View allAll Photos Tagged Grounding
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
Pima Air and Space Museum
Boeing 720B Cockpit Simulator
The first jet powered airliner, the deHavilland Comet, flew for the first time in 1949 and entered service in 1952. A series of accidents pointed out serious problems in the aircraft's design, and the grounding of the Comet for the next four years opened the door for Boeing and Douglas Aircraft to take the lead in jet airliner design. Boeing's entry into the jet age, the 707, quickly came to dominate the market, outstripping both the Douglas DC-8 and the redesigned Comet. Based on Boeing's design for an aerial refueling tanker for the U.S. Air Force, the 707 took advantage of Boeing's experience with jet bomber designs to incorporate a swept wing and engines in separate pods under the wings. The first production 707 flew in 1957, with the first commercial flight by Pan American Airways in October 1958. Between then and 1978 a total of 1,010 aircraft were built by Boeing for the world's airlines. In addition to the standard 707s, Boeing built 152 of a slightly shorter version of the plane called the 720. These planes were designed to fly medium range flights from smaller airports, a niche in the market that would eventually be filled by the Boeing 727.
Training of airline pilots is accomplished to a great extent in detailed cockpit simulators that exactly duplicate the aircraft they will one day be flying. In full motion simulators, like this one, hydraulic or electric jacks move the simulator realistically in response to the pilot's control inputs and simulated external forces. Each simulator not only represents a specific type of aircraft but replicates the flying characteristics of one particular example of that type. This simulator was programmed to replicate a Boeing 720 with the registration N93143 which was once owned by Western Airlines. The use of simulators makes practicing both normal and emergency procedures less expensive and much less dangerous. Today the vast majority of airline pilot training is done in full motion simulators rather than in real aircraft.
"There's no reason to become alarmed, and we hope you'll enjoy the rest of your flight. By the way, is there anyone on board who knows how to fly a plane?”
-Airplane!
Technical Specifications (B-720)
Length: 136 ft 2 in
Wingspan: 130 ft 10 in
Height: 41 ft 7 in
Weight: 235,000 lbs (loaded)
Speed: 540 knots
Service Celling: 43,000 feet
Range: 3800 miles
Crew: 3
Engines: 4 Pratt & Whitney JT3D-1-MC6, 17,000 lbs thrust
Right. So now you can see here what I was banging on about in the long description at the last photo. And you can see the reason why I didn't just turn the upper 'plinth' (I don't know what the proper name is for this element) on the lathe. It is because the leaf tips overlap this element, so to preserve those tips it has to be carved out.
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
Pima Air and Space Museum
Boeing 720B Cockpit Simulator
The first jet powered airliner, the deHavilland Comet, flew for the first time in 1949 and entered service in 1952. A series of accidents pointed out serious problems in the aircraft's design, and the grounding of the Comet for the next four years opened the door for Boeing and Douglas Aircraft to take the lead in jet airliner design. Boeing's entry into the jet age, the 707, quickly came to dominate the market, outstripping both the Douglas DC-8 and the redesigned Comet. Based on Boeing's design for an aerial refueling tanker for the U.S. Air Force, the 707 took advantage of Boeing's experience with jet bomber designs to incorporate a swept wing and engines in separate pods under the wings. The first production 707 flew in 1957, with the first commercial flight by Pan American Airways in October 1958. Between then and 1978 a total of 1,010 aircraft were built by Boeing for the world's airlines. In addition to the standard 707s, Boeing built 152 of a slightly shorter version of the plane called the 720. These planes were designed to fly medium range flights from smaller airports, a niche in the market that would eventually be filled by the Boeing 727.
Training of airline pilots is accomplished to a great extent in detailed cockpit simulators that exactly duplicate the aircraft they will one day be flying. In full motion simulators, like this one, hydraulic or electric jacks move the simulator realistically in response to the pilot's control inputs and simulated external forces. Each simulator not only represents a specific type of aircraft but replicates the flying characteristics of one particular example of that type. This simulator was programmed to replicate a Boeing 720 with the registration N93143 which was once owned by Western Airlines. The use of simulators makes practicing both normal and emergency procedures less expensive and much less dangerous. Today the vast majority of airline pilot training is done in full motion simulators rather than in real aircraft.
