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For those busologists who enjoy the occasional “blasts from the past”, also in the ex Education Department buses operated by Jamieson Motors of Stratford was this 1951 Ford V8, No 2, formerly Gisbome City No. 6. - Photo, July 1983 by Clive Otway and scanned from The Omnibus Bulletin of October 1998.
JAMIESON MOTORS (TARANAKI) LTD.
This well known firm has its roots back in May 1948, when ex servicemen L I D & E C D Jamieson purchased the bus, charter licence and school run of R L Curd at Stratford.
In 1959 three buses and a route service were purchased from J F Uhlenberg of Eltham. This route was effectively a workers service from Eltham to Stratford, but the licence was subsequently cancelled through a lack of patronage.
The first bus operated was a Chevrolet, which was followed by a Ford, an International and two Cadillacs from the New Zealand Railway Road Services. Over the years a large number of buses and coaches have passed through the fleet, with Bedfords, Fords, Leylands being common, but today, Japanese makes are becoming more obvious.
Over the years the operation grew, with the addition of more school runs - this has been helped by the consolidation of the dairy industry in Taranaki, which has seen the demise of many small rural schools, whose closure was often not far behind that of small local factory .... remaining children were bussed to the nearest larger school.
Originally the family business traded under the title of "Jamieson Motors" hut around 1972, a limited company under the above title was set up, the shareholders being Cliff and Hilda Jamieson and their sons Neil & Alan. As with many smaller operations, Hilda has contributed to the success of the firm over the years, and in earlier years she could regularly be found behind the wheel.
From the start the firm has been quartered in Pembroke Rd, on the northern side of Stratford (which is on the Patea, not the Avon!) and today occupies premises on both sides of the road at the town boundary. Livery was originally "royal blue & cream" but today a simpler "diamond blue and off-white" is used.
The search for Malaysia's Hottest Hunks for year 2008/2009. Fashion Show by Camel Active, performances by the hunks, shirtless catwalks and more. Organised by NewIcon For Him & Newtide.
So it was the time of year for us to strap on our snowboards and go find some big air. I'm only joking as that would undoubtedly end up in a tangled mess of broken limbs.
Instead we opted to pack our art fag, oversize cardboard glasses and some paint and then head to Battersea to find ourselves a little spot to paint in. Thankfully the weather was lovely so we cracked on and had pretty much all the painting done by the end of day one.
With day two having just as good weather it was pretty much plain sailing as all we had to do was install our sunglasses, cardboard hand and id-iom brand art fag (complete with glowing red LED tip) to finish up our first attempt at 3D graffiti. We even managed to fulfil the suggestion to have some ash under the cigarette when we found a sandbag to borrow some makeshift 'ash' from. A little grey paint later and 'hey presto!' you've got yourself some wind-proof ash (cheers for that suggestion Dan!) Once we were all done we then turned our attention to the serious business of having a drink and watching the Streets. All in all a pretty good weekend...
Cheers
id-iom
And she remembers soaking her old Silver 9 West Penny Loafers (and her black knee socks) at the same time.
This Wide Screen Slide Show Wallpaper is 1920 pixels by 1080 pixels. Go to Peerlesspenny.com for more and better pictures.
Victorian Alpine Huts survey, for Parks Victoria 1994-5.
In 1865, E George Treasure married Emily Langford and by the early 1870s had moved to Victoria to work at a Seymour vineyard. George Treasure junior had been born to the family at Wangaratta, in 1873, and the next two children at Wandiligong, in 1875 and 1877, as a mark of their gradual progress towards the Dargo area. Treasure worked on reef mining at Wandiligong, doing underground work as he had done in New South Wales. He moved to another mine, the Alpine, for a healthier working environment, in 1877 { Stapleton: 28-}. In 1878, E George Treasure (then described as a Harrietville miner), selected land at Kings Spur on the Dargo High Plains{ Stephenson: 107-}. The family (3 boys, one girl) made an arduous journey on horseback via Mt Freezeout and the Lankey's Plain, to a bark roof two-room log hut built on the High Plains near Kings Spur on the eastern edge of Gow's Plains, by George and his mining associate, Harry Stitt in late 1877. The hut had a verandah at the entry, a slab chimney `stoned up' to 7-8 feet high, two modified armchairs and bush furniture made on the spot. This served as the residence for a small dairy farm which provided for the miners who crossed to the Grant and Crooked River goldfields{ Stephenson}. The house became a licensed hotel and a store was added. Three miles south there was also Gow's hotel, the `half-way house'. Cessation of mining around 1900 meant the store was wound down. George and Emily purchased a 700 acre property at Lindenow (Grassvale) while their son Harry remained at King's Spur. George senior died at Lindenow of cancer in 1901, aged 58 { Stapleton: 116}. Emily then arranged the gradual transfer of the High Plains holdings to her sons who managed the properties and stock in the interim. Emily died in 1939, aged 90. Harry L Treasure (George's son) selected the 200 acre property Castleburn (45 miles distant on the Stratford side of Dargo, later enlarged to 3000 acres), c1904, to serve summer grazing. This was after his marriage in 1903 to local girl, Clare Gamel. About the same time he and his father-in-law built a new shingle and paling house at Mayford, east of the King's Spur property, as a winter base. From 1907 Harry's brothers sold him their shares and eventually departed north. Gamel built Harry another house, Rockalpine, in 1910 - located further to the south on the Dargo Road. The family spent the winter at the house in c1912 after the house at Mayford was burnt, leaving only some old huts. Harry, Clare and family developed their High Plains holdings in the inter-war period, including a near 100,000 acre grazing lease, George's 600 acre selection, a fenced freehold at Riley's Creek to spell the cattle on their way to the mountains in summer, and `a sheltered saddle near Mt Ewan…another substantial hut and set of bush yards capable of holding large mobs' { Stapleton: 159}. The 1939 fires meant losses for the family as for many others in the region but they saved the homestead complex, losing 700 stock, fences, and several huts and yards. The family worked hard to replace them, splitting some 4000 snow gum posts in the following season along with woolly but rails for yards and gates but wire and snow gum droppers replaced the old logs in the fences. Harry and his three sons (Don, Jack & Jim) rebuilt the Mt Ewan hut and yards as a `magnificent new log hut' { Stapleton: 214}. The paling hut beside the 1939 log hut was reputedly built for Freda Treasure (Harry & Claire's daughter) as her bedroom in about 1945- presumably allowing the men to sleep in the 1939 log hut { Kosciuszko Huts Association website 2004}. However a picture of Freda at Mt Ewan (in her 20s-30s?) has her seated on her bunk, next to her saddle, knitting in the log hut. Educated at MLC in the 1930s, Freda married Wally Ryder, from another pioneering cattle family, in 1957. She shifted to Tawonga as a result but maintained a keen interest in the High Plains along with her brothers{ Stapleton: 219}. Harry gave her a paddock at Castleburn, known as Bryce's and she became known by local scribes as `Maid of the Mountains' or `Cowgirl of the Alps'}. Harry gave her a 28,000 bush grazing block to work after 1939, known as Jones' where she used an existing hut and yards. She lived there through winter with her cattle, visited occasionally by her mother. Freda died in 1988, one year after Wally { Stapleton: 267-}. Harry Treasure served as an Avon Shire councillor 1918-1949, often riding to the council meetings at Stratford. Harry made many submissions to government inquiries concerning the causes of the 1939 fires and alpine grazing. He died at Rockalpine in 1961{ Stephenson}. As a postscript, Sydney (Jack) Treasure (son of Harry) sought a selection on the High Plains in the 1940s but met with government opposition{ HO15895}. Some 20 years later the Treasures tried again stating that they had added many improvements to their grazing block (4A) and desired some freehold security. Their father and grandfather had held it for some 80 years{ HO15895}. The improvements on the adjoining freehold which served the grazing lease then included four residences (Harry's sons), sheds, fences, stockyards (CAs 2,2A,4,5){ HO15895 }. The department granted a seven year lease instead, noting the good management of the property.
James Walker African American Fashion Show Charming Model in Lilac Top Posing for a Portrait Photoshoot at a Sports Hall in Philadelphia B&W April 1997
740 KIT , CHAMPION TANK , 2 INTO 1 FLATTRACK PIPE , NUMBER BOARDS ,DELLORTO CARBS N FILTERS , BATES HEADLAMP , TRI - BARS , REARSETS ETC .
REAL SHARP MOTOR , AVON TYRES .
Last Thursday and Friday (11/12 July 2012) saw the vigil for and funeral of Fusilier Lee Rigby.
Greater Manchester Police’s Chief Superintendent John O'Hare said: "Over the two days, thousands of people lined the streets of Bury, Middleton and Rochdale to pay their final respects to Fusilier Lee Rigby as he was laid to rest.
"First of all, on behalf of everyone at Greater Manchester Police, I would like to again extend my deepest sympathies to all of Lee's family for the loss they have suffered and pay tribute to the courage and dignity they have shown over the past few months.
"Fusilier Lee Rigby was a serving soldier but he was also a local lad and I would like to thank all those people in our communities who came to pay their respects and ensure Lee's funeral was a respectful and dignified occasion befitting a young man who lost his life serving with Her Majesty's Armed Forces.
"Lee's family have publicly spoken about how the country has united since Lee's death and I would like to pay particular tribute to the people of Rochdale, Bury and Middleton for the impeccable way they have shown their support for Lee and his family. They have done themselves proud.
"Greater Manchester Police, the Military and the Local Authorities in Bury and Rochdale all worked together to meet the needs of the family and to ensure Lee's funeral was observed in a dignified way. It was very moving to see the strength of support from the people in our towns."
