el zoom. Con el botón izquierdo pulsado, movéis el ratón a la derecha, izquierda, arriba o abajo, y os desplazaréis por la panorámica en esas direcciones. Mejor visualizarla a pantalla completa pulsando el botón que está más a la derecha.
Huerto del Cura, la popularidad de este huerto se inició el año 1873 con un fenómeno no muy corriente, pues en ese año comenzaron a brotar del tronco de una palmera macho muchos hijuelos a la altura de 1,80 m, a primeros del siglo XX los hijos quedaron reducidos a siete, con lo que la palmera quedó tal y como puede verse en la actualidad.
En el año 1894 llegó al puerto de Alicante Elizabeth de Wittelsbach, esposa del emperador Francisco José de Austria y Hungría y más conocida popularmente como Sissi. Viajó a Elche, en donde le enseñaron el huerto. La emperatriz quedó profundamente impresionada cuando contempló la palmera, comentándole a su propietario (el capellán Castaño), que esa palmera tenía un poder y una fuerza digna de un imperio, aconsejándole que le pusiese un nombre. Luego de esta visita el capellán pensó en lo que había pasado, y empezó a llamarla, en su honor, Palmera Imperial. De este modo comenzó la tradición de dedicarle a algunos de los visitantes más ilustres las palmeras existentes en el Huerto.
EAGLELUX - BOM Lloyd Hairbase FWRD
Unfolded- Glide X Sneakers
Of Breed - Andy PoseDreamDayEvent
Pastel Ride Heaven Backdrop - The Bearded Guy
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myhealingmoments.blogspot.com/2012/02/day-103.html
112 pictures in 2012 - Nº 5: bottom half
Annotation: I´m developing a 365 project which includes not only a daily photo, but also a daily post in my blog. This is the number 103. If you want to see all the photos: www.flickr.com/photos/healingmoments/sets/72157627759889118/</a
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ALBANIA
Albanian Trilogy: A Series of Devious Stratagems
Armando Lulaj
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Marco Scotini. Deputy Curator: Andris Brinkmanis. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
ANDORRA
Inner Landscapes
Roqué, Joan Xandri
Commissioner: Henry Périer. Deputy Commissioner: Joana Baygual, Sebastià Petit, Francesc Rodríguez
Curator: Paolo de Grandis, Josep M. Ubach. Venue: Spiazzi, Castello 3865
ANGOLA
On Ways of Travelling
António Ole, Binelde Hyrcan, Délio Jasse, Francisco Vidal, Nelo Teixeira
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture, Rita Guedes Tavares. Curator: António Ole. Deputy Curator: Antonia Gaeta. Venue: Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello - Palazzo Pisani, San Marco 2810
ARGENTINA
The Uprising of Form
Juan Carlos Diste´fano
Commissioner: Magdalena Faillace. Curator: Mari´a Teresa Constantin. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
ARMENIA, Republic of
Armenity / Haiyutioun
Haig Aivazian, Lebanon; Nigol Bezjian, Syria/USA; Anna Boghiguian Egypt/Canada; Hera Büyüktasçiyan, Turkey; Silvina Der-Meguerditchian, Argentina/Germany; Rene Gabri & Ayreen Anastas, Iran/Palestine/USA; Mekhitar Garabedian, Belgium; Aikaterini Gegisian, Greece; Yervant Gianikian & Angela Ricci Lucchi, Italy; Aram Jibilian, USA; Nina Katchadourian, USA/Finland; Melik Ohanian, France; Mikayel Ohanjanyan, Armenia/Italy; Rosana Palazyan, Brazil; Sarkis, Turkey/France; Hrair Sarkissian, Syria/UK
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia. Deputy Commissioner: Art for the World, Mekhitarist Congregation of San Lazzaro Island, Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Italy, Vartan Karapetian. Curator: Adelina Cüberyan von Fürstenberg. Venue: Monastery and Island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni
AUSTRALIA
Fiona Hall: Wrong Way Time
Fiona Hall
Commissioner: Simon Mordant AM. Deputy Commissioner: Charles Green. Curator: Linda Michael. Scientific Committee: Simon Mordant AM, Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, Max Delany, Rachel Kent, Danie Mellor, Suhanya Raffel, Leigh Robb. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
AUSTRIA
Heimo Zobernig
Commissioner: Yilmaz Dziewior. Curator: Yilmaz Dziewior. Scientific Committee: Friends of the Venice Biennale. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
AZERBAIJAN, Republic of
Beyond the Line
Ashraf Murad, Javad Mirjavadov, Tofik Javadov, Rasim Babayev, Fazil Najafov, Huseyn Hagverdi, Shamil Najafzada
Commissioner: Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Curators: de Pury de Pury, Emin Mammadov. Venue: Palazzo Lezze, Campo S.Stefano, San Marco 2949
Vita Vitale
Edward Burtynsky, Mircea Cantor, Loris Cecchini, Gordon Cheung, Khalil Chishtee, Tony Cragg, Laura Ford, Noemie Goudal, Siobhán Hapaska, Paul Huxley, IDEA laboratory and Leyla Aliyeva, Chris Jordan with Rebecca Clark and Helena S.Eitel, Tania Kovats, Aida Mahmudova, Sayyora Muin, Jacco Olivier, Julian Opie, Julian Perry, Mike Perry, Bas Princen, Stephanie Quayle, Ugo Rondinone, Graham Stevens, Diana Thater, Andy Warhol, Bill Woodrow, Erwin Wurm, Rose Wylie
Commissioner: Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Curators: Artwise: Susie Allen, Laura Culpan, Dea Vanagan. Venue: Ca’ Garzoni, San Marco 3416
BELARUS, Republic of
War Witness Archive
Konstantin Selikhanov
Commissioner: Natallia Sharanhovich. Deputy Commissioners: Alena Vasileuskaya, Kamilia Yanushkevich. Curators: Aleksei Shinkarenko, Olga Rybchinskaya. Scientific Committee: Dmitry Korol, Daria Amelkovich, Julia Kondratyuk, Sergei Jeihala, Sheena Macfarlane, Yuliya Heisik, Hanna Samarskaya, Taras Kaliahin, Aliaksandr Stasevich. Venue: Riva San Biagio, Castello 2145
BELGIUM
Personnes et les autres
Vincent Meessen and Guests, Mathieu K. Abonnenc, Sammy Baloji, James Beckett, Elisabetta Benassi, Patrick Bernier & Olive Martin, Tamar Guimara~es & Kasper Akhøj, Maryam Jafri, Adam Pendleton
Commissioner: Wallonia-Brussels Federation and Wallonia-Brussels International. Curator: Katerina Gregos. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
COSTA RICA
"Costa Rica, Paese di pace, invita a un linguaggio universale d'intesa tra i popoli".
Andrea Prandi, Beatrice Gallori, Beth Parin, Biagio Schembari, Carla Castaldo, Celestina Avanzini, Cesare Berlingeri, Erminio Tansini, Fabio Capitanio, Fausto Beretti, Giovan Battista Pedrazzini, Giovanni Lamberti, Giovanni Tenga, Iana Zanoskar, Jim Prescott, Leonardo Beccegato, Liliana Scocco, Lucia Bolzano, Marcela Vicuna, Marco Bellagamba, Marco Lodola, Maria Gioia dell’Aglio, Mario Bernardinello, Massimo Meucci, Nacha Piattini, Omar Ronda, Renzo Eusebi, Tita Patti, Romina Power, Rubens Fogacci, Silvio di Pietro, Stefano Sichel, Tino Stefanoni, Ufemia Ritz, Ugo Borlenghi, Umberto Mariani, Venere Chillemi, Jacqueline Gallicot Madar, Massimo Onnis, Fedora Spinelli
Commissioner: Ileana Ordonez Chacon. Curator: Gregorio Rossi. Venue: Palazzo Bollani
CROATIA
Studies on Shivering: The Third Degree
Damir Ocko
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Marc Bembekoff. Venue: Palazzo Pisani, S. Marina
CUBA
El artista entre la individualidad y el contexto
Lida Abdul, Celia-Yunior, Grethell Rasúa, Giuseppe Stampone, LinYilin, Luis Edgardo Gómez Armenteros, Olga Chernysheva, Susana Pilar Delahante Matienzo
Commissioner: Miria Vicini. Curators: Jorge Fernández Torres, Giacomo Zaza. Venue: San Servolo Island
CYPRUS, Republic of
Two Days After Forever
Christodoulos Panayiotou
Commissioner: Louli Michaelidou. Deputy Commissioner: Angela Skordi. Curator: Omar Kholeif. Deputy Curator: Daniella Rose King. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero, Sestiere San Marco 3079
CZECH Republic and SLOVAK Republic
Apotheosis
Jirí David
Commissioner: Adam Budak. Deputy Commissioner: Barbara Holomkova. Curator: Katarina Rusnakova. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ECUADOR
Gold Water: Apocalyptic Black Mirrors
Maria Veronica Leon Veintemilla in collaboration with Lucia Vallarino Peet
Commissioner: Andrea Gonzàlez Sanchez. Deputy Commissioner: PDG Arte Communications. Curator: Ileana Cornea. Deputy Curator: Maria Veronica Leon Veintemilla. Venue: Istituto Santa Maria della Pietà, Castello 3701
ESTONIA
NSFW. From the Abyss of History
Jaanus Samma
Commissioner: Maria Arusoo. Curator: Eugenio Viola. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero, campo San Samuele, San Marco 3199
EGYPT
CAN YOU SEE
Ahmed Abdel Fatah, Gamal Elkheshen, Maher Dawoud
Commissioner: Hany Al Ashkar. Curator: Ministry of Culture. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
FINLAND (Pavilion Alvar Aalto)
Hours, Years, Aeons
IC-98
Commissioner: Frame Visual Art Finland, Raija Koli. Curator: Taru Elfving. Deputy Curator: Anna Virtanen. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
FRANCE
revolutions
Céleste Boursier-Mougenot
Commissioner: Institut français, with Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Curator: Emma Lavigne. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GEORGIA
Crawling Border
Rusudan Gobejishvili Khizanishvili, Irakli Bluishvili, Dimitri Chikvaidze, Joseph Sabia
Commissioner: Ana Riaboshenko. Curator: Nia Mgaloblishvili. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
GERMANY
Fabrik
Jasmina Metwaly / Philip Rizk, Olaf Nicolai, Hito Steyerl, Tobias Zielony
Commissioner: ifa (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen) on behalf of the Federal Foreign Office. Deputy Commissioner: Elke aus dem Moore, Nina Hülsmeier. Curator: Florian Ebner. Deputy Curator: Tanja Milewsky, Ilina Koralova. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GREAT BRITAIN
Sarah Lucas
Commissioner: Emma Dexter. Curator: Richard Riley. Deputy Curator: Katrina Schwarz. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GRENADA *
Present Nearness
Oliver Benoit, Maria McClafferty, Asher Mains, Francesco Bosso and Carmine Ciccarini, Guiseppe Linardi
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Deputy Commissioner: Susan Mains. Curator: Susan Mains. Deputy Curator: Francesco Elisei. Venue: Opera don Orione Artigianelli, Sala Tiziano, Fondamenta delle Zattere ai Gesuati, Dorsoduro 919
GREECE
Why Look at Animals? AGRIMIKÁ.
Maria Papadimitriou
Commissioner: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs. Curator: Gabi Scardi. Deputy Curator: Alexios Papazacharias. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
BRAZIL
So much that it doesn't fit here
Antonio Manuel, André Komatsu, Berna Reale
Commissioner: Luis Terepins. Curator: Luiz Camillo Osorio. Deputy Curator: Cauê Alves. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
CANADA
Canadassimo
BGL
Commissioner: National Gallery of Canada, Marc Mayer. Deputy Commissioner: National Gallery of Canada, Yves Théoret. Curator: Marie Fraser. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
CHILE
Poéticas de la disidencia | Poetics of dissent: Paz Errázuriz - Lotty Rosenfeld
Paz Errázuriz, Lotty Rosenfeld
Commissioner: Antonio Arèvalo. Deputy Commissioner: Juan Pablo Vergara Undurraga. Curator: Nelly Richard. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
CHINA, People’s Republic of
Other Future
LIU Jiakun, LU Yang, TAN Dun, WEN Hui/Living Dance Studio, WU Wenguang/Caochangdi Work Station
Commissioner: China Arts and Entertainment Group, CAEG. Deputy Commissioners: Zhang Yu, Yan Dong. Curator: Beijing Contemporary Art Foundation. Scientific Committee: Fan Di’an, Zhang Zikang, Zhu Di, Gao Shiming, Zhu Qingsheng, Pu Tong, Shang Hui. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Giardino delle Vergini
GUATEMALA
Sweet Death
Emma Anticoli Borza, Sabrina Bertolelli, Mariadolores Castellanos, Max Leiva, Pier Domenico Magri, Adriana Montalto, Elmar Rojas (Elmar René Rojas Azurdia), Paolo Schmidlin, Mónica Serra, Elsie Wunderlich, Collettivo La Grande Bouffe
Commissioner: Daniele Radini Tedeschi. Curators: Stefania Pieralice, Carlo Marraffa, Elsie Wunderlich. Deputy Curators: Luciano Carini, Simone Pieralice. Venue: Officina delle Zattere, Dorsoduro 947, Fondamenta Nani
HOLY SEE
Commissioner: Em.mo Card. Gianfranco Ravasi, Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
HUNGARY
Sustainable Identities
Szilárd Cseke
Commissioner: Monika Balatoni. Deputy Commissioner: István Puskás, Sándor Fodor, Anna Karády. Curator: Kinga German. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ICELAND
Christoph Büchel
Commissioner: Björg Stefánsdóttir. Curator: Nína Magnúsdóttir. Venue: to be confirmed
INDONESIA, Republic of
Komodo Voyage
Heri Dono
Commissioner: Sapta Nirwandar. Deputy Commissioner: Soedarmadji JH Damais. Curator: Carla Bianpoen, Restu Imansari Kusumaningrum. Scientific Committee: Franco Laera, Asmudjo Jono Irianto, Watie Moerany, Elisabetta di Mambro. Venue: Venue: Arsenale
IRAN
Iranian Highlights
Samira Alikhanzaradeh, Mahmoud Bakhshi Moakhar, Jamshid Bayrami, Mohammed Ehsai
The Great Game
Lida Abdul, Bani Abidi, Adel Abidin, Amin Agheai, Ghodratollah Agheli, Shahriar Ahmadi, Parastou Ahovan, Farhad Ahrarnia, Rashad Alakbarov, Nazgol Ansarinia, Reza Aramesh, Alireza Astaneh, Sonia Balassanian, Mahmoud Bakhshi, Moakhar Wafaa Bilal, Mehdi Farhadian, Monir Farmanfarmaian, Shadi Ghadirian, Babak Golkar, Shilpa Gupta, Ghasem Hajizadeh, Shamsia Hassani, Sahand Hesamiyan, Sitara Ibrahimova, Pouran Jinchi, Amar Kanwar, Babak Kazemi, Ryas Komu, Ahmad Morshedloo, Farhad Moshiri, Mehrdad Mohebali, Huma Mulji, Azad Nanakeli, Jamal Penjweny, Imran Qureshi, Sara Rahbar, Rashid Rana, T.V. Santhosh, Walid Siti, Mohsen Taasha Wahidi, Mitra Tabrizian, Parviz Tanavoli, Newsha Tavakolian, Sadegh Tirafkan, Hema Upadhyay, Saira Wasim
Commissioner: Majid Mollanooruzi. Deputy Commissioners: Marco Meneguzzo, Mazdak Faiznia. Curators: Marco Meneguzzo, Mazdak Faiznia. Venue: Calle San Giovanni 1074/B, Cannaregio
IRAQ
Commissioner: Ruya Foundation for Contemporary Culture in Iraq (RUYA). Deputy Commissioner: Nuova Icona - Associazione Culturale per le Arti. Curator: Philippe Van Cauteren. Venue: Ca' Dandolo, San Polo 2879
IRELAND
Adventure: Capital
Sean Lynch
Commissioner: Mike Fitzpatrick. Curator: Woodrow Kernohan. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
ISRAEL
Tsibi Geva | Archeology of the Present
Tsibi Geva
Commissioner: Arad Turgem, Michael Gov. Curator: Hadas Maor. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ITALY
Ministero dei Beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo - Direzione Generale Arte e Architettura Contemporanee e Periferie Urbane. Commissioner: Federica Galloni. Curator: Vincenzo Trione. Venue: Padiglione Italia, Tese delle Vergini at Arsenale
JAPAN
The Key in the Hand
Chiharu Shiota
Commissioner: The Japan Foundation. Deputy Commissioner: Yukihiro Ohira, Manako Kawata and Haruka Nakajima. Curator: Hitoshi Nakano. Venue : Pavilion at Giardini
KENYA
Creating Identities
Yvonne Apiyo Braendle-Amolo, Qin Feng, Shi Jinsong, Armando Tanzini, Li Zhanyang, Lan Zheng Hui, Li Gang, Double Fly Art Center
Commissioner: Paola Poponi. Curator: Sandro Orlandi Stagl. Deputy Curator: Ding Xuefeng. Venue: San Servolo Island
KOREA, Republic of
The Ways of Folding Space & Flying
MOON Kyungwon & JEON Joonho
Commissioner: Sook-Kyung Lee. Curator: Sook-Kyung Lee. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
KOSOVO, Republic of
Speculating on the blue
Flaka Haliti
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports. Curator: Nicolaus Schafhausen. Deputy Curator: Katharina Schendl. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
LATVIA
Armpit
Katrina Neiburga, Andris Eglitis
Commissioner: Solvita Krese (Latvian Centre for Contemporary Art). Deputy Commissioner: Kitija Vasiljeva. Curator: Kaspars Vanags. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
LITHUANIA
Museum
Dainius Liškevicius
Commissioner: Vytautas Michelkevicius. Deputy Commissioner: Rasa Antanaviciute. Curator: Vytautas Michelkevicius. Venue: Palazzo Zenobio, Fondamenta del Soccorso 2569, Dorsoduro
LUXEMBOURG, Grand Duchy of
Paradiso Lussemburgo
Filip Markiewicz
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Deputy Commissioner: MUDAM Luxembourg. Curator: Paul Ardenne. Venue: Cà Del Duca, Corte del Duca Sforza, San Marco 3052
MACEDONIA, Former Yugoslavian Republic of
We are all in this alone
Hristina Ivanoska and Yane Calovski
Commissioner: Maja Nedelkoska Brzanova, National Gallery of Macedonia. Deputy Commissioner: Olivija Stoilkova. Curator: Basak Senova. Deputy Curator: Maja Cankulovska Mihajlovska. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Sale d’Armi
MAURITIUS *
From One Citizen You Gather an Idea
Sultana Haukim, Nirmal Hurry, Alix Le Juge, Olga Jürgenson, Helge Leiberg, Krishna Luchoomun, Neermala Luckeenarain, Kavinash Thomoo, Bik Van Der Pol, Laure Prouvost, Vitaly Pushnitsky, Römer + Römer
Commissioner: pARTage. Curators: Alfredo Cramerotti, Olga Jürgenson. Venue: Palazzo Flangini - Canareggio 252
MEXICO
Possesing Nature
Tania Candiani, Luis Felipe Ortega
Commissioner: Tomaso Radaelli. Deputy Commissioner: Magdalena Zavala Bonachea. Curator: Karla Jasso. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
MONGOLIA *
Other Home
Enkhbold Togmidshiirev, Unen Enkh
Commissioner: Gantuya Badamgarav, MCASA. Curator: Uranchimeg Tsultemin. Scientific Committee: David A Ross, Boldbaatar Chultemin. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
MONTENEGRO
,,Ti ricordi Sjecaš li se You Remember "
Aleksandar Duravcevic
Commissioner/Curator: Anastazija Miranovic. Deputy Commissioner: Danica Bogojevic. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero (piano terra), San Marco 3078-3079/A, Ramo Malipiero
MOZAMBIQUE, Republic of *
Theme: Coexistence of Tradition and Modernity in Contemporary Mozambique
Mozambique Artists
Commissioner: Joel Matias Libombo. Deputy Commissioner: Gilberto Paulino Cossa. Curator: Comissariado-Geral para a Expo Milano 2015. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
NETHERLANDS, The
herman de vries - to be all ways to be
herman de vries
Commissioner: Mondriaan Fund. Curators: Colin Huizing, Cees de Boer. Venue: Pavilion ar Giardini
NEW ZEALAND
Secret Power
Simon Denny
Commissioner: Heather Galbraith. Curator: Robert Leonard. Venue: Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Marco Polo Airport
NORDIC PAVILION (NORWAY)
Camille Norment
Commissioner: OCA, Office for Contemporary Art Norway. Curator: Katya García-Antón. Deputy Curator: Antonio Cataldo. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
PERU
Misplaced Ruins
Gilda Mantilla and Raimond Chaves
Commissioner: Armando Andrade de Lucio. Curator: Max Hernández-Calvo. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
PHILIPPINES
Tie a String Around the World
Manuel Conde, Carlos Francisco, Manny Montelibano, Jose Tence Ruiz
Commissioner: National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), Felipe M. de Leon Jr. Curator: Patrick D. Flores. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
POLAND
Halka/Haiti. 18°48’05”N 72°23’01”W
C.T. Jasper, Joanna Malinowska
Commissioner: Hanna Wróblewska. Deputy Commissioner: Joanna Wasko. Curator: Magdalena Moskalewicz. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
PORTUGAL
I Will Be Your Mirror / poems and problems
João Louro
Commissioner/Curator: María de Corral. Venue: Palazzo Loredan, campo S. Stefano
ROMANIA
Adrian Ghenie: Darwin’s Room
Adrian Ghenie
Commissioner: Monica Morariu. Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damian. Curator: Mihai Pop. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
Inventing the Truth. On Fiction and Reality
Michele Bressan, Carmen Dobre-Hametner, Alex Mirutziu, Lea Rasovszky, Stefan Sava, Larisa Sitar
Commissioner: Monica Morariu. Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damian. Curator: Diana Marincu. Deputy Curators: Ephemair Association (Suzana Dan and Silvia Rogozea). Venue: New Gallery of the Romanian Institute for Culture and Humanistic Research in Venice
RUSSIA
The Green Pavilion
Irina Nakhova
Commissioner: Stella Kesaeva. Curator: Margarita Tupitsyn. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SERBIA
United Dead Nations
Ivan Grubanov
Commissioner: Lidija Merenik. Deputy Commissioner: Ana Bogdanovic. Curator: Lidija Merenik. Deputy Curator: Ana Bogdanovic. Scientific Committee: Jovan Despotovic. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SAN MARINO
Repubblica di San Marino “ Friendship Project “ China
Xu De Qi, Liu Dawei, Liu Ruo Wang, Ma Yuan, Li Lei, Zhang Hong Mei, Eleonora Mazza, Giuliano Giulianelli, Giancarlo Frisoni, Tony Margiotta, Elisa Monaldi, Valentina Pazzini
Commissioner: Istituti Culturali della Repubblica di San Marino. Curator: Vincenzo Sanfo. Venue: TBC
SEYCHELLES, Republic of *
A Clockwork Sunset
George Camille, Léon Wilma Loïs Radegonde
Commissioner: Seychelles Art Projects Foundation. Curators: Sarah J. McDonald, Victor Schaub Wong. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
SINGAPORE
Sea State
Charles Lim Yi Yong
Commissioner: Paul Tan, National Arts Council, Singapore. Curator: Shabbir Hussain Mustafa. Scientific Committee: Eugene Tan, Kathy Lai, Ahmad Bin Mashadi, June Yap, Emi Eu, Susie Lingham, Charles Merewether, Randy Chan. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
SLOVENIA, Republic of
UTTER / The violent necessity for the embodied presence of hope
JAŠA
Commissioner: Simona Vidmar. Deputy Commissioner: Jure Kirbiš. Curators: Michele Drascek and Aurora Fonda. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
SPAIN
Los Sujetos (The Subjects)
Pepo Salazar, Cabello/Carceller, Francesc Ruiz, + Salvador Dalí
Commissioner: Ministerio Asuntos Exteriores. Gobierno de España. Curator: Marti Manen. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
Origini della civiltà
Narine Ali, Ehsan Alar, Felipe Cardeña, Fouad Dahdouh, Aldo Damioli, Svitlana Grebenyuk, Mauro Reggio, Liu Shuishi, Nass ouh Zaghlouleh, Andrea Zucchi, Helidon Xhixha
Commissioner: Christian Maretti. Curator: Duccio Trombadori. Venue: Redentore – Giudecca, San Servolo Island
SWEDEN
Excavation of the Image: Imprint, Shadow, Spectre, Thought
Lina Selander
Commissioner: Ann-Sofi Noring. Curator: Lena Essling. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
SWITZERLAND
Our Product
Pamela Rosenkranz
Commissioner: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia, Sandi Paucic and Marianne Burki. Deputy-Commissioner: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia, Rachele Giudici Legittimo. Curator: Susanne Pfeffer. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
THAILAND
Earth, Air, Fire & Water
Kamol Tassananchalee
Commissioner: Chai Nakhonchai, Office of Contemporary Art and Culture (OCAC), Ministry of Culture. Curator: Richard David Garst. Deputy Curator: Pongdej Chaiyakut. Venue: Paradiso Gallerie, Giardini della Biennale, Castello 1260
TURKEY
Respiro
Sarkis
Commissioner: Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. Curator: Defne Ayas. Deputy Curator: Ozge Ersoy. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
TUVALU
Crossing the Tide
Vincent J.F. Huang
Commissioner: Taukelina Finikaso. Deputy Commissioner: Temate Melitiana. Curator: Thomas J. Berghuis. Scientific Committee: Andrea Bonifacio. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
UKRAINE
Hope!