"There's no reason to become alarmed, and we hope you'll enjoy the rest of your flight. By the way, is there anyone on board who knows how to fly a plane?”
-Airplane!
Technical Specifications (B-720)
Length: 136 ft 2 in
Wingspan: 130 ft 10 in
Height: 41 ft 7 in
Weight: 235,000 lbs (loaded)
Speed: 540 knots
Service Celling: 43,000 feet
Range: 3800 miles
Crew: 3
Engines: 4 Pratt & Whitney JT3D-1-MC6, 17,000 lbs thrust
Image from the General Dynamics/Convair Negative Collection-----Please tag these photos so information can be recorded.---Note: This material may be protected by Copyright Law (Title 17 U.S.C.)Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
2022 Grounding the Green New Deal: A Summit on Design, Policy, and Advocacy (Credit: Allison Shelley/Landscape Architecture Foundation)
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
Coast Guard responded to the grounding of the Ocean Spirit I Jan. 23, 2018 just off the entrance of the East Gregory Channel of Charlotte Amalie Harbor in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Coast Guard Marine Safety Detachment personnel in St. Thomas are working with the master and owner of the Ocean Spirit I and the vessel's salvage company to minimize any potential environmental impact or damage to the vessel's hull during refloating and removal operations.
Integrated Grounding
Panels feature integrated grounding via
resilient ground tabs engaged during
module insertion.
Front panel grounding, rotary encoder board with piezo beeper, and LCD switch panel boards. The front metal panel is already grounded to the chassis by frame bolts seen on the left margin. The added cost of adding a separate ground wire is nice, it reduces any chance that a flex in the case will change the net impedance path to ground; this wire is drawn all the way to a single ground point at the back of the unit; the same is for the other ground wire visible. The rotary switch module is a single unit, and uses fairly generic components and repairable, albeit the likelihood of it failing is fairly small as its a low power item.
The U.S. Coast Guard and partner agencies are responding Tuesday, Dec. 17, 2013, to the ferry Adventure, which ran aground while carrying approximately 53 passengers near Battery Island, N.C. (U.S. Coast Guard photograph)
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
Inveneo is proud to be an implementing partner with Creative Associates in the Tanzania 21st Century Basic Education Program (Tz21) where our role is to lead the technology intervention design and deployment with Kicheko Ltd, our Inveneo Certified ICT Partner (ICIP) in Tanzania. Together, Inveneo and Kicheko have been instrumental in introducing sustainable technology solutions that are relevant to rural Tanzanian schools that often lack electrical power and ICT skilled staff.
Recently we passed a major milestone in the program - the deployment of information and communication technologies to 5 pilot schools.
Dr. H.E. Kavishe of Kicheko, Wayan Vota and Jen Overgaag of Inveneo, assisted by a cadre of Kicheko technicians, installed a mix of laptops, desktops, LED projectors and related networking and power equipment at Naliendele, Kambarage, Darajani, and Kisiwandui Primary Schools, and Machakaeni Teacher Center.
The pilot deployment is testing technology configurations and the installation was used to train local engineers on Inveneo installation methodologies in preparation for the major ICT deployment to all schools, scheduled for early 2012.
Read more on the Inveneo newsfeed.
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
These NMDs were bought from a friend in Europe. They are wonderfully broken in, both the soles and the uppers.
They are a bit large, so my big toes don't line up with the toe holes in the uppers until I slide my feet a bit forward. The soles are prefect however, the real grounding feel. Good for long walks.
Noticed on a few DIY sites that the ground wire simply went to the frame, but the frame is painted, not bare metal. Many buffed off the paint to get a good ground connection. I did the same. Easy and works well.