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
bar cafe design, Polish designer and Stepien Paulina Magdalena Piwowar from Wunderteam, has designed a cafe and bookstore for the Muzeum Sztuki in Lodz, Poland. Conversion of ground floor of the building design of the building to modernize and adapt to new functions. The division of functions formerly of the room at the entrance to the Museum to create the illusion of accessibility. Part gateway, cafeterias and bookstores (left). Certain places identified visually by color and light. A clear division of space will make it easier for visitors to understand and use the intuitive function. Across the locker room wall, multiply the mirror and optical space. This space included in the glass box by opening a bookstore in the club, the club’s two-room / canteen, bar facilities and changing rooms and toilets. The materials used simple, such as plywood, metal and glass. The interior will resemble a warehouse of art, contains the mobile furniture, reminiscent of transport crates used to carry the works of art, cart, platform. The most difficult element of the overall design, both for us and a carpenter. undefined,Cafe shop design,cafe design,cafeteria design,cafe shop,design cafe,cafe interior,cafe bar design,cafe interior design,desain cafe,Shop interior,cafe design pictures,coffee shop interiors,book cafe interior,CAFETERIA INTERIOR DESIGN,interior cafe design,optical shop design,CAFE DIZAIN,lodz modern cafe,design cafe shop,designe café,cafeteria designs,cafetaria design,dizain cafe,optical illusions muzeum,office cafeteria design,cafe shop designs,design cafeteria,cafeteria floor design,modern cafes interiors book Tags: a cafeteria, a collection of the Museum, artwork, bar facilities, bar stools, bars, bookstore, Building, building design, canteen, carts, castles, changing rooms, Ckowskiego Street, cloakroom, club, color and light, contemporary design, conversion design, conversion of the building design, dressing rooms, floors and walls, glass, interior beauty, metal, Mirrors, Museum, Museum of Art, Muzeum Sztuki Café, mysterious statues, office, optical space, platforms, plywood, the glass in the door, toilets, Wunderteam This entry was posted on Friday, May 28th, 2010 at 4:39 amand is filed under Interior Design. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site., cafe interior
Pacific City" redirects here. For the main city in the game Crackdown, see Crackdown.
Pacific City and Nestucca Bay from the top of the Cape Kiwanda sand dune.
Pacific City, Oregon
Census-designated place (CDP) & unincorporated community
Aerial view of Pacific City
Aerial view of Pacific City
Location of Pacific City, Oregon
Location of Pacific City, Oregon
Coordinates: 45°12′N 123°58′WCoordinates: 45°12′N 123°58′W
Country
United States
State
Oregon
County
Tillamook
Area
• Total
3.8 sq mi (10.0 km2)
• Land
3.7 sq mi (9.7 km2)
• Water
0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)
Elevation
13 ft (4 m)
Population (2000)
• Total
1,027
• Density
274.7/sq mi (106.1/km2)
Time zone
Pacific (PST) (UTC-8)
• Summer (DST)
PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP code
97135
Area code(s)
503
FIPS code
41-56150[1]
GNIS feature ID
1136609[2]
The view from the trail on Cape Kiwanda
Pacific City is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States.[3] The population was 1,027 at the 2000 census. Pacific City's main attraction is the Cape Kiwanda State Natural Area.
Contents
[hide] 1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Infrastructure 4.1 Transportation
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2011)
In 1845, Mr. Johnson, a cook on an English ship sailing along the Columbia River, deserted and traveled down the Willamette Valley. Establishing a land claim in Champoeg, he began removing brush and that summer set off a burn to clear debris. The Champoeg Fire got out of control and spread eastward. Unfortunately, the wind then reversed direction and strengthened, blowing the blaze around the previous burn and fanning it into the dry Coast Range, where it burned in the Yamhill basin for weeks, consuming 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) of old growth forest - the largest such area destroyed in a single forest fire in the United States.[4] Settlers did not live west of the Coast Range, but the small tribes of Native Americans in the area, already depleted by 80% due to malaria and other epidemics from 1830–1841,[5] were driven from their lands.
The Nestuggas were one such tribe, that had previously been encamped just north of Pacific City near the town of Woods. They had noticed the smoke for several weeks, but were surprised one morning as the bright flames flickered atop the crests of the surrounding hills and rushed down on them. The Nestuggas fled by canoe down the Big Nestucca River to the ocean, and took refuge on the half-mile wide bare sandspit between Nestucca Bay and the ocean. After several weeks the fires were ended by a heavy rain, but the devastation had been complete: The forests were gone, and the game found to be charred crisp or cooked in the water they had sought refuge in.[6]
Nestucca Bay was a rich fishing area, allowing the Nestuggas to survive despite the destruction of game. However, beginning in 1854 settlers began arriving in the Tillamook Valley, and by 1876 Chief Nestugga Bill and the 200 remaining people of the small tribe were relocated to a reservation on the Salmon and Siletz River.
Many early pioneers arrived via seagoing steamers, others arrived from across the mountains. The town of Woods established itself as a depot for the new arrivals and a source of supplies and trade for the settlers. In 1886 the Linewebber and Brown cannery was started to take advantage of the plentiful fish in Nestucca Bay, shipping 12,000 cans of salmon a year and providing an economic basis until 1926 for the region, along with logging and dairy farming. The area also became a "vacation" destination for Oregon Trail pioneers from the midwest, who had never seen the ocean.
Surfers in Pacific City with Cape Kiwanda in the background, November 2004
In 1893, Thomas Malaney platted the town of Ocean Park (now Pacific City) directly across the river from Woods. When a flood in 1894 wiped out the first lots, Malaney moved the town south to higher ground. The Sea View hotel (later renamed Edmundes Hotel) was built around 1895 to serve vacationers from the Willamette Valley. Other buildings and campgrounds were established for visitors, and Ferry Street was "paved" with wooden planks for automobiles.
The town gained its modern name of Pacific City in 1909 to avoid confusion with the Washington town of Ocean Park. By 1926, overfishing from gillnetting had left the bay depleted of salmon, so commercial harvesting was stopped and fishermen switched to surf-launched dories; over time due to commercial fishing vessels, the Dory Fleet dwindled and today only a few recreational fishermen keep the tradition alive. Tourism in the 1920s became the mainstay of the economy, lasting until the depression of the 1930s. An airport was built to attract barnstormers and aviators, and other roads and bridges were opened.[7]
Geography[edit]
Pacific City is located along the Pacific Ocean adjacent to Bob Straub State Park and spans the Nestucca River with about half the city's area being behind Nestucca Bay. It is part of the Oregon Coast.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2), of which, 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (2.86%) is water. The area is located 13 feet (4.0 m) above sea-level.[3]
Demographics[edit]
As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 1,027 people, 485 households, and 317 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 274.7 people per square mile (106.0/km2). There were 1,090 housing units at an average density of 291.6 per square mile (112.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.16% Caucasian, 1.75% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 2.04% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.02% of the population.
There were 485 households out of which 13.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.55.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 16.1% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 17.6% from 25 to 44, 35.0% from 45 to 64, and 27.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,250, and the median income for a family was $55,368. Males had a median income of $26,042 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,819. About 8.4% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
Infrastructure[edit]
The shore station for the National Science Foundation's Ocean Observatories Initiative Regional Scale Nodes underwater cabled observatory is located in Pacific City.
For more tractor pull photos and videos see: www.areaguides.com/western-maryland-tractor-pul
photos by WashingtonCounty.com
Website:
english
The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) is an ethnographical and natural history museum in Tervuren, just outside Brussels, Belgium. It was first built to show off King Leopold II's Congo Free State for the 1897 World Exhibition. It focuses mainly on Congo, Belgium's former colony. The sphere of influence however (especially regarding to biological research) extends to the whole Congo River basin, Middle Africa, East Africa and West Africa, but tries to integrate Africa as a whole. First purely intended as a colonial museum, after 1960 it became more focused on ethnography and anthropology. Like in most museums, there is a research department and a public exhibit department. Not all research is pertaining to Africa, for example the research on the archaeozoology of Sagalassos. Some researchers have strong ties with the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.
History
After the Congo Free State was recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, King Léopold II decided he had to show the potential of the country in an exhibition. Economic investors had to be attracted and the public had to know this faraway country better. After considering other places, the king decided to have the exhibition in his royal estate at Tervuren. When the 1897 International Exposition was held in Brussels, a colonial section was built in Tervuren with two new transport connections to Brussels city centre, the Avenue de Tervuren and the tramway line. The 44 tram line (Brussels-Tervuren) was built at the same time as the original museum by King Leopold II of Belgium to bring the visitors from the 1897 World Exhibition to the exhibition of the Congo in Tervuren. The colonial section was hosted in the Palace of the Colonies (although there was only the one colony). It was designed by the Belgian architect Albert-Philippe Aldophe. In the main hall Georges Hobé designed a distinctive wooden Art Nouveau structure to evoke the forest, using Bilinga wood, an African tree. The exhibition displayed ethnographic objects, stuffed animals and in the "Hall of the Great Cultures" Congo's most important export products were displayed: coffee, cacao and tobacco. In the park, a copy of an African village was built, in which 60 Africans lived. The exposition was a huge success.
In 1898 the Palace of the Colonies became the Musée du Congo, and now the exhibits became permanent. It was then that the scientific research really took off. But due to the avid collecting of the scientists, the collection soon grew too large for the museum and enlargement was needed. Léopold II saw it big: he wanted not only an Africa Museum but also Chinese and Japanese pavilions, a congress centre, a World School and so forth. Tervuren became a rich suburb of Brussels. The new museum started construction in 1904 by the French architect Charles Girault in neoclassical "palace" architecture, reminiscent of Petit Palais, with large gardens extending into the Tervuren Forest, a part of the Sonian Forest. It was officially opened by King Albert I in 1910 and named The Museum of the Belgian Congo. In 1952 the adjective "Royal" was added. In 1957, for Expo '58, a large building was constructed to receive African personnel: the Centre d'Accueil du Personnel Africain (CAPA). In 1960 the museum had its name changed to The Royal Museum for Central Africa.
