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Bergepanzer 2 sowie zwei Raketenwerfer MARS und ein Unimog im technischen Bereich der Karl-Günther-Kaserne in Sondershausen.
Gemäß Stationierungskonzept 2011 wird das in Sondershausen beheimatete Raketenartilleriebataillon 132 aufgelöst und in die verbleibenden vier Artillerieverbände der Bundeswehr aufgehen. Die Standorte der Artillerie der Bundeswehr werden sein: Munster, Weiden, Idar-Oberstein und Stetten. Diese Artillerieverbände werden gemischte Bataillone mit allen Waffensystemen der deutschen Artillerie sein.
04.07.2009: Erster Tag der offenen Tür des Artillerieregiments 100 in der Görmar-Kaserne im thüringischen Mühlhausen. Während eines Appels erhält das Regiment vom Stellvertretenden Divisionskommandeur der 1. Panzerdivision, Brigadegeneral Heinz Georg Wagner, eine eigene Truppenfahne überreicht. Weiterhin verleiht der Ministerpräsident des Freistaates Thüringen, Dieter Althaus, dem Regiment das Fahnenband des Ministerpräsidenten und der Inspekteur des Heeres, Generalleutnat Hans Otto Budde, verleiht dem Regiment den Beinamen "Freistaat Thüringen".
Gemäß Stationierungskonzept 2011 werden die in Mühlhausen beheimateten Artillerieeinheiten (ArtRgt 100 und BeobPzArtBtl 131) aufgelöst und in die verbleibenden vier Artillerieverbände der Bundeswehr aufgehen. Die Standorte der Artillerie der Bundeswehr werden sein: Munster, Weiden, Idar-Oberstein und Stetten. Diese Artillerieverbände werden gemischte Bataillone mit allen Waffensystemen der deutschen Artillerie sein.
1.maijā divu dienu vizītē Latvijā ieradās NATO Apvienoto spēku pavēlniecības Brunsumā komandieris ģenerālis Rikardo Marčio (Riccardo Marchiò), lai tiktos ar aizsardzības ministru Raimondu Bergmani un Nacionālo bruņoto spēku komandieri ģenerālleitnantu Leonīdu Kalniņu un pārrunātu aktualitātes aizsardzības jomā un starptautiskās un reģionālās drošības aktuālos jautājumus.
Ģenerālis R.Marčio vizītes ietvaros apmeklēja NATO spēku integrācijas vienību, kur tikāsar tās komandieri pulkvedi Jāni Gaili.
Vizītes laikā ģenerālis R.Marčio apmeklēja Ādažu bāzi, kur tikās ar Sauszemes spēku Mehanizētās kājnieku brigādes komandieri pulkvedi Ilmāru Ati Lejiņu, NATO paplašinātās klātbūtnes Latvijā kaujas grupas komandieri pulkvežleitnantu Šonu Frenču (Sean French) un karavīriem. Ģenerālis R.Marčio iepazīsies ar Sauszemes spēku Mehanizētās kājnieku brigādes spējām un uzdevumiem un Ādažu bāzes infrastruktūru, kā arī pārrunās ar NATO paplašināto klātbūtni Latvijā saistītos aktuālos jautājumus.
Jau ziņots, ka 2016. gada NATO samitā Varšavā NATO valstu un valdību vadītāji apstiprināja vienošanos par daudznacionālo bataljona līmeņa kaujas grupu izvietošanu Baltijas valstīs un Polijā. Kaujas grupu izveides un izvietošanas mērķis ir veicināt NATO īstenoto atturēšanu un stiprināt alianses aizsardzību, demonstrējot alianses solidaritāti un apņēmību aizstāvēt aliansi pret jebkāda veida agresijas izpausmēm. Savukārt 2017. gada 19. jūnijā Ādažu bāzē notika svinīgā NATO paplašinātās klātbūtnes Latvijā kaujas grupas sagaidīšanas ceremonija.
Daudznacionālo kaujas grupu Latvijā vada Kanāda, un to veido vairāk nekā 1000 karavīru no Albānijas, Itālijas, Polijas, Kanādas, Slovēnijas un Spānijas, kas rotācijas kārtībā pilda dienesta pienākumus Latvijā, piedaloties mācībās ar Nacionālajiem bruņotajiem spēkiem, tādējādi uzlabojot savietojamību ar reģionālajiem sabiedrotajiem, lai spētu reaģēt uz drošības vides izaicinājumiem.
Šogad NATO paplašinātās klātbūtnes Latvijā kaujas grupu papildinās arī Čehija un Slovākija.
Foto: Armīns Janiks, Aizsardzības ministrija
Bergepanzer 2 des Raketenartilleriebataillon 132 im technischen Bereich der Karl-Günther-Kaserne in Sondershausen.
Gemäß Stationierungskonzept 2011 wird das in Sondershausen beheimatete Raketenartilleriebataillon 132 aufgelöst und in die verbleibenden vier Artillerieverbände der Bundeswehr aufgehen. Die Standorte der Artillerie der Bundeswehr werden sein: Munster, Weiden, Idar-Oberstein und Stetten. Diese Artillerieverbände werden gemischte Bataillone mit allen Waffensystemen der deutschen Artillerie sein.
Am Standort Sondershausen wird das Unteroffizier- und Feldwebelanwärterbataillon l in Gänze neu aufgestellt werden. Hier wird der Unteroffizier- und Feldwebelnachwuchs ausgebildet werden. Darüber hinaus wird das Kraftfahrausbildungszentrum Erfurt nach Sondershausen verlegt. Die Karl-Günther-Kaserne Sondershausen wird zukünftig also von einem Lehrgangsbetrieb geprägt sein und somit neben dem festgelegten Dienstpostenumfang von 220 Dienstposten Stammpersonal eine hohe Zahl an stets wechselnden Lehrgangsteilnehmern beheimaten.
Lo Junkers Ju 86 era un aereo multiruolo, bimotore ad ala bassa e piano di coda ad impennaggio bideriva, sviluppato dall'azienda aeronautica tedesca Junkers Flugzeugwerk AG nei primi anni trenta e prodotto negli anni successivi sia dalla stessa che su licenza da alcune aziende aeronautiche nazionali e dalla svedese Saab.
Ufficialmente destinato al mercato dell'aviazione commerciale, progettato come aereo civile da trasporto passeggeri ed aereo postale, fu concepito in funzione di una sua possibile successiva conversione militare come bombardiere a medio raggio e ricognitore come equipaggiamento nella ricostituzione dell'aeronautica militare nazionale avviata nel periodo hitleriano, la Luftwaffe.
Il progetto dello Junkers Ju 86, come quello dell'Heinkel He 111 e del Dornier Do 17, fu la conseguenza di una specifica richiesta da parte dell'esercito tedesco nel 1932, al fine di dotarsi di un velivolo bimotore che potesse espletare funzioni di bombardamento e ricognizione. Come per altri apparecchi che prevedevano la rimilitarizzazione non troppo palese della Germania hitleriana, vennero seguiti due progetti paralleli, il primo a fini civili ed il secondo, più discreto per evitare sospetti da parte straniera, con finalità militari. In entrambi i casi era essenziale trovare un giusto compromesso tra velocità e capacità di carico. La Junkers scelse di percorrere la strada del contenimento del peso prevedendo l'installazione dei motori Jumo 205 a ciclo diesel di propria progettazione, i quali vantando un consumo specifico inferiore permettevano di imbarcare una minore quantità di carburante. Nel gennaio 1933, il commissario del regno per l'aeronautica prima ed il neofondato Reichsluftfahrtministerium poi, seguirono direttamente gli sviluppi dei tre veicoli nascondendone il loro uso futuro. In fase di valutazione la compagnia aerea nazionale DLH, che era il committente ufficiale dei tre prototipi civili, respinse solamente il Do 17 a causa delle esigue dimensioni della fusoliera di quest'ultimo.
I primi prototipi civili volarono nel novembre del 1934 mentre le prime versioni militari furono pronte nel 1936. Le sigle dei prototipi dello Ju 86 hanno seguito un insolito schema dovuto alla realizzazione alternativa di un velivolo ad uso militare ed uno ad uso civile.
Il primo velivolo realizzato, al quale era stata assegnata la denominazione Ju 86 V1 (W.Nr. 4901), era il prototipo della versione bombardiere. Dotata di motori Siemens SAM 22B da 550 CV (404 kW) ciascuno, volò per la prima volta il 4 novembre 1934. Il 22 marzo 1935 fu la volta del primo volo del prototipo della versione civile, al quale era stata assegnata la denominazione Ju 86 V2 (W.Nr. 4902). In fase di costruzione era stato dotato anch'esso di motorizzazione Siemens ma prima di compiere il volo inaugurale furono sostituiti con 2 motori Junkers Jumo 205 diesel da 600 PS (441 kW), diventando il prototipo della serie B civile.