The SN Federica, a 750-foot tanker vessel, sits dead in the water after running aground 35 miles off Galveston March 31, 2015. (U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 3rd Class Dustin R. Williams)
The 51,000 ton car carrier Hoegh Osaka after grounding on Brambles Bank in the Solent. I was duty launching authority at Cowes Lifeboat Station (running the station operations) that night... a long night during which Cowes Lifeboat and 3 others, plus two helicopters rescued 25 crew from the water and listing deck.
Inveneo is proud to be an implementing partner with Creative Associates in the Tanzania 21st Century Basic Education Program (Tz21) where our role is to lead the technology intervention design and deployment with Kicheko Ltd, our Inveneo Certified ICT Partner (ICIP) in Tanzania. Together, Inveneo and Kicheko have been instrumental in introducing sustainable technology solutions that are relevant to rural Tanzanian schools that often lack electrical power and ICT skilled staff.
Recently we passed a major milestone in the program - the deployment of information and communication technologies to 5 pilot schools.
Dr. H.E. Kavishe of Kicheko, Wayan Vota and Jen Overgaag of Inveneo, assisted by a cadre of Kicheko technicians, installed a mix of laptops, desktops, LED projectors and related networking and power equipment at Naliendele, Kambarage, Darajani, and Kisiwandui Primary Schools, and Machakaeni Teacher Center.
The pilot deployment is testing technology configurations and the installation was used to train local engineers on Inveneo installation methodologies in preparation for the major ICT deployment to all schools, scheduled for early 2012.
Read more on the Inveneo newsfeed.
A salvage vessel from Cates Marine tows the Sea Goddess, an 83-foot Honolulu-based longliner, following a grounding about 150-yards from the middle runway at Honolulu Airport with six people aboard, July 4, 2018. The case has also been referred to the State of Hawaii Department of Health - Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response Office and the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources for pollution and environmental assessment in the vicinity of the grounding. (U.S. Coast Guard photo by Sector Honolulu/Released)
There is the moral of all human tales,
'tis but the same rehearsal of the past.
First Freedom, and then Glory- when that fails-,
wealth, vice, corruption, barbarism at last.
And History, with all her volumes vast,
Hath but one page- 'tis better written here,
Where gorgeous tyranny hath thus amass'd
all treasures, all delights, that eye or ear.
Heart, soul could seek, tongue ask - Away with words! draw near.
- George Byron
Van Gogh on the Mersey River. After recieving damage going through Bass Straight, she ran aground on her departure.
LOA: 156m
CARGO: Pax
FLAG: Marshall Islands
REGO: Majuro
TYPE: Cruise Line
PHOTO TAKEN: East Devonport Foreshore
www.shippingdatabase.com/ship.php?shipid=176375
23/02/08
A 180-foot barge is shown beached on Anna Maria Island, Tuesday, April 8, 2014. Watchstanders at Sector St. Petersburg received notification at 2 a.m., April 8 that the operator of tug ABE H was having difficulty steering due to weather, and was unable to control one of the two barges that the tug was pushing approximately one mile west off of Longboat Key. (U.S. Coast Guard photo)
Makes any Shoe into a Grounding Device\u201d Perhaps the easiest way to stay grounded when you are on the go. Reversible rubber material is black on one side, gray color on the other.
FLOURITE "The Stone of Discernment"
Fluorite is a highly protective and stabilizing stone, useful for grounding and harmonizing spiritual energy. When working with the upper Chakras, Fluorite increases intuitive abilities, links the human mind to universal consciousness, and develops connection to Spirit. Fluorite further anchors intuitive insights into the physical plane, allowing mental and physical coordination.
Fluorite heightens mental abilities, assisting in rapid organization and processing of information, and can bring mental clarity and stability to an otherwise chaotic situation. Fluorite absorbs negative energies from the environment and is effective at Auric and Chakra cleansing. Fluorite can also shield the user from psychic manipulation. Fluorite should be cleared often.