At present, the RMCA is struggling with modernisation. Some call it "a museum of a museum", as it shows how a museum looked like in the mid-twentieth century. For example, Expo '58 still showed a harmonious Belgian-Congolese relationship, while the country stood on the brink of independence. A more modern exhibition "The Memory of Congo" (February 4, 2005 - October 9, 2005), tried to tell the whole truth of what happened in the Congo Free State before it became Belgium's colony, a very sensitive subject in Belgium. It was put on after The Guardian reported in July 2002 that, after initial outrage by Belgian historians over King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild, the state-funded museum would finance an investigation into Hochschild's allegations. The investigatory panel, headed by Professor Jean-Luc Vellut, reported its findings in 2004. The exhibit based on them was set up the following year.
Critical of the museum was Adam Hochschild again, author of King Leopold's Ghost, who wrote an article for the New York Review of Books purporting to show 'distortions and evasions' in the special 2005 exhibition.
Collections
10,000,000 animals
250,000 rock samples
120,000 ethnographic objects
20,000 maps
56,000 wood samples
8,000 musical instruments
350 archives, including some of Henry Morton Stanley's journals
The herbarium collection of the Congo Museum was transferred to that of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium in 1934.
Português
Museu Real da África Central (RMCA) é um museu de história natural e etnografia, localizado em Tervuren, Bélgica. É especializado no conhecimento do antigo Congo Belga, ex-colônia que corresponde hoje à República Democrática do Congo.
Foi fundado a partir da Exposição Internacional de 1897. No ano seguinte, passou a ser chamado de "Museu do Congo", sendo posto a serviço do rei Leopoldo II, que foi proprietário particular do Estado Livre do Congo até 1908.
Tana Toraja Regency (Indonesian for Torajaland or Land of the Toraja, abbreviated Tator) is a regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and home to the Toraja ethnic group. The local government seat is in Makale, while the center of Toraja culture is in Rantepao. But now, Tana Toraja has been divided to two regencies that consist of Tana Toraja with its capital at Makale and North toraja with its capital at Rantepao.
The Tana Toraja boundary was determined by the Dutch East Indies government in 1909. In 1926, Tana Toraja was under the administration of Bugis state, Luwu. The regentschap (or regency) status was given on 8 October 1946, the last regency given by the Dutch. Since 1984, Tana Toraja has been named as the second tourist destination after Bali by the Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia. Since then, hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors have visited this regency. In addition, numerous Western anthropologists have come to Tana Toraja to study the indigenous culture and people of Toraja.
GEOGRAPHY
Tana Toraja is centrally placed in the island of Sulawesi, 300 km north of Makassar, the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. It lies between latitude of 2°-3° South and longitude 119°-120° East (center: 3°S 120°ECoordinates: 3°S 120°E). The total area (since the separation of the new regency of North Toraja) is 2,054.30 km², about 4.4% of the total area of South Sulawesi province. The topography of Tana Toraja is mountainous; its minimum elevation is 150 m, while the maximum is 3,083 above the sea level.
ADMINISTRATION
Tana Toraja Regency in 2010 comprised nineteen administrative Districts (Kecamatan), tabulated below with their 2010 Census population.
The Torajans are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja").[1] Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognised this animistic belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").
The word Toraja comes from the Buginese language term to riaja, meaning "people of the uplands". The Dutch colonial government named the people Toraja in 1909. Torajans are renowned for their elaborate funeral rites, burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as tongkonan, and colourful wood carvings. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.
Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in autonomous villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of tourism in Indonesia: it was exploited by tourism development and studied by anthropologists. By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model—in which social life and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo—to a largely Christian society. Today, tourism and remittances from migrant Torajans have made for major changes in the Toraja highland, giving the Toraja a celebrity status within Indonesia and enhancing Toraja ethnic group pride.
ETHNIC IDENTITY
The Torajan people had little notion of themselves as a distinct ethnic group before the 20th century. Before Dutch colonisation and Christianisation, Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity. Although complexes of rituals created linkages between highland villages, there were variations in dialects, differences in social hierarchies, and an array of ritual practices in the Sulawesi highland region. "Toraja" (from the coastal languages' to, meaning people; and riaja, uplands) was first used as a lowlander expression for highlanders. As a result, "Toraja" initially had more currency with outsiders—such as the Bugis and Makassarese, who constitute a majority of the lowland of Sulawesi—than with insiders. The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the Tana Toraja Regency. Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups—the Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and seafarers), the Makassarese (lowland traders and seafarers), the Mandarese (traders and fishermen), and the Toraja (highland rice cultivators).
HISTORY
From the 17th century, the Dutch established trade and political control on Sulawesi through the Dutch East Indies Company. Over two centuries, they ignored the mountainous area in the central Sulawesi, where Torajans lived, because access was difficult and it had little productive agricultural land. In the late 19th century, the Dutch became increasingly concerned about the spread of Islam in the south of Sulawesi, especially among the Makassarese and Bugis peoples. The Dutch saw the animist highlanders as potential Christians. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the Dutch Reformed Church began missionary work aided by the Dutch colonial government. In addition to introducing Christianity, the Dutch abolished slavery and imposed local taxes. A line was drawn around the Sa'dan area and called Tana Toraja ("the land of Toraja"). Tana Toraja was first a subdivision of the Luwu kingdom that had claimed the area. In 1946, the Dutch granted Tana Toraja a regentschap, and it was recognised in 1957 as one of the regencies of Indonesia.
Early Dutch missionaries faced strong opposition among Torajans, especially among the elite, because the abolition of their profitable slave trade had angered them. Some Torajans were forcibly relocated to the lowlands by the Dutch, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the elites. Ultimately, the Dutch influence did not subdue Torajan culture, and only a few Torajans were converted. In 1950, only 10% of the population had converted to Christianity.
In the 1930s, Muslim lowlanders attacked the Torajans, resulting in widespread Christian conversion among those who sought to align themselves with the Dutch for political protection and to form a movement against the Bugis and Makassarese Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 (following Indonesian independence), southern Sulawesi faced a turbulent period as the Darul Islam separatist movement fought for an Islamic state in Sulawesi. The 15 years of guerrilla warfare led to massive conversions to Christianity.
Alignment with the Indonesian government, however, did not guarantee safety for the Torajans. In 1965, a presidential decree required every Indonesian citizen to belong to one of five officially recognised religions: Islam, Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism), Hinduism, or Buddhism. The Torajan religious belief (aluk) was not legally recognised, and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To make aluk accord with the law, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, Aluk To Dolo ("the way of ancestors") was legalised as a sect of Agama Hindu Dharma, the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia.
SOCIETY
There are three main types of affiliation in Toraja society: family, class and religion.
FAMILY AFFILIATION
Family is the primary social and political grouping in Torajan society. Each village is one extended family, the seat of which is the tongkonan, a traditional Torajan house. Each tongkonan has a name, which becomes the name of the village. The familial dons maintain village unity. Marriage between distant cousins (fourth cousins and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens kinship. Toraja society prohibits marriage between close cousins (up to and including the third cousin)—except for nobles, to prevent the dispersal of property. Kinship is actively reciprocal, meaning that the extended family helps each other farm, share buffalo rituals, and pay off debts.
Each person belongs to both the mother's and the father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia. Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings.
Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the Tana Toraja Regency, each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group; sometimes, villages would unite against other villages. Relationship between families was expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (tongkonan), practically signed by the exchange of water buffalo and pigs on ritual occasions. Such exchanges not only built political and cultural ties between families but defined each person's place in a social hierarchy: who poured palm wine, who wrapped a corpse and prepared offerings, where each person could or could not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even what piece of meat constituted one's share.
CLASS AFFILIATION
In early Toraja society, family relationships were tied closely to social class. There were three strata: nobles, commoners, and slaves (slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch East Indies government). Class was inherited through the mother. It was taboo, therefore, to marry "down" with a woman of lower class. On the other hand, marrying a woman of higher class could improve the status of the next generation. The nobility's condescending attitude toward the commoners is still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.
Nobles, who were believed to be direct descendants of the descended person from heaven, lived in tongkonans, while commoners lived in less lavish houses (bamboo shacks called banua). Slaves lived in small huts, which had to be built around their owner's tongkonan. Commoners might marry anyone, but nobles preferred to marry in-family to maintain their status. Sometimes nobles married Bugis or Makassarese nobles. Commoners and slaves were prohibited from having death feasts. Despite close kinship and status inheritance, there was some social mobility, as marriage or change in wealth could affect an individuals status. Wealth was counted by the ownership of water buffaloes.
Slaves in Toraja society were family property. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women—a crime punishable by death.
RELIGIOUS AFFILATION
Toraja's indigenous belief system is polytheistic animism, called aluk, or "the way" (sometimes translated as "the law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of Torajan people came down from heaven using stairs, which were then used by the Torajans as a communication medium with Puang Matua, the Creator. The cosmos, according to aluk, is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld. At first, heaven and earth were married, then there was a darkness, a separation, and finally the light. Animals live in the underworld, which is represented by rectangular space enclosed by pillars, the earth is for mankind, and the heaven world is located above, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods include Pong Banggai di Rante (god of Earth), Indo' Ongon-Ongon (a goddess who can cause earthquakes), Pong Lalondong (god of death), and Indo' Belo Tumbang (goddess of medicine); there are many more.