Come per altri velivoli della Luftwaffe, l'inizio della guerra civile spagnola fornì l'opportunità per saggiare in combattimento le potenzialità dello Ju 86 nel ruolo di bombardiere a medio raggio, rivelandosi però presto inferiore al coevo Heinkel He 111. All'inizio del febbraio 1937 furono inviati in Spagna, in forza alla Legione Condor (VB/88), quattro Ju 86 D-1, uno dei quali però ebbe una vita breve in quanto solamente dopo qualche incursione, il 26-1, il 23 febbraio venne abbattuto dalle forze aeree repubblicane causando la morte di tre componenti dell'equipaggio e della cattura del quarto. Dalla Germania ne arrivò subito uno per reintegrarne il numero ma nell'estate dello stesso anno un altro D-1 venne perso in un incidente. I restanti tre vennero venduti alle forze nazionaliste alla fine del conflitto.
Lo Ju 86 D-1 venne nuovamente impiegato in forza alla Luftwaffe durante la campagna di Polonia del 1939 ma definitivamente ritirato subito dopo.
Nel gennaio 1940 la Luftwaffe testò il prototipo di una versione d'alta quota, la Ju 86 P. Essa necessitava di un equipaggio di due soli uomini ed era caratterizzata da una nuova cabina pressurizzata, da una nuova ala di maggior lunghezza e motorizzata dagli Jumo 207 A1 a ciclo diesel dotati di turbocompressore. In questa configurazione poteva raggiungere la quota di 12 000 m, all'occorrenza anche superiore, tanto da poter ritenere lo Ju 86 P inattaccabile dai caccia alleati. Per contrastarne la minaccia furono specificatamente progettati il britannico Westland Welkin ed il sovietico Yakovlev Yak-9 PD. A seguito delle soddisfacenti prove di volo la Luftwaffe ordinò di riconvertire 40 vecchi modelli sia in velivoli da bombardamento denominati Ju 86 P-1 sia in ricognitori fotografici d'alta quota denominati Ju 86 P-2, impiegandoli con successo nei cieli sopra laGran Bretagna, l'Unione Sovietica e il Nord Africa.
Nell'agosto del 1942, nei cieli egiziani, uno Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V modificato riuscì ad abbattere il primo Ju 86 P a circa 14 500 m (circa 49 000 ft) di altezza. Quando successivamente vennero persi altri due P, la Luftwaffe decise nel 1943 di ritirarli definitivamente dal servizio.
La Junkers allora pensò di sviluppare ulteriormente il progetto con lo Ju 86 R per raggiungere, grazie una nuova ala di 32 m e a nuovi motori dotati di eliche a quattro pale, la tangenza massima di 16 000 m e compensare i progressi fatti dai caccia alleati, ma la produzione si limitò ad alcuni prototipi.
Il modello realizzato partendo da una scatola di montaggio è stato costruito dalla ditta Piazzai Models di Arona – Novara, ed è in scala 1:72 e rappresenta un esemplare della Swiiss Air Lines
The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s, and employed by both sides during World War II. The civilian model Ju 86B could carry 10 passengers. Two were delivered to Swissair and five to Luft Hansa. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to the Swedish AB Aerotransport.[
In 1934, a specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft capable of operating both as a high speed airliner for the German airline Luft Hansa and as a medium bomber for the nascent Luftwaffe was issued to bothJunkers and Heinkel. Five prototypes were ordered from each company; the Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.[2] Junkers' design was a low-winged twin engined monoplane, of all-metal stressed skin construction. Unlike most of Junkers' previous designs, it discarded their typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning which helped to reduce drag. The craft was fitted with a narrow track retractable tailwheel undercarriage and twin fins and rudders. It was intended to be powered by the Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines, which although heavy, gave better fuel consumption than conventional petrol engines.
The bomber aircraft had a crew of four; a pilot, navigator, radio operator/bombardier and gunner. Defensive armament consisted of three machine guns, situated at the nose, at a dorsal position and within a retractable ventral position. Bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit.[4] The airliner version replaced the bombload with seating for 10 passengers, with fuel tanks being moved from the fuselage to the wings.
The first prototype Ju 86, the Ju 86ab1, fitted with Siemens SAM 22 radial engines as airworthy Jumo 205s were unavailable, flew on 4 November 1934, in bomber configuration, with the second prototype, also a bomber, flying in January 1935. The third Ju 86, and the first civil prototype, flew on 4 April 1935. Production of pre-series military and civil aircraft started in late 1935, with full production of the Ju 86 A-1 bomber commencing in April 1936. Production quickly switched to the improved Ju 86D with a modified tail cone to improve stability.
Early use of the Jumo powered Ju 86 bomber in the Spanish Civil War showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat, and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed much improved reliability. With production switched to a version powered by the BMW 132 engine, the Ju 86E; production continuing until 1938.
The "Z" designation suffix for civil variants, introduced in 1936, was allocated to three models: the Jumo-engined Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1), sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and LAN-Chile (three); the BMW 132H-powered Z-2 for DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air Transport (five or more); and the Pratt & Whitney Hornet-engined Z-7, delivered to AB Aerotransport (ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier), Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (three), and South African Airways - SAA - (17). The ABA aircraft was later transferred to the Swedish Air Force, with which it served, under the designation Tp 9, until 1958. South African Airways' original intention was to have its Ju 86s powered by 745 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrels. Six aircraft for SAA, flown with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the remainder were also Hornet-powered.
The Ju 86K was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905 hp) Bristol Mercury XIX radial engines. Several aircraft remained in service with the Swedish Air Force until 1958.[9] A few were converted to SIGINT platforms.
The bomber was field tested in the Spanish Civil War, where it proved inferior to the Heinkel He 111. Four Ju 86 D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them (coded 26-1) was shot down on 23 February by Republican fighters with the loss of three crewmen killed and one captured. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but in the summer of 1937 another D-1 was lost in an accident, and the three remaining aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air forces. It was again used in the 1939 invasion of Poland, but retired soon after. In January 1940, theLuftwaffe tested the prototype Ju 86P with a longer wingspan, pressurized cabin, Jumo 207A1 turbocharged diesel engines, and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly at heights of 12,000 m (39,000 ft) and higher on occasion, where it was felt to be safe from Allied fighters. The British Westland Welkin and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically to counter this threat.[11]
At the outbreak of the Second World War, South Africa's Ju 86Zs were militarized and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. The aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86 K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German blockade runner SS Watussi in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF, which was deployed in the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940. As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with No. 22 Squadron SAAF at Durban, who used it, along with the Avro Anson in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942, when it re-equipped with Lockheed Venturas.
Satisfied with the trials of the new Ju 86P prototype, the Luftwaffe ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86 P-1 high-altitude bombers and Ju 86 P-2 photo reconnaissance aircraft. Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the Soviet Union and North Africa. In August 1942, a modified Spitfire V shot one down over Egypt at some 14,500 m (49,000 ft); when two more were lost, Ju 86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943.
Junkers developed the Ju 86R for the Luftwaffe, using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000 m (52,500 ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.
The model from kit has been done in Italy by skilled personnel is produced by Piazzai Models company of Arona - Novara, is a scale of 1:72
Im Rahmen der Volltruppenübung " CONEX 2015" veranstaltete die Schweizer Armee ein Defilee ( Truppenparade) zum Abschluss der Übung in der Gemeinde Zofingen ( CH) . Die Parade nahm der Verteidigungsminister Herr Ueli Maurer persönlich ab . Angeführt wurde die Parade vom Kommandanten der Territorialregion 2 , Herrn Divisionär Andreas Bölsterli. Auch der amtierende Chef der Schweizer Armee Herr Korpskommandant Andre Blattmann verfolgte neben vielen Ehrengästa aus Politik und Wirtschaft diese Parade. Die teilnehmenden Truppenteile nahmen mit Ihren Soldaten und eingesetzten Fahrzeugen teil. Als Besonderheit flog die Patrouille de Swiss eine Ehrenformation für einen während der Übung verunglückten Soldaten . Bei einem Verkehrsunfall kam es zum Todesfall . Zur Ehrung des Kameraden wurde die Flugformation " Missing Man" geflogen . Ein Flugzeug dieser Kunstflugstaffel nutzte dabei ein graues Flugzeug statt der ansonsten in den Nationalfarben der Schweiz gehaltenen Flugzeuge um die Verbundenheit mit dem verunglückten Soldaten zu zeigen. Unter dem Beifall der mehr als 6000 Zuschauer fand die Parade viel Beachtung und Zustimmung .