Yevgenia Belorusets, Nikita Kadan, Zhanna Kadyrova, Mykola Ridnyi & SerhiyZhadan, Anna Zvyagintseva, Open Group, Artem Volokitin
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Björn Geldhof. Venue: Riva dei Sette Martiri
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
1980 – Today: Exhibitions in the United Arab Emirates
Abdullah Al Saadi, Abdul Qader Al Rais, Abdulraheem Salim, Abdulrahman Zainal, Ahmed Al Ansari, Ahmed Sharif, Hassan Sharif, Mohamed Yousif, Mohammed Abdullah Bulhiah, Mohammed Al Qassab, Mohammed Kazem, Moosa Al Halyan, Najat Meky, Obaid Suroor, Salem Jawhar
Commissioner: Salama bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. Curator: Hoor Al Qasimi. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d'Armi
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Joan Jonas: They Come to Us Without a Word
Joan Jonas
Commissioner: Paul C. Ha. Deputy Commissioner: MIT List Visual Arts Center. Curators: Ute Meta Bauer, Paul C. Ha. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
URUGUAY
Global Myopia II (Pencil & Paper)
Marco Maggi
Commissioner: Ricardo Pascale. Curator: Patricia Bentancour. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
VENEZUELA, Bolivarian Republic of
Te doy mi palabra (I give you my word)
Argelia Bravo, Félix Molina (Flix)
Commissioner: Oscar Sotillo Meneses. Deputy Commissioner: Reinaldo Landaeta Díaz. Curator: Oscar Sotillo Meneses. Deputy Curator: Morella Jurado. Scientific Committee: Carlos Pou Ruan. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ZIMBABWE, Republic of
Pixels of Ubuntu/Unhu: - Exploring the social and cultural identities of the 21st century.
Chikonzero Chazunguza, Masimba Hwati, Gareth Nyandoro
Commissioner: Doreen Sibanda. Curator: Raphael Chikukwa. Deputy Curator: Tafadzwa Gwetai. Scientific Committee: Saki Mafundikwa, Biggie Samwanda, Fabian Kangai, Reverend Paul Damasane, Nontsikelelo Mutiti, Stephen Garan'anga, Dominic Benhura. Venue: Santa Maria della Pieta
ITALO-LATIN AMERICAN INSTITUTE
Voces Indígenas
Commissioner: Sylvia Irrazábal. Curator: Alfons Hug. Deputy Curator: Alberto Saraiva. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
ARGENTINA
Sofia Medici and Laura Kalauz
PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA
Sonia Falcone and José Laura Yapita
BRAZIL
Adriana Barreto
Paulo Nazareth
CHILE
Rainer Krause
COLOMBIA
León David Cobo,
María Cristina Rincón and Claudia Rodríguez
COSTA RICA
Priscilla Monge
ECUADOR
Fabiano Kueva
EL SALVADOR
Mauricio Kabistan
GUATEMALA
Sandra Monterroso
HAITI
Barbara Prézeau Stephenson
HONDURAS
Leonardo González
PANAMA
Humberto Vélez
NICARAGUA
Raúl Quintanilla
PARAGUAY
Erika Meza
Javier López
PERU
José Huamán Turpo
URUGUAY
Gustavo Tabares
Ellen Slegers
001 Inverso Mundus. AES+F
Magazzino del Sale n. 5, Dorsoduro, 265 (Fondamenta delle Zattere ai Saloni); Palazzo Nani Mocenigo, Dorsoduro, 960
May 9th – October 31st
Organization: VITRARIA Glass + A Museum
Catalonia in Venice: Singularity
Cantieri Navali, Castello, 40 (Calle Quintavalle)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Institut Ramon Llull
venezia2015.llull.cat
Conversion. Recycle Group
Chiesa di Sant’Antonin, Castello (Campo Sant’Antonin)
May 6th - October 31st
Organization: Moscow Museum of Modern Art
Dansaekhwa
Palazzo Contarini-Polignac, Dorsoduro, 874 (Accademia)
May 7th – August 15th
Organization: The Boghossian Foundation
Dispossession
Palazzo Donà Brusa, Campo San Polo, 2177
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: European Capital of Culture Wroclaw 2016
wroclaw2016.pl/biennale/
EM15 presents Doug Fishbone’s Leisure Land Golf
Arsenale Docks, Castello, 40A, 40B, 41C
May 6th - July 26th
Organization: EM15
Eredità e Sperimentazione
Grand Hotel Hungaria & Ausonia, Viale Santa Maria Elisabetta, 28, Lido di Venezia
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Istituto Nazionale di BioArchitettura - Sezione di Padova
Frontiers Reimagined
Palazzo Grimani, Castello, 4858 (Ramo Grimani)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Tagore Foundation International; Polo museale del Veneto
Glasstress 2015 Gotika
Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Palazzo Cavalli Franchetti, San Marco, 2847 (Campo Santo Stefano); Chiesa di Santa Maria della Visitazione, Centro Culturale Don Orione Artigianelli, Dorsoduro, 919 (Zattere); Fondazione Berengo, Campiello della Pescheria, 15, Murano;
May 9th — November 22nd
Organization: The State Hermitage Museum
Graham Fagen: Scotland + Venice 2015
Palazzo Fontana, Cannaregio, 3829 (Strada Nova)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Scotland + Venice
Grisha Bruskin. An Archaeologist’s Collection
Former Chiesa di Santa Caterina, Cannaregio, 4941-4942
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: Centro Studi sulle Arti della Russia (CSAR), Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
Helen Sear, ... The Rest Is Smoke
Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Castello, 450 (Fondamenta San Gioacchin)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Cymru yn Fenis/Wales in Venice
Highway to Hell
Palazzo Michiel, Cannaregio, 4391/A (Strada Nova)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Hubei Museum of Art
Humanistic Nature and Society (Shan-Shui) – An Insight into the Future
Palazzo Faccanon, San Marco, 5016 (Mercerie)
May 7th – August 4th
Organization: Shanghai Himalayas Museum
In the Eye of the Thunderstorm: Effervescent Practices from the Arab World & South Asia
Dorsoduro, 417 (Zattere)
May 6th - November 15th
Organization: ArsCulture
Italia Docet | Laboratorium- Artists, Participants, Testimonials and Activated Spectators
Palazzo Barbarigo Minotto, San Marco, 2504 (Fondamenta Duodo o Barbarigo)
May 9th – June 30th; September 11st – October 31st
Organization: Italian Art Motherboard Foundation (i-AM Foundation)
www.venicebiennale-italiadocet.org
Jaume Plensa: Together
Basilica di San Giorgio Maggiore, Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: Abbazia di San Giorgio Maggiore Benedicti Claustra Onlus
Jenny Holzer "War Paintings"
Museo Correr, San Marco, 52 (Piazza San Marco)
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: The Written Art Foundation; Museo Correr, Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia
correr.visitmuve.it
Jump into the Unknown
Palazzo Loredan dell’Ambasciatore, Dorsoduro, 1261-1262
May 9th – June 18th
Organization: Nine Dragon Heads
9dh-venice.com
Learn from Masters
Palazzo Bembo, San Marco, 4793 (Riva del Carbon)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Pan Tianshou Foundation
pantianshou.caa.edu.cn/foundation_en
My East is Your West
Palazzo Benzon, San Marco, 3927
May 6th – October 31st
Organization: The Gujral Foundation
Ornamentalism. The Purvitis Prize
Arsenale Nord, Tesa 99
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: The Secretariat of the Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2015
www.purvisabalva.lv/en/ornamentalism
Path and Adventure
Arsenale, Castello, 2126/A (Campo della Tana)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: The Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau; The Macao Museum of Art; The Cultural Affairs Bureau
Patricia Cronin: Shrine for Girls, Venice
Chiesa di San Gallo, San Marco, 1103 (Campo San Gallo)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Brooklyn Rail Curatorial Projects
curatorialprojects.brooklynrail.org
Roberto Sebastian Matta. Sculture
Giardino di Palazzo Soranzo Cappello, Soprintendenza BAP per le Province di Venezia, Belluno, Padova e Treviso, Santa Croce, 770 (Fondamenta Rio Marin)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Fondazione Echaurren Salaris
www.fondazioneechaurrensalaris.it
www.maggioregam.com/56Biennale_Matta
Salon Suisse: S.O.S. Dada - The World Is A Mess
Palazzo Trevisan degli Ulivi, Dorsoduro, 810 (Campo Sant'Agnese)
May 9th; June 4th - 6th; September 10th - 12th; October 15th - 17th; November 19th – 21st
Organization: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia
Sean Scully: Land Sea
Palazzo Falier, San Marco, 2906
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Fondazione Volume!
Sepphoris. Alessandro Valeri
Molino Stucky, interior atrium, Giudecca, 812
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Assessorato alla Cultura del Comune di Narni(TR); a Sidereal Space of Art; Satellite Berlin
Tesla Revisited
Palazzo Nani Mocenigo, Dorsoduro, 960
May 9th – October 18th
Organization: VITRARIA Glass + A Museum
The Bridges of Graffiti
Arterminal c/o Terminal San Basilio, Dorsoduro (Fondamenta Zattere al Ponte Lungo)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Associazione Culturale Inossidabile
The Dialogue of Fire. Ceramic and Glass Masters from Barcelona to Venice
Palazzo Tiepolo Passi, San Polo, 2774
May 6th - November 22nd
Organization: Fundaciò Artigas; ArsCulture
The Question of Beings
Istituto Santa Maria della Pietà, Castello, 3701
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Museum of Contemporary Art, Taipei (MoCA, Taipei)
The Revenge of the Common Place
Università Ca' Foscari, Ca' Bernardo, Dorsoduro, 3199 (Calle Bernardo)
May 9th – September 30th
Organization: Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University Brussels-VUB)
The Silver Lining. Contemporary Art from Liechtenstein and other Microstates
Palazzo Trevisan degli Ulivi, Dorsoduro, 810 (Campo Sant'Agnese)
October 24th – November 1st
Organization: Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein
The Sound of Creation. Paintings + Music by Beezy Bailey and Brian Eno
Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello, Palazzo Pisani, San Marco, 2810 (Campo Santo Stefano)
May 7th - November 22nd
Organization: ArsCulture
The Union of Fire and Water
Palazzo Barbaro, San Marco, 2840
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: YARAT Contemporary Art Organisation
Thirty Light Years - Theatre of Chinese Art
Palazzo Rossini, San Marco, 4013 (Campo Manin)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: GAC Global Art Center Foundation; The Guangdong Museum of Art
Tsang Kin-Wah: The Infinite Nothing, Hong Kong in Venice
Arsenale, Castello, 2126 (Campo della Tana)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: M+, West Kowloon Cultural District; Hong Kong Arts Development Council
Under the Surface, Newfoundland and Labrador at Venice
Galleria Ca' Rezzonico, Dorsoduro, 2793
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Terra Nova Art Foundation
tnaf.ca
Ursula von Rydingsvard
Giardino della Marinaressa, Castello (Riva dei Sette Martiri)
May 6th - November 22nd
Organization:Yorkshire Sculpture Park
We Must Risk Delight: Twenty Artists from Los Angeles
Magazzino del Sale n. 3, Dorsoduro, 264 (Zattere)
May 7th - November 22nd
Organization: bardoLA
Wu Tien-Chang: Never Say Goodbye
Palazzo delle Prigioni, Castello, 4209 (San Marco)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Taipei Fine Arts Museum of Taiwan
Das Jahr 2019 beginnt mit einem explosiven Gemisch aus geopolitischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Krisen. Zur Verteidigung des kapitalistischen Systems zieht die herrschende Klasse weltweit ultrarechte und neofaschistische Politiker und Organisationen heran. Nur durch die Mobilisierung der Arbeiterklasse für eine internationale sozialistische Strategie können Diktatur und Krieg abgewendet werden.
(James Cogan, Joseph Kishore und David North inhttps://www.wsws.org/de/articles/2019/01/05/stra-j05.html)
1. Zum Auftakt des letzten Jahres erklärte das Internationale Komitee der Vierten Internationale (IKVI): „Das Jahr 2018, das Jahr des 200. Geburtstags von Karl Marx, wird in erster Linie durch eine enorme Verschärfung der sozialen Spannungen und durch eine weltweite Zuspitzung des Klassenkampfs gekennzeichnet sein.“
2. Diese Vorhersage hat sich bestätigt. Nach Jahrzehnten der Unterdrückung – insbesondere nach dem Zusammenbruch der stalinistischen Regime in Osteuropa 1989, dem Massaker des chinesischen Regimes an Arbeitern und Studenten auf dem Platz des Himmlischen Friedens und vor allem der Auflösung der Sowjetunion durch die Kremlbürokratie im Dezember 1991 – ist der Klassenkampf weltweit wieder aufgeflammt. Eine Welle von Streiks und Demonstrationen, die zumeist gegen den Willen der offiziellen prokapitalistischen Parteien und Gewerkschaften und außerhalb ihrer Kontrolle stattfanden, ergriff die ganze Welt einschließlich der Vereinigten Staaten. Das Jahr endete mit den Massenprotesten der „Gelbwesten“ in Frankreich gegen die Regierung unter Emmanuel Macron („Präsident der Reichen“) und mit Unruhen in Tunesien. Das Streben der internationalen Arbeiterklasse nach sozialer Gleichheit ist die große Frage der Weltpolitik. Diese Konzeption hat das IKVI bereits 1995 vorweggenommen, als es für seine nationalen Sektionen den Namen Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei wählte.
3. Im Gründungsdokument der Vierten Internationale von 1938 definierte Leo Trotzki die Epoche, die mit der Katastrophe des Ersten Weltkriegs angebrochen war, als die „Todeskrise des Kapitalismus“. Folgendermaßen fasste er die Weltlage zusammen:
Die Produktivkräfte der Menschheit haben aufgehört zu wachsen. Neue Erfindungen und technische Neuerungen vermögen bereits nicht mehr zu einer Hebung des materiellen Wohlstands beizutragen. Unter den Bedingungen der sozialen Krise des gesamten kapitalistischen Systems bürden Konjunkturkrisen den Massen immer größere Entbehrungen und Leiden auf. Die wachsende Arbeitslosigkeit vertieft wiederum die staatliche Finanzkrise und unterhöhlt die zerrütteten Währungen. Demokratische wie faschistische Regierungen taumeln von einem Bankrott in den anderen. (Das Übergangsprogramm, Essen 1997, S. 83)
4. Die enormen Probleme, vor denen die internationale Arbeiterklasse stand, als Trotzki diese Worte schrieb – globale wirtschaftliche Instabilität, die Unterjochung ganzer Länder durch die imperialistischen Mächte, der Zusammenbruch der parlamentarischen Demokratie, der Aufstieg faschistischer Bewegungen, heftige zwischenstaatliche Konflikte und die unmittelbare Gefahr eines Weltkriegs – bestehen ausnahmslos auch heute. Wie in den 1930er Jahren baut die kapitalistische Elite aller Länder fieberhaft einen Militär- und Polizeistaat auf und schürt gleichzeitig extremen Nationalismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit, um soziale Spannungen abzuleiten und ihre Herrschaft abzusichern. Bislang haben die faschistischen Bewegungen keine echte Massenbasis, sondern werden von Teilen der etablierten kapitalistischen Parteien und der Massenmedien gestützt. Dennoch stellen sie eine offenkundige Gefahr dar.
5. Allerdings hat mittlerweile eine weitere gesellschaftliche Kraft die politische Bühne betreten. Die Arbeiterklasse, die so lange unterdrückt und abgeschrieben wurde, hat begonnen, ihre eigenen unabhängigen Interessen anzumelden. Der Ausbruch sozialer Massenkämpfe in Frankreich, in den USA und international markiert den Anbruch einer neuen revolutionären Periode. Die Orientierungslosigkeit und Verwirrung, die nach den Niederlagen der großen Kämpfe der 1980er Jahre und der Auflösung der Sowjetunion um sich griffen, sind endlich einer neuen Kampf- und Widerstandsbereitschaft gewichen.
6. Die antimarxistischen Glaubenssätze der akademischen und politischen Vertreter der wohlhabenden Mittelschicht und natürlich des bürgerlichen Establishments wurden diskreditiert – in der Theorie ebenso wie durch die gesellschaftliche Praxis der Massen. Nicht nur die Darstellung Francis Fukuyamas, der bei der Auflösung der Sowjetunion das „Ende der Geschichte“ und den Triumph des kapitalistischen Marktes verkündete, ist auf den Müllhaufen grundfalscher Prophezeiungen gewandert. Auch die Behauptung des britischen stalinistischen Historikers Eric Hobsbawm, dass mit 1991 das „kurze 20. Jahrhundert“ beendet und eine sozialistische Revolution der Arbeiterklasse fortan ausgeschlossen sei, hat sich als kurzsichtig erwiesen.
7. Als ideologische Handlanger der bürgerlichen Herrschaft entlarvt sind auch die demoralisierten kleinbürgerlichen Theoretiker der Frankfurter Schule mit ihrer Ablehnung der revolutionären Rolle der Arbeiterklasse, die Zyniker der Postmoderne mit ihrer Leugnung objektiv verifizierbarer historischer Ereignisse, die irrationalen Skeptiker mit ihren Zweifeln am „großen Narrativ“ des Marxismus über die zentrale historische Bedeutung des revolutionären Kampfs der Arbeiterklasse gegen den Kapitalismus sowie die selbstverliebten Professoren mit ihren banalen und wissenschaftlich haltlosen Dogmen über den „Primat“ von Geschlecht, Rasse oder sexueller Identität.
8. Die Analyse und die Perspektiven des IKVI haben sich bestätigt. Die heutige Welt steht immer noch vor der wesentlichen historischen Herausforderung des „unvollendeten 20. Jahrhunderts“ – der Eroberung der politischen Macht durch die Arbeiterklasse und dem Übergang zu einer sozialistischen Gesellschaft.
Der globale Zusammenbruch der kapitalistischen Herrschaft
9. Am Beginn des Jahres 2019 steht ein explosives Gemisch aus geopolitischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Krisen. Der trunkene Optimismus, der die herrschenden Kreise nach dem Untergang der Sowjetunion ergriffen hatte, ist restlos verflogen. Stattdessen ist die Stimmung der internationalen Kapitalistenklasse von ängstlicher Anspannung geprägt. Die starken Turbulenzen an den internationalen Börsen Ende 2018 werden als Anzeichen dafür gewertet, dass sich die Verzweiflungsmaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung der Märkte nach dem Crash von 2008 erschöpft haben. Die Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Sprachrohr der Schweizer Bankiers und klügste der bürgerlichen Zeitungen, fasste den vorherrschenden Pessimismus zum Jahresende in der Schlagzeile zusammen: „Es muss uns zuerst schlechter gehen“. Die Message des Leitartikels war klar: Die internationale herrschende Klasse wird auf die sich verschärfende Wirtschaftskrise mit drakonischen Maßnahmen gegen die Arbeiterklasse reagieren.
10. Die Krise des internationalen Kapitalismus hat historischen und systemischen Charakter. Im Siegesgeheul nach der Auflösung der Sowjetunion und in der Selbstbeweihräucherung der herrschenden Eliten ging nahezu unter, dass sich die Ereignisse von 1989–1991 vor dem Hintergrund einer ausgeprägten wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und politischen Instabilität des Weltkapitalismus abspielten. Als sich Mitte der 1980er Jahre Reagan in den Vereinigten Staaten und Gorbatschow in der Sowjetunion mit eskalierenden Krisen ihrer Regierungen herumschlugen, war die Frage, welches System zuerst zusammenbrechen würde, durchaus angebracht (und wurde vom IKVI auch gestellt). Die globale Vormachtstellung, die der US-Imperialismus nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg eingenommen hatte, war bereits stark erodiert. Darüber hinaus trieb der bahnbrechende Fortschritt der Computertechnik die Globalisierung voran und untergrub damit zusehends die Grundlage des von den USA dominierten imperialistischen Systems, das aus Nationalstaaten zusammengesetzt und in diesen verwurzelt ist.
11. Trotz der politischen Vorteile, die der US-Imperialismus seinem „Sieg“ im Kalten Krieg und dem Verrat der alten Führungen der Arbeiterklasse verdankte, blieb die tiefer liegende Krise des Weltkapitalismus ungelöst. Wie nur das IKVI damals erkannte, kam in der Wiederherstellung des Kapitalismus durch die stalinistischen Bürokratien in China, Osteuropa und der UdSSR – die alle eine hoffnungslos anachronistische, autoritäre und antimarxistische Politik betrieben hatten – am klarsten zum Ausdruck, dass die nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg verfolgte Politik der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Regulierung auf nationaler Ebene nicht mehr funktionierte.
12. Das wichtigste Mittel, mit dem die herrschende Elite der USA in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten ihre globale Vorherrschaft aufrechterhalten konnte, war der skrupellose Einsatz militärischer Gewalt. Damit ist sie mehrfach gescheitert und hat die Krise des globalen Systems lediglich verschärft. Der „Krieg gegen den Terror“, mit dem die völkerrechtswidrigen Invasionen in Afghanistan und im Irak und der Frontalangriff auf demokratische Rechte gerechtfertigt wurden, haben nicht nur die Grenzen der amerikanischen Militärmacht offenbart. Die unaufhörlichen neokolonialen Operationen haben auch in den USA zu massenhafter Unzufriedenheit geführt und tiefe Risse zwischen den großen imperialistischen Mächten und innerhalb der amerikanischen Regierungselite selbst erzeugt.