The earthly authority, whose words and actions should be cleaved to both in life (agriculture) and death (funerals), is called to minaa (an aluk priest). Aluk is not just a belief system; it is a combination of law, religion, and habit. Aluk governs social life, agricultural practices, and ancestral rituals. The details of aluk may vary from one village to another. One common law is the requirement that death and life rituals be separated. Torajans believe that performing death rituals might ruin their corpses if combined with life rituals. The two rituals are equally important. During the time of the Dutch missionaries, Christian Torajans were prohibited from attending or performing life rituals, but were allowed to perform death rituals. Consequently, Toraja's death rituals are still practised today, while life rituals have diminished.
CULTURE
TONGKONAN
Tongkonan are the traditional Torajan ancestral houses. They stand high on wooden piles, topped with a layered split-bamboo roof shaped in a sweeping curved arc, and they are incised with red, black, and yellow detailed wood carvings on the exterior walls. The word "tongkonan" comes from the Torajan tongkon ("to sit").
Tongkonan are the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with the tongkonan are important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically the tongkonan represents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin. According to Torajan myth, the first tongkonan was built in heaven on four poles, with a roof made of Indian cloth. When the first Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.
The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and is usually done with the help of the extended family. There are three types of tongkonan. The tongkonan layuk is the house of the highest authority, used as the "center of government". The tongkonan pekamberan belongs to the family members who have some authority in local traditions. Ordinary family members reside in the tongkonan batu. The exclusivity to the nobility of the tongkonan is diminishing as many Torajan commoners find lucrative employment in other parts of Indonesia. As they send back money to their families, they enable the construction of larger tongkonan.
Architecture in the style of a tongkonan is still very common. Various administration buildings were built in this style in recent years, e.g. the Kecamatan building in Rantepao.
WOOD CARVINGS
To express social and religious concepts, Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). Wood carvings are therefore Toraja's cultural manifestation.
Each carving receives a special name, and common motifs are animals and plants that symbolise some virtue. For example, water plants and animals, such as crabs, tadpoles and water weeds, are commonly found to symbolise fertility. In some areas noble elders claim these symbols refer to strength of noble family, but not everyone agrees. The overall meaning of groups of carved motifs on houses remains debated and tourism has further complicated these debates because some feel a uniform explanation must be presented to tourists. Torajan wood carvings are composed of numerous square panels, each of which can represent various things, for example buffaloes as a wish of wealth for the family; a knot and a box, symbolizing the hope that all of the family's offspring will be happy and live in harmony; aquatic animals, indicating the need for fast and hard work, just like moving on the surface of water.
Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table below), as well as abstracts and geometrical designs. Nature is frequently used as the basis of Toraja's ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and geometries with regularities and ordering. Toraja's ornaments have been studied in ethnomathematics to reveal their mathematical structure, but Torajans base this art only on approximations. To create an ornament, bamboo sticks are used as a geometrical tool.
FUNERAL RITES
In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most elaborate and expensive event. The richer and more powerful the individual, the more expensive is the funeral. In the aluk religion, only nobles have the right to have an extensive death feast. The death feast of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands and lasts for several days. A ceremonial site, called rante, is usually prepared in a large, grassy field where shelters for audiences, rice barns, and other ceremonial funeral structures are specially made by the deceased's family. Flute music, funeral chants, songs and poems, and crying and wailing are traditional Toraja expressions of grief with the exceptions of funerals for young children, and poor, low-status adults.
The ceremony is often held weeks, months, or years after the death so that the deceased's family can raise the significant funds needed to cover funeral expenses. Torajans traditionally believe that death is not a sudden, abrupt event, but a gradual process toward Puya (the land of souls, or afterlife). During the waiting period, the body of the deceased is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the tongkonan. The soul of the deceased is thought to linger around the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which it begins its journey to Puya.
Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of water buffalo. The more powerful the person who died, the more buffalo are slaughtered at the death feast. Buffalo carcasses, including their heads, are usually lined up on a field waiting for their owner, who is in the "sleeping stage". Torajans believe that the deceased will need the buffalo to make the journey and that they will be quicker to arrive at Puya if they have many buffalo. Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a machete is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Some of the slaughtered animals are given by guests as "gifts", which are carefully noted because they will be considered debts of the deceased's family. However, a cockfight, known as bulangan londong, is an integral part of the ceremony. As with the sacrifice of the buffalo and the pigs, the cockfight is considered sacred because it involves the spilling of blood on the earth. In particular, the tradition requires the sacrifice of at least three chickens. However, it is common for at least 25 pairs of chickens to be set against each other in the context of the ceremony.
There are three methods of burial: the coffin may be laid in a cave or in a carved stone grave, or hung on a cliff. It contains any possessions that the deceased will need in the afterlife. The wealthy are often buried in a stone grave carved out of a rocky cliff. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family. A wood-carved effigy, called Tau tau, is usually placed in the cave looking out over the land. The coffin of a baby or child may be hung from ropes on a cliff face or from a tree. This hanging grave usually lasts for years, until the ropes rot and the coffin falls to the ground.
In the ritual called Ma'Nene, that takes place each year in August, the bodies of the deceased are exhumed to be washed, groomed and dressed in new clothes. The mummies are then walked around the village.
DANNCE AND MUSIC
Torajans perform dances on several occasions, most often during their elaborate funeral ceremonies. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife. First, a group of men form a circle and sing a monotonous chant throughout the night to honour the deceased (a ritual called Ma'badong). This is considered by many Torajans to be the most important component of the funeral ceremony. On the second funeral day, the Ma'randing warrior dance is performed to praise the courage of the deceased during life. Several men perform the dance with a sword, a large shield made from buffalo skin, a helmet with a buffalo horn, and other ornamentation. The Ma'randing dance precedes a procession in which the deceased is carried from a rice barn to the rante, the site of the funeral ceremony. During the funeral, elder women perform the Ma'katia dance while singing a poetic song and wearing a long feathered costume. The Ma'akatia dance is performed to remind the audience of the generosity and loyalty of the deceased person. After the bloody ceremony of buffalo and pig slaughter, a group of boys and girls clap their hands while performing a cheerful dance called Ma'dondan.
As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during harvest time. The Ma'bugi dance celebrates the thanksgiving event, and the Ma'gandangi dance is performed while Torajans are pounding rice. There are several war dances, such as the Manimbong dance performed by men, followed by the Ma'dandan dance performed by women. The aluk religion governs when and how Torajans dance. A dance called Ma'bua can be performed only once every 12 years. Ma'bua is a major Toraja ceremony in which priests wear a buffalo head and dance around a sacred tree.
A traditional musical instrument of the Toraja is a bamboo flute called a Pa'suling (suling is an Indonesian word for flute). This six-holed flute (not unique to the Toraja) is played at many dances, such as the thanksgiving dance Ma'bondensan, where the flute accompanies a group of shirtless, dancing men with long fingernails. The Toraja have indigenous musical instruments, such as the Pa'pelle (made from palm leaves) and the Pa'karombi (the Torajan version of a jaw harp). The Pa'pelle is played during harvest time and at house inauguration ceremonies.
COGENDER VIEWS
Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are homosexual male toburake tambolang shamans; although among their neighbors the Mamasa (western Toraja) there are instead only heterosexual female toburake shamanesses.
LANGUAGE
The ethnic Toraja language is dominant in Tana Toraja with the main language as the Sa'dan Toraja. Although the national Indonesian language is the official language and is spoken in the community, all elementary schools in Tana Toraja teach Toraja language.
Language varieties of Toraja, including Kalumpang, Mamasa, Tae, Talondo, Toala, and Toraja-Sa'dan, belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language from the Austronesian family. At the outset, the isolated geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects between the Toraja languages themselves. After the formal administration of Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects have been influenced by other languages through the transmigration program, introduced since the colonialism period, and it has been a major factor in the linguistic variety of Toraja languages.
A prominent attribute of Toraja language is the notion of grief. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja culture has characterised their languages to express intricate degrees of grief and mourning. The Toraja language contains many terms referring to sadness, longing, depression, and mental pain. Giving a clear expression of the psychological and physical effect of loss is a catharsis and sometimes lessens the pain of grief itself.
ECONOMY
Prior to Suharto's "New Order" administration, the Torajan economy was based on agriculture, with cultivated wet rice in terraced fields on mountain slopes, and supplemental cassava and maize crops. Much time and energy were devoted to raising water buffalo, pigs, and chickens, primarily for ceremonial sacrifices and consumption. Coffee was the first significant cash crop produced in Toraja, and was introduced in the mid 19th century, changing the local economy towards commodity production for external markets and gaining an excellent reputation for quality in the international market.
With the commencement of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. In Toraja, a coffee plantation and factory was established by Key Coffee of Japan, and Torajan coffee regained a reputation for quality within the growing international specialty coffee sector Multinational oil and mining companies opened new operations in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Torajans, particularly younger ones, relocated to work for the foreign companies—to Kalimantan for timber and oil, to Papua for mining, to the cities of Sulawesi and Java, and many went to Malaysia. The out-migration of Torajans was steady until 1985. and has continued since, with remittances sent back by emigre Torajans performing an important role within the contemporary economy.
Tourism commenced in Toraja in the 1970s, and accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1984 and 1997, a significant number of Torajans obtained their incomes from tourism, working in and owning hotels, as tour guides, drivers, or selling souvenirs. With the rise of political and economic instability in Indonesia in the late 1990s—including religious conflicts elsewhere on Sulawesi—tourism in Tana Toraja has declined dramatically. Toraja continues to be a well known origin for Indonesian coffee, grown by both smallholders and plantation estates, although migration, remittances and off-farm income is considered far more important to most households, even those in rural areas.