Alle Bilder unterliegen dem Copyright : © Combat-Camera-Europe
Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Pressestelle des Territorialkommando 2
Lo Junkers Ju 86 era un aereo multiruolo, bimotore ad ala bassa e piano di coda ad impennaggio bideriva, sviluppato dall'azienda aeronautica tedesca Junkers Flugzeugwerk AG nei primi anni trenta e prodotto negli anni successivi sia dalla stessa che su licenza da alcune aziende aeronautiche nazionali e dalla svedese Saab.
Ufficialmente destinato al mercato dell'aviazione commerciale, progettato come aereo civile da trasporto passeggeri ed aereo postale, fu concepito in funzione di una sua possibile successiva conversione militare come bombardiere a medio raggio e ricognitore come equipaggiamento nella ricostituzione dell'aeronautica militare nazionale avviata nel periodo hitleriano, la Luftwaffe.
Il progetto dello Junkers Ju 86, come quello dell'Heinkel He 111 e del Dornier Do 17, fu la conseguenza di una specifica richiesta da parte dell'esercito tedesco nel 1932, al fine di dotarsi di un velivolo bimotore che potesse espletare funzioni di bombardamento e ricognizione. Come per altri apparecchi che prevedevano la rimilitarizzazione non troppo palese della Germania hitleriana, vennero seguiti due progetti paralleli, il primo a fini civili ed il secondo, più discreto per evitare sospetti da parte straniera, con finalità militari. In entrambi i casi era essenziale trovare un giusto compromesso tra velocità e capacità di carico. La Junkers scelse di percorrere la strada del contenimento del peso prevedendo l'installazione dei motori Jumo 205 a ciclo diesel di propria progettazione, i quali vantando un consumo specifico inferiore permettevano di imbarcare una minore quantità di carburante. Nel gennaio 1933, il commissario del regno per l'aeronautica prima ed il neofondato Reichsluftfahrtministerium poi, seguirono direttamente gli sviluppi dei tre veicoli nascondendone il loro uso futuro. In fase di valutazione la compagnia aerea nazionale DLH, che era il committente ufficiale dei tre prototipi civili, respinse solamente il Do 17 a causa delle esigue dimensioni della fusoliera di quest'ultimo.
I primi prototipi civili volarono nel novembre del 1934 mentre le prime versioni militari furono pronte nel 1936. Le sigle dei prototipi dello Ju 86 hanno seguito un insolito schema dovuto alla realizzazione alternativa di un velivolo ad uso militare ed uno ad uso civile.
Il primo velivolo realizzato, al quale era stata assegnata la denominazione Ju 86 V1 (W.Nr. 4901), era il prototipo della versione bombardiere. Dotata di motori Siemens SAM 22B da 550 CV (404 kW) ciascuno, volò per la prima volta il 4 novembre 1934. Il 22 marzo 1935 fu la volta del primo volo del prototipo della versione civile, al quale era stata assegnata la denominazione Ju 86 V2 (W.Nr. 4902). In fase di costruzione era stato dotato anch'esso di motorizzazione Siemens ma prima di compiere il volo inaugurale furono sostituiti con 2 motori Junkers Jumo 205 diesel da 600 PS (441 kW), diventando il prototipo della serie B civile.
Come per altri velivoli della Luftwaffe, l'inizio della guerra civile spagnola fornì l'opportunità per saggiare in combattimento le potenzialità dello Ju 86 nel ruolo di bombardiere a medio raggio, rivelandosi però presto inferiore al coevo Heinkel He 111. All'inizio del febbraio 1937 furono inviati in Spagna, in forza alla Legione Condor (VB/88), quattro Ju 86 D-1, uno dei quali però ebbe una vita breve in quanto solamente dopo qualche incursione, il 26-1, il 23 febbraio venne abbattuto dalle forze aeree repubblicane causando la morte di tre componenti dell'equipaggio e della cattura del quarto. Dalla Germania ne arrivò subito uno per reintegrarne il numero ma nell'estate dello stesso anno un altro D-1 venne perso in un incidente. I restanti tre vennero venduti alle forze nazionaliste alla fine del conflitto.
Lo Ju 86 D-1 venne nuovamente impiegato in forza alla Luftwaffe durante la campagna di Polonia del 1939 ma definitivamente ritirato subito dopo.
Nel gennaio 1940 la Luftwaffe testò il prototipo di una versione d'alta quota, la Ju 86 P. Essa necessitava di un equipaggio di due soli uomini ed era caratterizzata da una nuova cabina pressurizzata, da una nuova ala di maggior lunghezza e motorizzata dagli Jumo 207 A1 a ciclo diesel dotati di turbocompressore. In questa configurazione poteva raggiungere la quota di 12 000 m, all'occorrenza anche superiore, tanto da poter ritenere lo Ju 86 P inattaccabile dai caccia alleati. Per contrastarne la minaccia furono specificatamente progettati il britannico Westland Welkin ed il sovietico Yakovlev Yak-9 PD. A seguito delle soddisfacenti prove di volo la Luftwaffe ordinò di riconvertire 40 vecchi modelli sia in velivoli da bombardamento denominati Ju 86 P-1 sia in ricognitori fotografici d'alta quota denominati Ju 86 P-2, impiegandoli con successo nei cieli sopra laGran Bretagna, l'Unione Sovietica e il Nord Africa.
Nell'agosto del 1942, nei cieli egiziani, uno Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V modificato riuscì ad abbattere il primo Ju 86 P a circa 14 500 m (circa 49 000 ft) di altezza. Quando successivamente vennero persi altri due P, la Luftwaffe decise nel 1943 di ritirarli definitivamente dal servizio.
La Junkers allora pensò di sviluppare ulteriormente il progetto con lo Ju 86 R per raggiungere, grazie una nuova ala di 32 m e a nuovi motori dotati di eliche a quattro pale, la tangenza massima di 16 000 m e compensare i progressi fatti dai caccia alleati, ma la produzione si limitò ad alcuni prototipi.
Il modello realizzato partendo da una scatola di montaggio è stato costruito dalla ditta Piazzai Models di Arona – Novara, ed è in scala 1:72 e rappresenta un esemplare della Swiiss Air Lines
The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s, and employed by both sides during World War II. The civilian model Ju 86B could carry 10 passengers. Two were delivered to Swissair and five to Luft Hansa. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to the Swedish AB Aerotransport.[
In 1934, a specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft capable of operating both as a high speed airliner for the German airline Luft Hansa and as a medium bomber for the nascent Luftwaffe was issued to bothJunkers and Heinkel. Five prototypes were ordered from each company; the Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.[2] Junkers' design was a low-winged twin engined monoplane, of all-metal stressed skin construction. Unlike most of Junkers' previous designs, it discarded their typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning which helped to reduce drag. The craft was fitted with a narrow track retractable tailwheel undercarriage and twin fins and rudders. It was intended to be powered by the Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines, which although heavy, gave better fuel consumption than conventional petrol engines.
The bomber aircraft had a crew of four; a pilot, navigator, radio operator/bombardier and gunner. Defensive armament consisted of three machine guns, situated at the nose, at a dorsal position and within a retractable ventral position. Bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit.[4] The airliner version replaced the bombload with seating for 10 passengers, with fuel tanks being moved from the fuselage to the wings.
The first prototype Ju 86, the Ju 86ab1, fitted with Siemens SAM 22 radial engines as airworthy Jumo 205s were unavailable, flew on 4 November 1934, in bomber configuration, with the second prototype, also a bomber, flying in January 1935. The third Ju 86, and the first civil prototype, flew on 4 April 1935. Production of pre-series military and civil aircraft started in late 1935, with full production of the Ju 86 A-1 bomber commencing in April 1936. Production quickly switched to the improved Ju 86D with a modified tail cone to improve stability.
Early use of the Jumo powered Ju 86 bomber in the Spanish Civil War showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat, and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed much improved reliability. With production switched to a version powered by the BMW 132 engine, the Ju 86E; production continuing until 1938.
The "Z" designation suffix for civil variants, introduced in 1936, was allocated to three models: the Jumo-engined Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1), sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and LAN-Chile (three); the BMW 132H-powered Z-2 for DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air Transport (five or more); and the Pratt & Whitney Hornet-engined Z-7, delivered to AB Aerotransport (ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier), Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (three), and South African Airways - SAA - (17). The ABA aircraft was later transferred to the Swedish Air Force, with which it served, under the designation Tp 9, until 1958. South African Airways' original intention was to have its Ju 86s powered by 745 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrels. Six aircraft for SAA, flown with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the remainder were also Hornet-powered.