13. Die internationalen Bündnisse zwischen großen imperialistischen Mächten, auf denen die Geopolitik seit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs basierte, sind in Auflösung begriffen. Langjährige Verbündete werden zu Feinden und rüsten militärisch auf. Mehr als zehn Jahre nach dem Finanzkollaps von 2008 wird die Weltwirtschaft durch wachsende nationale Spannungen und Handelskriege zerrissen. Ungeachtet der Erholung der Aktienkurse in den letzten zehn Jahren – deren Umkehr sich bereits abzeichnet – hat die Politik, mit der die herrschenden Eliten auf den Crash reagierte, keinen der zugrunde liegenden Widersprüche gelöst. Die Methoden, mit denen die Finanzoligarchie die Krise einzudämmen und sich zugleich zu bereichern versuchte, haben den Tag der Abrechnung nur hinausgezögert.
14. Im Zentrum des globalen Zusammenbruchs stehen die Vereinigten Staaten, die sich in der größten politischen Krise seit dem Ende des Bürgerkriegs 1865 befinden. Trump ist nicht der Hölle entstiegen, sondern verkörpert die bösartige Verwesung der amerikanischen Demokratie. Wie die Socialist Equality Party (US) wiederholt betont hat, ist der Konflikt zwischen Trump und seinen politischen Gegnern ein Streit zwischen reaktionären Fraktionen der herrschenden Elite, bei dem es darum geht, mit welchen Mitteln die globale Vorherrschaft der USA am besten gesichert werden kann. Keine Seite vertritt einen demokratischen oder fortschrittlichen Standpunkt. Der wahre Charakter des Konflikts in Washington zeigt sich im Toben von Demokraten und Republikanern gleichermaßen über den von Trump vorgeschlagenen (aber noch nicht vollzogenen) Rückzug der Truppen aus Syrien und Afghanistan.
15. Die Demokratische Partei vertritt ein Bündnis aus Finanz- und Konzerninteressen, Militär- und Nachrichtendiensten sowie maßgeblichen Teilen des außenpolitischen Establishments, nach dessen Ansicht vor dem unvermeidlichen Konflikt mit China zunächst Russland aus dem Weg geräumt werden muss, weil es der Kontrolle der USA über Europa, Eurasien und den Nahen Osten im Wege steht. Seit zwei Jahren führen die Demokraten eine hysterische Kampagne gegen Trump, in der im Stil des Kalten Kriegs behauptet wird, dass sich Russland in die US-Politik einmische, um „Zwietracht“ zu säen. Damit wollen sie ein aggressiveres Vorgehen gegen die Putin-Regierung erzwingen und zugleich einen Rahmen für die Kriminalisierung jeder Opposition in den Vereinigten Staaten schaffen. Trumps Kritiker in der herrschenden Klasse haben panische Angst vor allem, was eine Massenopposition gegen die Trump-Regierung mobilisieren könnte. Ihre Methoden sind die der Intrige und der Palastrevolte.
16. Die Trump-Administration ihrerseits verfolgt unter dem Motto „America First“ eine eigene imperialistische Strategie, die darauf abzielt, eine Konfrontation mit China zu provozieren. Unter Berufung auf Trumps ehemaligen Chefstrategen im Weißen Haus, Steve Bannon, erklärte die New York Times, dass Trump „diese militärischen Kampagnen [in Syrien und Afghanistan] beenden wollte, damit er sich auf den wirtschaftlichen und geopolitischen Wettkampf mit China konzentrieren kann, das er als Amerikas größte Bedrohung im Ausland ansieht. ‚Es geht hier nicht um eine Rückkehr zum Isolationismus‘, so Bannon. ‚Es geht um die Abkehr von der Mentalität und den humanitären Expeditionen der Internationalisten.‘“
17. Alle großen politischen Fraktionen der amerikanischen herrschenden Klasse streben nach der Weltmacht und wollen den langfristigen Niedergang des amerikanischen Kapitalismus durch militärische Gewalt ausgleichen. Die ständigen regionalen Konflikte und Interventionen des letzten Vierteljahrhunderts, vor allem im Nahen Osten und Zentralasien, werden durch „Großmachtrivalitäten“ abgelöst, nicht nur zwischen den USA und China und Russland, sondern auch zwischen den USA und Europa. Dabei werden alle bisherigen Rechtfertigungen für Krieg – einschließlich der Menschenrechte und des „Kriegs gegen den Terror“ – zugunsten ungeschminkter imperialistischer Ambitionen aufgegeben.
18. Die europäischen imperialistischen Mächte posieren bisweilen als Bastionen der globalen Stabilität gegen den Unilateralismus und das destabilisierende Vorgehen des amerikanischen Imperialismus. Aber sie sind nicht minder rücksichtslos und nicht minder bereit, ihre räuberischen wirtschaftlichen und geopolitischen Bestrebungen mit allen Mitteln, einschließlich des Kriegs, zu verfolgen. In Deutschland kehrt die herrschende Klasse zum Militarismus zurück. Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel erklärte in ihrer Neujahrsansprache, dass Deutschland „im eigenen Interesse mehr Verantwortung übernehmen“ (d. h. militärisch aggressiver auftreten) und seine Verteidigungsausgaben weiter steigern werde. In Frankreich hat sich Präsident Macron bemüht, Marschall Petain zu rehabilitieren, der während der Besetzung des Landes durch Nazideutschland an der Spitze der faschistischen Vichy-Regierung stand. Dies steht in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Förderung imperialistischer Ziele nach außen und autoritärer Herrschaftsformen im Inneren.
19. In Deutschland sind die Neonazis der Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) mit hochrangiger Unterstützung aus Staat und Wissenschaftsbetrieb zu einer einflussreichen politischen Kraft geworden. In Chemnitz kam es zu Aufmärschen von Faschisten, ebenso in Warschau in Polen. In Italien ist die neofaschistische Lega-Partei Teil einer Koalitionsregierung. In Brasilien führt der Faschist Jair Bolsonaro die reaktionärste Regierung seit dem Ende der Militärdiktatur an. Die ultrarechte Regierung von Benjamin Netanjahu in Israel knüpft enge Beziehungen zu rechtsextremen Regimen und Parteien auf der ganzen Welt. Diese Bündnisse spiegeln den wachsenden Einfluss faschistischer Kräfte in Israel selbst wider. In einer Kolumne, die am 31. Dezember 2018 in der israelischen Zeitung Ha'aretz erschien, warnte Michael Sfard:
Wir müssen der Wirklichkeit ins Auge sehen. Hier gedeiht eine jüdische Ku-Klux-Klan-Bewegung. Wie ihr amerikanisches Gegenstück nährt sich auch die jüdische Version aus den giftigen Quellen des religiösen Fanatismus und Separatismus. Sie ersetzt lediglich die christliche Ikonographie durch ihr jüdisches Äquivalent. Entsprechend dem Modus operandi des weißen Rassismus basiert auch dieser jüdische Rassismus auf Angstmache und Gewalt gegen sein Äquivalent zu Farbigen – die Palästinenser.
20. Das Wachstum rechtsextremer und faschistischer Bewegungen, einschließlich des Antisemitismus, stellt eine große Gefahr für die Arbeiterklasse dar. Im Zusammenhang mit der sich vertiefenden kapitalistischen Krise, der beispiellosen sozialen Ungleichheit und der Vorbereitung auf einen neuen Weltkrieg greifen die herrschenden Eliten auf den politischen Abschaum zurück, der für die schlimmsten Verbrechen des 20. Jahrhunderts verantwortlich war. Das rasante Anwachsen des Faschismus in Israel – dem Land mit der höchsten Armutsquote unter den Mitgliedstaaten der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) – beweist anschaulich, dass die Ausbreitung dieser politischen Seuche vom Klima extremer Ungleichheit begünstigt wird, insbesondere, wenn es keine politische Bewegung gibt, die für eine sozialistische Alternative zum Kapitalismus kämpft.
21. Im Gegensatz zu den 1930er Jahren ist der Faschismus noch keine Massenbewegung. Aber es wäre leichtfertig, die wachsende Gefahr zu ignorieren, die von ihm ausgeht. Mit Unterstützung von Teilen der herrschenden Klasse und des Staats konnten die rechten Bewegungen mit ihrer Demagogie die Frustration und Wut breiter Bevölkerungsmassen ausnutzen. In dieser Situation stellt sich die dringende politische Aufgabe, das Wiederaufleben rechtsextremer und faschistischer Bewegungen zu bekämpfen.
Der Kampf gegen den Faschismus und die Lehren aus der Geschichte
22. Alle historischen Erfahrungen – insbesondere die Ereignisse der 1930er Jahre – zeigen, dass der Faschismus nur durch die unabhängige Mobilisierung der Arbeiterklasse gegen den Kapitalismus bekämpft werden kann. Erst der Verrat der beiden Massenparteien der Arbeiterklasse, der Sozialdemokratischen Partei (SPD) und der Kommunistischen Partei (KPD), hat die Machtübernahme der Nationalsozialisten unter Hitler 1933 ermöglicht.
23. Hitlers Sieg löste einen Schock in der europäischen Arbeiterklasse aus, und die Kampfbereitschaft gegen Kapitalismus und Faschismus nahm enorm zu. Aber die ersten Vorstöße der Arbeiterklasse in Frankreich und Spanien endeten in Enttäuschungen und Niederlagen. Das politische Instrument dieser Niederlagen war die „Volksfront“, d. h. das Bündnis der stalinistischen und sozialdemokratischen Parteien und Gewerkschaften mit den Kapitalisten. Ausdrückliche Grundlage dieses Bündnisses war die Verteidigung der kapitalistischen Interessen gegen die revolutionären Bestrebungen der Arbeiterklasse. Dies geschah unter dem Vorwand, es gehe um die Verteidigung der Demokratie gegen den Faschismus.
24. Heute wird die Volksfrontpolitik unter dem Banner des „linken Populismus“ in neuer Form wiederbelebt. Eine führende Theoretikerin dieses „linken Populismus“ ist Chantal Mouffe, die Mentorin von Syriza in Griechenland, Podemos in Spanien und Jean-Luc Mélenchon in Frankreich. „Was wir dringend brauchen, ist eine linkspopulistische Strategie, die auf die Konstruktion eines ‚Volkes‘ abzielt und die Vielzahl demokratischer Widerstandsbewegungen gegen die Postdemokratie bündelt, um eine demokratischere hegemoniale Formation zu etablieren“, schreibt Mouffe. „Was dazu, wie ich behaupte, jedoch unnötig ist, ist ein ‚revolutionärer‘ Bruch mit dem liberal-demokratischen Regime.“ (Für einen linken Populismus, Berlin 2018, S. 47)
25. 1936 erklärte Trotzki, was es bedeutet, wenn die Arbeiterklasse der Kapitalistenklasse und ihrem Staatsapparat untergeordnet wird:
Das politische Bündnis der Arbeiterführer mit der Bourgeoisie wird begründet mit der Verteidigung der „Republik“. Die spanische Erfahrung zeigt, wie diese Verteidigung in Wirklichkeit aussieht. Die Worte „Republikaner“ und „Demokrat“ sind bewusster Schwindel, der zur Verschleierung der Klassengegensätze dient. Der Bourgeois ist Republikaner solange, wie die Republik das Privateigentum schützt. (Die spanische Lehre, 30. Juli 1936, online verfügbar unter sites.google.com/site/sozialistischeklassiker2punkt0/trot...)
26. Der linke Populismus ist nicht nur eine Wiederholung der Volksfrontpolitik der 1930er Jahre. Obwohl er gewisse Ähnlichkeiten damit aufweist – insbesondere hinsichtlich der Dienstbarkeit gegenüber den Kapitalisten –, hat er keine historische, geschweige denn politische Verbindung zur Arbeiterklasse. Er richtet sich, wie Mouffe erklärt, insbesondere gegen jene, „die Politik nach wie vor auf den Gegensatz von Kapital und Arbeiterschaft reduzieren und der als Vehikel für die sozialistische Revolution dargestellten Arbeiterklasse einen ontologischen Vorrang einräumen“. (ebd., S. 93) Mit anderen Worten, er lehnt die Grundlagen der marxistischen Politik rundheraus ab.
27. Im Gegensatz zu Marxismus und Sozialismus treten Mouffe und die Pseudolinken für eine amorphe, programmatisch undefinierte, über den Klassen stehende und nationalistische Bewegung ein. Wie Mouffe ausdrücklich erklärt, sieht sich die linkspopulistische Bewegung weder als sozialistisch, noch fordert sie einen Kampf gegen den kapitalistischen Staat. Sie hält es für möglich, Punkte der Übereinstimmung und Zusammenarbeit mit der extremen Rechten zu finden, wie es Syriza in Griechenland und Podemos in Spanien bereits vorgemacht haben. Der Populismus der Pseudolinken richtet sich gegen den Kampf, die Arbeiterklasse für ein sozialistisches Programm zu gewinnen, und befürwortet die Verwendung von Mythen und anderen Formen des Irrationalismus in der Politik.
28. Der linke Populismus ist eine Form der Politik der Pseudolinken. Die theoretischen Wurzeln dieser Politik liegen in der Frankfurter Schule, die in ihrer Demoralisierung die revolutionäre Rolle der Arbeiterklasse bestritt, und in der Postmoderne, die jede objektive Wahrheit und das marxistisch-trotzkistische „große Narrativ“ des revolutionären Klassenkampfs verwarf. Die pseudolinke Politik, die den Themen Rasse, Geschlecht, sexuelle Identität und „Volk“ den Vorrang einräumt, ist die mit linker Phraseologie und linken Parolen (wie der „Partei der 99 Prozent“) überzuckerte Politik einer privilegierten Schicht der Mittelklasse, d. h. der obersten 10 Prozent der Bevölkerung.
29. Die Interessen und Lebensbedingungen dieser Schicht, die mit dem rasanten Anstieg der Aktienkurse und der schwindelerregenden Konzentration des Reichtums bei den obersten 10 Prozent verbunden sind, haben nicht das Geringste mit den Anliegen der großen Masse der arbeitenden Bevölkerung gemeinsam. Erhebliche Teile des Wissenschaftsbetriebs sind in einer Weise, die an die Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg erinnert, stark nach rechts gerückt und haben sich hinter Imperialismus und Zensur gestellt. Besonders klar zeigt sich dies in der Unterstützung der pseudolinken Organisationen für den imperialistischen Militarismus (d. h. für die Interventionen in Syrien und Libyen, für „Menschenrechts“-Interventionen, antirussische Hysterie usw.).
30. Die von den Organisationen der Pseudolinken vertretene Politik der Rasse, des Geschlechts und der sexuellen Identität ist mit Streitereien innerhalb der obersten 10 Prozent verbunden, bei denen es um die Verteilung des Reichtums und um Posten in Unternehmen, Universitäten, Gewerkschaften und dem Staatsapparat geht. Die Identitätspolitik dient als Waffe im Kampf um Wohlstand und Status, was in der reaktionären und antidemokratischen #MeToo-Bewegung und auch in der Unterstützung für die Verfolgung von Julian Assange besonders übel zum Ausdruck kam. Sie ist darüber hinaus eine spezifische Komponente bürgerlich-imperialistischer Politik, in der sich zeigt, dass sich ein erheblicher Teil der äußerst wohlhabenden Mittelschicht (die oberen 90 bis 99 Prozent) hinter die herrschende Elite stellt. Natürlich trifft man stets auch auf Ausnahmen von dieser Regel. In Zeiten zunehmender gesellschaftlicher Konflikte wird es Menschen geben, die sich aus ihrem Klassenmilieu lösen und die Sache des revolutionären Sozialismus mit großem persönlichem Engagement und Mut unterstützen. Aber eine politische Strategie kann sich nicht auf das Verhalten von Ausnahmefiguren, d. h. von „Verrätern an ihrer Klasse“ stützen. Die Forderung nach einer „Partei der 99 Prozent“ ist ein Betrug, denn unter dieser Parole setzen die Pseudolinken die Klassen- bzw. wirtschaftlichen Interessen der Einkommensgruppe, die aus den oberen 90 bis 99 Prozent besteht, mit denjenigen der unteren 90 Prozent gleich. Eine „Partei der 99 Prozent“ wäre unweigerlich eine Organisation, in der die Interessen der überwältigenden Masse der Arbeiterklasse den wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Interessen der kapitalistischen Elite untergeordnet sind.
31. Während die wohlhabenderen Teile der Mittelklasse nach rechts gehen, rücken die unteren Schichten nach links. Die Bewegung der Gelbwesten in Frankreich zog nicht nur Arbeiter an, sondern auch Kleinunternehmer und Bauern. Wie absehbar war, griffen die Gewerkschaftsbürokratie und Vertreter der wohlhabenden Pseudolinken in Frankreich (z. B. Alain Krivine von der Nouveau parti anticapitaliste (NPA) oder Jean-Luc Mélenchon von La France insoumise) die Beteiligung von Teilen der Mittelklasse an den Protesten der Gelbwesten auf, um letztere als „faschistisch“ zu diffamieren. Doch der Umstand, dass sich Teile der Mittelklasse zur Arbeiterklasse hingezogen fühlten und wegen der sozialen Ungleichheit protestierten, ist eine positive Entwicklung von immenser Bedeutung. Es zeigt, dass in dieser Phase der entstehenden sozialen Bewegung wichtige Elemente der Mittelschicht bereit sind, sich mit der Arbeiterklasse gegen den Kapitalismus zu verbünden.
32. Daher besteht die dringende Aufgabe der Arbeiterklasse darin, ihre Befähigung zu einer Führungsrolle in diesem Kampf unter Beweis zu stellen. In einer komplexen und sozial heterogenen Gesellschaft, in der sich die arbeitende Bevölkerung aus verschiedenen Schichten mit einem breiten Spektrum an Einkommensgruppen zusammensetzt, stellt die unabdingbare Vereinigung dieser gewaltigen sozialen Kraft eine schwierige politische Aufgabe dar. Diese Aufgabe kann nur gelöst werden, wenn die Arbeiterklasse mit einem klaren und kompromisslosen antikapitalistischen Programm ausgestattet ist. Auf dieser Grundlage kann sie sowohl die wohlhabenderen Berufsgruppen, die in allen fortgeschrittenen kapitalistischen Gesellschaften ein wichtiges Segment der Arbeiterklasse bilden, als auch die vom oligarchischen Kapitalismus unterdrückten Schichten der Mittelklasse für sich gewinnen. Trotzkis Analyse der Sozialpsychologie der Mittelklasse, die vor 80 Jahren verfasst wurde, als diese Schicht klarer von der Arbeiterklasse abgegrenzt war als heute, ist nach wie vor von enormer Relevanz:
Die politische Entwicklung wird in der kommenden Periode fieberhaftes Tempo annehmen. Das Kleinbürgertum wird die Demagogie des Faschismus nur in dem Falle von sich weisen, wenn es an die Wirklichkeit des anderen Weges glaubt. Der andere Weg aber, das ist der Weg der proletarischen Revolution ...
Damit das Kleinbürgertum sich ihm anschließe, muss das Proletariat sich sein Vertrauen erkämpfen. Dazu aber muss es der eigenen Kraft vertrauen.
Erforderlich ist ein klares Aktionsprogramm und die Bereitschaft, mit allen verfügbaren Mitteln um die Macht zu kämpfen. (Wohin geht Frankreich?, 1934, online verfügbar unter www.marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/trotzki/1934/wohinfr1/ind...)
Das IKVI und die Perspektive der sozialistischen Weltrevolution
33. Die Alternative, vor der die Arbeiterklasse steht, ist nicht „Reform oder Revolution“, sondern „Revolution oder Konterrevolution“. Wie die Todeskrise des kapitalistischen Systems gelöst wird – durch die kapitalistischen Methoden der Diktatur, des Faschismus, des imperialistischen Kriegs und des Rückfalls in die Barbarei oder durch die revolutionäre Machteroberung der internationalen Arbeiterklasse und den Übergang zu einer sozialistischen Gesellschaft – hängt vom Ausgang des Klassenkampfs auf internationaler Ebene ab. Die historische Perspektive, die erstmals im Kommunistischen Manifest von Marx und Engels ausgearbeitet wurde, gewinnt heute brennende Aktualität. Der zunehmende Konflikt zwischen der kapitalistischen Elite und der Arbeiterklasse wird entweder „mit einer revolutionären Umgestaltung der ganzen Gesellschaft [...] oder mit dem gemeinsamen Untergang der kämpfenden Klassen“ enden.
34. Die letzten 40 Jahre waren von einem Dauerangriff auf die sozialen und demokratischen Rechte der Arbeiterklasse geprägt. Dieser Angriff wurde von eben jenen Organisationen – insbesondere den Gewerkschaften – unterstützt und betrieben, denen die Arbeiter einst vertrauten.
35. Heute allerdings stößt die seit Jahrzehnten anhaltende soziale Konterrevolution auf Massenopposition. Die Kämpfe des vergangenen Jahres waren objektive Anzeichen für einen signifikanten Wandel in der sozialen und politischen Orientierung der Arbeiterklasse. Diese militante Stimmung, die einen unnachgiebigen Kampf begünstigt, befindet sich in der Anfangsphase, breitet sich jedoch rasch aus. Damit sie in einen offenen Kampf gegen den Kapitalismus und für den Sozialismus münden kann, sind natürlich noch viele ideologische und politische Probleme zu überwinden. Aber weite Teile der Arbeiterklasse beginnen zu verstehen, dass ein direkter Kampf unvermeidlich ist. Wichtig ist auch, dass die Kämpfe 2018 außerhalb der Kontrolle der offiziellen staatlich geförderten Gewerkschaften stattfanden und einen Vertrauensverlust der Arbeiter gegenüber diesen reaktionären Organisationen widerspiegelten. Wie vom IKVI erwartet, beginnt der Kampf für soziale Gleichheit und internationalen Sozialismus mit einer globalen Rebellion gegen diese diskreditierten, prokapitalistischen Apparate.
36. Da der Verlauf der Ereignisse von einer komplexen Fülle sich wechselseitig beeinflussender nationaler und vor allem globaler Faktoren bestimmt wird, lässt sich sein Tempo nicht voraussagen. Mit Sicherheit lässt sich jedoch voraussagen, dass der Aufschwung militanter Kämpfe der Arbeiterklasse 2019 weitergehen wird. Die Verwandlung dieser verstärkten sozialen Militanz in eine bewusste Bewegung der internationalen Arbeiterklasse für den Sozialismus hängt vom Aufbau marxistisch-trotzkistischer Parteien in der Arbeiterklasse ab – von nationalen Sektionen des Internationalen Komitees der Vierten Internationale.
37. Im Jahr 2018 beging das IKVI den 80. Jahrestag der Gründung der Vierten Internationale durch Leo Trotzki, der auf diese Weise den Kampf für den Marxismus gegen den Verrat der Stalinisten an der Russischen Revolution und am sozialistischen Internationalismus fortsetzte. Auf Vorträgen und Veranstaltungen in Sri Lanka, in den Vereinigten Staaten, in Europa sowie in Australien und Neuseeland wurde die Frage beantwortet: Wie ist die historische Beständigkeit der Vierten Internationale zu erklären? Der Grund liegt vor allem darin, dass ihre internationalistische Perspektive mit dem objektiven Charakter der Epoche übereinstimmt.