TOURISM AND CULTURAL CHANGE
Before the 1970s, Toraja was almost unknown to Western tourism. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 visitors attended the funeral ritual of Puang of Sangalla, the highest-ranking nobleman in Tana Toraja and the so-called "last pure-blooded Toraja noble." The event was documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited the regency and in 1981, Torajan sculpture was exhibited in major North American museums. "The land of the heavenly kings of Tana Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, embraced the outside world.
In 1984, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism declared Tana Toraja Regency the prima donna of South Sulawesi. Tana Toraja was heralded as "the second stop after Bali". Tourism was increasing dramatically: by 1985, a total number of 150,000 foreigners had visited the Regency (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists), and the annual number of foreign visitors was recorded at 40,000 in 1989. Souvenir stands appeared in Rantepao, the cultural center of Toraja, roads were sealed at the most-visited tourist sites, new hotels and tourist-oriented restaurants were opened, and an airstrip was opened in the Regency in 1981.
Tourism developers have marketed Tana Toraja as an exotic adventure—an area rich in culture and off the beaten track. Western tourists expected to see stone-age villages and pagan funerals. Toraja is for tourists who have gone as far as Bali and are willing to see more of the wild, "untouched" islands. However, they were more likely to see a Torajan wearing a hat and denim, living in a Christian society. Tourists felt that the tongkonan and other Torajan rituals had been preconceived to make profits, and complained that the destination was too commercialised. This has resulted in several clashes between Torajans and tourism developers, whom Torajans see as outsiders.
A clash between local Torajan leaders and the South Sulawesi provincial government (as a tourist developer) broke out in 1985. The government designated 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional tourist attractions. Consequently, zoning restrictions were applied to these areas, such that Torajans themselves were barred from changing their tongkonans and burial sites. The plan was opposed by some Torajan leaders, as they felt that their rituals and traditions were being determined by outsiders. As a result, in 1987, the Torajan village of Kété Kesú and several other designated tourist attractions closed their doors to tourists. This closure lasted only a few days, as the villagers found it too difficult to survive without the income from selling souvenirs.
Tourism has also transformed Toraja society. Originally, there was a ritual which allowed commoners to marry nobles (puang) and thereby gain nobility for their children. However, the image of Torajan society created for the tourists, often by "lower-ranking" guides, has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy. High status is not as esteemed in Tana Toraja as it once was. Many low-ranking men can declare themselves and their children nobles by gaining enough wealth through work outside the region and then marrying a noble woman.
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March 2018
In late 1966, Ford unveiled the MkII Cortina, just four years after the original and highly successful MkI with a fresh squared-off look courtesy of Ford UK’s chief stylist Roy Haynes. A fraction wider and shorter than the MkI it replaced, it incorporated numerous improvements such as a tighter turning circle, more compliant suspension and most importantly, a lot more interior space.
A new five-bearing 1.300 cc engine and carry-over 1.500 cc unit were offered, capacity increasing further to 1.599 cc on the larger unit in August ’67 along with new crossflow heads for both. New models were badged 1300 or 1600 and were available as two- and four-door saloons in base, Deluxe and Super trim levels and not long much later, the roomy estate version joined the price list.
Produced in 1970, this MkII 1300 base spec estate is now a rare sight and will no doubt draw admiration and intrigue in equal dose wherever its taken. This four-owner car has formed part of a large private collection for many years and retains its delightfully original and simple interior featuring black leatherette seats. The history file contains nine old Mot certificates and a tax disc from 2013.
We are led to believe that it this one has been fitted with the more powerful 1.600 cc unit at some time in the past, although we ask that you make your own mind up as to what capacity engine is actually fitted.
It was last MOT’d in June 2012, at which time the recorded mileage was 7.652 miles which we can only assume to be 107.652. Judging by the Mot history the car was in regular, albeit limited use until its last Mot. Given that it has not been used for at least five or six years, we have not attempted to start it and would advise a service and thorough check-over before enjoying this classic estate life through the summer show season.
Enthusiasts from other countries never fully understand why we Brits get so excited about old Fords from this era, but they are economical, cheap to run and pleasant to drive, this lovely original Cortina just needs some regular exercise to keep it fit and healthy – don’t we all.
For me, being a nurse is a calling. I just knew it was something I wanted to do. I want to help people. I want to work as a nurse in the emergency room because it’s fast paced. You are saving a life in a high pressure situation or addressing a concern right when it comes into the hospital.
Panel for a wrap-around skirt. Woven on a backstrap loom in Coastal Mixtec village of Huazotitlan, Oaxaca. Dyes are not natural colors.
for battlekittyspastica
It smells a bit like sushi even though it's not a fish-smell (thank heavens for that)
We decided to go for a city break rather than sun in Tenerife again this September. Other than a few days in the North East we haven’t been away since last March and wanted a change and hopefully some sun. The problem is getting flights from the north of England to the places we want to go to. We chose Valencia as we could fly from East Midlands – which was still a pain to get to as it involved the most notorious stretch of the M1 at five in the morning. In the end we had a fairly good journey, the new Ryanair business class pre-booked scheme worked quite well and bang on time as usual. It was dull when we landed with storms forecast all week, the sky was bright grey – the kiss of death to the photography I had in mind. I was full of cold and wishing I was at work. It did rain but it was overnight on our first night and didn’t affect us. There has been a drought for eleven months apparently and it rained on our first day there! The forecast storms didn’t materialise in Valencia but they got it elsewhere.
Over the course of a Monday to Sunday week we covered 75 miles on foot and saw most of the best of Valencia – The City of Bell Towers. The Old City covers a pretty large area in a very confusing layout. There was a lot of referring to maps – even compass readings! – a first in a city for us. The problem with photography in Valencia is that most of the famous and attractive building are closely built around, some have poor quality housing built on to them. Most photographs have to be taken from an extreme angle looking up. There are no high points as it is pan flat, there are a small number of buildings where you can pay to go up on to the roof for a better view and we went up them – more than once!
The modern buildings of The City of Arts and Sciences – ( Ciutat de Las Arts I de les Ciencies ) are what the city has more recently become famous for, with tourists arriving by the coachload all day until late at night. They must be photographed millions of times a month. We went during the day and stayed till dark one evening, I gave it my best shot but a first time visit is always a compromise between ambition and realism, time dictates that we have to move on to the next destination. I travelled with a full size tripod – another first – I forgot to take it with me to TCoAaS! so It was time to wind up the ISO, again! Needless to say I never used the tripod.
On a day when rain was forecast but it stayed fine, albeit a bit dull, we went to the Bioparc north west of the city, a zoo by another name. There are many claims made for this place, were you can appear to walk alongside some very large animals, including, elephants, lions, giraffe, rhino, gorillas and many types of monkey to name a few. It is laid out in different geographical regions and there is very little between you and the animals, in some cases there is nothing, you enter the enclosure through a double door arrangement and the monkeys are around you. It gets rave reviews and we stayed for most of the day. The animals it has to be said gave the appearance of extreme boredom and frustration and I felt quite sorry for them.
The course of The River Turia was altered after a major flood in the 50’s. The new river runs west of the city flanked by a motorway. The old river, which is massive, deep and very wide between ancient walls, I can’t imagine how it flooded, has been turned into a park that is five miles long. There is an athletics track, football pitches, cycle paths, restaurants, numerous kids parks, ponds, fountains, loads of bridges, historic and modern. At the western end closest to the sea sits The City of Arts and Sciences – in the river bed. Where it meets the sea there is Valencia’s urban Formula One racetrack finishing in the massive marina built for The Americas Cup. The race track is in use as roadways complete with fully removable street furniture, kerbs, bollards, lights, islands and crossings, everything is just sat on the surface ready to be moved.
We found the beach almost by accident, we were desperate for food after putting in a lot of miles and the afternoon was ticking by. What a beach, 100’s of metres wide and stretching as far as the eye could see with a massive promenade. The hard thing was choosing, out of the dozens of restaurants, all next door to each other, all serving traditional Paella – rabbit and chicken – as well as seafood, we don’t eat seafood and it constituted 90% of the menu in most places. Every restaurant does a fixed price dish of the day, with a few choices, three courses and a drink. Some times this was our only meal besides making the most of the continental breakfast at the hotel. We had a fair few bar stops with the local wine being cheap and pleasant it would have been a shame not to, there would have been a one woman riot – or strike!
On our final day, a Sunday, we were out of bed and down for breakfast at 7.45 as usual, the place was deserted barring a waiter. We walked out of the door at 8.30 – in to the middle of a mass road race with many thousands of runners, one of a series that take place in Valencia – apparently! We struggled to find out the distance, possibly 10km. The finish was just around the corner so off we went with the camera gear, taking photos of random runners and groups. There was a TV crew filming it and some local celebrity (I think) commentating. Next we came across some sort of wandering religious and musical event. Some sort of ritual was played out over the course of Sunday morning in various locations, it involved catholic priests and religious buildings and another film crew. The Catholic tourists and locals were filling the (many) churches for Sunday mass. Amongst all of this we had seen men walking around in Arab style dress – the ones in black looked like the ones from ISIS currently beheading people – all carrying guns. A bit disconcerting. We assumed that there had been some sort of battle enactment. We were wrong, it hadn’t happened yet. A while later, about 11.30 we could hear banging, fireworks? No it was our friends with the guns. We were caught up in total mayhem, around 60 men randomly firing muskets with some sort of blank rounds, the noise, smoke and flames from the muzzles were incredible. We were about to climb the Torres de Serranos which is where, unbeknown to us, the grand, and deafening, finale was going to be. We could feel the blast in our faces on top of the tower. Yet again there was a film camera in attendance. I couldn’t get close ups but I got a good overview and shot my first video with the 5D, my first in 5 years of owning a DLSR with the capability. I usually use my phone ( I used my phone as well). Later in the day there was a bullfight taking place, the ring was almost next to our hotel, in the end we had other things to do and gave it a miss, it was certainly a busy Sunday in the city centre, whether it’s the norm or not I don’t know.