In addition to the general metaphysical uses of Fluorite, there are additional traits associated with different types of Fluorite. Fluorite occurs naturally in many colors, and slightly different additional properties are associated with each color. Green Fluorite aids access to intuition. Green Fluorite can ground and absorb excess energy, including environmental energies. Use Green Fluorite to cleanse and renew the chakras.
Texture by Joe Sistah
via
It’s no secret that spending time in nature has inherent therapeutic benefits. For years, even the modern medical community has acknowledged a link between mental and emotional states and outdoor activity. However, recent scientific studies have turned their attention to a technique known as earthing, discovering evidence of the substantial physiological changes that contact with nature can produce in our bodies.
What is Earthing?
Also known as grounding, earthing is the process of directly connecting with the supply of negative ions located across the Earth’s surface. Although they may be termed negative ions, these free mobile electrons have long been associated with a number of positive health benefits, discussed below. Similarly, their positive ion counterparts are related to just the opposite, linked to an increase in allergic reactions, infections, and even depression. Early human civilizations naturally attuned their bodies to the Earth’s energetic field and enjoyed the benefits of earthing simply by their way of life. Regular physical contact with the Earth’s surface was an inevitable part of daily activity, as most early humans worked in agriculture, roamed barefoot, and even slept on the ground. The developments of modern society have reduced the amount of contact humans naturally have with the Earth, and at the same time has increasingly exposed us to harmful positive ions through the electromagnetic fields that our electronic devices produce. By subjecting the body to concentrated amounts of negative ions, earthing allows us to restore much-needed balance in our energetic fields. Since both the Earth’s surface and the human body are electrically conductive, this can be achieved by any means of direct physical contact with the Earth. Walking outside barefoot, touching soil, and swimming in the ocean are just a few grounding methods that allow the body to effortlessly absorb negative ions from the Earth. Additionally, earthing can be done indoors through the use of conductive grounding systems that transfer energy to the body.
Benefits to Earthing
In addition to improved mental states, a number of observable physiological changes have been documented by scientific studies as a result of earthing and grounding:
Chronic pain relief: 74% of test subjects with chronic joint pain reported significant relief after sleeping on a conductive mattress pad for one month.
Improved sleep: 11 out of 12 test subjects with dysfunctional sleep patterns reported falling asleep easier when using a conductive mattress pad, and saliva tests revealed the restoration of normal nighttime cortisol secretion levels through the eight-week period.
Reduced stress levels: Biofeedback tests revealed subjects exposed to earthing displayed a significant change in left brain hemisphere activity and decreased blood volume pulse.
Reduced inflammation: Participants who slept grounded after an intense exercise session experienced a shorter recovery time and a lower white blood cell count, indicating less inflammation when compared to control participants.
These results indicate the significant benefits earthing provides for not just cancer patients, but all individuals seeking a healthier lifestyle. Best of all, since this therapeutic technique requires only the desire and discipline of the participant to simply spend time outside, it is equally accessible to everyone. At Hope4Cancer, we are dedicated to giving our patients the best quality of life possible. We are proudly established in two seaside locations that offer patients the opportunity to practice earthing during their clinic stay, walking barefoot in the sand, breathing fresh air, or swimming in the ocean. More importantly, however, we continuously stay at the forefront of medical research and technology, allowing us to relay the latest relevant scientific developments to our community as timely as possible. For more information about how Hope4Cancer can help you on the path to recovery, schedule a free consultation with our personal assistance team here.
Earthing Explained: The Science Behind Nature’s Best Medicine was first seen on www.hope4cancer.com
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
Sir Christopher Michael Wren /ˈrɛn/[1] PRS (20 October 1632 – 25 February 1723) is one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history.[2] He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.
The principal creative responsibility for a number of the churches is now more commonly attributed to others in his office, especially Nicholas Hawksmoor. Other notable buildings by Wren include the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and the south front of Hampton Court Palace. The Wren Building, the main building at the College of William and Mary, is attributed to Wren. It is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States.
Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at the University of Oxford, Wren was a notable anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as an architect. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work was highly regarded by Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal.