The Ju 86K was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905 hp) Bristol Mercury XIX radial engines. Several aircraft remained in service with the Swedish Air Force until 1958.[9] A few were converted to SIGINT platforms.
The bomber was field tested in the Spanish Civil War, where it proved inferior to the Heinkel He 111. Four Ju 86 D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them (coded 26-1) was shot down on 23 February by Republican fighters with the loss of three crewmen killed and one captured. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but in the summer of 1937 another D-1 was lost in an accident, and the three remaining aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air forces. It was again used in the 1939 invasion of Poland, but retired soon after. In January 1940, theLuftwaffe tested the prototype Ju 86P with a longer wingspan, pressurized cabin, Jumo 207A1 turbocharged diesel engines, and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly at heights of 12,000 m (39,000 ft) and higher on occasion, where it was felt to be safe from Allied fighters. The British Westland Welkin and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically to counter this threat.[11]
At the outbreak of the Second World War, South Africa's Ju 86Zs were militarized and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. The aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86 K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German blockade runner SS Watussi in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF, which was deployed in the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940. As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with No. 22 Squadron SAAF at Durban, who used it, along with the Avro Anson in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942, when it re-equipped with Lockheed Venturas.
Satisfied with the trials of the new Ju 86P prototype, the Luftwaffe ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86 P-1 high-altitude bombers and Ju 86 P-2 photo reconnaissance aircraft. Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the Soviet Union and North Africa. In August 1942, a modified Spitfire V shot one down over Egypt at some 14,500 m (49,000 ft); when two more were lost, Ju 86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943.
Junkers developed the Ju 86R for the Luftwaffe, using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000 m (52,500 ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.
The model from kit has been done in Italy by skilled personnel is produced by Piazzai Models company of Arona - Novara, is a scale of 1:72
Bergepanzer 2, Gabelstapler Steinbock und Liebherr Fahrzeugkran Leicht (FKL) der Bundeswehr im Rahmen einer Vorführung zur Unfallverhütung im technischen Bereich des Raketenartilleriebataillons 132 in der Karl-Günther-Kaserne Sonderhausen.
Gemäß Stationierungskonzept 2011 wird das in Sondershausen beheimatete Raketenartilleriebataillon 132 aufgelöst und in die verbleibenden vier Artillerieverbände der Bundeswehr aufgehen. Die Standorte der Artillerie der Bundeswehr werden sein: Munster, Weiden, Idar-Oberstein und Stetten. Diese Artillerieverbände werden gemischte Bataillone mit allen Waffensystemen der deutschen Artillerie sein.
Tag der offenen Tür des Raketenartilleriebataillons 132 in Sondershausen. Gemäß Stationierungskonzept 2011 wird das in Sondershausen beheimatete Raketenartilleriebataillon 132 aufgelöst und in die verbleibenden vier Artillerieverbände der Bundeswehr aufgehen. Die Standorte der Artillerie der Bundeswehr werden sein: Munster, Weiden, Idar-Oberstein und Stetten. Diese Artillerieverbände werden gemischte Bataillone mit allen Waffensystemen der deutschen Artillerie sein.
Bergepanzer 2 im technischen Bereich des Raketenartilleriebataillons 132 in der Karl-Günther-Kaserne Sondershausen.
Gemäß Stationierungskonzept 2011 wird das in Sondershausen beheimatete Raketenartilleriebataillon 132 aufgelöst und in die verbleibenden vier Artillerieverbände der Bundeswehr aufgehen. Die Standorte der Artillerie der Bundeswehr werden sein: Munster, Weiden, Idar-Oberstein und Stetten. Diese Artillerieverbände werden gemischte Bataillone mit allen Waffensystemen der deutschen Artillerie sein.
Il sistema polivalente mobile SAM 2, di produzione sovietica, veniva montato su un traino articolato ZIL mod. 1957. Era corredato da una rampa che veniva inclinata, prima del lancio, di circa 80° e da una protezione contro i gas di scarico disposta posteriormente. Il missile di cui era munito, l’SA 2, entrò in produzione nel 1956, da quel momento questo missile è stato il più usato in tutto il mondo. Il missile era assistito da un radar operante in bande A/B (E/F) o D/E (G), chiamato in codice Nato "Fan Song" che, una volta puntato sul bersaglio, forniva i dati al computer del veicolo il quale, dopo averli elaborati, li trasmetteva in meno di 6 secondi (oltre i quali si sarebbe perso il contatto col missile) all’SA 2. Il propellente di spinta bruciava per 4,5 secondi dopodichè il propellente di crociera (kerosene/acido), bruciava per altri 22 secondi. Il missile durante la sua lunga carriera è stato continuamente migliorato ed aggiornato insieme al sistema radar assistito. Gli ultimi tipi in uso erano di colore bianco, privi di alette sulla punta e delle superfici di controllo del booster come gli esemplari a carica nucleare. Il sistema missilistico SAM 2 fu prodotto in circa 4.000 esemplari dall’Unione Sovietica e fu esportato in numerosi paesi: Afganistan, Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Cina, Cuba, Cecoslovacchia, Egitto, Germania Or., Ungheria, India, Iraq, Corea del Nord, Libia, Mongolia, Polonia, Romania, Siria, Vietnam e Jugoslavia. Del missile SA 2 ne esiste infine anche una versione navale denominata SAN 2.
DATI TECNICI
Lunghezza: 10,7 mt. (variabile secondo il tipo) Diametro del booster: 0,7 mt. Diametro del missile: 0,5 mt. Apertura alette booster: 2,2 mt. Apertura alette missile: 1,7 mt. Peso al lancio: 2.300 kg. Peso della testata: 130 kg.
The Soviet production mobil system SAM 2, was mounted on a truck ZIL mod. 1957. It had a turret which was inclined, before firing, of 80° and a protection, fom exhaust gas, situated in the back-side. The missile of SAM 2, produced since 1956, was one of the most used missile all over the world. The missile was supplied by a radar operative on A/B (E/F) or D/E (G) bands, with a Natocode "Fan Song" which once pointed the target, gave data to carriage's computer, which after analyzing them, transmitted the data in less then 6 second (over these second it would be lost contacts with the missile) to SAM 2. The thrust propeller burnt for 4,5 seconds afterwards the cruise propeller burnt for other 22 seconds. The missile, during its long life, has been improved and brought up to date together the radar system. The last models were white and without the small wings on the top of the missile and also without control areas of the booster as the nuclear models. Around 4.000 of this missile systems were produced and had served with numerous countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Checoslowakia, Egypt, East Germany, Hungary, India, Iraq, North Korea, Lybia, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Syria, Vietnam and Jugoslavia. There is also a navy version (SAN 2) of this famous missile system.
D815_417
19/02/2016 : Milano, via del Carmine, palazzo Cusani: ex sede del comando della Divisione Legnano, ora sede del HQ NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy e del Comando Militare Esercito "Lombardia" (Ferdinando Reggiori, 1935)
Have no information on this particular photo; however, the style mirrors those taken of Michelina Di Cesare (see comments). Michelina was executed by the "Regio Esercito" -- the army of northern Italy that brought about the single Italian state. Her naked and tortured body was left in the public square of Mignano as a warning to the population.
The photographs of Michelina are clearly propagandistic and there is speculation that they were actually commissioned by the Bourbons (The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) in their struggle against the Regio Esercito, or the House of Savoy. She represents a kind of "italianità", an identity that was being threatened by the "foreign" forces from the north. She is dressed in traditional clothes of the "Ciociaria," the area between Naples and Rome.
The history of the brigands in Italy is immensely complicated. During this period they fought, for the most part, a guerrilla war in defense of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The suppression of the brigands led to some terribly bloody massacres; the residents of Pontelandolfo, near Benevento, very close to my own hometown of origin, were executed or burned alive in their homes.
The defeat of the brigands and the fall of the Bourbons led directly to the first great wave of emigration from Italy to the United States in the 1860's and 1870's.
But since the great majority of these emigrants, including my great-grandfather, returned to Italy, they must have found the America of those times extremely inhospitable.
RARA 2021. ITALY - Italian Army Lieutenant Dr. Barbara Balanzoni (NATO) saves a pregnant cat and is court-marshaled (2013-14). S.v., Dr. Barbara Balanzoni / Fb (11/07/2014) & AP NEWS ROME (07/02/2014).