There is a tram system in Valencia but it goes from the port area into the newer part of the city on the north side, it wouldn’t be feasible to serve the historic old city really. A quick internet search told me that there are 55,000 university students in the city, a pretty big number. I think a lot of the campus is on the north side and served by the tram although there is a massive fleet of buses as well. There is a massive, very impressive market building , with 100’s of stalls that would make a photo project on its own, beautiful on the inside and out but very difficult to get decent photos of the exterior other than detail shots owing to the closeness of other buildings and the sheer size of it. Across town, another market has been beautifully renovated and is full of bars and restaurants and a bit of a destination in its own right.
A downside was the all too typical shafting by the taxi drivers who use every trick in the book to side step the official tariffs and rob you. The taxi from the airport had a “broken” meter and on the way home we were driven 22 km instead of the nine that is the actual distance. Some of them seem to view tourists as cash cows to be robbed at all costs. I emailed the Marriot hotel as they ordered the taxi, needless to say no answer from Marriot – they’ve had their money. We didn’t get the rip off treatment in the bars etc. that we experienced in Rome, prices are very fair on most things, certainly considering the city location.
All in all we had a good trip and can highly recommend Valencia.
21 May 2019 - OECD Forum
Film Screening H is for Harry: A Boy Overcoming Illiteracy
Speakers : Jon Mc Goh, Producer - Mercurial Films
Jaime Taylor, Co-Director, H for Harry; Filmmaker - Postcode Films
Photo : © Andrew Wheeler / OECD
Built for the 3rd Annual Flickr Military Contest
Built 5/25/10
Large Diorama: Combined Arms
After a typical daily patrol, the mechanized platoon returns to base along the same route the unit has taken numerous times. The long road back to base is bordered on both sides by opium poppy fields and native farmers.
After passing one of the unsuspecting farm houses the American unit is attacked from a small building located at the 5 o’clock position of the Bradley Fighting vehicle. The U.S. forces have walked into a carefully and preciously planned ambush.
According to typical U.S. Army protocol, the Bradley and the 6 infantry soldiers immediately begin to engage the enemy threat. The Bradley turret quickly turns and begins to level the building where the attack began with its 25 mm M242 Chain Gun. The six soldiers in the rear of the vehicle quickly exit the Bradley and seek protective cover behind the steel reinforced aluminum armor. In the first few seconds of the firefight one American soldier goes down and helped to the cover behind the Bradley.
Multiple enemy forces pour from within the neighboring buildings, and the friendlies quickly realize they are greatly outnumbered. Realizing the unit is in grave danger, the commander calls to higher for air support. Luckily, there is a new UAV, the Seeker, in the air only 2 minutes from their location.
Unknown to the patrol, the leader of the enemy forces had planned to initiate the attack at a precise and exact time, which would call for the attack to begin when the American armored vehicle would be right on top of a buried IED (Improvised Explosive Device). The enemy commander’s plan has worked so far and he is about to detonate the IED with a cellular phone while hidden in the perceived safety of the larger building.
The American forces were ambushed with superior numbers and the enemy is about to spring the final trap that would spell doom for the entire unit. . . . . . . . . . . . .
However, thanks to the close coordination between land and air forces, the adept American commander is able to save his men from death by calling in a local UAV to level the area and eliminate the IED threat hidden within.
For now anyway, the 1H17 Birmingham Moor St - London Marylebone stops at Leamington Spa with 68011 on the rear . Shortly the vegetation will block the neighbouring properties view of the station , but the 68 grunt will still be heard until someone decides that they’ve had enough of passengers riding in a proper carriage….
Waiting for the tram and the return trip to parking structure after a day at the Getty.
I turned and saw this view of downtown LA threatened by storm clouds, while the sun shined brightly above.
For 3DS and 3DTV, you can get the MPO file at my.syncplicity.com/share/fhfuxx94rb/kctsang_MaWan2011MPO.zip.
For whatever reason, 19308 had a functioning blind but was unable to display the 9 to/from Birchwood, so a paper route number in the windscreen saves the day while Stagecoach East Midlands (with the old logo) is shown above. It turns off Pelham Bridge to curve back round to the bus station on 26.1.21
Bat For Lashes at KOKO London on October 29th, 2007.
This image is © 2007 Steve Asenjo. Please do not use without permission.
I was thinking about a photo and thought I'd nip outside and grab a shot of Octavia, our kitchen window spider, who is now absolutely huge and must surely be pregnant.
Instead, on the other side of the driveway, I noticed some leaves that were just starting to turn in a most beautiful way.
That means that the creeper should soon be giving us a fine show, and that's always worth waiting for. :)
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The Wallace Collection is in Hertford House, on the north side of Manchester Square, London, a short walk north from Oxford Street (Bond Street Tube Station).
From the Wallace Collection website: "Dining Room
The room is furnished with still-life paintings depicting fruit and game. It also contains portraits by Houdon and Nattier of four aristocratic French women of the ancient régime, two of whom were victims of the Terror of the French Revolution."
The painting on the left wall is "Perseus and Andromeda", by Titian (1485 - 1576), Italy. Probably painted 1554-1556, The large painting on the right wall is "The Adoration of the Shepherds" c. 1665 - c. 1670 by Bartolomé-Esteban Murillo (1617 - 1682), Spain.
From Wikipedia: "The Wallace Collection is a museum in London, with a world-famous range of fine and decorative arts from the 15th to the 19th centuries with large holdings of French 18th-century paintings, furniture, arms & armour, porcelain and Old Master paintings arranged into 25 galleries."
"It was established in 1897 from the private collection mainly created by Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford (1800–1870), who left it and the house to his illegitimate son Sir Richard Wallace (1818–1890), whose widow bequeathed the entire collection to the nation. The museum opened to the public in 1900 in Hertford House, Manchester Square, and remains there, housed in its entirety, to this day. A condition of the bequest was that no object ever leave the collection, even for loan exhibitions. Admission is free."
The Wallace Collection's Guide to Galleries.
Wikipedia has a listing of items in the collection, with illustrations.
Sony NEX-5 with 16mm f/2.8 and VCL-ECU1 ultra wide adapter
Thanks to all my flickr friends for all your views, comments and faves...!!
1. Super Bowl Sunday Crystal Ball, 2. dew drop at dawn, 3. icy waterdrop, 4. the curve of the blade, 5. Brittain Territory, 6. eclipse flyleaf, 7. you will not notice me if I wear camo, 8. this my Daddy gave me,
9. Big Rocky Hollow waterfall, 10. flake on snow, 11. its an uphill battle..., 12. yet a delicate balance, 13. lightning strikes, 14. daisy eye cloud in the sky, 15. come to see you, 16. Every dew-drop... had a whole heaven within it.,
17. hazy halloween moon, 18. I ain't seen the sunshine since I don't know when, 19. empty track, 20. still water and stones, 21. may you be filled to the brim..., 22. beads from a blue sky, 23. the road goes on forever and the story never ends, 24. a cog in the wheel,
25. deep inside your heart, 26. the birth of joy, 27. never been to Vegas..., 28. mimosa sunset, 29. sunset flight, 30. diagonal square, 31. art and science, 32. good morning bean,
33. splendor in the grass, 34. where bubbles go, 35. like objectives, 36. campfire of confusion, 37. imagine what 2008 will show, 38. heartly cloudy, 39. half a pie but one quarter slice, 40. the Christmas tree by candlelight,
41. juicy jewel on a purple pansy, 42. tax day moon, 43. Anderson Cooper, 44. fountain in the lake, 45. sunrise stream, 46. Loldogs @ your Library, 47. drop up / drop down, 48. she feeds the gulls iv,
49. walking the dog, 50. labor moon, 51. look outside, 52. on the other side of this hill is a summer afternoon, 53. wanna hang out for awhile...??, 54. fog lingered, 55. A little bird told me, 56. not flawless...,
57. birdseye view, 58. sun.day.morning, 59. train up a child in the way he should go..., 60. spider man has a hoodie cape did you know...??, 61. “Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening.” ~ Coco Chanel, 62. well aged feet, 63. sometimes my imagination gets the best of me..., 64. heart strings,
65. foggy dawn, 66. lunar eclipse 022008 85703pm cst, 67. Lucy's excuse, 68. crystal blue persuasion, 69. all agog, 70. he shoots the moon, 71. the last day, 72. self sunset
Created with fd's Flickr Toys.
IMO Secretary-General Kitack Lim receives Mr. Douglas Stevenson, Director, Center for Seafarers' Rights, The Seamen's Church Institute, at IMO HQ, London (10/4/19).
On Thursday morning, I got to town early enough and with enough pocket change to stop for a cocoa at the Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf. Decent cocoa. Odd people, though. The place was busy, but no one sat down to enjoy their beverage-of-choice. They'd get their morning jolt of caffeine, then rush out to their cars to head off to the office.
Not me. I sat down for a nice cocoa and a sketch.
Media: Noodler's Manhattan Black ink and watercolor in a Moleskine sketchbook.
The search for Malaysia's Hottest Hunks for year 2008/2009. Fashion Show by Camel Active, performances by the hunks, shirtless catwalks and more. Organised by NewIcon For Him & Newtide.
Ratchathewi for me is a full day shopping venture. Along the Phetchaburi road ( sometimes you will see it spelt Phet Buri road or New Phet Buri road ) you will find some of the best shopping malls in Bangkok. I have listed some of them in this article. However the many tourists along with locals make this a very busy part of town. Trying to navigate along the pavement is a chore. Very similar to Sampeng market in China town. There are several pedestrian bridges to help you get across this very busy road ( Phetchaburi road ) the part near to the Palladium shopping mall at the traffic lights is especially busy.