Wren was born in East Knoyle in Wiltshire, the only surviving son of Christopher Wren Sr. (1589–1658) and Mary Cox, the only child of the Wiltshire squire Robert Cox from Fonthill Bishop. Christopher Sr. was at that time the rector of East Knoyle and later Dean of Windsor. It was while they were living at East Knoyle that all their children were born; Mary, Catherine, and Susan were all born by 1628 but then several children were born who died within a few weeks of their birth. Their son Christopher was born in 1632 then, two years later, another daughter named Elizabeth was born. Mary must have died shortly after the birth of Elizabeth, although there does not appear to be any surviving record of the date. Through Mary Cox, however, the family became well off financially for, as the only heir, she had inherited her father's estate.[3]
As a child Wren "seem'd consumptive."[4] Although a sickly child, he would survive into robust old age. He was first taught at home by a private tutor and his father. After his father's royal appointment as Dean of Windsor in March 1635, his family spent part of each year there, but little is known about Wren's life at Windsor. He spent his first eight years at East Knoyle and was educated by the Rev. William Shepherd, a local clergyman.[3]
Little is known of Wren's schooling thereafter, during dangerous times when his father's Royal associations would have required the family to keep a very low profile from the ruling Parliamentary authorities. It was a tough time in his life, but one which would go on to have a significant impact upon his later works. The story that he was at Westminster School between 1641 and 1646 is substantiated only by Parentalia, the biography compiled by his son, a fourth Christopher, which places him there "for some short time" before going up to Oxford (in 1650); however, it is entirely consistent with headmaster Doctor Busby's well-documented practice of educating the sons of impoverished Royalists and Puritans alike, irrespective of current politics or his own position.
Some of Wren's youthful exercises preserved or recorded (though few are datable) showed that he received a thorough grounding in Latin and also learned to draw. According to Parentalia, he was "initiated" in the principles of mathematics by Dr William Holder, who married Wren's elder sister Susan (or Susanna) in 1643. His drawing was put to academic use in providing many of the anatomical drawings for the anatomy textbook of the brain, Cerebri Anatome (1664), published by Thomas Willis, which coined the term "neurology." During this time period, Wren manifested an interest in the design and construction of mechanical instruments. It was probably through Holder that Wren met Sir Charles Scarburgh whom Wren assisted in his anatomical studies.
On 25 June 1650, Wren entered Wadham College, Oxford, where he studied Latin and the works of Aristotle. It is anachronistic to imagine that he received scientific training in the modern sense. However, Wren became closely associated with John Wilkins, the Warden of Wadham. The Wilkins circle was a group whose activities led to the formation of the Royal Society, comprising a number of distinguished mathematicians, creative workers and experimental philosophers. This connection probably influenced Wren's studies of science and mathematics at Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1651, and two years later received M.A.
Receiving his M.A. in 1653, Wren was elected a fellow of All Souls College in the same year and began an active period of research and experiment in Oxford. His days as a fellow of All Souls ended when Wren was appointed Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London in 1657. He was provided with a set of rooms and a stipend and was required to give weekly lectures in both Latin and English to all who wished to attend; admission was free. Wren took up this new work with enthusiasm. He continued to meet the men with whom he had frequent discussions in Oxford. They attended his London lectures and in 1660, initiated formal weekly meetings. It was from these meetings that the Royal Society, England's premier scientific body, was to develop. He undoubtedly played a major role in the early life of what would become the Royal Society; his great breadth of expertise in so many different subjects helping in the exchange of ideas between the various scientists. In fact, the report on one of these meetings reads:
Memorandum November 28, 1660. These persons following according to the usual custom of most of them, met together at Gresham College to hear Mr Wren's lecture, viz. The Lord Brouncker, Mr Boyle, Mr Bruce, Sir Robert Moray, Sir Paule Neile, Dr Wilkins, Dr Goddard, Dr Petty, Mr Ball, Mr Rooke, Mr Wren, Mr Hill. And after the lecture was ended they did according to the usual manner, withdraw for mutual converse.[5]
In 1662, they proposed a society "for the promotion of Physico-Mathematicall Experimental Learning." This body received its Royal Charter from Charles II and "The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge" was formed. In addition to being a founder member of the Society, Wren was president of the Royal Society from 1680 to 1682.