38. Alle nationalistischen Organisationen und Parteien, die in der Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg politischen Einfluss ausübten – vom Stalinismus und seiner maoistischen Variante über den sozialdemokratischen und gewerkschaftlichen Reformismus bis hin zu kleinbürgerlichen Bewegungen wie dem Castroismus – sind zusammengebrochen oder haben sich in Stützen der kapitalistischen Herrschaft verwandelt. Dem chinesischen Regimes ist es trotz der immensen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Chinas in den letzten vier Jahrzehnten nicht gelungen, die historischen Probleme von Ländern mit verspäteter Entwicklung zu lösen. Die chinesische Arbeiterklasse und die ländlichen Massen sind immer noch mit der imperialistischen Einkreisung konfrontiert und sehen sich der Gefahr eines verheerenden Angriffs der USA und ihrer Verbündeten ausgesetzt. Der Apparat der maoistischen Kommunistischen Partei ist in seiner Eigenschaft als wesentliches Bollwerk des Weltkapitalismus nicht in der Lage, einen glaubwürdigen Appell an die Arbeiterklasse der Welt zu richten, sich der Kriegsagenda der imperialistischen Mächte zu widersetzen.
39. Im vergangenen Jahr hat die chinesische Arbeiterklasse Streiks geführt, um ihren Protest gegen die Folgen der kapitalistischen Restauration zu äußern. Diese Kämpfe haben unter Schülern Unterstützung gewonnen. Es steht außer Frage, dass die Ausweitung der sozialen Kämpfe in China – wie in allen Ländern Asiens, des Nahen Ostens, Afrikas und Lateinamerikas, die in den letzten vier Jahrzehnten ein massives Wachstum der Arbeiterklasse erfahren haben –, das Interesse am Trotzkismus und die Unterstützung für ihn stark beleben werden. Die heutigen Bedingungen bestätigen, nicht weniger als die historischen Erfahrungen des letzten Jahrhunderts, die Grundaussagen der von Leo Trotzki erarbeiteten Theorie der permanenten Revolution:
Der Abschluss einer sozialistischen Revolution ist im nationalen Rahmen undenkbar. Eine grundlegende Ursache für die Krisis der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft besteht darin, dass die von dieser Gesellschaft geschaffenen Produktivkräfte sich mit dem Rahmen des nationalen Staates nicht vertragen. Daraus ergeben sich einerseits die imperialistischen Kriege, andererseits die Utopie der bürgerlichen Vereinigten Staaten von Europa. Die sozialistische Revolution beginnt auf nationalem Boden, entwickelt sich international und wird vollendet in der Weltarena. Folglich wird die sozialistische Revolution in einem neuen, breiteren Sinne des Wortes zu einer permanenten Revolution: Sie findet ihren Abschluss nicht vor dem endgültigen Sieg der neuen Gesellschaft auf unserem ganzen Planeten. (Die permanente Revolution, Essen 1993, S. 185–186)
40. Zur Verteidigung dieser Perspektive wurde 1953, nach dem „Offenen Brief“ des Führers der Socialist Workers Party James P. Cannon, das Internationale Komitee der Vierten Internationale (IKVI) gegründet. Das IKVI bekämpfte die von Pablo geführte revisionistische Tendenz, die darauf abzielte, die trotzkistische Bewegung zu zerstören und die Vierte Internationale im Stalinismus und im bürgerlichen Nationalismus aufzulösen. Trotzkis politisches Erbe wurde auf einem umfassenden Terrain verteidigt: von der Verteidigung des dialektischen und historischen Materialismus gegen den Pragmatismus und dessen subjektiv-idealistische und irrationalistische Ableger (d. h. die Frankfurter Schule und die Postmoderne) bis hin zur unnachgiebigen Opposition gegen den Stalinismus, den pablistischen Revisionismus (inklusive der Moreno-Variante) und alle Spielarten des bürgerlichen Nationalismus. Der entscheidende Meilenstein in der Geschichte des IKVI war der Kampf der Jahre 1982 bis 1986 gegen den nationalen Opportunismus der britischen Workers Revolutionary Party. Dieser Kampf schweißte die Sektionen des IK auf der Grundlage des Trotzkismus zusammen.
41. Nicht nur auf dem Gebiet von Theorie und Programm führte das IKVI seinen Kampf. Mit Sicherheit und die Vierte Internationale stellte es in den Jahren 1975 bis 1983 seine revolutionäre Unversöhnlichkeit auch in der Praxis unter Beweis, indem es die Rolle von Agenten des Imperialismus und der stalinistischen Sowjetbürokratie untersuchte. Diese Untersuchung stieß auf die erbitterte Opposition der pablistischen Organisationen, die diese Agenten offen verteidigten – einschließlich derjenigen, die entscheidend an der Vorbereitung des Mordes an Trotzki beteiligt waren, wie Mark Zborowski, Sylvia Caldwell und Joseph Hansen. Bis heute halten die Pablisten und ihre pseudolinken Verbündeten an der Verteidigung dieser Agenten fest und verurteilen die Ergebnisse von Sicherheit und die Vierte Internationale mit größter Vehemenz. Aber sie können keine einzige Tatsache widerlegen, die im Laufe der Untersuchung aufgedeckt wurde. In den letzten fünf Jahren sind Dokumente bekannt geworden, die die Ergebnisse von Sicherheit und die Vierte Internationale weiter untermauern. Das Internationale Komitee hat seine früheren Erkenntnisse um diese neuen Informationen ergänzt. Unter den Bedingungen zunehmender staatlicher Angriffe auf die Arbeiterklasse und ihre demokratischen Rechte gewinnen die Ergebnisse von Sicherheit und die Vierte Internationale eine neue historische und aktuelle Bedeutung.
42. Die heutigen Ereignisse unterstreichen die historische und politische Bedeutung des Kampfs, den das IKVI zur Verteidigung des Trotzkismus geführt hat. In Theorie und Praxis hat das IKVI den Beweis erbracht, dass es die einzige revolutionäre Partei der internationalen Arbeiterklasse und der einzige Vertreter des wahren Marxismus ist. Es gibt außerhalb des IKVI keine politische Tendenz auf der Welt, die begründet behaupten kann, die Kontinuität der 1938 von Trotzki gegründeten internationalen Partei zu vertreten.
43. Das IKVI ist kontinuierlich allen Fälschungen der Geschichte der Russischen Revolution entgegengetreten und hat das theoretische und politische Erbe Leo Trotzkis gegen zahlreiche Verleumdungen und Angriffe verteidigt. Anlässlich des einhundertsten Jahrestags der Russischen Revolution unternahm das IKVI im Jahr 2017 ein gründliches Studium ihrer reichhaltigen strategischen Lehren und bringt diese in die heutige politische Situation ein.
44. Im Kampf für die politische Unabhängigkeit der Arbeiterklasse hat das IKVI die Feststellung getroffen, dass die Kämpfe der Arbeiter auf eine Rebellion gegen die prokapitalistischen bürokratischen Apparate hinauslaufen und auf neue, demokratisch kontrollierte Organisationsformen, die unabhängig von den unternehmerfreundlichen Gewerkschaften die Verteidigung der Arbeiterinteressen in die Hand nehmen. In den letzten Wochen des Jahres 2018 leisteten Autoarbeiter in den Vereinigten Staaten und Teeplantagenarbeiter in Sri Lanka unter dem Einfluss des IKVI in dieser Hinsicht Pionierarbeit. Sie bildeten Komitees, um Schritte zur Verteidigung von Arbeitsplätzen, Löhnen und Arbeitsbedingungen zu planen. Diese Arbeit wird im Laufe des Jahres 2019 fortgesetzt und ausgeweitet werden. Durch unabhängige und kompromisslose Kämpfe wird die Arbeiterklasse das Vertrauen und die Unterstützung ruinierter Teile der Mittelklassen gewinnen, die sonst auf die Demagogie der extremen Rechten hereinfallen könnten. Während die Auswirkungen der wirtschaftlichen und politischen Krisen immer breitere Teile der Arbeiterklasse in den Kampf treiben, besteht die Aufgabe der Sozialistischen Gleichheitsparteien in den Vereinigten Staaten, in Sri Lanka und in allen Ländern, in denen sie aktiv sind, darin, die Massenbewegung mit Organisation und politischer Führung auszustatten. Die objektiven Triebkräfte für einen politischen Generalstreik, der alle Teile der Arbeiterklasse im Kampf um die Macht vereint, müssen vom Internationalen Komitee und seinen Teilen bewusst benannt und aufgezeigt werden.
45. Auf der Arbeiterkonferenz, die die Socialist Equality Party (US) am 9. Dezember in Detroit abhielt, wurden ihren Vertretern zwei wichtige Fragen gestellt: 1) Wird die World Socialist Web Site als Instrument dienen, um alle kämpfenden Arbeitern in Kontakt zu bringen; und 2) Wird die WSWS die Arbeiter bei der internationalen Koordination ihrer Kämpfe unterstützen? Die Antwort auf beide Fragen war ein klares Ja. Die World Socialist Web Site, die Internetpublikation des IKVI, wird der zunehmend aufständischen und militanten Bewegung der internationalen Arbeiterklasse historische Bildung, politische Analysen sowie eine Stimme und ein Diskussionsforum bieten. Auch im Kampf gegen Internetzensur sowie zur Verteidigung des WikiLeaks-Gründers Julian Assange und aller verfolgten Journalisten, Whistleblower, Künstler und prinzipientreuen Kritiker der herrschenden Klasse wird die WSWS weiterhin an vorderster Front stehen.
46. Die wichtigste Aufgabe im Jahr 2019 besteht darin, systematisch auf eine signifikante Erweiterung des Internationalen Komitees hinzuarbeiten. Die theoretische und politische Arbeit des Internationalen Komitees fließt immer unmittelbarer mit der objektiven Bewegung der Arbeiterklasse zusammen. Seine revolutionäre kritisch-praktische Tätigkeit wird zu einem wesentlichen Faktor für die Entwicklung und den Ausgang des Klassenkampfs. Die theoretisch und historisch fundierte Analyse des IKVI gewinnt immense politische und praktische Bedeutung. Das Internationale Komitee der Vierten Internationale muss sich der Herausforderung dieser neuen Situation stellen. In seiner Analyse der Weltlage und durch die politische Arbeit seiner Anhänger in den Sozialistischen Gleichheitsparteien und ihren Jugendbewegungen, den International Youth and Students for Social Equality (IYSSE), muss das IKVI den Kämpfen der internationalen Arbeiterklasse das notwendige Bewusstsein für ihre Ziele vermitteln und zur Entwicklung praktischer Initiativen beitragen, die den Kampf für den Sozialismus vorantreiben.
47. Der Bruch der Arbeiterklasse mit den veralteten, reaktionären nationalistischen Organisationen und Gewerkschaften und deren pseudolinken Komplizen birgt das Potenzial, dass sich revolutionäres, internationalistisches marxistisches Bewusstsein und die entsprechende Praxis in raschem Tempo entwickeln. Das IKVI blickt dem Jahr 2019 mit großer Zuversicht entgegen. Unser Optimismus beruht auf einem wissenschaftlich basierten Vertrauen in das Erbe und Programm des Trotzkismus, des Marxismus des 21. Jahrhunderts, und in die revolutionären Fähigkeiten der internationalen Arbeiterklasse.
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♥ Prisilla "Silly" Avro ♥
Featured and more pics here: narikookawa.blogspot.com/2013/11/prisilla-silly-avro.html
· Canon EOS 40D + Carl Zeiss Jena MC Sonnar 135mm f/3.5
Explore del 14 de enero de 2012 / Explored on January 14th 2012
MELDORF: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldorf
MELDORFER DOM: kirche-meldorf.de/meldorfer-dom/
FELIX-REISEN: www.felix-reisen-koeln.de/startseite.html
Hefang Street is the most famed street in Hangzhou City. With brilliant culture and long history, it is regarded as a typical symbol of ancient Hangzhou. Vising this busy but interesting street, you can catch a glimpse of antique buildings and long-survived stores, taste local snacks as well as savor the beautiful artifacts.
www.chinadiscovery.com/zhejiang/hangzhou/hefang-street.html
La calle Hefang es la más famosa de la ciudad de Hangzhou. Con una cultura brillante y una larga historia, se considera un símbolo típico de la antigua Hangzhou. Recorriendo esta concurrida pero interesante calle, podrá echar un vistazo a edificios antiguos y tiendas que han sobrevivido durante mucho tiempo, degustar aperitivos locales y saborear bellas cosas.
Hangzhou léase Jang-Zhóu es la capital y la ciudad más grande de la provincia de Zhejiang en la República Popular China. Está situada en las riberas del río Qiantang, cerca de su desembocadura, y a la cabeza de la bahía de Hangzhou, que separa Shanghái y Ningbo. Hangzhou cobró relevancia al ser el extremo sur del Gran Canal, y ha sido una de las ciudades chinas con más renombre durante el último milenio.
La ciudad de Hangzhou yace en el delta del río Yangtsé y hace frontera al este con la bahía de Hangzhou. Dentro de la ciudad se ubica el lago del Oeste, el cual fue nombrado Patrimonio de la Humanidad en el 2011. El río Qiantang divide la ciudad en norte y sur, siendo el norte el de mayor población.
La ciudad ganó importancia gracias a la construcción durante la dinastía Sui del Gran Canal de China. Durante ese periodo se construyó la muralla de la ciudad. Fue la capital de la dinastía Song del sur (1127-1279). A partir del año 1138 se convirtió en un importante centro de comercio. La industria de la ciudad se especializó en la porcelana y los textiles.
El explorador Marco Polo visitó Hangzhou a finales del siglo XIII y dijo de ella que era “la ciudad más suntuosa y elegante del mundo”. Hasta la dinastía Ming, fue un puerto importante. A partir de ese periodo, y como consecuencia de los continuos ataques de los piratas japoneses, Hangzhou perdió importancia. En 1555 la ciudad fue saqueada por los piratas. En 1861 sufrió el ataque de los rebeldes del Reino Celestial de los Taiping que tomaron y saquearon la ciudad. Hangzhou no fue recuperada por las tropas imperiales hasta 1863. Este conflicto entre rebeldes y tropas imperiales causó más de medio millón de bajas entre la población.
Las industrias tradicionales de Hangzhou son la de la seda, maquinaria y textil pero la industria electrónica se ha desarrollado con rapidez en la zona, sobre todo después del cambio en el sistema económico del país ocurrido en 1992. La ciudad se ha convertido también en uno de los destinos turísticos más visitados del país, lo que ha generado que una parte de la economía se dedique al sector servicios. En la zona se produce té verde; el té de la zona de Hangzhou es apreciado en todo el país por su alta calidad.
Cabe destacar que esta ciudad vio nacer al empresario Jack Ma, fundador de Alibaba, y actualmente el hombre más rico de China. La empresa que creó también vio la luz por primera vez desde el departamento de Ma en Hangzhou, en los años 1990. La sede del corporativo sigue estando en la ciudad de Hangzhou con un campus de enormes proporciones, similar al de sus pares estadounidenses en Silicon Valley.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou
lostraveleros.com/que-hacer-en-hangzhou/
Hangzhou (Chinese: 杭州, Hangzhounese pronunciation: [ɦɑ̃.tse], Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [xǎŋ.ʈʂóʊ]), also romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang, China. It is located in the northwestern part of the province, sitting at the head of Hangzhou Bay, which separates Shanghai and Ningbo. Hangzhou grew to prominence as the southern terminus of the Grand Canal and has been one of China's most renowned and prosperous cities for much of the last millennium. It is a major economic and e-commerce hub within China, and the second biggest city in Yangtze Delta after Shanghai. Hangzhou is classified as a sub-provincial city and forms the core of the Hangzhou metropolitan area, the fourth-largest in China after Guangzhou-Shenzhen Pearl River agglomeration, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou conurbation and Beijing. As of 2019, the Hangzhou metropolitan area was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of 3.2 trillion yuan ($486.53 billion), making it larger than the economy of Nigeria (the largest in Africa). As of the 2020 Chinese census, it had a total population of 11,936,010 inhabitants. However, its metropolitan area, populated by 13.035 million people over an area of 8,107.9 km2 (3,130.5 sq mi), consists of all urban districts in Hangzhou and 3 urban districts of the city of Shaoxing.
Hangzhou has been repeatedly rated as the best commercial city in mainland China by Forbes and the Chinese city with the highest growth potential by the Economist Intelligence Unit, and it boasts the eighth largest GDP among cities in mainland China with a GDP of around 1.8 trillion RMB ($280 billion). Home to the headquarters of large global tech companies such as the Alibaba Group, Ant Group and NetEase, Hangzhou is known for attracting professionals and entrepreneurs who work in information technology. Since 2014, its rapid population growth has led to a steady increase in local housing prices. According to the 2020 Hurun Global Rich List, Hangzhou ranks 11th in the world and 6th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Guangzhou) in the number of resident billionaires.
Hangzhou is a major city for scientific research in the Asia-Pacific, ranking 19th globally by scientific outputs. It hosts several notable universities, including Zhejiang, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou Normal, Hangzhou Dianzi, Zhejiang A&F, Zhejiang Sci-Tech, Zhejiang Chinese Medical, Westlake, China Jiliang and Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics. In September 2015, Hangzhou was awarded the 2022 Asian Games. Its West Lake, a UNESCO World Heritage Site west of the city, is among its best-known attractions.[7] A study conducted by PwC and China Development Research Foundation ranked Hangzhou first among "Chinese Cities of Opportunity". According to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), the city is classified as Beta (global second-tier) city, together with Chongqing, Nanjing and Tianjin in China. Hangzhou is also one of the world's top 100 financial centers, according to the Global Financial Centres Index. It will be the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010. Hangzhou also hosted the 11th G20 summit in 2016.
Yuan China was very open to foreign visitors, and several returned west describing Hangzhou—under the names Khinzai, Campsay, etc. - as one of the foremost cities in the world. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo supposedly visited Hangzhou in the late 13th century. In his book, he records that the city was "greater than any in the world" and that "the number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, was so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof." Polo's account greatly exaggerates the city's size, although it has been argued that the "hundred miles" of walls would be plausible if Chinese miles were intended instead of Italian ones and that the "12,000 stone bridges" might have been a copyist error born from the city's 12 gates. In the 14th century, the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta arrived; his later account concurred that al-Khansā was "the biggest city I have ever seen on the face of the earth." He visited Hangzhou in 1345 and noted its charm and described how the city sat on a beautiful lake and was surrounded by gentle green hills. He was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships with colored sails and silk awnings in the canals. He attended a banquet held by Qurtai, the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city, who according to Ibn Battuta, was fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.
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ALBANIA
Albanian Trilogy: A Series of Devious Stratagems
Armando Lulaj
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Marco Scotini. Deputy Curator: Andris Brinkmanis. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
ANDORRA
Inner Landscapes
Roqué, Joan Xandri
Commissioner: Henry Périer. Deputy Commissioner: Joana Baygual, Sebastià Petit, Francesc Rodríguez
Curator: Paolo de Grandis, Josep M. Ubach. Venue: Spiazzi, Castello 3865
ANGOLA
On Ways of Travelling
António Ole, Binelde Hyrcan, Délio Jasse, Francisco Vidal, Nelo Teixeira
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture, Rita Guedes Tavares. Curator: António Ole. Deputy Curator: Antonia Gaeta. Venue: Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello - Palazzo Pisani, San Marco 2810
ARGENTINA
The Uprising of Form
Juan Carlos Diste´fano
Commissioner: Magdalena Faillace. Curator: Mari´a Teresa Constantin. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
ARMENIA, Republic of
Armenity / Haiyutioun
Haig Aivazian, Lebanon; Nigol Bezjian, Syria/USA; Anna Boghiguian Egypt/Canada; Hera Büyüktasçiyan, Turkey; Silvina Der-Meguerditchian, Argentina/Germany; Rene Gabri & Ayreen Anastas, Iran/Palestine/USA; Mekhitar Garabedian, Belgium; Aikaterini Gegisian, Greece; Yervant Gianikian & Angela Ricci Lucchi, Italy; Aram Jibilian, USA; Nina Katchadourian, USA/Finland; Melik Ohanian, France; Mikayel Ohanjanyan, Armenia/Italy; Rosana Palazyan, Brazil; Sarkis, Turkey/France; Hrair Sarkissian, Syria/UK
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia. Deputy Commissioner: Art for the World, Mekhitarist Congregation of San Lazzaro Island, Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Italy, Vartan Karapetian. Curator: Adelina Cüberyan von Fürstenberg. Venue: Monastery and Island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni
AUSTRALIA
Fiona Hall: Wrong Way Time
Fiona Hall
Commissioner: Simon Mordant AM. Deputy Commissioner: Charles Green. Curator: Linda Michael. Scientific Committee: Simon Mordant AM, Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, Max Delany, Rachel Kent, Danie Mellor, Suhanya Raffel, Leigh Robb. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
AUSTRIA
Heimo Zobernig
Commissioner: Yilmaz Dziewior. Curator: Yilmaz Dziewior. Scientific Committee: Friends of the Venice Biennale. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
AZERBAIJAN, Republic of
Beyond the Line
Ashraf Murad, Javad Mirjavadov, Tofik Javadov, Rasim Babayev, Fazil Najafov, Huseyn Hagverdi, Shamil Najafzada
Commissioner: Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Curators: de Pury de Pury, Emin Mammadov. Venue: Palazzo Lezze, Campo S.Stefano, San Marco 2949
Vita Vitale
Edward Burtynsky, Mircea Cantor, Loris Cecchini, Gordon Cheung, Khalil Chishtee, Tony Cragg, Laura Ford, Noemie Goudal, Siobhán Hapaska, Paul Huxley, IDEA laboratory and Leyla Aliyeva, Chris Jordan with Rebecca Clark and Helena S.Eitel, Tania Kovats, Aida Mahmudova, Sayyora Muin, Jacco Olivier, Julian Opie, Julian Perry, Mike Perry, Bas Princen, Stephanie Quayle, Ugo Rondinone, Graham Stevens, Diana Thater, Andy Warhol, Bill Woodrow, Erwin Wurm, Rose Wylie
Commissioner: Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Curators: Artwise: Susie Allen, Laura Culpan, Dea Vanagan. Venue: Ca’ Garzoni, San Marco 3416
BELARUS, Republic of
War Witness Archive
Konstantin Selikhanov
Commissioner: Natallia Sharanhovich. Deputy Commissioners: Alena Vasileuskaya, Kamilia Yanushkevich. Curators: Aleksei Shinkarenko, Olga Rybchinskaya. Scientific Committee: Dmitry Korol, Daria Amelkovich, Julia Kondratyuk, Sergei Jeihala, Sheena Macfarlane, Yuliya Heisik, Hanna Samarskaya, Taras Kaliahin, Aliaksandr Stasevich. Venue: Riva San Biagio, Castello 2145
BELGIUM
Personnes et les autres
Vincent Meessen and Guests, Mathieu K. Abonnenc, Sammy Baloji, James Beckett, Elisabetta Benassi, Patrick Bernier & Olive Martin, Tamar Guimara~es & Kasper Akhøj, Maryam Jafri, Adam Pendleton
Commissioner: Wallonia-Brussels Federation and Wallonia-Brussels International. Curator: Katerina Gregos. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
COSTA RICA
"Costa Rica, Paese di pace, invita a un linguaggio universale d'intesa tra i popoli".