Ratchathewi District is sub divided into four sub districts Thung Phaya Thai , Thanon Phaya Thai, Thanon Phetchaburi and Makkasan. I have been many times to Pratunam it is a busy and bustling shopping area that can easily be reached on foot from Ratchaprasong ~ I know I have done it many times. Most of the products available are for sale wholesale, so this is the place to go for some cheap bargains. Haggling is more important here than in other shopping areas, and things get cheaper if you buy in bulk, which seems to be the norm anywhere in Thailand.
City Complex Phetchaburi rd. walking along Phetchaburi Road, you definitely cannot miss this enormous 6 storey City Complex. It is one of the most popular malls in Pratunam that is specifically marketed towards teenage girls and ladies. Most of the shops are selling fashionable clothing, shoes and accessories, but there are also a few of them dedicated to cosmetics, jewellery and crafts. There is on the fifth floor a food court offering all the usual items of food.
Grand Diamond Plaza, Phetchaburi road, is a unique shopping mall because it is also a suite hotel with four incredible penthouse suites along with 172 luxuriously appointed suites. They have a Morning market : 04:00 am – 09:00 am and a Night market : 06:00 pm – 09:00 pm. The basement holds a 24 hour Super Market. There is also an international food court on the top floor and a outdoor swimming pool for both adults and children is on the 8th floor.
Indra Square Ratchaprarop rd. is an indoor shopping mall with more than 300 retail and wholesale outlets. The first floor is mostly for fashion, silk and accessories, and has some fast food outlets. The clothes here are remarkably good value, and unlike City Complex, there is a decent supply for men and children as well. The second floor has a more larger selection of items for sale, including arts, crafts, toys and mobile / cell phones. If you're getting hungry, there's a food centre on the second floor. There are some clothing shops at the ground level of the nearby Baiyoke Tower II also.
Metro Fashion Mall Phetchaburi rd. This brand new wholesale shopping mall opened in 2009. Its seven floors accommodate 370 wholesale vendors selling fashion apparel, bags, footwear, cosmetics and accessories. There is a food centre on the third floor and a branch of McDonald's on the ground floor outside.
Pantip Plaza Phetchaburi rd. This shopping mall is great for kids and men that are still kids! You enter the doors and bang it hits you, The I want syndrome. A six floor shopping mall devoted to computer gear, famous for its pirated media. The pirated trade is much more low key than it used to be, but software and DVDs are still widely available, It is also a good place for digital cameras, gadgets, printers, I-pod players, etc. Test out whatever you are buying as there are many suspect goods on sale here. If you want to be safe, buy at the official brand stores, although prices are similar to Western countries prices. You will find IT City here, also a large retailer of computers and cameras along with software.
Platinum Fashion Mall Phetchaburi rd. Its very imposing from outside but the shops are really packed in inside, some of them being no more than the size of a kiosk. A great place for fashion shopping, especially as it is air conditioned. Many of the 1,300 shops here are also at the Chatuchak Market at weekends. It is particularly interesting for women as the shops mostly sell clothing, handbags, shoes, accessories, gifts and make-up. A lot of shops ( but not all of them ) are geared towards export and wholesale. There's a huge and very good food court at the sixth floor of the mall. It can get very busy, especially around noon and evening time.
Palladium Square ~ It was formerly known as Pratunam Centre and is located on the corner of Phetchaburi Road and Ratchaprarop and the very busy cross roads with Ratchadamri road. This area is already known for wholesale shopping at Platinum Fashion Mall, electronics Mecca Pantip Plaza and the busy, all day and all night world of Pratunam Market found just across the road. This five storey building is home to bargains galore with most shops and stalls selling many items of clothing for 100 Baht or less.
Pratunam Market Phetchaburi road and surrounding Soi’s ~ Pratunam Market is an immense open-air garment market, and although it is geared towards exporters, anyone can shop here. Most of the items for sale are T-shirts, dresses, shorts, jeans, shoes and accessories. You could easily spend a day here if you wish, as the area has a stunning amount of more than 4,000 shops. While the market is officially open till 18:00, many shops already close around 16:00. The market spreads out on the streets around Baiyoke Tower I, and the ground floor of that tower also has a few clothing shops. In the early evening, a night market is set up in the streets along Baiyoke Tower I that stay open until after 02:00 am. This market whilst great for looking around is not as good as Khlong Thom Market in China Town. I would suggest taking a tape measure with you, as many of the products are not true to size.
Yotsuya, Tokyo, Japan
Nikon F6
Nikkor AF 50mm F1.4G
Kodak TMAX 100
HC-110 Developer
DSLR Scan
Valoi Easy35
Negative Lab Pro
This was my third visit to Linton, but I seem to have mislaid the exterior shots I have taken previously, but will search for them.
Linton sits beside the main road south out of Maidstone, and the village is stretched out along it.
Inside it is a calm space, with the fabulous Cornwallis chapel to the north of the chance, with contains some of the finest monuments I have seen in Kent.
------------------------------------------
LINTON HILL
TQ 75 SE LINTON
(East Side)
3/139 Church of St. Nicholas
23.5.67
GV II*
Parish church. C14 and C15. Alterations and additions of 1860 by
R.C. Hussey in a C15 style. Ragstone, with plain tile roof. Nave,
south aisle, south porch, chancel, south chancel chapel, north chancel
chapel. Nave and south aisle extended to west and north aisle and north-
west tower added in 1860. Nave: Probably C14, extended in 1860. West
End: small blocks of evenly-coursed stone. Chamfered stone plinth.
One buttress. C19 four-light window and pointed-arched doorway with
squared hoodmould and brattished canopy. South aisle: C14, extended to
west in 1860. Re-faced in 1860 with small blocks of evenly-coursed stone.
Chamfered stone plinth. Gabled. Three C19 three-light windows; one to
west and 2 flanking porch. South porch: C19, with stonework and plinth
similar to nave. Carved bargeboards. Moulded outer and plain-chamfered
inner doorway. South chancel chapel: later C14. Roughly coursed stone
on un-dressed plinth. Two C19 windows, one blocked 2-light to south,
one 3-light to east in a C15 style. Chancel: C14, re-faced, and
probably extended, in C19. Diagonal north-east and south-east buttresses.
2-light C19 windows to north and south.
Moulded pointed-arched south doorway. Vestry: C19. Low, and at right-
angles to chancel. North chancel chapel: C15 or early C16. Roughly
coursed galleted stone, with high moulded stone plinth. Gabled. C19
east window of 3 stepped lights and similar north window. North aisle:
1860. Chamfered stone plinth. Gabled. Two 3-light north windows.
North-west tower: 1860. Three stages, on moulded stone plinth, with
moulded off-sets between stages. Clasping buttresses. Recessed stone
spire. Two 2-light windows to each face of belfry. Small rectangular
north light to second stage and trefoil-headed lights to north and west
of bottom stage. Pointed-arched north doorway. West clock. South face
abuts nave. Interior: Structure: 3-bay south arcade to nave of doubly
plain-chamfered pointed arches; 2 east bays C14, west bay C19 in a C14
style. Columns with scroll-moulded capitals. 2-bay north arcade to nave
in a C14 style. Tower protrudes into north-west end bay. Tall pointed-
arched C15 chancel arch, with continuous outer moulding, and inner moulding
springing on each side from concave-sided semi-octagonal shaft with
moulded capital and base. Later C14 doubly plain-chamfered pointed arch
between chancel and south chapel, springing from attached semi-octagonal
columns with moulded capitals and bases. Pointed doubly plain-chamfered
arch dying into wall between south chapel and south aisle. 4-centred
doubly hollow-chamfered C15 or early C16 arch between chancel and north
chapel, inner order springing from attached semi-octagonal columns with
moulded capitals and high moulded bases. C19 arch between north chapel
and north aisle. Chamfered medieval rere-arch to blocked south window
of south chapel. Roof: Medieval crown-post roof to nave, with 3 moulded
octagonal crown-posts and ribbed C19 boarding under rafters. 2
medieval moulded octagonal crown-posts to south chapel. C19 boarded
wagon roof to chancel. Fittings: moulded cinquefoil-
headed niche with splayed reveals, to east wall of chancel. Small pointed-
arched plain-chamfered piscina adjacent to niche. Traceried wooden screen
with moulded, brattished cornice between chancel and south chapel.
Intricately-carved wooden screen under chancel arch, with vaulted wooden
canopy, enriched cornice and parapet, erected 1949. Monuments: hanging
monument on north wall of north aisle, to Sir Anthony Mayne, d.1627, and
2 wives. Alabaster, with convex corniced plinth. Three-quarter-length
figures between 4 Corinthian columns, with entablature arched over
centre. Achievements of Sir Anthony under arch, and heraldic shield
over each wife above entablature. Seated mourner (Faithful Gardener?)
above arch. Monuments within north chancel chapel: standing monument
against north wall, to Sir Anthony Mayne, d.1615, and wife. Alabaster.
Rectangular chest bearing inscription, surmounted by kneeling figures,
flanked by Corinthian columns bearing entablature with convex cornice.
Achievements above cornice. Vestiges of family tree carved and painted
on back panel. Gothic monument against north wall, to Galfridus Mann,
d.1756. Designed by Richard Bentley 1758: erected at expense of Horace
Walpole. Chest tomb on plain base, chest with trefoils in relief and with
plain central inscription in Latin. Above, a marble urn under crocketed
arch, soffit of arch panelled with quatrefoils. Tablet on north wall to
Eleanor Mann, d.1751. Rectangular, with foliated base plate. Inscribed
panel flanked by cupid terms. Moulded cornice, with flaming urn to each
end, surmounted by grey marble obelisk with white marble dragon rising
from urn. Tablet on south wall to Maria Isabella Mann, d.1823. Signed
E.H. Baily. Inscription on rectangular plinth beneath elderly mourner
seated in relief against gadrooned urn, with draped tapering back plate.