In 1661, Wren was elected Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, and in 1669 he was appointed Surveyor of Works to Charles II. From 1661 until 1668 Wren's life was based in Oxford, although his attendance at meetings of the Royal Society meant that he had to make occasional trips to London.
The main sources for Wren's scientific achievements are the records of the Royal Society. His scientific works ranged from astronomy, optics, the problem of finding longitude at sea, cosmology, mechanics, microscopy, surveying, medicine and meteorology. He observed, measured, dissected, built models and employed, invented and improved a variety of instruments. It was also around these times that his attention turned to architecture.
It was probably around this time that Wren was drawn into redesigning a battered St Paul's Cathedral. Making a trip to Paris in 1665, Wren studied the architecture, which had reached a climax of creativity, and perused the drawings of Bernini, the great Italian sculptor and architect, who himself was visiting Paris at the time. Returning from Paris, he made his first design for St Paul's. A week later, however, the Great Fire destroyed two-thirds of the city. Wren submitted his plans for rebuilding the city to King Charles II, although they were never adopted. With his appointment as King's Surveyor of Works in 1669, he had a presence in the general process of rebuilding the city, but was not directly involved with the rebuilding of houses or companies' halls. Wren was personally responsible for the rebuilding of 51 churches; however, it is not necessarily true to say that each of them represented his own fully developed design.
Wren was knighted 14 November 1673. This honour was bestowed on him after his resignation from the Savilian chair in Oxford, by which time he had already begun to make his mark as an architect, both in services to the Crown and in playing an important part in rebuilding London after the Great Fire.
Additionally, he was sufficiently active in public affairs to be returned as Member of Parliament for Old Windsor in 1680, 1689 and 1690, but did not take his seat.
By 1669 Wren's career was well established and it may have been his appointment as Surveyor of the King's Works in early 1669 that persuaded him that he could finally afford to take a wife. In 1669 the 37-year-old Wren married his childhood neighbour, the 33-year-old Faith Coghill, daughter of Sir John Coghill of Bletchingdon. Little is known of Faith's life or demeanour, but a love letter from Wren survives, which reads, in part:
I have sent your Watch at last & envy the felicity of it, that it should be soe near your side & soe often enjoy your Eye. ... .but have a care for it, for I have put such a spell into it; that every Beating of the Balance will tell you 'tis the Pulse of my Heart, which labors as much to serve you and more trewly than the Watch; for the Watch I beleeve will sometimes lie, and sometimes be idle & unwilling ... but as for me you may be confident I shall never ...[6]
This brief marriage produced two children: Gilbert, born October 1672, who suffered from convulsions and died at about 18 months old, and Christopher, born February 1675. The younger Christopher was trained by his father to be an architect. It was this Christopher that supervised the topping out ceremony of St Paul's in 1710 and wrote the famous Parentalia, or, Memoirs of the family of the Wrens. Faith Wren died of smallpox on 3 September 1675. She was buried in the chancel of St Martin-in-the-Fields beside the infant Gilbert. A few days later Wren's mother-in-law, Lady Coghill, arrived to take the infant Christopher back with her to Oxfordshire to raise.
In 1677, 17 months after the death of his first wife, Wren married once again. He married Jane Fitzwilliam, daughter of William FitzWilliam, 2nd Baron FitzWilliam[7] and his wife Jane Perry, the daughter of a prosperous London merchant.
She was a mystery to Wren's friends and companions. Robert Hooke, who often saw Wren two or three times every week, had, as he recorded in his diary, never even heard of her, and was not to meet her till six weeks after the marriage.[8] As with the first marriage, this too produced two children: a daughter Jane (1677–1702); and a son William, "Poor Billy" born June 1679, who was developmentally delayed.