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NOTA: di Barbara Balanzoni | FACEBOOK (07|11|2014), "...un altro esempio di come siamo riusciti a tagliarci le gambe con la motosega. Thanks to Martin G. Conde (USA) (il link contiene un po' di articoli di stampa italiana e non). Grazia Procura militare di Roma!"
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Rome, Italy (11|2014). The Italian government and a Italian Military commission in Rome, Italy has charged Italian Army Lieutenant Dr. Barbara Balanzoni (veterinarian-specialist) with criminal charges of disobedience & gross insubordination following a review of her (required professional) activates of saving the life of a pregnant cat during her military service as a veterinarian-specialist while serving with the Italian Army earlier last year during her military service with NATO in Kosovo in 2013.
According to Dr. Balanzoni (now a civilian and working a veterinary technician) in Tuscany, Italy; although technically she was earlier acquired of the charges relating to her efforts of saving the pregnant cat life, she was recently presented with official Italian Military documents that state that she may face other criminal charges of disobedience & gross insubordination [See English news below].
s.v.,
- Barbara Balanzoni | FACEBOOK (07 Nov. 2014) = “Siamo alla follia : sono stata processata per disobbedienza per aver salvato un gatto quando avevo ricevuto l ' ordine di provvedere agli animali . Leggete : è palesemente illogico qualificare disobbedienza quello che era un DOVEROSO ADEMPIMENTO !!! Salvare la gatta era mio dovere !!!!!!!!!!!!!”
www.facebook.com/barbara.balanzoni?fref=nf
- Barbara Balanzoni & [Italia] Comunita' Militare | FACEBOOK (07 Nov. 2014) =
www.facebook.com/ComunitaMilitare?fref=photo
- CRONACA, Tenente Balanzoni e l’onore ritrovato: di militari, gatti, cani e altro di Toni De Marchi | Il Fatto Quotidiano (5 febbraio 2014).
www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/02/05/tenente-balanzoni-e-l...
- ERA IL MEDICO DELLA BASE. NON AVREBBE OBBEDITO ALL’ORDINE DI NON AVVICINARE ANIMALI
Aiutò una gatta, processo all’ufficiale Barbara Sottoposta a un anno di indagini e interrogatori . «Rischiava la vita per le difficoltà del parto. Come potevo abbandonarla?» CORRIERE DELLA SERA (22 dicembre 2013).
“Il lamento non era di un soldato ferito. Era di Agata, la gatta della base italiana in Kosovo, fra le alture di Pec. Da giorni aveva smesso di salire sul cornicione della caserma e si era ritirata nella capanna dell’area 40 a miagolare senza tregua. Doveva dare alla luce i piccoli ma era un parto molto difficile e lei, con quel verso straziante, lo stava dicendo a tutti i militari della base. La notizia giunse all’orecchio dell’ufficiale medico in servizio, il tenente Barbara Balanzoni, che accorse alla capanna e la salvò. Ebbene, per quel gesto del 10 maggio 2012 il medico riservista, una trentanovenne bolognese con la passione dei gatti, dei cani e dell’esercito, è finita indagata per oltre un anno e il 7 febbraio 2014 sarà processata davanti al Tribunale militare di Roma, al quale è stata rinviata dal gup la scorsa settimana.”
www.corriere.it/animali/13_dicembre_22/aiuto-gatta-proces...
Since 2013, the English-language news media has reported the story of Italian Army Lieutenant Dr. Barbara Balanzoni (NATO), please see the following:
1). Italian reservist acquitted in cat rescue case, AP | YAHOO NEWS (07 February 2014) – ROME (AP) — An Italian military court has acquitted an Army reserve doctor of disobedience for helping a cat who had trouble delivering a litter of kittens on a military base in Kosovo in 2012.
Army medical reservist Lt. Barbara Balanzoni said after her acquittal Friday she was disciplined, and later charged, after Italian soldiers asked her to help a cat whose last kitten was stillborn. Balanzoni said the cat, which she named Agata, would have died without intervention.
She was accused of violating protocol that states animals must be tended by veterinarians. Balanzoni said none was on base.
Balanzoni's lawyer, Aldo Areddu, said she still faces charges of defamation and insults, which he says were the result of escalating tension following the cat incident.
news.yahoo.com/italian-reservist-acquitted-cat-rescue-cas...
2). Italian army reservist to be prosecuted for saving cat's life in Kosovo - Barbara Balanzoni, who saved dying cat while serving as a medical officer at a Nato base, is charged with insubordination, THE GUARDIAN U.K., (22 December 2013).
A question is to be raised in the Italian parliament over the case of an army officer who was sent for trial at a military court last week for saving the life of a dying cat.
Lieutenant Barbara Balanzoni, a reservist who has since returned to her civilian job as an anaesthetist in Tuscany, is charged with gross insubordination. She committed the alleged offence while serving as medical officer at a Nato base in Kosovo.
It is claimed that, by attending to the cat, Lt Balanzoni disregarded an order issued by her commanding officer in May 2012 forbidding troops at the base from "bringing in or having brought in wild, stray or unaccompanied animals". She faces a minimum sentence of one year in a military penitentiary.
Lt Balanzoni told the Guardian she intervened after receiving a call to the infirmary from military personnel, alarmed by the noises the cat was making. She said the cat – later named "Agata" – normally lived on the roof of a hut.
"There are lots of cats on the base," she said. "In theory, they are strays, but in practice they belong there."
Lt Balanzoni said the veterinary officer was in Italy when she received the call. "Far from disobeying orders, I was following military regulations, which state that, in the absence of a vet, the medical officer should intervene."
She said she found that the cat had been unable to deliver the last of her kittens, which was stillborn, and was certain to die. "If the cat had died, the entire area would have had to be disinfected. What is more, the surviving kittens could not have been fed. So they too would have died and created an even greater public health problem."
Lt Balanzoni's trial is due to open in Rome on 7 February. Her case has been taken up by Italy's oldest animal defence association, the Ente Nazionale Protezione Animali and a question to the defence minister is due to be tabled in the Senate, the upper house of the Italian legislature, when parliament reassembles after the Christmas break.
www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/22/italian-army-reserv...
3). Italian army medical officer faces jail for saving life of pregnant cat, THE INDEPENDENT U.K., (22 December 2013).
A medical officer in the Italian army is being prosecuted for saving the life of a pregnant cat while on duty at a Nato base in Kosovo.
According to the military prosecutor’s indictment, Lieutenant Barbara Balanzoni violated a written order not to “approach or be approached by wild, stray or unaccompanied animals” near the army facility known as the “Italian Village”.
Lt Balanzoni, a reservist who has since gone back to her civilian job as an anaesthetist in Tuscany, stands accused of “gross insubordination” for disobeying the order, signed by the commanding officer of the base in May 2012
If found guilty, she faces a minimum one year jail sentence.
Speaking to the Guardian, Lt Balanzoni said that at the time there were a lot of cats on the base and that while they were theoretically strays, they were treated affectionately by the troops and belonged there.
She said that on the day of the alleged incident, army personnel phoned the infirmary for help after they were concerned by the noises made by one cat, later named Agata.
Lt Balanzoni said the veterinary officer was in Italy when she received the call. “Far from disobeying orders, I was following military regulations, which state that, in the absence of a vet, the medical officer should intervene.”
She arrived to find the cat had taken refuge in an army pavilion to give birth, but got into difficulties with the final, stillborn kitten. Without help, Agata was certain to die.
“If the cat had died, the entire area would have had to be disinfected. What is more, the surviving kittens could not have been fed. So they too would have died and created an even greater public health problem,” Lt Balanzoni said.
Prosecutors say that rather than preventing a public health problem, the reservist could potentially have caused one. In the process of helping Agata, Lt Balanzoni was bitten – what she describes as “only a scratch, nothing serious” – and had to be taken to hospital in Germany to receive a rabies vaccination.
The case is set to be brought to trial on 7 February, but before then will be the subject of a question to the defence minister in the Italian parliament.
Lt Balanzoni’s cause has been taken up by Ente Nazionale Protezione Animali, Italy’s oldest animal protection agency, whose online petition has been signed by almost 10,000 people.
According to reports in Corriere Della Sera, Lt Balanzoni, 39, lives with a cat and a dog, and told the court she has one dream: “To be able to continue working for the army, an institution that I love ... as much as I love cats.”
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italian-army-medi...
Amazing Italian Army Lieutenant Dr. Barbara Balanzoni, should be acknowledged for her professionalism & dedication while saving a life, even if it just a cat, while serving as a member of the Italian army in Kosovo (NATO), instead she is punished for gross insubordination.