White marble tablet on south wall to Julia, Countess Cornwallis, d.1847,
by Baily. White marble on black ground, flanked by draped semi-octagonal
pilasters with moulded capitals linked by arch in relief. Tablet on west
wall to Edward Mann, d.1775. White marble on brown ground. Base-plate
with achievements. Oval inscription panel with moulded cornice surmounted
by urn against obelisk. Tablet on east wall to Charles James Mann,
d.1835 aged 22, and sister Jemima Isabella Wykeham Martin, d.1836, by
Baily. Rectangular consoled inscription panel surmounted by segmental-
headed white marble tablet on black marble base-plate, with 2 large
draped urns in relief. Free-standing white marble monument in north-
east corner, to the same Charles James Mann, signed by Baily. Young
man lying upon Grecian couch. Free-standing marble monument in south-
west corner, to Laura, Countess Cornwallis, d.1840, by Baily. Woman,
book in hand, turning on couch. (J. Newman, B.O.E. series, West Kent
and the Weald, 1980).
Listing NGR: TQ7538950165
britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101250235-church-of-st-nicho...
------------------------------------------
LINTON.
SOUTHWARD from Loose, on the opposite side of Cocks heath, lies the parish of Linton, antiently written LYLLYNGTON, and in Latin, Lilintuna, which probably took its name from the old English word, lytlan, signifying little or small, and stane, a stone, the upper part of this parish abounding with the quarry stone.
THIS PARISH lies adjoining to Cocks-heath, upon the ridge of quarry hills, the summit of which is the northern boundary of the weald of Kent, consequently almost the whole of it is within that district, only a small part of the heath being beyond it. Cocks-heath is a beautiful, and for this inclosed part of the country, an extensive plain, being about three miles in length, and in some places more than a mile in width. It is esteemed a most healthy spot, and being well watered, is generally preferred, as a situation for large encampments, it being equally commodious for the troops to march from it, on an emergency, either into the county of Sussex, or into Essex. In 1778 there were fifteen thousand men encamped on it, which did not occupy more than two thirds of the whole extent of it. Over this heath the high road from Maidstone goes through this parish and village into the Weald. The village is situated about half a mile from the heath, on the declivity of the hill, having the church and place-house on the east side of it, the prospect from which southward over the Weald, like the other situations on these hills, is very beautiful, and of great extent. The air is very healthy, the soil on the hill a loam, with the quarry stone close beneath, and below the hill a stiff strong clay, in a very miry country, and thick hedgerows interspersed with quantities of spreading oaks. About a mile below the hill the road crosses the river at Style-bridge.
ON COCKS-HEATH there grows THE PLANT, called Lunaria, or small moonwort.
The greatest part of this parish is within the bounds of the manor of East Farleigh, though the manor of Loose extends over some small part of it. The free holders of the former holding their lands in free socage tenure.
This place is not mentioned in Domesday, being most probably included in the description there given of the manor of East Farleigh.
LINTON-PLACE, antiently called Capell's-court, is the only place of consequence in this parish. It took its name originally from the family of Capell, who were proprietaries of it. They were usually called according to the custom of the time at Capell, and in Latin, De Capella, their principal residence being at Capell'scourt, in Ivechurch, in Romney-marsh, though they had large estates in several other parishes in this county. (fn. 1) One of them, John de Capella, in the reign of king Henry III. held lands in Boxley, as appears by the charter of inspeximus granted by that king to the abbey there.
Richard de Capell, his successor, died in the 15th year of king Richard II. in whose descendants this place remained till the reign of king Henry VI. when it was alienated by one of them to Richard Baysden, from which name in the reign of queen Elizabeth, it was sold to Sir Anthony Maney, of Biddenden, whose ancestors had resided there many generations. He removed his seat hither, and at his death was buried in this church, as was his son Walter Maney, esq. whose son, John Maney, was a person of great loyalty to king Charles I. in his troubles, in consideration of which he was first knighted, and afterwards created a baronet. After which he suffered much for his attachment to the king, having his estate plundered and sequestered. He bore for his arms, Party per pale, argent and sable; three chevronels between as many cinquefoils counterchanged. He passed away this seat and estate in the reign of king Charles II. to Sir Francis Withens, one of the justices of the king's bench, whose only daugh ter and heir Catherine, in 1710 carried it in marriage to Sir Thomas Twysden, bart. of East Peckham, and he died in 1712, leaving by her two daughters his coheirs. On his death his widow became intitled to this estate, and soon afterwards again carried it in marriage to brigadier-general George Jocelyn, who was a younger son of Sir Robert Jocelyn, bart. of Hertfordshire, and died in 1727; leaving by lady Twysden, three sons. The family of Jocelyn bore for their arms, Azure, a wreath, argent and sable, with four hawks bells towards the corners of the escutcheon, or. He alienated it to Robert Mann, esq. who built a small but elegant seat here, partly on the scite of the old mansion of Capell'scourt, which he pulled down, and resided in it till his death, in 1751. By his will he devised Linton place, with the parsonage and the advowson of the vicarage of Linton, among his other estates in this county, to his eldest son Edward Louisa, in tail male, with divers remainders over. He resided here and died unmarried in 1775, on which, by the above entail, it came to his next brother, Sir Horatio Mann, K. B. and baronet, envoy extraordinary at Florence, where he died in 1786, and his body being next year brought over to England, was interred in this church. In his lifetime he made over this seat, with his other estates in this parish, to his nephew Sir Horace Mann, who succeeded him likewise in the title of baronet, and he is the present possessor of it, and at times resides here.
THERE were formerly some lands in this parish which belonged to a family named Welldish, who had a chapel in this church called Welldish's chapel. Their arms were, as appears by their seals to some antient deeds, Argent, three talbots passant azure on a chief, or, a fox passant gules, which coat they bore, as is reported by tradition, to perpetuate the memory of one of their ancestors having been huntsman to William the Conqueror. After this estate had been many generations in this family, the greatest part of it was alienated to Walter Maney, esq. whose son, Sir John Maney, bart. of Linton, sold it, with the rest of his estate in this parish, in the reign of king Charles II. to Sir Francis Withins, since which it has passed in like manner as Linton-place, above-mentioned, to the Mann's, and is now in the possession of Sir Horace Mann, bart.
CHARITIES.
One of the family of MANEY, owners of Capell's-court, built and endowed an alms-house here for four poor families. Robert Mann, esq. of Linton-place, in 1749, rebuilt it, and encreased the original stipends of 13s. 4d. to each family to 20s.
LINTON is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sutton.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a small building with a spire steeple, situated on the east side of the village. The patronage of it was part of the antient possessions of the crown, and remained so till it was given to the college or hospital for poor travellers, in the west borough at Maidstone, founded by archbishop Boniface in the reign of Henry III. (fn. 2) Archbishop Walter Reynolds, about 1314, appropriated it to the use and support of the above hospital.
¶In the 19th year of king Richard II. archbishop Courtney, on his making the parish church of Maidstone collegiate, with the king's licence, gave and assigned among other estates, the advowson and patronage of this church of Lyllyngton, to that hospital appropriated, and of the king's patronage, held of the king in capite, to the master and chaplains of the abovementioned new collegiate church of Maidstone, to hold in free, pure, and perpetual alms for ever, for its better maintenance, to which appropriation Adam Mottrum, archdeacon of Canterbury, gave his assent. The collegiate church of Maidstone was dissolved by the act of the 1st year of king Edward VI. anno 1546, and was surrendered into the king's hands accordingly.
In the 8th year of king Richard II. this church was valued at 106s. 8d. per annum. In the year 1640, the vicarage of it was valued at thirty pounds per annum. In the year 1751, the clear yearly certified value of it was 61l. 7s. 8d. yearly income.
This vicarage is valued in the king's books at 7l. 13s. 4d. and the yearly tenths at 15s. 4d. The parsonage, as well as the advowson of the vicarage, were held by grant from the crown in the reign of queen Elizabeth, by Alexander Grygsby, gent. in which name they continued in 1640. In 1681, Francis Martin, gent. held them. About the year 1710, they were held by Wallace, and afterwards by Oliver, who died possessed of them in 1728; soon after which they were purchased by Robert Mann, esq. of Lintonplace. Since which they have passed in like manner as that seat to Sir Horace Mann, bart. the present owner of them.
Minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland Timo Soini meets Minister of Foreign Affairs, Education and Culture of Liechtenstein Aurelia Frick at Finlandia Hall.
The Session of the Committee of Ministers, to be held at Finlandia Hall on 17 May 2019, will mark the end of Finland’s Presidency of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. At the meeting, Finland will hand over the Presidency to France. More than 30 ministers from the member States of the Council of Europe will attend the meeting. The meeting will be chaired by Foreign Minister Timo Soini.
Ministry for Foreign Affairs provides photo material for media representatives, participants and organisers of the meeting. Please feel free to use the photos, considering the following restrictions: Not for commercial purposes nor reselling. When publishing the pictures, the name of the photographer and organization shall be mentioned as the source. No picture manipulation is permitted. The holder of the picture rights and/or the organisation shall at all times retain the copyright to the picture. When publishing the pictures, the publisher shall ensure the legality of the context where the pictures are used, obtain the permissions and consents required for their publication, and observe the generally established practices and decency. The publisher shall ensure that publication of the pictures does not insult anyone’s privacy or dignity.
Photo: Kimmo Räisänen / Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland