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[ENG] The Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso was built by Felipe V, where he retired in 1724. It was used as a summer residence by all his successors until Alfonso XIII. The gardens were made in the eighteenth century by the French architect René Carlier. And they appeared to have more importance that the own palace. In these, stand out the fountain, the sculptural groups and the statues realized by Thierry, Demandré, Pitué, Fermín y Bousseau. The fountains are provided with grand sculptures of painted lead imitating bronze, and between them they emphasize them of Neptune, Apollo and Andromeda in the wide perspective of the Careers of Horses; Anfítride's Waterfall, before the Palace; and those of Eight Streets, the Canastillo (small basket), Diana's Baths and the Reputation. The water comes from a reservoir called "The Sea" and it flows for gravity reaching great height (approximately 40 m. In "The Reputation").
[ESP] El Palacio Real de la Granja de San Idelfonso fue mandado construir por Felipe V, donde se retiró en 1724. Fue utilizado como residencia de verano por todos sus sucesores hasta Alfonso XIII. Los jardines se realizaron en el siglo XVIII por el arquitecto francés René Carlier y se plantearon para tener más importancia que el propio palacio. En estos, destacan las fuentes, los grupos escultóricos y las estatuas realizadas por Thierry, Demandré, Pitué, Fermín y Bousseau. Las fuentes están dotadas de grandiosas esculturas de plomo pintado imitando bronce, y entre ellas destacan las de Neptuno, Apolo y Andrómeda en la amplia perspectiva de las Carreras de Caballos; la Cascada de Anfítride, ante el Palacio; y las de las Ocho Calles, el Canastillo, los Baños de Diana y la Fama. El agua procede de un embalse denominado “El Mar” y fluye por gravedad alcanzando gran altura (unos 40 m. en “La Fama”).
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The regional train Zaragoza - Valencia, served by a DMU series 594, arrives to the railway station of Teruel, the smallest county town in Spain. This city is well known thanks to its buildings built in Moorish style and the cured Iberian ham. In the backgorund the old seminary of the city
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Antes de que los 599 cubriesen las relaciones en el corredor Huesca - Zaragoza - Valencia, los T.R.D. de la serie 594 eran los únicos que iban para arriba y para abajo en la línea del "Central de Aragón". Éstos aún pueden verse en parte de este trayecto, por ejemplo, con los MD que unen la capital del Túria con la del río Guadalaviar...que es como se llama al Túria a su paso por Teruel, ciudad desde cuya estación pueden obtenerse fondos, a mi juicio, tan bonitos con el edificio del Seminario Conciliar.
[ENG] The Córdoba Synagogue, located in the Jewish quarter, is the only one in Andalusia and one of the three that remain from medieval times in Spain. It was built in Mudejar style in the year 1315 (5075 of the Jewish calendar) by the master builder Isaq Moheb, and was used as a temple until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492, which changed its use to the Santa Quiteria hermitage and the house as a hospital for hydrophobes, in 1588 it passed to the brotherhood of shoemakers under the patronage of San Crispín and San Cipriano, and finally to nursery school until the end of the 19th century, when it was declared a National Monument. It consists of a patio that is accessed from the street and that leads to a vestibule, and this to the prayer room. From the eastern side of the vestibule starts the staircase that leads to the women's gallery that connects with the prayer room through three windows decorated with multi-lobed arches. The prayer room has a square floor plan, has a coffered ceiling and reaches a height of more than 6 meters. On its eastern side is the Bima -a space reserved for reading the Torah- crowned with an arch with large lobes framed in a alfiz The western side has a small niche with a polylobed and pointed arch, where an altarpiece used to be. More photos in the album Córdoba Synagogue (Spain)
[ESP] La Sinagoga de Córdoba, situada en el barrio de la Judería, es la única en Andalucía y una de las tres que se conservan de época medieval en España. Se construyó en estilo mudéjar en el año 1315 (5075 del calendario judío) por el alarife Isaq Moheb, y se utilizó como templo hasta la expulsión de los judíos en 1492 que cambió su uso a ermita de Santa Quiteria y la casa como hospital de hidrófobos, en 1588 pasó a la hermandad de los zapateros bajo la advocación de San Crispín y San Cipriano, y por último a escuela infantil hasta finales del siglo XIX que se declaró Monumento Nacional. Consta de un patio al que se accede desde la calle y que da paso a un vestíbulo, y este a la sala de oración. Del lado oriental del vestíbulo arranca la escalera que lleva hasta la galería para las mujeres que conecta con la sala de oración mediante tres ventanales decorados con arcos polilobulados. La sala de oración es de planta cuadrada, tiene cubierta de artesonado y alcanza una altura de más de 6 metros, en su lado oriental se abre la Bimá -espacio reservado a la lectura de la Torá- coronado con arco de grandes lóbulos enmarcado en un alfiz. El lado occidental presenta un pequeño nicho con arco polilobulado y apuntado, donde estuvo un retablo. Más fotografías en el álbum Sinagoga de Córdoba (España)
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QUINTA do DOURADO e sua CAPELA de S. CRISTÓVÃO (S. Mamede de Infesta, Matosinhos) - ATUALIZADO de 24/01/2016 a 28/01/2016, graças às contribuições de Ana Coimbra, neta do Eng.º João Paes de Aguilar.