While on the other hand, if your Italy’s former Prime Minister and one of Italy’s wealthiest businessman, such as Silvio Berlusconi, who has been charged with having sex with child prostitutes, tax evasion, lying to the Italian government, ruins Italy both politically and economically, including many of his former political and business associates (have been arrested for political or other related corruption) and so on an so forth, Berlusconi only received a minor rebuke and only four-months of community service.
Yet, for former Italian Army Lieutenant Dr. Barbara Balanzoni and her saving the life of a cat, she is branded a criminal and her life ruined, thus, just another day in the Italy – where Political Corruption and Incompetence is unfortunately now as ordinary in the daily lives of the Italians as Italian pasta and Italian wine.
Thank you
Martin G. Conde
Washington DC, USA
(07|11|2014).
Note: A special thank you to Ms. Balanzoni for sharing her story, please contact her on Facebook show her your support and please can help her fight this injustice, thank you Martin
Nota: Un ringraziamento speciale alla signora Balanzoni per condividere la sua storia, si prega di contattare la sua su Facebook il suo mostrare il vostro sostegno e per favore può aiutarla a combattere questa ingiustizia, grazie Martin.
Jesolo Air show 2019.
Simulazione recupero personale in territorio ostile.
Leonardo AW-129D Mangusta, 5° Reggimento AVES "Rigel", 49° Gruppo Volo "Capricorno".
Manufacturer/Model: Filotecnica Salmoiraghi Milano, Esercito Italiano 1957, 8X30
Field of View: 8 deg = 140 m/1,000 m; APFOV 64 deg
Weight: 547 gr
Exit Pupil: 3.75 mm
Serial #/Year of Manufacture: No serial number. Manufactured probably 1957.
Notes: The 140°° marking on left prism indicates the field of view i.e. 140 meters at 1,000 meters. Also on the left prism plate but difficult to see in the photograph is the name of the manufacturer, Filotecnica Salmoiraghi Milano, marked underneath the trademark. The marking Esercito Italiano on the right prism plate means Italian Army. The binocular has a graticule in the right eyepiece and has single layer anti-reflective coatings.
The Filotecnica company was founded circa 1865 by Ignazio Porro becaming Filotecnica Salmoiraghi in 1877. It manufactured optical and other precision instruments until about 1960.
Optically the performance of this binocular is very good and is certainly comparable to that of most French and German 8X30 military binoculars of the time period. However, its build quality is uneven and not equal to that of its French and German counterparts. The eyecup, focusing ring and dioptre scale is a breakage prone one-piece plastic part. Although the objective barrel is tube-baffled, the ocular assembly is not nor are the ocular prisms shielded. It does not have eccentric rings and collimates by the adjustment of screws in the sides of the binocular to shift the prisms. This design although less costly to manufacture than an eccentric ring system is more likely to result in chipped prisms and is not very weatherproof.
Note: If you have a vintage binocular you either wish to sell or would just like some information about, I can be contacted at flagorio@shaw.ca .
Trajan's Forum (Latin: Forum Traiani) is chronologically the last of the Imperial fora of Rome. The forum was constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus.
This forum was constructed on the order of Emperor Trajan with the spoils of war from the conquest of Dacia, which ended in 106. The Fasti Ostiensi (see Fasti) states that the Forum was inaugurated in 112, while Trajan's Column was inaugurated in 113.
To build this monumental complex, extensive excavations were required: workers eliminated the sides of the Quirinal and Capitoline (Campidoglio) Hills, which closed the valley occupied by the Imperial forums toward the Campus Martius.
It is possible that the excavations were initiated under Emperor Domitian, while the project of the Forum was completely attributed to the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, who also accompanied Emperor Trajan in the Dacian campaign.
During the time of the construction, several other projects took place: The Markets of Trajan were constructed,Caesar's Forum (where the Basilica Argentaria was built), and the Temple of Venus Genetrix were renovated.
The Forum was built from a vast stoa-lined piazza measuring 660 by 390 feet (200 x 120 m) with exedrae on two sides. The main entrance to the forum is on the southern side, a triumphal arch surmounted by a statue of Trajan in a six-horse chariot. The Basilica Ulpia lies at the north end of the piazza, which was cobbled with rectangular blocks of white marble and decorated by a large equestrian statue of Trajan. On either side of the piazza are markets, also housed by the exedrae.
North of the Basilica was a smaller piazza, with a temple dedicated to the deified Trajan on the far north side facing inwards. Directly north of the Basilica Ulpia on either side of the forum were two libraries, one housing Latin documents and the other Greek documents. Between the libraries was the 125-foot (38 m) Trajan's Column.
In the mid-4th century, Constantius II, while visiting Rome, was amazed by the huge equestrian statue of Trajan and by the surrounding buildings:
But when he came to the Forum of Trajan, a construction unique under the heavens, as we believe, and admirable even in the unanimous opinion of the gods, he stood fast in amazement, turning his attention to the gigantic complex about him, beggaring description and never again to be imitated by mortal men. (Ammianus XVI 14 The imperial visit and the landmarks of the forum were described by historian Ammianus Marcellinus.In modern times only a section of the markets and the column of Trajan remain. A number of columns which historically formed the Basilica Ulpia remained on site, and have been re-erected. The construction of the Via dei Fori Imperiali in 1933 covered a number of these columns, which remain visible under the arches on which the road runs.
Il Foro di Traiano è l'ultimo in ordine cronologico dei Fori Imperiali di Roma, nonché il più grandioso.
Per realizzare questo complesso monumentale fu necessario compiere un ampio lavoro di sbancamento, eliminando la sella che congiungeva il Campidoglio al Quirinale e che chiudeva la valle dei Fori Imperiali verso il Campo Marzio.
È possibile che i lavori di sbancamento fossero stati già iniziati sotto Augusto (in occasione del completamento del Foro di Cesare) e che fossero poi ripresi in modo più ampio da Domiziano. Il progetto del Foro è stato ipotizzato opera dell'architetto Apollodoro di Damasco, che aveva accompagnato l'imperatore nella campagne daciche. Per realizzare il nuovo Foro vennero anche demoliti l'Atrium Libertatis (le cui funzioni passarono ad una delle absidi della Basilica Ulpia, che nella Forma Urbis Severiana reca la scritta LIBERTATIS) e un tratto delle mura Serviane, entrambi collocati probabilmente sulla sella eliminata.
Contemporaneamente al Foro, anche per contenere il taglio delle pendici del Quirinale, vennero innalzati i Mercati di Traiano, un complesso di edifici con funzioni prevalentemente amministrative e di archivio, collegato alle attività che si svolgevano nel foro, e fu inoltre rimaneggiato il Foro di Cesare, dove si eresse la Basilica Argentaria e venne ricostruito il tempio di Venere Genitrice.
Un'interpretazione del Foro vedeva in esso una trascrizione monumentale della pianta tipica degli accampamenti militari, quale preciso segnale della politica traianea impostata sulla componente bellica. Sebbene questa interpretazione sia stata poi superata, la decorazione del complesso è una celebrazione dell'esercito vittorioso e soprattutto una celebrazione delle virtù del suo comandante, lo stesso imperatore, protagonista delle scene di guerra rappresentate nei rilievi scultorei e raffigurato nelle statue, quella in cima alla Colonna Traiana (oggi sostituita da quella di san Pietro) e quella equestre più grande del vero al centro della piazza. Anche alcuni indizi epigrafici[3] suggeriscono una glorificazione di Traiano legata al suo ruolo di vittorioso generale. Vi sono tuttavia anche elementi che sottolineano la pacificazione ottenuta con la vittoria che la pura e semplice gloria militare.
Alla glorificazione e futura apoteosi dell'imperatore, determinata dalle sue virtù, alludono anche i diversi fregi figurati degli edifici del complesso, con grifoni, sfingi, Vittorie e amorini. La sepoltura di Traiano nel basamento della sua Colonna rappresentò il culmine di questo intento celebrativo.
Il complesso veniva utilizzato per varie funzioni: un procurator Fori Divi Traiani, ricordato in un'iscrizione rinvenuta nei Mercati, doveva amministrare le varie attività che vi si svolgevano. Sappiamo dalla Forma Urbis Severiana che una delle absidi della Basilica Ulpia aveva ereditato le funzioni dell' Atrium Libertatis, dove si dovevano svolgere le cerimonie di manomissione degli schiavi.