Andrea Prandi, Beatrice Gallori, Beth Parin, Biagio Schembari, Carla Castaldo, Celestina Avanzini, Cesare Berlingeri, Erminio Tansini, Fabio Capitanio, Fausto Beretti, Giovan Battista Pedrazzini, Giovanni Lamberti, Giovanni Tenga, Iana Zanoskar, Jim Prescott, Leonardo Beccegato, Liliana Scocco, Lucia Bolzano, Marcela Vicuna, Marco Bellagamba, Marco Lodola, Maria Gioia dell’Aglio, Mario Bernardinello, Massimo Meucci, Nacha Piattini, Omar Ronda, Renzo Eusebi, Tita Patti, Romina Power, Rubens Fogacci, Silvio di Pietro, Stefano Sichel, Tino Stefanoni, Ufemia Ritz, Ugo Borlenghi, Umberto Mariani, Venere Chillemi, Jacqueline Gallicot Madar, Massimo Onnis, Fedora Spinelli
Commissioner: Ileana Ordonez Chacon. Curator: Gregorio Rossi. Venue: Palazzo Bollani
CROATIA
Studies on Shivering: The Third Degree
Damir Ocko
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Marc Bembekoff. Venue: Palazzo Pisani, S. Marina
CUBA
El artista entre la individualidad y el contexto
Lida Abdul, Celia-Yunior, Grethell Rasúa, Giuseppe Stampone, LinYilin, Luis Edgardo Gómez Armenteros, Olga Chernysheva, Susana Pilar Delahante Matienzo
Commissioner: Miria Vicini. Curators: Jorge Fernández Torres, Giacomo Zaza. Venue: San Servolo Island
CYPRUS, Republic of
Two Days After Forever
Christodoulos Panayiotou
Commissioner: Louli Michaelidou. Deputy Commissioner: Angela Skordi. Curator: Omar Kholeif. Deputy Curator: Daniella Rose King. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero, Sestiere San Marco 3079
CZECH Republic and SLOVAK Republic
Apotheosis
Jirí David
Commissioner: Adam Budak. Deputy Commissioner: Barbara Holomkova. Curator: Katarina Rusnakova. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ECUADOR
Gold Water: Apocalyptic Black Mirrors
Maria Veronica Leon Veintemilla in collaboration with Lucia Vallarino Peet
Commissioner: Andrea Gonzàlez Sanchez. Deputy Commissioner: PDG Arte Communications. Curator: Ileana Cornea. Deputy Curator: Maria Veronica Leon Veintemilla. Venue: Istituto Santa Maria della Pietà, Castello 3701
ESTONIA
NSFW. From the Abyss of History
Jaanus Samma
Commissioner: Maria Arusoo. Curator: Eugenio Viola. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero, campo San Samuele, San Marco 3199
EGYPT
CAN YOU SEE
Ahmed Abdel Fatah, Gamal Elkheshen, Maher Dawoud
Commissioner: Hany Al Ashkar. Curator: Ministry of Culture. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
FINLAND (Pavilion Alvar Aalto)
Hours, Years, Aeons
IC-98
Commissioner: Frame Visual Art Finland, Raija Koli. Curator: Taru Elfving. Deputy Curator: Anna Virtanen. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
FRANCE
revolutions
Céleste Boursier-Mougenot
Commissioner: Institut français, with Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Curator: Emma Lavigne. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GEORGIA
Crawling Border
Rusudan Gobejishvili Khizanishvili, Irakli Bluishvili, Dimitri Chikvaidze, Joseph Sabia
Commissioner: Ana Riaboshenko. Curator: Nia Mgaloblishvili. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
GERMANY
Fabrik
Jasmina Metwaly / Philip Rizk, Olaf Nicolai, Hito Steyerl, Tobias Zielony
Commissioner: ifa (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen) on behalf of the Federal Foreign Office. Deputy Commissioner: Elke aus dem Moore, Nina Hülsmeier. Curator: Florian Ebner. Deputy Curator: Tanja Milewsky, Ilina Koralova. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GREAT BRITAIN
Sarah Lucas
Commissioner: Emma Dexter. Curator: Richard Riley. Deputy Curator: Katrina Schwarz. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GRENADA *
Present Nearness
Oliver Benoit, Maria McClafferty, Asher Mains, Francesco Bosso and Carmine Ciccarini, Guiseppe Linardi
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Deputy Commissioner: Susan Mains. Curator: Susan Mains. Deputy Curator: Francesco Elisei. Venue: Opera don Orione Artigianelli, Sala Tiziano, Fondamenta delle Zattere ai Gesuati, Dorsoduro 919
GREECE
Why Look at Animals? AGRIMIKÁ.
Maria Papadimitriou
Commissioner: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs. Curator: Gabi Scardi. Deputy Curator: Alexios Papazacharias. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
BRAZIL
So much that it doesn't fit here
Antonio Manuel, André Komatsu, Berna Reale
Commissioner: Luis Terepins. Curator: Luiz Camillo Osorio. Deputy Curator: Cauê Alves. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
CANADA
Canadassimo
BGL
Commissioner: National Gallery of Canada, Marc Mayer. Deputy Commissioner: National Gallery of Canada, Yves Théoret. Curator: Marie Fraser. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
CHILE
Poéticas de la disidencia | Poetics of dissent: Paz Errázuriz - Lotty Rosenfeld
Paz Errázuriz, Lotty Rosenfeld
Commissioner: Antonio Arèvalo. Deputy Commissioner: Juan Pablo Vergara Undurraga. Curator: Nelly Richard. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
CHINA, People’s Republic of
Other Future
LIU Jiakun, LU Yang, TAN Dun, WEN Hui/Living Dance Studio, WU Wenguang/Caochangdi Work Station
Commissioner: China Arts and Entertainment Group, CAEG. Deputy Commissioners: Zhang Yu, Yan Dong. Curator: Beijing Contemporary Art Foundation. Scientific Committee: Fan Di’an, Zhang Zikang, Zhu Di, Gao Shiming, Zhu Qingsheng, Pu Tong, Shang Hui. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Giardino delle Vergini
GUATEMALA
Sweet Death
Emma Anticoli Borza, Sabrina Bertolelli, Mariadolores Castellanos, Max Leiva, Pier Domenico Magri, Adriana Montalto, Elmar Rojas (Elmar René Rojas Azurdia), Paolo Schmidlin, Mónica Serra, Elsie Wunderlich, Collettivo La Grande Bouffe
Commissioner: Daniele Radini Tedeschi. Curators: Stefania Pieralice, Carlo Marraffa, Elsie Wunderlich. Deputy Curators: Luciano Carini, Simone Pieralice. Venue: Officina delle Zattere, Dorsoduro 947, Fondamenta Nani
HOLY SEE
Commissioner: Em.mo Card. Gianfranco Ravasi, Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
HUNGARY
Sustainable Identities
Szilárd Cseke
Commissioner: Monika Balatoni. Deputy Commissioner: István Puskás, Sándor Fodor, Anna Karády. Curator: Kinga German. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ICELAND
Christoph Büchel
Commissioner: Björg Stefánsdóttir. Curator: Nína Magnúsdóttir. Venue: to be confirmed
INDONESIA, Republic of
Komodo Voyage
Heri Dono
Commissioner: Sapta Nirwandar. Deputy Commissioner: Soedarmadji JH Damais. Curator: Carla Bianpoen, Restu Imansari Kusumaningrum. Scientific Committee: Franco Laera, Asmudjo Jono Irianto, Watie Moerany, Elisabetta di Mambro. Venue: Venue: Arsenale
IRAN
Iranian Highlights
Samira Alikhanzaradeh, Mahmoud Bakhshi Moakhar, Jamshid Bayrami, Mohammed Ehsai
The Great Game
Lida Abdul, Bani Abidi, Adel Abidin, Amin Agheai, Ghodratollah Agheli, Shahriar Ahmadi, Parastou Ahovan, Farhad Ahrarnia, Rashad Alakbarov, Nazgol Ansarinia, Reza Aramesh, Alireza Astaneh, Sonia Balassanian, Mahmoud Bakhshi, Moakhar Wafaa Bilal, Mehdi Farhadian, Monir Farmanfarmaian, Shadi Ghadirian, Babak Golkar, Shilpa Gupta, Ghasem Hajizadeh, Shamsia Hassani, Sahand Hesamiyan, Sitara Ibrahimova, Pouran Jinchi, Amar Kanwar, Babak Kazemi, Ryas Komu, Ahmad Morshedloo, Farhad Moshiri, Mehrdad Mohebali, Huma Mulji, Azad Nanakeli, Jamal Penjweny, Imran Qureshi, Sara Rahbar, Rashid Rana, T.V. Santhosh, Walid Siti, Mohsen Taasha Wahidi, Mitra Tabrizian, Parviz Tanavoli, Newsha Tavakolian, Sadegh Tirafkan, Hema Upadhyay, Saira Wasim
Commissioner: Majid Mollanooruzi. Deputy Commissioners: Marco Meneguzzo, Mazdak Faiznia. Curators: Marco Meneguzzo, Mazdak Faiznia. Venue: Calle San Giovanni 1074/B, Cannaregio
IRAQ
Commissioner: Ruya Foundation for Contemporary Culture in Iraq (RUYA). Deputy Commissioner: Nuova Icona - Associazione Culturale per le Arti. Curator: Philippe Van Cauteren. Venue: Ca' Dandolo, San Polo 2879
IRELAND
Adventure: Capital
Sean Lynch
Commissioner: Mike Fitzpatrick. Curator: Woodrow Kernohan. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
ISRAEL
Tsibi Geva | Archeology of the Present
Tsibi Geva
Commissioner: Arad Turgem, Michael Gov. Curator: Hadas Maor. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ITALY
Ministero dei Beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo - Direzione Generale Arte e Architettura Contemporanee e Periferie Urbane. Commissioner: Federica Galloni. Curator: Vincenzo Trione. Venue: Padiglione Italia, Tese delle Vergini at Arsenale
JAPAN
The Key in the Hand
Chiharu Shiota
Commissioner: The Japan Foundation. Deputy Commissioner: Yukihiro Ohira, Manako Kawata and Haruka Nakajima. Curator: Hitoshi Nakano. Venue : Pavilion at Giardini
KENYA
Creating Identities
Yvonne Apiyo Braendle-Amolo, Qin Feng, Shi Jinsong, Armando Tanzini, Li Zhanyang, Lan Zheng Hui, Li Gang, Double Fly Art Center
Commissioner: Paola Poponi. Curator: Sandro Orlandi Stagl. Deputy Curator: Ding Xuefeng. Venue: San Servolo Island
KOREA, Republic of
The Ways of Folding Space & Flying
MOON Kyungwon & JEON Joonho
Commissioner: Sook-Kyung Lee. Curator: Sook-Kyung Lee. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
KOSOVO, Republic of
Speculating on the blue
Flaka Haliti
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports. Curator: Nicolaus Schafhausen. Deputy Curator: Katharina Schendl. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
LATVIA
Armpit
Katrina Neiburga, Andris Eglitis
Commissioner: Solvita Krese (Latvian Centre for Contemporary Art). Deputy Commissioner: Kitija Vasiljeva. Curator: Kaspars Vanags. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
LITHUANIA
Museum
Dainius Liškevicius
Commissioner: Vytautas Michelkevicius. Deputy Commissioner: Rasa Antanaviciute. Curator: Vytautas Michelkevicius. Venue: Palazzo Zenobio, Fondamenta del Soccorso 2569, Dorsoduro
LUXEMBOURG, Grand Duchy of
Paradiso Lussemburgo
Filip Markiewicz
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Deputy Commissioner: MUDAM Luxembourg. Curator: Paul Ardenne. Venue: Cà Del Duca, Corte del Duca Sforza, San Marco 3052
MACEDONIA, Former Yugoslavian Republic of
We are all in this alone
Hristina Ivanoska and Yane Calovski
Commissioner: Maja Nedelkoska Brzanova, National Gallery of Macedonia. Deputy Commissioner: Olivija Stoilkova. Curator: Basak Senova. Deputy Curator: Maja Cankulovska Mihajlovska. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Sale d’Armi
MAURITIUS *
From One Citizen You Gather an Idea
Sultana Haukim, Nirmal Hurry, Alix Le Juge, Olga Jürgenson, Helge Leiberg, Krishna Luchoomun, Neermala Luckeenarain, Kavinash Thomoo, Bik Van Der Pol, Laure Prouvost, Vitaly Pushnitsky, Römer + Römer
Commissioner: pARTage. Curators: Alfredo Cramerotti, Olga Jürgenson. Venue: Palazzo Flangini - Canareggio 252
MEXICO
Possesing Nature
Tania Candiani, Luis Felipe Ortega
Commissioner: Tomaso Radaelli. Deputy Commissioner: Magdalena Zavala Bonachea. Curator: Karla Jasso. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
MONGOLIA *
Other Home
Enkhbold Togmidshiirev, Unen Enkh
Commissioner: Gantuya Badamgarav, MCASA. Curator: Uranchimeg Tsultemin. Scientific Committee: David A Ross, Boldbaatar Chultemin. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
MONTENEGRO
,,Ti ricordi Sjecaš li se You Remember "
Aleksandar Duravcevic
Commissioner/Curator: Anastazija Miranovic. Deputy Commissioner: Danica Bogojevic. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero (piano terra), San Marco 3078-3079/A, Ramo Malipiero
MOZAMBIQUE, Republic of *
Theme: Coexistence of Tradition and Modernity in Contemporary Mozambique
Mozambique Artists
Commissioner: Joel Matias Libombo. Deputy Commissioner: Gilberto Paulino Cossa. Curator: Comissariado-Geral para a Expo Milano 2015. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
NETHERLANDS, The
herman de vries - to be all ways to be
herman de vries
Commissioner: Mondriaan Fund. Curators: Colin Huizing, Cees de Boer. Venue: Pavilion ar Giardini
NEW ZEALAND
Secret Power
Simon Denny
Commissioner: Heather Galbraith. Curator: Robert Leonard. Venue: Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Marco Polo Airport
NORDIC PAVILION (NORWAY)
Camille Norment
Commissioner: OCA, Office for Contemporary Art Norway. Curator: Katya García-Antón. Deputy Curator: Antonio Cataldo. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
PERU
Misplaced Ruins
Gilda Mantilla and Raimond Chaves
Commissioner: Armando Andrade de Lucio. Curator: Max Hernández-Calvo. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
PHILIPPINES
Tie a String Around the World
Manuel Conde, Carlos Francisco, Manny Montelibano, Jose Tence Ruiz
Commissioner: National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), Felipe M. de Leon Jr. Curator: Patrick D. Flores. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
POLAND
Halka/Haiti. 18°48’05”N 72°23’01”W
C.T. Jasper, Joanna Malinowska
Commissioner: Hanna Wróblewska. Deputy Commissioner: Joanna Wasko. Curator: Magdalena Moskalewicz. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
PORTUGAL
I Will Be Your Mirror / poems and problems
João Louro
Commissioner/Curator: María de Corral. Venue: Palazzo Loredan, campo S. Stefano
ROMANIA
Adrian Ghenie: Darwin’s Room
Adrian Ghenie
Commissioner: Monica Morariu. Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damian. Curator: Mihai Pop. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
Inventing the Truth. On Fiction and Reality
Michele Bressan, Carmen Dobre-Hametner, Alex Mirutziu, Lea Rasovszky, Stefan Sava, Larisa Sitar
Commissioner: Monica Morariu. Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damian. Curator: Diana Marincu. Deputy Curators: Ephemair Association (Suzana Dan and Silvia Rogozea). Venue: New Gallery of the Romanian Institute for Culture and Humanistic Research in Venice
RUSSIA
The Green Pavilion
Irina Nakhova
Commissioner: Stella Kesaeva. Curator: Margarita Tupitsyn. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SERBIA
United Dead Nations
Ivan Grubanov
Commissioner: Lidija Merenik. Deputy Commissioner: Ana Bogdanovic. Curator: Lidija Merenik. Deputy Curator: Ana Bogdanovic. Scientific Committee: Jovan Despotovic. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SAN MARINO
Repubblica di San Marino “ Friendship Project “ China
Xu De Qi, Liu Dawei, Liu Ruo Wang, Ma Yuan, Li Lei, Zhang Hong Mei, Eleonora Mazza, Giuliano Giulianelli, Giancarlo Frisoni, Tony Margiotta, Elisa Monaldi, Valentina Pazzini
Commissioner: Istituti Culturali della Repubblica di San Marino. Curator: Vincenzo Sanfo. Venue: TBC
SEYCHELLES, Republic of *
A Clockwork Sunset
George Camille, Léon Wilma Loïs Radegonde
Commissioner: Seychelles Art Projects Foundation. Curators: Sarah J. McDonald, Victor Schaub Wong. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
SINGAPORE
Sea State
Charles Lim Yi Yong
Commissioner: Paul Tan, National Arts Council, Singapore. Curator: Shabbir Hussain Mustafa. Scientific Committee: Eugene Tan, Kathy Lai, Ahmad Bin Mashadi, June Yap, Emi Eu, Susie Lingham, Charles Merewether, Randy Chan. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
SLOVENIA, Republic of
UTTER / The violent necessity for the embodied presence of hope
JAŠA
Commissioner: Simona Vidmar. Deputy Commissioner: Jure Kirbiš. Curators: Michele Drascek and Aurora Fonda. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
SPAIN
Los Sujetos (The Subjects)
Pepo Salazar, Cabello/Carceller, Francesc Ruiz, + Salvador Dalí
Commissioner: Ministerio Asuntos Exteriores. Gobierno de España. Curator: Marti Manen. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
Origini della civiltà
Narine Ali, Ehsan Alar, Felipe Cardeña, Fouad Dahdouh, Aldo Damioli, Svitlana Grebenyuk, Mauro Reggio, Liu Shuishi, Nass ouh Zaghlouleh, Andrea Zucchi, Helidon Xhixha
Commissioner: Christian Maretti. Curator: Duccio Trombadori. Venue: Redentore – Giudecca, San Servolo Island
SWEDEN
Excavation of the Image: Imprint, Shadow, Spectre, Thought
Lina Selander
Commissioner: Ann-Sofi Noring. Curator: Lena Essling. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
SWITZERLAND
Our Product
Pamela Rosenkranz
Commissioner: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia, Sandi Paucic and Marianne Burki. Deputy-Commissioner: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia, Rachele Giudici Legittimo. Curator: Susanne Pfeffer. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
THAILAND
Earth, Air, Fire & Water
Kamol Tassananchalee
Commissioner: Chai Nakhonchai, Office of Contemporary Art and Culture (OCAC), Ministry of Culture. Curator: Richard David Garst. Deputy Curator: Pongdej Chaiyakut. Venue: Paradiso Gallerie, Giardini della Biennale, Castello 1260
TURKEY
Respiro
Sarkis
Commissioner: Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. Curator: Defne Ayas. Deputy Curator: Ozge Ersoy. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
TUVALU
Crossing the Tide
Vincent J.F. Huang
Commissioner: Taukelina Finikaso. Deputy Commissioner: Temate Melitiana. Curator: Thomas J. Berghuis. Scientific Committee: Andrea Bonifacio. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
UKRAINE
Hope!
Yevgenia Belorusets, Nikita Kadan, Zhanna Kadyrova, Mykola Ridnyi & SerhiyZhadan, Anna Zvyagintseva, Open Group, Artem Volokitin
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Björn Geldhof. Venue: Riva dei Sette Martiri
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
1980 – Today: Exhibitions in the United Arab Emirates
Abdullah Al Saadi, Abdul Qader Al Rais, Abdulraheem Salim, Abdulrahman Zainal, Ahmed Al Ansari, Ahmed Sharif, Hassan Sharif, Mohamed Yousif, Mohammed Abdullah Bulhiah, Mohammed Al Qassab, Mohammed Kazem, Moosa Al Halyan, Najat Meky, Obaid Suroor, Salem Jawhar
Commissioner: Salama bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. Curator: Hoor Al Qasimi. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d'Armi
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Joan Jonas: They Come to Us Without a Word
Joan Jonas
Commissioner: Paul C. Ha. Deputy Commissioner: MIT List Visual Arts Center. Curators: Ute Meta Bauer, Paul C. Ha. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
URUGUAY
Global Myopia II (Pencil & Paper)
Marco Maggi
Commissioner: Ricardo Pascale. Curator: Patricia Bentancour. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
VENEZUELA, Bolivarian Republic of
Te doy mi palabra (I give you my word)
Argelia Bravo, Félix Molina (Flix)
Commissioner: Oscar Sotillo Meneses. Deputy Commissioner: Reinaldo Landaeta Díaz. Curator: Oscar Sotillo Meneses. Deputy Curator: Morella Jurado. Scientific Committee: Carlos Pou Ruan. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ZIMBABWE, Republic of
Pixels of Ubuntu/Unhu: - Exploring the social and cultural identities of the 21st century.