Like the first, this second marriage was also brief. Jane Wren died of tuberculosis in September 1680. She was buried alongside Faith and Gilbert in the chancel of St Martin-in-the-Fields. Wren was never to marry again; he lived to be over 90 years old and of those years was married only nine.
Bletchingdon was the home of Wren's brother-in-law William Holder who was rector of the local church. Holder had been a Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford. An intellectual of considerable ability, he is said to have been the figure who introduced Wren to arithmetic and geometry.
Wren's later life was not without criticisms and attacks on his competence and his taste. In 1712, the Letter Concerning Design of Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, circulated in manuscript. Proposing a new British style of architecture, Shaftesbury censured Wren's cathedral, his taste and his long-standing control of royal works. Although Wren was appointed to the Fifty New Churches Commission in 1711, he was left only with nominal charge of a board of works when the surveyorship started in 1715. On 26 April 1718, on the pretext of failing powers, he was dismissed in favour of William Benson.
The Wren family estate was at The Old Court House in the area of Hampton Court. He had been given a lease on the property by Queen Anne in lieu of salary arrears for building St Paul's.[9] For convenience Wren also leased a house on St James's Street in London. According to a 19th-century legend, he would often go to London to pay unofficial visits to St Paul's, to check on the progress of "my greatest work". On one of these trips to London, at the age of ninety, he caught a chill which worsened over the next few days. On 25 February 1723 a servant who tried to awaken Wren from his nap found that he had died.[10]
Wren was laid to rest on 5 March 1723. His remains were placed in the south-east corner of the crypt of St Paul's beside those of his daughter Jane, his sister Susan Holder, and her husband William.[11] The plain stone plaque was written by Wren's eldest son and heir, Christopher Wren, Jr.[12] The inscription, which is also inscribed in a circle of black marble on the main floor beneath the centre of the dome, reads:
“SUBTUS CONDITUR HUIUS ECCLESIÆ ET VRBIS CONDITOR CHRISTOPHORUS WREN, QUI VIXIT ANNOS ULTRA NONAGINTA, NON SIBI SED BONO PUBLICO. LECTOR SI MONUMENTUM REQUIRIS CIRCUMSPICE Obijt XXV Feb: An°: MDCCXXIII Æt: XC.”
which translates from Latin as:[13]
“Here in its foundations lies the architect of this church and city, Christopher Wren, who lived beyond ninety years, not for his own profit but for the public good. Reader, if you seek his monument – look around you. Died 25 Feb. 1723, age 90.”
His obituary was published in the Post Boy No. 5244 London 2 March 1723:[14]
Sir Christopher Wren who died on Monday last in the 91st year of his age, was the only son of
Dr. Chr. Wren, Dean of Windsor & Wolverhampton, Registar of the Garter, younger brother of Dr. Mathew(sic)
Wren Ld Bp of Ely, a branch of the ancient family of Wrens of Binchester in the Bishoprick [sic] of Durham
1653. Elected from Wadham into fellowship of All Souls
1657. Professor of Astronomy Gresham College London
1660. Savilian Professor. Oxford
After 1666. Surveyor General for Rebuilding the Cathedral Church of St.Paul and the Parochial
Churches & all other Public Buildings which he lived to finish
1669. Surveyor General till April 26. 1718
1680. President of the Royal Society
1698. Surveyor General & Sub Commissioner for Repairs to Westminster Abbey by Act of Parlia-
ment, continued till death.
His body is to be deposited in the Great Vault under the Dome of the Cathedral of St. Paul.
The 50 years since the grounding of the tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 have seen dramatic and sustained reduction in major oil spills from ships, thanks to cooperation between Governments and industry.
The story of how that incident served as a catalyst for positive change is told in a new exhibition which was launched on Monday (16 January) at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships.
Static Grounding Clamps :www.kunlunequipment.com/product_fenlei.php?fenlei_id=61
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