Certamente fu sede di cerimonie pubbliche di vario genere: vi vennero pubblicamente bruciati i documenti di archivio che contenevano la registrazione dei debiti verso il fisco condonati da Adriano, e Marco Aurelio vi tenne una vendita all'asta di beni del palazzo imperiale per finanziare le campagne militari. Le basiliche erano tradizionalmente sede dei tribunali e dell'attività giudiziaria, e a questo scopo potevano servire le absidi, spazi separati e raccolti rispetto alla navata centrale. Sappiamo infine che in epoca tarda si tenevano nel Foro lezioni e attività culturali, forse nelle esedre dei portici.
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.... to visit Mezzojuso gives a little bit the feeling of being abroad (while being in Sicily ...) a lively particular feeling; here a portrait of one of its friendly inhabitant ........
.... visitare Mezzojuso dona la sensazione stranissima e vivacissima di trovarsi un po' all'estero, pur stando in Sicilia; qui un ritratto di un suo gentilissimo abitante .........
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Mezzojuso was built by the Albanians, Arbëreshëc, mostly military people established near an uninhabited house, during the migration of Albanians in Italy; on1501 they came from Albania and they had brought with them their language, customs and the Orthodox rite. From 2 to 4 August 1862 Mezzojuso welcomes Garibaldi: this is to reconnect this long and short at the same time my report, to some passages of this feast: the characteristic carnival of Mezzojuso. The "Master of Field" is the name of this carnival representation and it take the name from the principal character: this is a love story, albeit in key easygoing, which contains the re-enactment of the assault the Count of Modica made to the Castle to capture the White Queen of Navarra. The representation begins with the arrival of the royal procession, made up of the King, the Queen, by the dignitaries of the Court, from the Dame, the Secretary, by guards and by the Moors, and the "Master of Home" soul procession . Performed a dance in the square, the group go up on a stage (which is the castle); after inside the "castle" begins a dance party; therefore appear masks tied to tradition, u Rimitu, the Wizards, the gardener; comes the Master of Field, wearing a red wax mask with a hooked nose and prominent lower lip, a white shirt full of colored ribbons, pants and red coat, he squirms and shake, with his left arm to the side and in the right arm he brings a short wooden sword. Appear numerous characters, the Drummer, the Ambassador, Garibaldi and his Boys, the Captain of Artillery, the Baron and Baroness on two donkeys, followed by their men on horses and mules loaded with firewood, trunks, various paraphernalia for manufacturing cheese, so the gardener, with laurel wreaths, then the Cavalry, formed by a dozen knights who throw sweets over the spectators.The "Foforio" kidnap the wealthy and releases them after paying a small ransom (in return will be able to eat and drink at will). There are Magicians who go in search of "Treasure" and they finally found it: a bedpan full of macaroni and sausage, shouting "forio forio maccarrunario" eat them with their hands. The war rages, with Garibaldi and his Boys clashes against the Saracens (with imaginative alienation of historical periods); The Master of Field goes up on the scale that leads to the castle, meets with the King that hurts him on the head, and he falls backward (from a good height ...) to be taken from the boys that in the meantime they were prepared under the stairs; But the Master of Field is not dead and he healed his wounds, he with army of Garibaldi climb stealthily for "fake scale" and, taking advantage of the moment of confusion, they surrounding the Court and bind the King: the Field of Master removes the mask, finally embracing the Queen, managing to crown their secret dream of love, and so ends the great feast of Mezzojuso, with the procession that will march in the streets the country and ... the king in chains....
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Mezzojuso fu costruito dagli albanesi, gli arbëreshë, principalmente militari stabilitisi nelle vicinanze di un casale disabitato, durante la migrazione degli albanesi in Italia; essi provenivano dall'Albania e avevano portato con se lingua, usi e il rito ortodosso, nel 1501 stabilizzarono la loro posizione nella zona. Dal 2 al 4 agosto 1862 Mezzojuso accoglie Garibaldi: questo per ricollegare questo breve incipt su alcuni passaggi di questo report, lungo e breve al tempo stesso, sul caratteristico carnevale di Mezzojuso, unico nel suo genere. Il "Mastro di Campo", questo il nome della rappresentazione carnascialesca, è il personaggio dal quale prende il nome questa storia d'amore, seppur in chiave scanzonata, che racchiude in sè la rievocazione dell'assalto che il Conte di Modica fece al Castello per conquistare la regina Bianca di Navarra. La rappresentazione inizia con l'arrivo del corteo reale, composto dal Re, dalla Regina, dai Dignitari di Corte, dalle Dame, dal Segretario, dall’Artificiere, da alcune guardie e dai Mori, mentre Il "Mastru ri Casa" anima il corteo. Eseguita una danza nella piazza, il gruppo sale su un palco che ne rappresenta il castello, e subito dopo sul "castello" ha inizio una festa danzante; appaiono quindi le maschere legate alla tradizione, u Rimitu, i Maghi, le Giardiniere; arriva il Mastro di Campo a cavallo, che indossa una maschera di cera rossa con il naso adunco ed il labbro inferiore prominente, una camicia bianca piena di nastri colorati, pantaloni e mantello rosso: egli si dimena, si agita, con la testa ben alta, il braccio sinistro al fianco e nel destro una piccola spada di legno. Compaiono numerosi personaggi, il Tammurinaru, l’Ambasciatore, Garibaldi con i Garibaldini, il Capitano d’Artiglieria, il Barone e la Baronessa su due asini, seguiti dai loro uomini sopra cavalli e muli carichi di legna, bauli, armamentari vari per la produzione del formaggio, quindi le Giardiniere, con le corone di alloro, infine la Cavalleria, formata da una decina di cavalieri che lanciano sopra gli spettatori confetti a più non posso, mentre nella piazza l'artiglieria spara "colpi di cannone". Il Foforio sequestra i più abbienti e li rilascia dietro il pagamento di un piccolo riscatto (in cambio potranno mangiare e bere a volontà). Ci sono i Maghi che vanno in cerca della "truvatura", scavano ed ecco finalmente la trovano: un cantaru pieno di maccheroni e salsiccia che, al grido di “forio forio maccarrunario”, mangiano con le mani. La guerra impazza, Garibaldi coi Garibaldini si scontra contro i Saraceni (con fantasiosa alienazione dei periodi storici); il Mastro di Campo sale sulla scala che conduce al castello, si scontra con il Re e rimane ferito in fronte, ed ecco che braccia allargate cade all'indietro (da una buona altezza...) per essere preso dai figuranti che nel frattempo si erano preparati sotto la scala; però Il Mastro di Campo non è morto e, guarito dalle ferite, si riporta in piazza con il suo esercito di Garibaldini, quindi salgono furtivamente per la "scala fausa"(un'ingrsso posteriore e nascosto)e, approfittando dell’attimo di confusione, circondano la Corte e incatenano il Re: il Mastro di Campo, tolta la maschera, finalmente abbraccia la Regina, riuscendo a coronare il loro segreto sogno d'amore, e termina così la grande festa di Mezzojuso, col corteo che sfilerà per le strade del paese ed...il re in catene.
C-FFHM - SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019 -
private
(Italian military markings: Aviazione dell’Esercito E.I. 441/MM.57234)
at Vancouver International Airport (YVR)
Nice surprise!
The SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019 was an Italian STOL liaison monoplane built by SIAI-Marchetti for the Italian Army and based on the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog with a317hp (236kW) Allison 250-B15G 400hp turboprop engine derated to 317hp. Total 86 aircraft built.
10.jūnijā divu dienu darba vizītē Latvijā ieradās Itālijas bruņoto spēku komandieris ģenerālis Enco Večarelli (Enzo Vecciarelli), lai tiktos ar aizsardzības ministru Arti Pabriku un Nacionālo bruņoto spēku komandieri ģenerālleitnantu Leonīdu Kalniņu.
Tikšanās laikā pārrunāja Latvijas un Itālijas bruņoto spēku sadarbību aizsardzības jomā, Itālijas dalību NATO paplašinātās klātbūtnes Latvijā kaujas grupā, kā arī starptautiskās un reģionālās drošības aktuālos jautājumus.
Vizītes ietvaros ģenerālis Enco Večarelli apmeklēja Ādažu bāzi, kur tikās ar Sauszemes spēku Mehanizētās kājnieku brigādes komandieri pulkvedi Sandri Gaugeru, NATO paplašinātās klātbūtnes Latvijā kaujas grupas vadību un Itālijas kontingenta karavīriem.
Foto: Gatis Dieziņš (Aizsardzības ministrija)
Vehicle of the Italian Army (Italian: Esercito Italiano) the land-based component of the Italian Armed Forces. Reg. no. EI CV 129.