Chikonzero Chazunguza, Masimba Hwati, Gareth Nyandoro
Commissioner: Doreen Sibanda. Curator: Raphael Chikukwa. Deputy Curator: Tafadzwa Gwetai. Scientific Committee: Saki Mafundikwa, Biggie Samwanda, Fabian Kangai, Reverend Paul Damasane, Nontsikelelo Mutiti, Stephen Garan'anga, Dominic Benhura. Venue: Santa Maria della Pieta
ITALO-LATIN AMERICAN INSTITUTE
Voces Indígenas
Commissioner: Sylvia Irrazábal. Curator: Alfons Hug. Deputy Curator: Alberto Saraiva. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
ARGENTINA
Sofia Medici and Laura Kalauz
PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA
Sonia Falcone and José Laura Yapita
BRAZIL
Adriana Barreto
Paulo Nazareth
CHILE
Rainer Krause
COLOMBIA
León David Cobo,
María Cristina Rincón and Claudia Rodríguez
COSTA RICA
Priscilla Monge
ECUADOR
Fabiano Kueva
EL SALVADOR
Mauricio Kabistan
GUATEMALA
Sandra Monterroso
HAITI
Barbara Prézeau Stephenson
HONDURAS
Leonardo González
PANAMA
Humberto Vélez
NICARAGUA
Raúl Quintanilla
PARAGUAY
Erika Meza
Javier López
PERU
José Huamán Turpo
URUGUAY
Gustavo Tabares
Ellen Slegers
001 Inverso Mundus. AES+F
Magazzino del Sale n. 5, Dorsoduro, 265 (Fondamenta delle Zattere ai Saloni); Palazzo Nani Mocenigo, Dorsoduro, 960
May 9th – October 31st
Organization: VITRARIA Glass + A Museum
Catalonia in Venice: Singularity
Cantieri Navali, Castello, 40 (Calle Quintavalle)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Institut Ramon Llull
venezia2015.llull.cat
Conversion. Recycle Group
Chiesa di Sant’Antonin, Castello (Campo Sant’Antonin)
May 6th - October 31st
Organization: Moscow Museum of Modern Art
Dansaekhwa
Palazzo Contarini-Polignac, Dorsoduro, 874 (Accademia)
May 7th – August 15th
Organization: The Boghossian Foundation
Dispossession
Palazzo Donà Brusa, Campo San Polo, 2177
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: European Capital of Culture Wroclaw 2016
wroclaw2016.pl/biennale/
EM15 presents Doug Fishbone’s Leisure Land Golf
Arsenale Docks, Castello, 40A, 40B, 41C
May 6th - July 26th
Organization: EM15
Eredità e Sperimentazione
Grand Hotel Hungaria & Ausonia, Viale Santa Maria Elisabetta, 28, Lido di Venezia
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Istituto Nazionale di BioArchitettura - Sezione di Padova
Frontiers Reimagined
Palazzo Grimani, Castello, 4858 (Ramo Grimani)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Tagore Foundation International; Polo museale del Veneto
Glasstress 2015 Gotika
Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Palazzo Cavalli Franchetti, San Marco, 2847 (Campo Santo Stefano); Chiesa di Santa Maria della Visitazione, Centro Culturale Don Orione Artigianelli, Dorsoduro, 919 (Zattere); Fondazione Berengo, Campiello della Pescheria, 15, Murano;
May 9th — November 22nd
Organization: The State Hermitage Museum
Graham Fagen: Scotland + Venice 2015
Palazzo Fontana, Cannaregio, 3829 (Strada Nova)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Scotland + Venice
Grisha Bruskin. An Archaeologist’s Collection
Former Chiesa di Santa Caterina, Cannaregio, 4941-4942
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: Centro Studi sulle Arti della Russia (CSAR), Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
Helen Sear, ... The Rest Is Smoke
Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Castello, 450 (Fondamenta San Gioacchin)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Cymru yn Fenis/Wales in Venice
Highway to Hell
Palazzo Michiel, Cannaregio, 4391/A (Strada Nova)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Hubei Museum of Art
Humanistic Nature and Society (Shan-Shui) – An Insight into the Future
Palazzo Faccanon, San Marco, 5016 (Mercerie)
May 7th – August 4th
Organization: Shanghai Himalayas Museum
In the Eye of the Thunderstorm: Effervescent Practices from the Arab World & South Asia
Dorsoduro, 417 (Zattere)
May 6th - November 15th
Organization: ArsCulture
Italia Docet | Laboratorium- Artists, Participants, Testimonials and Activated Spectators
Palazzo Barbarigo Minotto, San Marco, 2504 (Fondamenta Duodo o Barbarigo)
May 9th – June 30th; September 11st – October 31st
Organization: Italian Art Motherboard Foundation (i-AM Foundation)
www.venicebiennale-italiadocet.org
Jaume Plensa: Together
Basilica di San Giorgio Maggiore, Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: Abbazia di San Giorgio Maggiore Benedicti Claustra Onlus
Jenny Holzer "War Paintings"
Museo Correr, San Marco, 52 (Piazza San Marco)
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: The Written Art Foundation; Museo Correr, Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia
correr.visitmuve.it
Jump into the Unknown
Palazzo Loredan dell’Ambasciatore, Dorsoduro, 1261-1262
May 9th – June 18th
Organization: Nine Dragon Heads
9dh-venice.com
Learn from Masters
Palazzo Bembo, San Marco, 4793 (Riva del Carbon)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Pan Tianshou Foundation
pantianshou.caa.edu.cn/foundation_en
My East is Your West
Palazzo Benzon, San Marco, 3927
May 6th – October 31st
Organization: The Gujral Foundation
Ornamentalism. The Purvitis Prize
Arsenale Nord, Tesa 99
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: The Secretariat of the Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2015
www.purvisabalva.lv/en/ornamentalism
Path and Adventure
Arsenale, Castello, 2126/A (Campo della Tana)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: The Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau; The Macao Museum of Art; The Cultural Affairs Bureau
Patricia Cronin: Shrine for Girls, Venice
Chiesa di San Gallo, San Marco, 1103 (Campo San Gallo)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Brooklyn Rail Curatorial Projects
curatorialprojects.brooklynrail.org
Roberto Sebastian Matta. Sculture
Giardino di Palazzo Soranzo Cappello, Soprintendenza BAP per le Province di Venezia, Belluno, Padova e Treviso, Santa Croce, 770 (Fondamenta Rio Marin)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Fondazione Echaurren Salaris
www.fondazioneechaurrensalaris.it
www.maggioregam.com/56Biennale_Matta
Salon Suisse: S.O.S. Dada - The World Is A Mess
Palazzo Trevisan degli Ulivi, Dorsoduro, 810 (Campo Sant'Agnese)
May 9th; June 4th - 6th; September 10th - 12th; October 15th - 17th; November 19th – 21st
Organization: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia
Sean Scully: Land Sea
Palazzo Falier, San Marco, 2906
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Fondazione Volume!
Sepphoris. Alessandro Valeri
Molino Stucky, interior atrium, Giudecca, 812
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Assessorato alla Cultura del Comune di Narni(TR); a Sidereal Space of Art; Satellite Berlin
Tesla Revisited
Palazzo Nani Mocenigo, Dorsoduro, 960
May 9th – October 18th
Organization: VITRARIA Glass + A Museum
The Bridges of Graffiti
Arterminal c/o Terminal San Basilio, Dorsoduro (Fondamenta Zattere al Ponte Lungo)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Associazione Culturale Inossidabile
The Dialogue of Fire. Ceramic and Glass Masters from Barcelona to Venice
Palazzo Tiepolo Passi, San Polo, 2774
May 6th - November 22nd
Organization: Fundaciò Artigas; ArsCulture
The Question of Beings
Istituto Santa Maria della Pietà, Castello, 3701
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Museum of Contemporary Art, Taipei (MoCA, Taipei)
The Revenge of the Common Place
Università Ca' Foscari, Ca' Bernardo, Dorsoduro, 3199 (Calle Bernardo)
May 9th – September 30th
Organization: Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University Brussels-VUB)
The Silver Lining. Contemporary Art from Liechtenstein and other Microstates
Palazzo Trevisan degli Ulivi, Dorsoduro, 810 (Campo Sant'Agnese)
October 24th – November 1st
Organization: Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein
The Sound of Creation. Paintings + Music by Beezy Bailey and Brian Eno
Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello, Palazzo Pisani, San Marco, 2810 (Campo Santo Stefano)
May 7th - November 22nd
Organization: ArsCulture
The Union of Fire and Water
Palazzo Barbaro, San Marco, 2840
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: YARAT Contemporary Art Organisation
Thirty Light Years - Theatre of Chinese Art
Palazzo Rossini, San Marco, 4013 (Campo Manin)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: GAC Global Art Center Foundation; The Guangdong Museum of Art
Tsang Kin-Wah: The Infinite Nothing, Hong Kong in Venice
Arsenale, Castello, 2126 (Campo della Tana)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: M+, West Kowloon Cultural District; Hong Kong Arts Development Council
Under the Surface, Newfoundland and Labrador at Venice
Galleria Ca' Rezzonico, Dorsoduro, 2793
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Terra Nova Art Foundation
tnaf.ca
Ursula von Rydingsvard
Giardino della Marinaressa, Castello (Riva dei Sette Martiri)
May 6th - November 22nd
Organization:Yorkshire Sculpture Park
We Must Risk Delight: Twenty Artists from Los Angeles
Magazzino del Sale n. 3, Dorsoduro, 264 (Zattere)
May 7th - November 22nd
Organization: bardoLA
Wu Tien-Chang: Never Say Goodbye
Palazzo delle Prigioni, Castello, 4209 (San Marco)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Taipei Fine Arts Museum of Taiwan
www.outdoorphotographer.com/photo-contests/the-american-l...
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So it's been 20 years since I have been to spray park, and boy did I pick a grand day to come. Yesterday I was looking at weather data across the pacific northwest, and at last minute I chose to come here. I arrived later than I hoped to (and I was hustling and out of breath), so I had not much scouting time. Yes the wild flowers are nice up there, they are just at their peak, perhaps a little past their prime, and the lupines did not grow as tall this season.
And let me tell you, the mosquitoes are terrible right now! Anyways, I did see an elusive Pine Martin, he walked right in front of me. I had never seen one in the wild before. I also noticed a big fat Hoary Marmot sitting on a rock close to me. I didn't take photos because I had my super wide on.
Now for the nitty gritty. The sky was awesome, and to boot, the moon was there to add another dimension. So I climbed a little higher than the main part of spray park and found an alpine "lake."
I tried several comps and this one is my fave. This was very difficult. I was literally being swarmed by mosquitoes. They were on my lens, biting my eyebrows, ears, knuckles, everywhere! They were biting through my jacket, and when I was holding my neutral grad in front of my lens they just attacked my hand and had a feast. I couldn't move, and blowing on them did not work. I had to stay cool. I had my mirror locked up and I wasn't going to risk touching the camera and ruin the several second exposure. Just had to tough it out; no pain, no gain I guess.
This was one of the best light shows I have ever seen. So blessed to have been there!
So I had to hike out in the dark (4 miles to trail head) and l am no stranger of doing this (this is how great photos are made), but in them woods are some spooky sounds. I just kept whistling and making noise, always looking behind me with my headlamp to make sure I was not being tailed by a cougar. Pretty soon I was in the darkest and quietest part of the woods and I heard a loud snap behind me and some fast foot work. I froze and just about browned my shorts! I'm thinking, what, a cougar, bear, a yeti? LOL! I picked up my pace and I couldn't been happier to get back to my car, which I "slept" in for a few hours and then drove home. This image was totally worth the effort (8 miles round trip - highest point I was at 6450 feet)!
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www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/index.html
A Brief History
The Wirral Country Park stretches along the Wirral Peninsula's coastline overlooking The River Dee. Thurstaston Visitors Centre itself is a part of the Country Park and is a very popular tourist attraction and family day out in the Wirral.
In 1866 a railway line was opened along this coastal route, running for 12 miles. It started at the top-end in the seaside town of West Kirby, and continued through Caldy, Thurstaston, Gayton,Parkgate, Neston, Wilaston and Hooton. The line was largely used for agricultural purposes, but also servicedlocal day trippers heading out to West Kirby and Parkgate, as well. Unfortunately the line suffered during the first world war becoming uneconomical to run and in 1956, the line was closed to passengers and used solely for freight purposes. Finally by 1963 the line was closed completely. Today the remnants of this railway line is known as The Wirral Way, and it forms a several mile long public foot path. Itself part of a very popular coastal walk in the Wirral.
The coastal area surrounding the Wirral Way is serene and beautiful, with many stunning views over The Dee Estuary and across to Wales. This coastal view is also renowned for its splendid sunsets, and is many a photographers dream. Sunsets aside, the Dee estuary's mudflats reflect the sky's colours and sun's light providing further beautiful scenes, added to by the flocks of wading birds and water eroded channels.
Thanks to the new 1968 Countryside Act, this whole area was put under protection by Cheshire County Council as a conservation area and was called Wirral Country Park. Today the upkeep of the park is both undertaken by Cheshire County Council, who maintain the stretch between Hooton and Gayton, and Wirral County Park, who maintain the stretch between Gayton and West Kirby.
Thurstaston Visitors Centre
Thurstaston Visitors Centre can be regarded as the focal point of the park receiving the main volume of the park's total number of visitors per year. There are numerous leisure activities available at Thurstaston, an open expanse of grass to sit and picnic on, and the Visitors centre itself which houses a refreshment stand, a shop, a nature exhibit and tourism leaflets and information on what itself and the rest of the Wirral Peninsula has to offer. As such it is a popular tourist attraction in The Wirral, Merseyside and the North West of England as a whole.
The wirral rangers, who are responsible for the maintenance and conservation of the Park are themselves based at Thurstaston.
www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/recreation.html
Thurstaston makes for a varied day out with different activities available depending on your mood!
You can make the day as relaxing or energetic as you wish. From a family barbeque, to a game of rounders, to a relaxed stroll along the beach, there are many things to choose between...
Thurstaston Visitors Centre
This is the central visitors centre within the Wirral Country Park and is located at Thurstaston. It is a central organising point for tourists. There are various things on offer here. within the building is a shop selling various wildlife related products, for example bird feed, feeding stations to erect in your garden, books on nature and the local area, etc. An information desk is located next to the shop with a wide range of leaflets on the Wirral Country Park itself, local tourist attractions in Merseyside and the wider North West area and local wildlife spots; all freely available.
For further information the desk is also staffed with helpful Visitors Centre volunteers who will endeavor to answer any enquiries you may have, and you can also book ranger-lead activities here as well. There is an indoor 'nature trail' for children and adults to wonder through with local wildlife and information about the area's history on display.
Various amenities are also available; well kept toilet facilities, also offering a baby-changing area, are located within the visitors Centre, and a refreshment kiosk is situated on the front, adjoining the centre, with drinks, snacks and ice-cream to buy.
Thurstaston Visitors Centre Field
There is a large expanse of open grass situated by the Visitors Centre. Visitors are free to do as they please as long as respect is kept for the area's upkeep and wildlife - barbecues must be had within one of the designated areas. The spot is popular with tourists, families and local visitors for picnics, ball games, frisbee, or simply to sit and take in the spectacular view over the Dee Estuary mudflats with, Wales on the distant horizon.
There are numerous self-guided walks within this area, including the Wirral Coastal Walk. Excellent views gained by walking along the Thursaston cliffs which over look the beach below. You can in fact walk along the cliff top all the way back to Heswall, with the Heswall Fields to your left. If you feel like it you can follow the footpaths through the fields leading back up to the Wirral Way walk.
Thurstaston Visitors Centre Barbeque
There are two barbeque sites, the main one being located on the back edge of the open field area, within sight of the Visitors Centre. There is a built in brick barbeque, which you can place a disposable barbeque within. There are also a couple of picnic tables and benches to eat your food at.
This barbeque site must be booked before use, and is very popular, particularly within the spring and summer months. You can contact the Thurstaston Visitors Centre by telephone. However, for when the first barbeque site is fully booked up, there is a second area available, located towards the back of the visitors Centre car park. There are no built barbeque spots or benches set up here, but you can place disposable barbecues on the ground. Ask at the visitors centre to be allowed onto this site, and confirm it is available for use at the time you are visiting.
When you have finished your barbeque you should douse your disposable barbeque with water (available from an outside tap at the Visitors Centre building) and leave the barbeque for the rangers to collect at the end of the day. All other waste should go into the bins situated in the barbeque area, with the lids placed firmly back on to prevent danger to the local wildlife.
Thurstaston Beach
Thurstaston beach is part of the Wirral Coastline and runs between Thurstaston and Heswall along the foot of Thurstaston cliffs. The cliffs themselves provide a fascinating backdrop, being eroded into almost surreal shapes and gravity defying peaks. They are also hazardous in their state of erosion, and should never be walked upon on the edges, or climbed, as parts are susceptible to crumbling away at any moment. This coastal strip is very popular with walkers and forms part of the Wirral Coastal Walk
Along Thurstaston beach you will find washed up bits of knarled drift wood, sea shells, and sand eroded rocks and pebbles. The tide does come in daily, though it is never deep and never covers the beach entirely so there is no danger of being cut off. A word of caution, the mud flats do have areas of 'sinking sand' and so care should always be taken in wondering out onto them. Never go out too far, especially if alone. This applies also to horse riders, and there have been horses that have had to be pulled out with the assistance of the local fire brigade.
There are two points of access to Thurstaston beach. The easier location being at the bottom of station Road (the only road leading all the way down to Thurstaston Visitors Centre from Telegraph Road). The other access point is via another set of steps at the opposite end of the park. Walk along the cliffs path in the direction of heswall, you will wonder through a little gully with a footbridge over a small runoff stream, and this path will bring you eventually to the second set of steps. You should never attempt to climb down the cliffs directly to the beach, due to their high state of erosion and the risk of the ground giving away under your step. They are precariously steep and could cause serious injury.
The Wirral Way
This follows the path of the old railway line which finally closed in 1963. The origins of the Wirral Country Park lies in the history of this railway line. The abandoned railway line was taken under the care of the local council, and under the 1968 Countryside act, was converted into a public footpath with a parallel cycle and bridal path. Numerous tourists and local visitors to the area, walk along the Wirral Way for relaxation, leisure, and excercise. It is used by a variety of people; families out for the day, couples on a romantic stroll, joggers, cyclists, horse riders and more.
At points along the Wirral Way, there will be signposted public paths which will take you various ways through the Heswall fields, either down to the shore line, or up towards Thurstaston village and farm. There is also a footpath signposted to the ominous sounding 'dungeon'. This is a pretty walk through a steep-sided valley with a little stream, and takes you up into farmers fields at the top. gorgous on a sunny summers day. The area is also part of the infamous Wirral Coastal Walk.
www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/field.html
Thurstaston Visitors Centre Field
There is a large expanse of open grass situated by the Visitors Centre. Visitors are free to do as they please as long as respect is kept for the area's upkeep and wildlife - barbecues must be had within one of the designated areas. The spot is popular with tourists, families and local visitors for picnics, ball games, frisbee, or simply to sit and take in the spectacular view over the Dee Estuary mudflats with, Wales on the distant horizon.
There are numerous self-guided walks within this area, including the Wirral Coastal Walk. Excellent views gained by walking along the Thursaston cliffs which over look the beach below. You can in fact walk along the cliff top all the way back to Heswall, with the Heswall Fields to your left. If you feel like it you can follow the footpaths through the fields leading back up to the Wirral Way walk
www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/barbeque.html
Thurstaston Visitors Centre Barbeque
There are two barbeque sites, the main one being located on the back edge of the open field area, within sight of the Visitors Centre. There is a built in brick barbeque, which you can place a disposable barbeque within. There are also a couple of picnic tables and benches to eat your food at.
This barbeque site must be booked before use, and is very popular, particularly within the spring and summer months. You can contact the Thurstaston Visitors Centre by telephone. However, for when the first barbeque site is fully booked up, there is a second area available, located towards the back of the visitors Centre car park. There are no built barbeque spots or benches set up here, but you can place disposable barbecues on the ground. Ask at the visitors centre to be allowed onto this site, and confirm it is available for use at the time you are visiting.
When you have finished your barbeque you should douse your disposable barbeque with water (available from an outside tap at the Visitors Centre building) and leave the barbeque for the rangers to collect at the end of the day. All other waste should go into the bins situated in the barbeque area, with the lids placed firmly back on to prevent danger to the local wildlife.
www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/beach.html
Thurstaston Beach
Thurstaston beach is part of the Wirral Coastline and runs between Thurstaston and Heswall along the foot of Thurstaston cliffs. The cliffs themselves provide a fascinating backdrop, being eroded into almost surreal shapes and gravity defying peaks. They are also hazardous in their state of erosion, and should never be walked upon on the edges, or climbed, as parts are susceptible to crumbling away at any moment. This coastal strip is very popular with walkers and forms part of the Wirral Coastal Walk
Along Thurstaston beach you will find washed up bits of knarled drift wood, sea shells, and sand eroded rocks and pebbles. The tide does come in daily, though it is never deep and never covers the beach entirely so there is no danger of being cut off. A word of caution, the mud flats do have areas of 'sinking sand' and so care should always be taken in wondering out onto them. Never go out too far, especially if alone. This applies also to horse riders, and there have been horses that have had to be pulled out with the assistance of the local fire brigade.
There are two points of access to Thurstaston beach. The easier location being at the bottom of station Road (the only road leading all the way down to Thurstaston Visitors Centre from Telegraph Road). The other access point is via another set of steps at the opposite end of the park. Walk along the cliffs path in the direction of heswall, you will wonder through a little gully with a footbridge over a small runoff stream, and this path will bring you eventually to the second set of steps. You should never attempt to climb down the cliffs directly to the beach, due to their high state of erosion and the risk of the ground giving away under your step. They are precariously steep and could cause serious injury.
www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/wirralway.html
The Wirral Way
This follows the path of the old railway line which finally closed in 1963. The origins of the Wirral Country Park lies in the history of this railway line. The abandoned railway line was taken under the care of the local council, and under the 1968 Countryside act, was converted into a public footpath with a parallel cycle and bridal path. Numerous tourists and local visitors to the area, walk along the Wirral Way for relaxation, leisure, and excercise. It is used by a variety of people; families out for the day, couples on a romantic stroll, joggers, cyclists, horse riders and more.
At points along the Wirral Way, there will be signposted public paths which will take you various ways through the Heswall fields, either down to the shore line, or up towards Thurstaston village and farm. There is also a footpath signposted to the ominous sounding 'dungeon'. This is a pretty walk through a steep-sided valley with a little stream, and takes you up into farmers fields at the top. gorgous on a sunny summers day. The area is also part of the infamous Wirral Coastal Walk.
www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/wildlife.html
Above all, Thurstaston is renowned for its bird watching opportunities. The land and vegetation within and around the Wirral Country Park is an ideal habitat for many bird species, some unique to the area. The Wirral Way is lined by miles of brambles, hawthorn and blackthorn hedges providing ideal hiding, nesting and food sites for the birds. Added to this are the open mudflats of the River Dee Estuary, (itself an important ecological site of special scientific interest). Thus the Wirral Country Park, and it's surrounding area within Thurstaston and the Wirral, can be regarded as a key bird watching areas within Merseyside and the North West of England, nevermind the UK as a whole.
Thousands of wading birds come to feed and survive within the mud flats, from as far afield as Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia and the Arctic. Among the many bird species which can be found in the area are; Coots, Curlew, Magpies, Pheasants, Thrushes, Finches, Fieldfares, Redwings, Lapwing, Oystercatchers, Skylarks, Shelduk, Herons, Short-eared Owls, etc.
Wirral bird watching Information
Wirral Country Park Wildlife
Outside the front of Thurstaston Visitors Centre is a large pond which is home to various birds, insects and pond-life, such as frogs, toads, newts and wildfowl. Dragonflies are attracted to the area and will lay eggs in the ponds. In the summer months you till find them darting through the air, along with over 10 different species of butterfly (including, Small Skippers, Speckled Woods and Common Blues). Other insects include Damselflies and Bumblebees.
The local wildlife can contribute to a fun-filled family day out. In the warmer months pond-dipping activities are arranged for children to take part in to learn more about the local environment and Wirral wildlife. You can enquire into and book onto these activities through The Visitors Centre.
The beach offers crabs which scuttle across the sand. As a fun tourist attraction, seashore searches are arranged for children and adults to take part in with the rangers. Contact The Visitors Centre for more information.
Other animals found in the area are badgers, foxes, hedgehogs, bats, mice, fieldvole and squirrels.
Flowers and plant-lifeare another key factor in the local Wirral wilflife and thrive in the spring and summer months. Wild flowers, such as Dog violets, Buttercups and Primroses, grow in the fields and bushes along the Wirral Way. Towards the autumn mushrooms, fairy rings and bracket fungi can be found, and 'Fungal forays' can be participated in with the Rangers. This is also an excellent time to walk the footpaths through the fields between Heswall and Thurstaston, as the Wheat is in season and you can see he coastal winds rippling through the sheafs like waves. Therapeutic and beautiful.
Trees to be found in the Wirral Country Park area include; Sycamore, European Maple, Silver Birch, Downy Birch, Horse chestnut, Sweet Chestnut, Douglas Fir, Rowan, Pine, Willow, Holly, Beech, Ash, Elm and Hazel.
www.thurstaston.wherewideweb.com/contact.html
Wirral Country Park
Address: Wirral Country Park Visitors Centre,
Station Road,
Thurstaston,
Wirral,
CH61 OHN
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ALBANIA
Albanian Trilogy: A Series of Devious Stratagems
Armando Lulaj
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Marco Scotini. Deputy Curator: Andris Brinkmanis. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
ANDORRA
Inner Landscapes
Roqué, Joan Xandri
Commissioner: Henry Périer. Deputy Commissioner: Joana Baygual, Sebastià Petit, Francesc Rodríguez
Curator: Paolo de Grandis, Josep M. Ubach. Venue: Spiazzi, Castello 3865
ANGOLA
On Ways of Travelling
António Ole, Binelde Hyrcan, Délio Jasse, Francisco Vidal, Nelo Teixeira
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture, Rita Guedes Tavares. Curator: António Ole. Deputy Curator: Antonia Gaeta. Venue: Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello - Palazzo Pisani, San Marco 2810
ARGENTINA
The Uprising of Form
Juan Carlos Diste´fano
Commissioner: Magdalena Faillace. Curator: Mari´a Teresa Constantin. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
ARMENIA, Republic of
Armenity / Haiyutioun
Haig Aivazian, Lebanon; Nigol Bezjian, Syria/USA; Anna Boghiguian Egypt/Canada; Hera Büyüktasçiyan, Turkey; Silvina Der-Meguerditchian, Argentina/Germany; Rene Gabri & Ayreen Anastas, Iran/Palestine/USA; Mekhitar Garabedian, Belgium; Aikaterini Gegisian, Greece; Yervant Gianikian & Angela Ricci Lucchi, Italy; Aram Jibilian, USA; Nina Katchadourian, USA/Finland; Melik Ohanian, France; Mikayel Ohanjanyan, Armenia/Italy; Rosana Palazyan, Brazil; Sarkis, Turkey/France; Hrair Sarkissian, Syria/UK
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia. Deputy Commissioner: Art for the World, Mekhitarist Congregation of San Lazzaro Island, Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Italy, Vartan Karapetian. Curator: Adelina Cüberyan von Fürstenberg. Venue: Monastery and Island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni
AUSTRALIA
Fiona Hall: Wrong Way Time
Fiona Hall
Commissioner: Simon Mordant AM. Deputy Commissioner: Charles Green. Curator: Linda Michael. Scientific Committee: Simon Mordant AM, Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, Max Delany, Rachel Kent, Danie Mellor, Suhanya Raffel, Leigh Robb. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
AUSTRIA
Heimo Zobernig
Commissioner: Yilmaz Dziewior. Curator: Yilmaz Dziewior. Scientific Committee: Friends of the Venice Biennale. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
AZERBAIJAN, Republic of
Beyond the Line
Ashraf Murad, Javad Mirjavadov, Tofik Javadov, Rasim Babayev, Fazil Najafov, Huseyn Hagverdi, Shamil Najafzada
Commissioner: Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Curators: de Pury de Pury, Emin Mammadov. Venue: Palazzo Lezze, Campo S.Stefano, San Marco 2949
Vita Vitale
Edward Burtynsky, Mircea Cantor, Loris Cecchini, Gordon Cheung, Khalil Chishtee, Tony Cragg, Laura Ford, Noemie Goudal, Siobhán Hapaska, Paul Huxley, IDEA laboratory and Leyla Aliyeva, Chris Jordan with Rebecca Clark and Helena S.Eitel, Tania Kovats, Aida Mahmudova, Sayyora Muin, Jacco Olivier, Julian Opie, Julian Perry, Mike Perry, Bas Princen, Stephanie Quayle, Ugo Rondinone, Graham Stevens, Diana Thater, Andy Warhol, Bill Woodrow, Erwin Wurm, Rose Wylie
Commissioner: Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Curators: Artwise: Susie Allen, Laura Culpan, Dea Vanagan. Venue: Ca’ Garzoni, San Marco 3416
BELARUS, Republic of
War Witness Archive
Konstantin Selikhanov
Commissioner: Natallia Sharanhovich. Deputy Commissioners: Alena Vasileuskaya, Kamilia Yanushkevich. Curators: Aleksei Shinkarenko, Olga Rybchinskaya. Scientific Committee: Dmitry Korol, Daria Amelkovich, Julia Kondratyuk, Sergei Jeihala, Sheena Macfarlane, Yuliya Heisik, Hanna Samarskaya, Taras Kaliahin, Aliaksandr Stasevich. Venue: Riva San Biagio, Castello 2145
BELGIUM
Personnes et les autres
Vincent Meessen and Guests, Mathieu K. Abonnenc, Sammy Baloji, James Beckett, Elisabetta Benassi, Patrick Bernier & Olive Martin, Tamar Guimara~es & Kasper Akhøj, Maryam Jafri, Adam Pendleton
Commissioner: Wallonia-Brussels Federation and Wallonia-Brussels International. Curator: Katerina Gregos. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
COSTA RICA
"Costa Rica, Paese di pace, invita a un linguaggio universale d'intesa tra i popoli".
Andrea Prandi, Beatrice Gallori, Beth Parin, Biagio Schembari, Carla Castaldo, Celestina Avanzini, Cesare Berlingeri, Erminio Tansini, Fabio Capitanio, Fausto Beretti, Giovan Battista Pedrazzini, Giovanni Lamberti, Giovanni Tenga, Iana Zanoskar, Jim Prescott, Leonardo Beccegato, Liliana Scocco, Lucia Bolzano, Marcela Vicuna, Marco Bellagamba, Marco Lodola, Maria Gioia dell’Aglio, Mario Bernardinello, Massimo Meucci, Nacha Piattini, Omar Ronda, Renzo Eusebi, Tita Patti, Romina Power, Rubens Fogacci, Silvio di Pietro, Stefano Sichel, Tino Stefanoni, Ufemia Ritz, Ugo Borlenghi, Umberto Mariani, Venere Chillemi, Jacqueline Gallicot Madar, Massimo Onnis, Fedora Spinelli
Commissioner: Ileana Ordonez Chacon. Curator: Gregorio Rossi. Venue: Palazzo Bollani
CROATIA
Studies on Shivering: The Third Degree
Damir Ocko
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Marc Bembekoff. Venue: Palazzo Pisani, S. Marina
CUBA
El artista entre la individualidad y el contexto
Lida Abdul, Celia-Yunior, Grethell Rasúa, Giuseppe Stampone, LinYilin, Luis Edgardo Gómez Armenteros, Olga Chernysheva, Susana Pilar Delahante Matienzo
Commissioner: Miria Vicini. Curators: Jorge Fernández Torres, Giacomo Zaza. Venue: San Servolo Island
CYPRUS, Republic of
Two Days After Forever
Christodoulos Panayiotou
Commissioner: Louli Michaelidou. Deputy Commissioner: Angela Skordi. Curator: Omar Kholeif. Deputy Curator: Daniella Rose King. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero, Sestiere San Marco 3079
CZECH Republic and SLOVAK Republic
Apotheosis
Jirí David
Commissioner: Adam Budak. Deputy Commissioner: Barbara Holomkova. Curator: Katarina Rusnakova. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ECUADOR
Gold Water: Apocalyptic Black Mirrors
Maria Veronica Leon Veintemilla in collaboration with Lucia Vallarino Peet
Commissioner: Andrea Gonzàlez Sanchez. Deputy Commissioner: PDG Arte Communications. Curator: Ileana Cornea. Deputy Curator: Maria Veronica Leon Veintemilla. Venue: Istituto Santa Maria della Pietà, Castello 3701
ESTONIA
NSFW. From the Abyss of History
Jaanus Samma
Commissioner: Maria Arusoo. Curator: Eugenio Viola. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero, campo San Samuele, San Marco 3199
EGYPT
CAN YOU SEE
Ahmed Abdel Fatah, Gamal Elkheshen, Maher Dawoud
Commissioner: Hany Al Ashkar. Curator: Ministry of Culture. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
FINLAND (Pavilion Alvar Aalto)
Hours, Years, Aeons
IC-98
Commissioner: Frame Visual Art Finland, Raija Koli. Curator: Taru Elfving. Deputy Curator: Anna Virtanen. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
FRANCE
revolutions
Céleste Boursier-Mougenot
Commissioner: Institut français, with Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Curator: Emma Lavigne. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GEORGIA
Crawling Border
Rusudan Gobejishvili Khizanishvili, Irakli Bluishvili, Dimitri Chikvaidze, Joseph Sabia
Commissioner: Ana Riaboshenko. Curator: Nia Mgaloblishvili. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
GERMANY
Fabrik
Jasmina Metwaly / Philip Rizk, Olaf Nicolai, Hito Steyerl, Tobias Zielony
Commissioner: ifa (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen) on behalf of the Federal Foreign Office. Deputy Commissioner: Elke aus dem Moore, Nina Hülsmeier. Curator: Florian Ebner. Deputy Curator: Tanja Milewsky, Ilina Koralova. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GREAT BRITAIN
Sarah Lucas
Commissioner: Emma Dexter. Curator: Richard Riley. Deputy Curator: Katrina Schwarz. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
GRENADA *
Present Nearness
Oliver Benoit, Maria McClafferty, Asher Mains, Francesco Bosso and Carmine Ciccarini, Guiseppe Linardi
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Deputy Commissioner: Susan Mains. Curator: Susan Mains. Deputy Curator: Francesco Elisei. Venue: Opera don Orione Artigianelli, Sala Tiziano, Fondamenta delle Zattere ai Gesuati, Dorsoduro 919
GREECE
Why Look at Animals? AGRIMIKÁ.
Maria Papadimitriou
Commissioner: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs. Curator: Gabi Scardi. Deputy Curator: Alexios Papazacharias. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
BRAZIL
So much that it doesn't fit here
Antonio Manuel, André Komatsu, Berna Reale
Commissioner: Luis Terepins. Curator: Luiz Camillo Osorio. Deputy Curator: Cauê Alves. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
CANADA
Canadassimo
BGL
Commissioner: National Gallery of Canada, Marc Mayer. Deputy Commissioner: National Gallery of Canada, Yves Théoret. Curator: Marie Fraser. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
CHILE
Poéticas de la disidencia | Poetics of dissent: Paz Errázuriz - Lotty Rosenfeld
Paz Errázuriz, Lotty Rosenfeld
Commissioner: Antonio Arèvalo. Deputy Commissioner: Juan Pablo Vergara Undurraga. Curator: Nelly Richard. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
CHINA, People’s Republic of
Other Future
LIU Jiakun, LU Yang, TAN Dun, WEN Hui/Living Dance Studio, WU Wenguang/Caochangdi Work Station
Commissioner: China Arts and Entertainment Group, CAEG. Deputy Commissioners: Zhang Yu, Yan Dong. Curator: Beijing Contemporary Art Foundation. Scientific Committee: Fan Di’an, Zhang Zikang, Zhu Di, Gao Shiming, Zhu Qingsheng, Pu Tong, Shang Hui. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Giardino delle Vergini
GUATEMALA
Sweet Death
Emma Anticoli Borza, Sabrina Bertolelli, Mariadolores Castellanos, Max Leiva, Pier Domenico Magri, Adriana Montalto, Elmar Rojas (Elmar René Rojas Azurdia), Paolo Schmidlin, Mónica Serra, Elsie Wunderlich, Collettivo La Grande Bouffe
Commissioner: Daniele Radini Tedeschi. Curators: Stefania Pieralice, Carlo Marraffa, Elsie Wunderlich. Deputy Curators: Luciano Carini, Simone Pieralice. Venue: Officina delle Zattere, Dorsoduro 947, Fondamenta Nani
HOLY SEE
Commissioner: Em.mo Card. Gianfranco Ravasi, Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
HUNGARY
Sustainable Identities
Szilárd Cseke
Commissioner: Monika Balatoni. Deputy Commissioner: István Puskás, Sándor Fodor, Anna Karády. Curator: Kinga German. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ICELAND
Christoph Büchel
Commissioner: Björg Stefánsdóttir. Curator: Nína Magnúsdóttir. Venue: to be confirmed
INDONESIA, Republic of
Komodo Voyage
Heri Dono
Commissioner: Sapta Nirwandar. Deputy Commissioner: Soedarmadji JH Damais. Curator: Carla Bianpoen, Restu Imansari Kusumaningrum. Scientific Committee: Franco Laera, Asmudjo Jono Irianto, Watie Moerany, Elisabetta di Mambro. Venue: Venue: Arsenale
IRAN
Iranian Highlights
Samira Alikhanzaradeh, Mahmoud Bakhshi Moakhar, Jamshid Bayrami, Mohammed Ehsai
The Great Game
Lida Abdul, Bani Abidi, Adel Abidin, Amin Agheai, Ghodratollah Agheli, Shahriar Ahmadi, Parastou Ahovan, Farhad Ahrarnia, Rashad Alakbarov, Nazgol Ansarinia, Reza Aramesh, Alireza Astaneh, Sonia Balassanian, Mahmoud Bakhshi, Moakhar Wafaa Bilal, Mehdi Farhadian, Monir Farmanfarmaian, Shadi Ghadirian, Babak Golkar, Shilpa Gupta, Ghasem Hajizadeh, Shamsia Hassani, Sahand Hesamiyan, Sitara Ibrahimova, Pouran Jinchi, Amar Kanwar, Babak Kazemi, Ryas Komu, Ahmad Morshedloo, Farhad Moshiri, Mehrdad Mohebali, Huma Mulji, Azad Nanakeli, Jamal Penjweny, Imran Qureshi, Sara Rahbar, Rashid Rana, T.V. Santhosh, Walid Siti, Mohsen Taasha Wahidi, Mitra Tabrizian, Parviz Tanavoli, Newsha Tavakolian, Sadegh Tirafkan, Hema Upadhyay, Saira Wasim
Commissioner: Majid Mollanooruzi. Deputy Commissioners: Marco Meneguzzo, Mazdak Faiznia. Curators: Marco Meneguzzo, Mazdak Faiznia. Venue: Calle San Giovanni 1074/B, Cannaregio
IRAQ
Commissioner: Ruya Foundation for Contemporary Culture in Iraq (RUYA). Deputy Commissioner: Nuova Icona - Associazione Culturale per le Arti. Curator: Philippe Van Cauteren. Venue: Ca' Dandolo, San Polo 2879
IRELAND
Adventure: Capital
Sean Lynch
Commissioner: Mike Fitzpatrick. Curator: Woodrow Kernohan. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
ISRAEL
Tsibi Geva | Archeology of the Present
Tsibi Geva
Commissioner: Arad Turgem, Michael Gov. Curator: Hadas Maor. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ITALY
Ministero dei Beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo - Direzione Generale Arte e Architettura Contemporanee e Periferie Urbane. Commissioner: Federica Galloni. Curator: Vincenzo Trione. Venue: Padiglione Italia, Tese delle Vergini at Arsenale
JAPAN
The Key in the Hand
Chiharu Shiota
Commissioner: The Japan Foundation. Deputy Commissioner: Yukihiro Ohira, Manako Kawata and Haruka Nakajima. Curator: Hitoshi Nakano. Venue : Pavilion at Giardini
KENYA
Creating Identities
Yvonne Apiyo Braendle-Amolo, Qin Feng, Shi Jinsong, Armando Tanzini, Li Zhanyang, Lan Zheng Hui, Li Gang, Double Fly Art Center
Commissioner: Paola Poponi. Curator: Sandro Orlandi Stagl. Deputy Curator: Ding Xuefeng. Venue: San Servolo Island
KOREA, Republic of
The Ways of Folding Space & Flying
MOON Kyungwon & JEON Joonho
Commissioner: Sook-Kyung Lee. Curator: Sook-Kyung Lee. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
KOSOVO, Republic of
Speculating on the blue
Flaka Haliti
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports. Curator: Nicolaus Schafhausen. Deputy Curator: Katharina Schendl. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
LATVIA
Armpit
Katrina Neiburga, Andris Eglitis
Commissioner: Solvita Krese (Latvian Centre for Contemporary Art). Deputy Commissioner: Kitija Vasiljeva. Curator: Kaspars Vanags. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
LITHUANIA
Museum
Dainius Liškevicius
Commissioner: Vytautas Michelkevicius. Deputy Commissioner: Rasa Antanaviciute. Curator: Vytautas Michelkevicius. Venue: Palazzo Zenobio, Fondamenta del Soccorso 2569, Dorsoduro
LUXEMBOURG, Grand Duchy of
Paradiso Lussemburgo
Filip Markiewicz
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Deputy Commissioner: MUDAM Luxembourg. Curator: Paul Ardenne. Venue: Cà Del Duca, Corte del Duca Sforza, San Marco 3052
MACEDONIA, Former Yugoslavian Republic of
We are all in this alone
Hristina Ivanoska and Yane Calovski
Commissioner: Maja Nedelkoska Brzanova, National Gallery of Macedonia. Deputy Commissioner: Olivija Stoilkova. Curator: Basak Senova. Deputy Curator: Maja Cankulovska Mihajlovska. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Sale d’Armi
MAURITIUS *
From One Citizen You Gather an Idea
Sultana Haukim, Nirmal Hurry, Alix Le Juge, Olga Jürgenson, Helge Leiberg, Krishna Luchoomun, Neermala Luckeenarain, Kavinash Thomoo, Bik Van Der Pol, Laure Prouvost, Vitaly Pushnitsky, Römer + Römer
Commissioner: pARTage. Curators: Alfredo Cramerotti, Olga Jürgenson. Venue: Palazzo Flangini - Canareggio 252
MEXICO
Possesing Nature
Tania Candiani, Luis Felipe Ortega
Commissioner: Tomaso Radaelli. Deputy Commissioner: Magdalena Zavala Bonachea. Curator: Karla Jasso. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
MONGOLIA *
Other Home
Enkhbold Togmidshiirev, Unen Enkh
Commissioner: Gantuya Badamgarav, MCASA. Curator: Uranchimeg Tsultemin. Scientific Committee: David A Ross, Boldbaatar Chultemin. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
MONTENEGRO
,,Ti ricordi Sjecaš li se You Remember "
Aleksandar Duravcevic
Commissioner/Curator: Anastazija Miranovic. Deputy Commissioner: Danica Bogojevic. Venue: Palazzo Malipiero (piano terra), San Marco 3078-3079/A, Ramo Malipiero
MOZAMBIQUE, Republic of *
Theme: Coexistence of Tradition and Modernity in Contemporary Mozambique
Mozambique Artists
Commissioner: Joel Matias Libombo. Deputy Commissioner: Gilberto Paulino Cossa. Curator: Comissariado-Geral para a Expo Milano 2015. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
NETHERLANDS, The
herman de vries - to be all ways to be
herman de vries
Commissioner: Mondriaan Fund. Curators: Colin Huizing, Cees de Boer. Venue: Pavilion ar Giardini
NEW ZEALAND
Secret Power
Simon Denny
Commissioner: Heather Galbraith. Curator: Robert Leonard. Venue: Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Marco Polo Airport
NORDIC PAVILION (NORWAY)
Camille Norment
Commissioner: OCA, Office for Contemporary Art Norway. Curator: Katya García-Antón. Deputy Curator: Antonio Cataldo. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
PERU
Misplaced Ruins
Gilda Mantilla and Raimond Chaves
Commissioner: Armando Andrade de Lucio. Curator: Max Hernández-Calvo. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
PHILIPPINES
Tie a String Around the World
Manuel Conde, Carlos Francisco, Manny Montelibano, Jose Tence Ruiz
Commissioner: National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), Felipe M. de Leon Jr. Curator: Patrick D. Flores. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
POLAND
Halka/Haiti. 18°48’05”N 72°23’01”W
C.T. Jasper, Joanna Malinowska
Commissioner: Hanna Wróblewska. Deputy Commissioner: Joanna Wasko. Curator: Magdalena Moskalewicz. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
PORTUGAL
I Will Be Your Mirror / poems and problems
João Louro
Commissioner/Curator: María de Corral. Venue: Palazzo Loredan, campo S. Stefano
ROMANIA
Adrian Ghenie: Darwin’s Room
Adrian Ghenie
Commissioner: Monica Morariu. Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damian. Curator: Mihai Pop. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
Inventing the Truth. On Fiction and Reality
Michele Bressan, Carmen Dobre-Hametner, Alex Mirutziu, Lea Rasovszky, Stefan Sava, Larisa Sitar
Commissioner: Monica Morariu. Deputy Commissioner: Alexandru Damian. Curator: Diana Marincu. Deputy Curators: Ephemair Association (Suzana Dan and Silvia Rogozea). Venue: New Gallery of the Romanian Institute for Culture and Humanistic Research in Venice
RUSSIA
The Green Pavilion
Irina Nakhova
Commissioner: Stella Kesaeva. Curator: Margarita Tupitsyn. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SERBIA
United Dead Nations
Ivan Grubanov
Commissioner: Lidija Merenik. Deputy Commissioner: Ana Bogdanovic. Curator: Lidija Merenik. Deputy Curator: Ana Bogdanovic. Scientific Committee: Jovan Despotovic. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SAN MARINO
Repubblica di San Marino “ Friendship Project “ China
Xu De Qi, Liu Dawei, Liu Ruo Wang, Ma Yuan, Li Lei, Zhang Hong Mei, Eleonora Mazza, Giuliano Giulianelli, Giancarlo Frisoni, Tony Margiotta, Elisa Monaldi, Valentina Pazzini
Commissioner: Istituti Culturali della Repubblica di San Marino. Curator: Vincenzo Sanfo. Venue: TBC
SEYCHELLES, Republic of *
A Clockwork Sunset
George Camille, Léon Wilma Loïs Radegonde
Commissioner: Seychelles Art Projects Foundation. Curators: Sarah J. McDonald, Victor Schaub Wong. Venue: European Cultural Centre - Palazzo Mora
SINGAPORE
Sea State
Charles Lim Yi Yong
Commissioner: Paul Tan, National Arts Council, Singapore. Curator: Shabbir Hussain Mustafa. Scientific Committee: Eugene Tan, Kathy Lai, Ahmad Bin Mashadi, June Yap, Emi Eu, Susie Lingham, Charles Merewether, Randy Chan. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
SLOVENIA, Republic of
UTTER / The violent necessity for the embodied presence of hope
JAŠA
Commissioner: Simona Vidmar. Deputy Commissioner: Jure Kirbiš. Curators: Michele Drascek and Aurora Fonda. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale - Artiglierie
SPAIN
Los Sujetos (The Subjects)
Pepo Salazar, Cabello/Carceller, Francesc Ruiz, + Salvador Dalí
Commissioner: Ministerio Asuntos Exteriores. Gobierno de España. Curator: Marti Manen. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
Origini della civiltà
Narine Ali, Ehsan Alar, Felipe Cardeña, Fouad Dahdouh, Aldo Damioli, Svitlana Grebenyuk, Mauro Reggio, Liu Shuishi, Nass ouh Zaghlouleh, Andrea Zucchi, Helidon Xhixha
Commissioner: Christian Maretti. Curator: Duccio Trombadori. Venue: Redentore – Giudecca, San Servolo Island
SWEDEN
Excavation of the Image: Imprint, Shadow, Spectre, Thought
Lina Selander
Commissioner: Ann-Sofi Noring. Curator: Lena Essling. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
SWITZERLAND
Our Product
Pamela Rosenkranz
Commissioner: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia, Sandi Paucic and Marianne Burki. Deputy-Commissioner: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia, Rachele Giudici Legittimo. Curator: Susanne Pfeffer. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
THAILAND
Earth, Air, Fire & Water
Kamol Tassananchalee
Commissioner: Chai Nakhonchai, Office of Contemporary Art and Culture (OCAC), Ministry of Culture. Curator: Richard David Garst. Deputy Curator: Pongdej Chaiyakut. Venue: Paradiso Gallerie, Giardini della Biennale, Castello 1260
TURKEY
Respiro
Sarkis
Commissioner: Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. Curator: Defne Ayas. Deputy Curator: Ozge Ersoy. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d’Armi
TUVALU
Crossing the Tide
Vincent J.F. Huang
Commissioner: Taukelina Finikaso. Deputy Commissioner: Temate Melitiana. Curator: Thomas J. Berghuis. Scientific Committee: Andrea Bonifacio. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
UKRAINE
Hope!