Copyright © Ron Bowyer.
General view. It's a light helicopters used for special operations. This helicopter is based on American MH-6 Little Bird, it's armed with 2 M134 Minigun, plus 2 LAU-68D/A 7-tubes rocket pods firing 2.75 in (70 mm) Hydra 70 rocket projectiles, with the possibility of mount 2 AGM-114 Hellfire. The CAH can carry two pilots, and two soldier.
Ⓒ Saúl Tuñón Loureda
Mis Galerías de Fotos:
El monumento nacional a Víctor Manuel II (en italiano: Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II), también conocido como Altare della Patria (Altar de la Patria), o simplemente Il Vittoriano, es un enorme monumento conmemorativo de la ciudad de Roma, Italia, realizado en honor del primer rey de la Italia unificada, Víctor Manuel II.
Se sitúa entre la Piazza Venezia (Plaza de Venecia) y la Colina Capitolina. Fue diseñado por Giuseppe Sacconi en 1885, e inaugurado en 1911, pero los trabajos terminaron mucho después, entre 1924 y 1927.
El monumento está construido con mármol blanco extraído de las canteras de Botticino (cerca de la ciudad de Brescia), mostrado por ejemplo en las majestuosas escaleras o las columnas corintias. También dispone de varias fuentes y esculturas del propio rey Víctor Manuel y dos estatuas de la diosa Victoria con sendas cuadrigas. La estructura mide 135 metros de ancho y 70 metros de altura (incluyendo la cuadriga y las alas de las diosas llega a 81 metros).
En la base del monumento se encuentra el museo de la unificación de Italia.
El soldado desconocido
Artículo principal: Tomba del Milite Ignoto
En el monumento a Víctor Manuel II se encuentra también una tumba al soldado desconocido con una «llama eterna» construida tras la Primera Guerra Mundial, conforme a la idea del general Giulio Douhet. El cuerpo del soldado desconocido fue escogido por Maria Bergamas, en el pueblo austro-húngaro de Gradisca d'Isonzo, de un joven desertor del ejército austro-húngaro que pasó al Regio Esercito (ejército italiano) y resultó desaparecido en combate durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Fue elegido entre otros 11 cuerpos de soldados o marineros sin identificar de las fuerzas armadas del Reino de Italia (1861-1946). El cuerpo fue transportado desde Aquilea (donde se realizó la ceremonia con Bergamas) hasta Roma, entre octubre y noviembre de 1921.
El monumento ha sufrido críticas desde que su construcción supuso la destrucción de un gran área de la Colina Capitolina, una de las colinas históricas de Roma, y donde se encontraba un barrio medieval. Para algunos, dicho monumento era demasiado grande y pomposo.12 En días soleados, este edificio puede llegar a ser muy brillante, pudiendo incluso ser molesto para la vista si se está cerca o dentro del recinto, dado su impoluto color blanco y su entorno urbano más oscuro. Al ser una construcción tan destacada en el panorama de Roma, ha recibido otras numerosas denominaciones. Desde su origen, los romanos lo llamaban la Zuppa Inglese (una especie de pastel), la tarta de bodas o la falsa boca. Cuando los soldados aliados llegaron a Roma en 1944 lo llamaron también la máquina de escribir, apodo que luego adoptarían los propios italianos. Ello se debe a que la fachada con las columnas no es recta, sino que adopta cierta forma en arco.
A pesar de todas las críticas que ha recibido a lo largo de su historia, el monumento a Víctor Manuel II atrae cada año a un gran número de visitantes. La apertura como foro público y lugar panorámico sobre el centro de Roma fue acogido por el antiguo presidente de la República Italiana, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, permitiendo a la gente acercarse a dicha construcción y dándole así una mejor reputación.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_a_V%C3%ADctor_Manuel_II
The Altare della Patria ([alˈtaːre della ˈpaːtrja]; English: "Altar of the Fatherland"), also known as the Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II ("National Monument to Victor Emmanuel II") or Il Vittoriano, is a monument built in honor of Victor Emmanuel, the first king of a unified Italy, located in Rome, Italy. It occupies a site between the Piazza Venezia and the Capitoline Hill.
The eclectic structure was designed by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1885. Established Italian sculptors, such as Leonardo Bistolfi and Angelo Zanelli, made its sculptures nationwide. [1] It was inaugurated in 1911 and completed in 1925.[2]
The Vittoriano features stairways, Corinthian columns, fountains, an equestrian sculpture of Victor Emmanuel and two statues of the goddess Victoria riding on quadrigas. The structure is 135 m (443 ft) wide and 70 m (230 ft) high. If the quadrigae and winged victories are included, the height reaches 81 m (266 ft).[2] It has a total area of 17,000 square metres.
The base of the structure houses the museum of Italian Unification.[2][3] In 2007, a panoramic lift was added to the structure, allowing visitors to ride up to the roof for 360-degree views of Rome.
The monument holds the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier with an eternal flame, built under the statue of goddess Roma after World War I following an idea of General Giulio Douhet. The body of the unknown soldier was chosen on 26 October 1921 from among 11 unknown remains by Maria Bergamas, a woman from Gradisca d'Isonzo whose only child was killed during World War I. Her son's body was never recovered. The selected unknown was transferred from Aquileia, where the ceremony with Bergamas had taken place, to Rome and buried in a state funeral on 4 November 1921.
The flags of disbanded units of the Italian Armed Forces, as well as the flags of ships stricken from the naval register of the Italian Navy are stored at the Vittoriano in the so-called Shrine of the Flags (Sacrario delle Bandiere). The oldest flag on display is the flag of the 19th-century frigate Giuseppe Garibaldi. When an Italian military unit is reactivated its flag is taken from the Vittoriano and returned to the unit, which with the flag receives also the name, traditions, and military honors bestowed upon the flag over time.
Controversy
The monument, the largest in Rome, was controversial since its construction destroyed a large area of the Capitoline Hill with a Medieval neighbourhood for its sake.[5] The monument itself is often regarded as conspicuous,[5] pompous and too large.[3][6][7]
It has been described as being "chopped with terrible brutality into the immensely complicated fabric of the hill".[8]
It is clearly visible to most of the city of Rome despite being boxy in general shape and lacking a dome or a tower.[2] The monument is also glaringly white, built from "corpse-white marble" imported from Botticino in Brescia, making it highly conspicuous amidst the generally brownish buildings surrounding it. For its shape and conspicuous nature, Romans have given it a number of humorous and somewhat uncomplimentary nicknames, including la torta nuziale ("the wedding cake"), la dentiera ("the dentures"), macchina da scrivere ("the typewriter") and la zuppa inglese ("English soup" dessert, which refers to a trifle).
Postcard size - "P. Jacob atelier" Udine.
Portrait of a soldier from italian Royal Army during World War I.
This photo belongs to Mr. Carlo Innocenti from Udine.
Im Rahmen der Volltruppenübung " CONEX 2015" veranstaltete die Schweizer Armee ein Defilee ( Truppenparade) zum Abschluss der Übung in der Gemeinde Zofingen ( CH) . Die Parade nahm der Verteidigungsminister Herr Ueli Maurer persönlich ab . Angeführt wurde die Parade vom Kommandanten der Territorialregion 2 , Herrn Divisionär Andreas Bölsterli. Auch der amtierende Chef der Schweizer Armee Herr Korpskommandant Andre Blattmann verfolgte neben vielen Ehrengästa aus Politik und Wirtschaft diese Parade. Die teilnehmenden Truppenteile nahmen mit Ihren Soldaten und eingesetzten Fahrzeugen teil. Als Besonderheit flog die Patrouille de Swiss eine Ehrenformation für einen während der Übung verunglückten Soldaten . Bei einem Verkehrsunfall kam es zum Todesfall . Zur Ehrung des Kameraden wurde die Flugformation " Missing Man" geflogen . Ein Flugzeug dieser Kunstflugstaffel nutzte dabei ein graues Flugzeug statt der ansonsten in den Nationalfarben der Schweiz gehaltenen Flugzeuge um die Verbundenheit mit dem verunglückten Soldaten zu zeigen. Unter dem Beifall der mehr als 6000 Zuschauer fand die Parade viel Beachtung und Zustimmung .
Alle Bilder unterliegen dem Copyright : © Combat-Camera-Europe
Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Pressestelle des Territorialkommando 2
En el marco de las relaciones bilaterales, el #JEME recibe la visita de su homólogo Italiano, el Capo di Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito @Esercito, Generale Salvatore Farina. 🇮🇹🇪🇸