Yevgenia Belorusets, Nikita Kadan, Zhanna Kadyrova, Mykola Ridnyi & SerhiyZhadan, Anna Zvyagintseva, Open Group, Artem Volokitin
Commissioner: Ministry of Culture. Curator: Björn Geldhof. Venue: Riva dei Sette Martiri
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
1980 – Today: Exhibitions in the United Arab Emirates
Abdullah Al Saadi, Abdul Qader Al Rais, Abdulraheem Salim, Abdulrahman Zainal, Ahmed Al Ansari, Ahmed Sharif, Hassan Sharif, Mohamed Yousif, Mohammed Abdullah Bulhiah, Mohammed Al Qassab, Mohammed Kazem, Moosa Al Halyan, Najat Meky, Obaid Suroor, Salem Jawhar
Commissioner: Salama bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. Curator: Hoor Al Qasimi. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale – Sale d'Armi
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Joan Jonas: They Come to Us Without a Word
Joan Jonas
Commissioner: Paul C. Ha. Deputy Commissioner: MIT List Visual Arts Center. Curators: Ute Meta Bauer, Paul C. Ha. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
URUGUAY
Global Myopia II (Pencil & Paper)
Marco Maggi
Commissioner: Ricardo Pascale. Curator: Patricia Bentancour. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
VENEZUELA, Bolivarian Republic of
Te doy mi palabra (I give you my word)
Argelia Bravo, Félix Molina (Flix)
Commissioner: Oscar Sotillo Meneses. Deputy Commissioner: Reinaldo Landaeta Díaz. Curator: Oscar Sotillo Meneses. Deputy Curator: Morella Jurado. Scientific Committee: Carlos Pou Ruan. Venue: Pavilion at Giardini
ZIMBABWE, Republic of
Pixels of Ubuntu/Unhu: - Exploring the social and cultural identities of the 21st century.
Chikonzero Chazunguza, Masimba Hwati, Gareth Nyandoro
Commissioner: Doreen Sibanda. Curator: Raphael Chikukwa. Deputy Curator: Tafadzwa Gwetai. Scientific Committee: Saki Mafundikwa, Biggie Samwanda, Fabian Kangai, Reverend Paul Damasane, Nontsikelelo Mutiti, Stephen Garan'anga, Dominic Benhura. Venue: Santa Maria della Pieta
ITALO-LATIN AMERICAN INSTITUTE
Voces Indígenas
Commissioner: Sylvia Irrazábal. Curator: Alfons Hug. Deputy Curator: Alberto Saraiva. Venue: Pavilion at Arsenale
ARGENTINA
Sofia Medici and Laura Kalauz
PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA
Sonia Falcone and José Laura Yapita
BRAZIL
Adriana Barreto
Paulo Nazareth
CHILE
Rainer Krause
COLOMBIA
León David Cobo,
María Cristina Rincón and Claudia Rodríguez
COSTA RICA
Priscilla Monge
ECUADOR
Fabiano Kueva
EL SALVADOR
Mauricio Kabistan
GUATEMALA
Sandra Monterroso
HAITI
Barbara Prézeau Stephenson
HONDURAS
Leonardo González
PANAMA
Humberto Vélez
NICARAGUA
Raúl Quintanilla
PARAGUAY
Erika Meza
Javier López
PERU
José Huamán Turpo
URUGUAY
Gustavo Tabares
Ellen Slegers
001 Inverso Mundus. AES+F
Magazzino del Sale n. 5, Dorsoduro, 265 (Fondamenta delle Zattere ai Saloni); Palazzo Nani Mocenigo, Dorsoduro, 960
May 9th – October 31st
Organization: VITRARIA Glass + A Museum
Catalonia in Venice: Singularity
Cantieri Navali, Castello, 40 (Calle Quintavalle)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Institut Ramon Llull
venezia2015.llull.cat
Conversion. Recycle Group
Chiesa di Sant’Antonin, Castello (Campo Sant’Antonin)
May 6th - October 31st
Organization: Moscow Museum of Modern Art
Dansaekhwa
Palazzo Contarini-Polignac, Dorsoduro, 874 (Accademia)
May 7th – August 15th
Organization: The Boghossian Foundation
Dispossession
Palazzo Donà Brusa, Campo San Polo, 2177
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: European Capital of Culture Wroclaw 2016
wroclaw2016.pl/biennale/
EM15 presents Doug Fishbone’s Leisure Land Golf
Arsenale Docks, Castello, 40A, 40B, 41C
May 6th - July 26th
Organization: EM15
Eredità e Sperimentazione
Grand Hotel Hungaria & Ausonia, Viale Santa Maria Elisabetta, 28, Lido di Venezia
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Istituto Nazionale di BioArchitettura - Sezione di Padova
Frontiers Reimagined
Palazzo Grimani, Castello, 4858 (Ramo Grimani)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Tagore Foundation International; Polo museale del Veneto
Glasstress 2015 Gotika
Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Palazzo Cavalli Franchetti, San Marco, 2847 (Campo Santo Stefano); Chiesa di Santa Maria della Visitazione, Centro Culturale Don Orione Artigianelli, Dorsoduro, 919 (Zattere); Fondazione Berengo, Campiello della Pescheria, 15, Murano;
May 9th — November 22nd
Organization: The State Hermitage Museum
Graham Fagen: Scotland + Venice 2015
Palazzo Fontana, Cannaregio, 3829 (Strada Nova)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Scotland + Venice
Grisha Bruskin. An Archaeologist’s Collection
Former Chiesa di Santa Caterina, Cannaregio, 4941-4942
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: Centro Studi sulle Arti della Russia (CSAR), Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
Helen Sear, ... The Rest Is Smoke
Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Castello, 450 (Fondamenta San Gioacchin)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Cymru yn Fenis/Wales in Venice
Highway to Hell
Palazzo Michiel, Cannaregio, 4391/A (Strada Nova)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Hubei Museum of Art
Humanistic Nature and Society (Shan-Shui) – An Insight into the Future
Palazzo Faccanon, San Marco, 5016 (Mercerie)
May 7th – August 4th
Organization: Shanghai Himalayas Museum
In the Eye of the Thunderstorm: Effervescent Practices from the Arab World & South Asia
Dorsoduro, 417 (Zattere)
May 6th - November 15th
Organization: ArsCulture
Italia Docet | Laboratorium- Artists, Participants, Testimonials and Activated Spectators
Palazzo Barbarigo Minotto, San Marco, 2504 (Fondamenta Duodo o Barbarigo)
May 9th – June 30th; September 11st – October 31st
Organization: Italian Art Motherboard Foundation (i-AM Foundation)
www.venicebiennale-italiadocet.org
Jaume Plensa: Together
Basilica di San Giorgio Maggiore, Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: Abbazia di San Giorgio Maggiore Benedicti Claustra Onlus
Jenny Holzer "War Paintings"
Museo Correr, San Marco, 52 (Piazza San Marco)
May 6th – November 22nd
Organization: The Written Art Foundation; Museo Correr, Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia
correr.visitmuve.it
Jump into the Unknown
Palazzo Loredan dell’Ambasciatore, Dorsoduro, 1261-1262
May 9th – June 18th
Organization: Nine Dragon Heads
9dh-venice.com
Learn from Masters
Palazzo Bembo, San Marco, 4793 (Riva del Carbon)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Pan Tianshou Foundation
pantianshou.caa.edu.cn/foundation_en
My East is Your West
Palazzo Benzon, San Marco, 3927
May 6th – October 31st
Organization: The Gujral Foundation
Ornamentalism. The Purvitis Prize
Arsenale Nord, Tesa 99
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: The Secretariat of the Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2015
www.purvisabalva.lv/en/ornamentalism
Path and Adventure
Arsenale, Castello, 2126/A (Campo della Tana)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: The Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau; The Macao Museum of Art; The Cultural Affairs Bureau
Patricia Cronin: Shrine for Girls, Venice
Chiesa di San Gallo, San Marco, 1103 (Campo San Gallo)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Brooklyn Rail Curatorial Projects
curatorialprojects.brooklynrail.org
Roberto Sebastian Matta. Sculture
Giardino di Palazzo Soranzo Cappello, Soprintendenza BAP per le Province di Venezia, Belluno, Padova e Treviso, Santa Croce, 770 (Fondamenta Rio Marin)
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Fondazione Echaurren Salaris
www.fondazioneechaurrensalaris.it
www.maggioregam.com/56Biennale_Matta
Salon Suisse: S.O.S. Dada - The World Is A Mess
Palazzo Trevisan degli Ulivi, Dorsoduro, 810 (Campo Sant'Agnese)
May 9th; June 4th - 6th; September 10th - 12th; October 15th - 17th; November 19th – 21st
Organization: Swiss Arts Council Pro Helvetia
Sean Scully: Land Sea
Palazzo Falier, San Marco, 2906
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Fondazione Volume!
Sepphoris. Alessandro Valeri
Molino Stucky, interior atrium, Giudecca, 812
May 9th – November 22nd
Organization: Assessorato alla Cultura del Comune di Narni(TR); a Sidereal Space of Art; Satellite Berlin
Tesla Revisited
Palazzo Nani Mocenigo, Dorsoduro, 960
May 9th – October 18th
Organization: VITRARIA Glass + A Museum
The Bridges of Graffiti
Arterminal c/o Terminal San Basilio, Dorsoduro (Fondamenta Zattere al Ponte Lungo)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Associazione Culturale Inossidabile
The Dialogue of Fire. Ceramic and Glass Masters from Barcelona to Venice
Palazzo Tiepolo Passi, San Polo, 2774
May 6th - November 22nd
Organization: Fundaciò Artigas; ArsCulture
The Question of Beings
Istituto Santa Maria della Pietà, Castello, 3701
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Museum of Contemporary Art, Taipei (MoCA, Taipei)
The Revenge of the Common Place
Università Ca' Foscari, Ca' Bernardo, Dorsoduro, 3199 (Calle Bernardo)
May 9th – September 30th
Organization: Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University Brussels-VUB)
The Silver Lining. Contemporary Art from Liechtenstein and other Microstates
Palazzo Trevisan degli Ulivi, Dorsoduro, 810 (Campo Sant'Agnese)
October 24th – November 1st
Organization: Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein
The Sound of Creation. Paintings + Music by Beezy Bailey and Brian Eno
Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello, Palazzo Pisani, San Marco, 2810 (Campo Santo Stefano)
May 7th - November 22nd
Organization: ArsCulture
The Union of Fire and Water
Palazzo Barbaro, San Marco, 2840
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: YARAT Contemporary Art Organisation
Thirty Light Years - Theatre of Chinese Art
Palazzo Rossini, San Marco, 4013 (Campo Manin)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: GAC Global Art Center Foundation; The Guangdong Museum of Art
Tsang Kin-Wah: The Infinite Nothing, Hong Kong in Venice
Arsenale, Castello, 2126 (Campo della Tana)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: M+, West Kowloon Cultural District; Hong Kong Arts Development Council
Under the Surface, Newfoundland and Labrador at Venice
Galleria Ca' Rezzonico, Dorsoduro, 2793
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Terra Nova Art Foundation
tnaf.ca
Ursula von Rydingsvard
Giardino della Marinaressa, Castello (Riva dei Sette Martiri)
May 6th - November 22nd
Organization:Yorkshire Sculpture Park
We Must Risk Delight: Twenty Artists from Los Angeles
Magazzino del Sale n. 3, Dorsoduro, 264 (Zattere)
May 7th - November 22nd
Organization: bardoLA
Wu Tien-Chang: Never Say Goodbye
Palazzo delle Prigioni, Castello, 4209 (San Marco)
May 9th - November 22nd
Organization: Taipei Fine Arts Museum of Taiwan
"Blouse Roumaine - the Unsung Voices of Romanian Women"
Presented and Selected by Constantin ROMAN
www[dot]blouseroumaine[dot]com/orderthebook_p1[dot]html
Anthology E-BOOK (11BM)
DISTRIBUTION: Online with credit card
COST: $ 54.99, £34.99 (ca Euros 35.50)
LINK: www.blouseroumaine.com/orderthebook_p1.html
CONTENTS:
2,250,000 words,
over 1,000 pages,
ca 160 illustrations in text
160 critical biographies,
58 social categories/professions,
600 quotations (mostly translated into English for the first time),
circa 3,000 bibliographical references (including URLs and credits)
6 Indexes (alphabetical, by profession, timeline, quotation Index, place
index and name index)
AUTHOR: Constantin Roman is a Scholar with a Doctorate from Cambridge and a Member of the Society of Authors (London). He is an International Adviser, Guest Speaker, Professor Honoris Causa and Commander of the Order of Merit.
INDEX BY PROSFESSION: 58 CATEGORIES by Call, Profession or Social Status
Academics (22), Actresses (9), Anti-Communist Fighters (14), Architects/Interior Designers (2), Art Critics (9), Artist Book Binders (1), Ballerinas (6), Charity Workers/Benefactors (20), Communist Public Figures (2), Courtesans (3), Designers (2), Diplomats (4), Essayists (11), Ethnographers (6), Exiles & First-generation Romanians born abroad (87), Explorers (1), Feminists (12), Folk Singers (1), Gymnasts, Dressage Riders (2), Historians (5), Honorary Romanian Women (15), Illustrators (3), Journalists (13), Lawyers (4), Librarians (3), Linguists (2), Literary Critics (1), Media (15), Medical Doctors/Nurses (5), Memoir Writers (16), Missionaries and Nuns (4), Mountainéers (2), Museographers (1), Musical Instruments Makers (1), Novelists (24), Opera Singers (16), Painters (14), Peasant Farmers (6), Philosophers and Philosophy Graduates (4), Pianists (6), Pilots (4), Playwrights (5), Poets (29), Political Prisoners (30), Politicians (5), Revolutionaries (2), Royals and Aristocrats (34), Scientists (8), Sculptors (4), Slave (1), Socialites/Hostesses (20), Spouses/Relations of Public Figures (51), Spies (2), Tapestry Weavers (4), Translators (25), Unknown Illustrious (6), Violinists (4), Workers (3)
NOTE:
Most of the above 160 Romanian women, in the best tradition of versatility, are true polymaths and therefore nearly each one of them falls in more than just one category, often three or more. This explains why adding the numbers of the 57 individual categories bears no relation to the actual total of the above 160 women included in Blouse Roumaine.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIST OF 160 CRITICAL BIOGRAPHIES (each supported by Quotations and Bibliography)
AA *Gabriela Adamesteanu *Florenta Albu *Nina Arbore *Elena Arnàutoiu *Ioana Raluca Voicu-Arnàutoiu, *Laurentia Arnàutoiu *Mariea Plop - Arnàutoiu *Ana Aslan *Lady Elizabeth Asquith Bibescu
BB *Lauren Bacall *Lady Florence Baker *Zoe Bàlàceanu *Ecaterina Bàlàcioiu-Lovinescu *Victorine de Bellio *Pss. Marta Bibescu *Adriana Bittel *Maria Prodan Bjørnson *Ana Blandiana *Yvonne Blondel *Lola Bobescu *Smaranda Bràescu *Elena Bràtianu *Élise Bràtianu *Ioana Bràtianu *Elena Bràtianu- Racottà *Letitzia Bucur
CC *Anne-Marie Callimachi *Georgeta Cancicov *Madeleine Cancicov *Pss. Alexandra Cantacuzino *Pss.Maria Cantacuzino (Madame Puvis de Chavannes) *Pss. Maruca Cantacuzino-Enesco* Pss. Catherine Caradja *Elena Caragiani-Stoenescu *Marta Caraion-Blanc, *Nina Cassian, *Otilia Cazimir *Elena Ceausescu *Maria Cebotari *Ioana Celibidache *Hélène Chrissoveloni (Mme Paul Morand)*Alice Cocea *Irina Codreanu *Lizica Codreanu *Alina Cojocaru *Nadia Comàneci *Denisa Comànescu *Lena Constante *Silvia Constantinescu *Doina Cornea *Hortense Cornu *Viorica Cortez*Otilia Cosmutzà *Sandra Cotovu *Ileana Cotrubas *Carmen-Daniela Cràsnaru *Mioara Cremene *Florica Cristoforeanu *Pss. Elena Cuza
DD *Hariclea Darclée *Cella Delavrancea *Alina Diaconú *Varinca Diaconú *Anca Diamandy *Marie Ana Dràgescu *Rodica Dràghincescu *Bucura Dumbravà *Natalia Dumitrescu
EE *Micaela Eleutheriade *Queen Elisabeth of Romania (‘Carmen Sylva’) *Alexandra Enescu *Mica Ertegün
FF *Lizi Florescu, *Maria Forescu *Nicoleta Franck *Aurora Fúlgida
GG *Angela Gheorghiu *Pss Grigore Ghica *Pss. Georges Ghika (Liane de Pougy) *Veturia Goga *Maria Golescu *Nadia Gray *Olga Greceanu *Pss. Helen of Greece *Nicole Valéry-Grossu *Carmen Groza
HH *Virginia Andreescu Haret *Clara Haskil *Lucia Hossu-Longin
II *Pss. Ileana of Romania *Ana Ipàtescu *Marie-France Ionesco *Dora d’Istria *Rodica Iulian
JJ *Doina Jela *Lucretia Jurj
KK *Mite Kremnitz
LL *Marie-Jeanne Lecca *Madeleine Lipatti *Monica Lovinescu *Elena Lupescu
MM *Maria Mailat *Ileana Màlàncioiu *Ionela Manolesco *Lilly Marcou *Silvia Marcovici *Queen Marie of Romania *Ioana A. Marin *Ioana Meitani *Gabriela Melinescu *Veronica Micle *Nelly Miricioiu *Herta Müller *Alina Mungiu-Pippidi *Agnes Kelly Murgoci
NN *Mabel Nandris *Anita Nandris-Cudla *Lucia Negoità *Mariana Nicolesco *Countess Anna de Noailles *Ana Novac
OO *Helen O’Brien *Oana Orlea
PP *Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu *Milita Pàtrascu *Ana Pauker *Marta Petreu *Cornelia Pillat *Magdalena Popa *Elvira Popescu
RR *Ruxandra Racovitzà *Elisabeta Rizea *Eugenia Roman *Stella Roman *Queen Ana de România, *Pss. Margarita de România *Maria Rosetti *Elisabeth Roudinesco
SS *Annie Samuelli *Sylvia Sidney *Henriette-Yvonne Stahl *Countess Leopold Starszensky *Elena Stefoi *Pss. Marina Stirbey *Sanda Stolojan *Cecilia Cutzescu-Storck
TT *Maria Tànase *Aretia Tàtàrescu *Monica Theodorescu *Elena Theodorini
UU *Viorica Ursuleac
VV *Elena Vàcàrescu *Leontina Vàduva *Ana Velescu *Marioara Ventura *Anca Visdei *Wanda Sachelarie Vladimirescu *Alice Steriade Voinescu
WW *Sabina Wurmbrand
ZZ *Virginia Zeani
✰ Credit ✰
Sorumin - Fluffy Love SET
Osmia - Addison Leather Pants
Pose : Lush Poses - Spring Chair Female Poses
NEW ATTITUDE
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# #cozy #decor #art #fashion #style #portrait #homedecor #aesthetic #creative #lifestyle #photography #model #fashionphotography #design #mood #vibrant #people #Event #Osmia #Sorumin #LushPoses #Pose
www.cumbriawildlifetrust.org.uk/south-walney.html
The reserve is open daily from 10.00am - 5.00pm (4.00pm in winter).
Spring
Birds: courting eider duck, spring migrants, wheatear, willow warbler, sandwich tern
Plants: flowering thrift and sea campion,
Butterflies: common blue butterfly
Summer
Birds: gull and eider ducks, nesting oystercatcher and ringed plover.
Butterflies and moths: burnet moths and grayling butterfly.
Plants: Shingle flora including viper’s bugloss, yellow horned poppy and henbane. Flowering sea lavender, heartsease pansy.
Orchids: pyramidal orchid
Autumn
Birds: migratory birds including curlew snapper, spotted redshank, redstart, wheatear, and pink footed geese.
Plants: flowering sea lavender and sea aster.
Winter
Birds: High tide roost of wader and wildfowl including knot, dunlin, grey plover and oystercatcher. Barn owl and short-eared owl, pergrine and merlin twite, feeding on salt marsh.
All year
Birds: oystercatcher, large gull roosts/breeding colony. birds of prey
Mammals: grey seals at high tide
General: Amazing views across three counties and across the sea to the isle of man
Location
Walney Island, Barrow in Furness
Map reference
OS 1:50,000
Sheet No. 96
Grid reference SD 225 620
Size
130 hectares
Status
Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
Special Protection Area (SPA)
Access
Free admission for Wildlife Trust members. A small admission fee is payable by non-members. There are several waymarked trails on the reserve (Red trail 5km/3 miles, blue trail 3km/2 miles) No dogs are allowed on the reserve (except assistance dogs). The reserve has toilets and a number of birdwatching hides.
Directions
By car From Barrow in Furness follow signs for Walney Island. Cross Jubilee Bridge onto the Island and follow brown signs left at traffic lights, follow this road for about 1km/0.6 miles then turn left down Carr Lane. Pass Biggar Village and follow the road to the South End Caravan Site. Follow the road for a further kilometre until the reserve is reached.
By bicycle The reserve is 5km/ 3 miles from National Route 72 Walney to Wear.
By public transport Buses run from Barrow in Furness to Biggar.
Opening Times
Daily 10.0am - 5.00pm (4.00pm winter)
Overview
South Walney forms the southern tip of a shingle island lying at the end of the Furness Peninsula. During the medieval period it was farmed by the monks of Furness Abbey, whilst during the 19th and 20th centuries salt, sand and gravel were extracted leaving large lagoons and some industrial remains.
What to see
Every spring, large numbers of lesser black backed and herring gulls still return and begin to set up nest territories. Other breeding birds include eider duck, greater black backed gull, shelduck, oystercatcher, mallard, moorhen and coot. Of the 250 bird species recorded, most are passage migrants on their way to or from breeding grounds. These include common species such as wheatear, redstart, willow warbler and gold crest, as well as more unusual species, which may have been blown off their normal migration route. In winter, large numbers of waders and wildfowl feed and roost around the nature reserve both on the gravel pools and the intertidal areas. Vegetated shingle being a highly unusual habitat, and yellow horned poppy, sea campion and biting stonecrop grow on the single beaches.
Small areas of dune grassland survive with pyramidal orchid, Portland spurge, restharrow and wild pansy. The old gravel workings have developed their own communities with striking plants such as viper's bugloss, henbane and alkanet. Saltmarsh occurs in Lighthouse Bay with species such as thrift, glasswort and sea purslane.
Recent History
South Walney has been leased from Holker Estates since 1963.
As seen on my blog Week 12:: 1,300 Things to be Grateful For #294: Fluorescent Pink!
What are YOU grateful for right this moment?
❤
-t
M81 & M82 - Bode and Cigar Galaxies
Canon EOS 60D and TS APO 804 Triplet on a HEQ5 unguided mount.
ENG: M81 is the principal member of the “M81 Group” which is composed of 34 galaxies 12 million of light years distant from us. M81, M82 and NGC3077 strongly interact with each other and this leads to increasing their star formation activity.
Since the star formation process of M82 is very strong compared to other galaxies, it's classified as “Starburst Galaxy”.
Some numbers: M81 contains 250 billion of stars and it’s far from the “near” M82 just about 200.000 light years, twice the diameter of our galaxy.
ITA: M81 è il membro principale del “Gruppo di M81” costituito da 34 galassie poste ad una distanza media di 12 milioni di anni luce. M81, M82 e NGC3077 interagiscono fortemente tra loro, questo porta ad un incremento della loro attività di formazione stellare.
Proprio per questo motivo M82 viene definita una galassia starbust, ovvero una galassia in cui il processo di formazione stellare è molto spinto rispetto alle altre galassie. Un’attività così spinta, però, porta ad un più veloce esaurimento delle scorte della stessa galassia.
Alcuni numeri: M81 contiene 250 miliardi di stelle e dista dalla compagna (M82) circa 200.000 anni luce, praticamente solo il doppio del diametro della nostra galassia.
► IN THE FOV:
Galaxies: M81, M82
► TECHNICAL DETAILS:
480mm - f/6.0 - ISO800
Light Frames: 37x150''
Dark Frames: 11x150''
Bias Frames: 25x
Click HERE for more astrophotography and details! ;)
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