Situada na R. da Igreja Velha, tem casa nobre, casa de caseiros, jardins, capela, eira de pedra, uma cortinha de lavradio, um monumental portão de entrada com nicho vazado no tímpano a recolher o orago protetor S. Cristóvão e, no logradouro da entrada, bem próximo da capela, existe um pavilhão ladeado por 2 pedras de arma de bom lavor e, defronte dele, um amplo lago enquadrado por esculturas barrocas em granito:
o atual portão de entrada belo monumental, o amplo lago e o pavilhão ladeado por 2 pedras de arma de bom lavor são da responsabilidade do último comprador da quinta em 1954, o Eng.º João Paes de Aguilar, que fez grandes obras na quinta modificando os jardins, construindo o lago e o pavilhão e substituindo o portão de entrada pelo atual que ele mandou fazer propositadamente para valorizar e recuperar a quinta.
Da capelinha barroca, ereta sob a proteção de S. Cristóvão, e já sem a belíssima talha, foi referenciada em 1741 como 'huma capela com o seu quintal pegedo que adquirido de novo por compoziçãm que fes com os moradores da freguezia de Sam Mamede da Ermida que esta tudo cito no lugar donde estava situada a lgreya Velha da dita freguezia' (segundo o Eng.º Agostinho Boavida, em 1772, o proprietário M. Costa Santiago reconstituiu-a);
parece concluir-se, com relativa segurança, que no quintal anexo à capela a que se reporta o aludido documento de 1741 esteve implantada a antiga igreja paroquial de S. Mamede de Infesta.
Em 1849, a quinta passou a ser propriedade de BOAVENTURA DA COSTA DOURADO para mandar celebrar missas na capela de S. Cristóvão existente na quinta:
este portuense emigrou para Salvador da Bahia no Brasil antes de 1811, pois a 07/02/1811 matriculou-se na Real Junta do Commercio e já tinha a sua casa comercial situada na R. dos Caldeireiros na parte baixa da cidade de Salvador da Bahia e na qual vendia vários bens oriundos de Jersey num bergantim fazendo escala em Lisboa e comprados à 'Barroso, Martins e C.ª' de Londres com a qual tinha estabelecido relações comerciais que terminariam em 1812 (vinho engarrafado clarete, licores, açúcar refinado em pão, ferro em barras, em vergalhão e em arcos, sabão, cabos, azeite em botijas e louça e sal de Lisboa);
como ficou a dever 4 725$213 réis à empresa londrina de Domingos José Martins e seus sócios, Boaventura da Costa Dourado partiu em 1813 para o Rio de Janeiro para ver se aí resolvia os seus problemas mercantis e financeiros;
regressado entretanto a Portugal antes de 1831 com a sua mulher Ursula Joaquina (Dourado) e os seus filhos brasileiros baianos Antonio Wenceslau da Costa Dourado e Hermogenes Henrique Dourado que nasceram na freguesia de N.ª S.ª da Conceição da Praia da Cidade da Bahia no Imperio do Brazil antes de 1813, a família foi viver para a R. das Flores na freguesia da Sé do Porto e aí ele estabeleceu-se como comerciante;
a 12/09/1831, era um dos 3 'Fiscaes da Administração da casa fallida de 'Bernardo Clamouse Browne e Companhia' (irmão ? de Manoel de Clamouse Browne, nascido em 1790 e falecido em 1857, e de Maria da Felicidade do Couto Browne que nasceu no Porto a 10/01/1800, foi uma poetisa romântica conhecida por Coruja Trovadora e por Soror Dolores, privou com Camilo Castelo Branco tendo organizado célebres saraus poéticos na sua quinta no lugar do Choupello em Vila Nova de Gaia e faleceu no Porto a 8 ou 09/11/1861) pretendendo vender a um preço inferior aos das suas judiciais avaliações os armazéns sitos nos n.º 15 a 3 do lugar do Choupello em Vila Nova de Gaia (por 4 560$000 réis) e a casa dos n.º 57 e 58 da então R. Nova dos Ingleses, de acordo com o anúncio publicado nesse dia na 'Gazeta de Lisboa';
a 31/03/1835, já era membro da Direção da Associação Commercial do Porto, tal como Manoel de Clamouse Browne, presidida desde a sua fundação a 24/12/1834 por Arnaldo VanZeller;
a 12/11/1835, foi o mais coletado na Décima dos moradores na freguesia da Sé e em 1835 foi um dos 190 acionistas fundadores da Companhia de Seguros Confiança (com 6 das 1000 ações de 1000$000 réis cada uma) criada pela Associação Commercial do Porto;
fez testamento e faleceu viúvo antes de 1855 ? tendo ficado a viver na Quinta do Dourado pelo menos o seu neto solteiro Boaventura da Costa Dourado.
O brasileiro baiano HERMOGENES HENRIQUE DOURADO casou no Porto com Lucinda Emilia de Miranda (Dourado), era um dos 40 maiores contribuintes do concelho do Porto apurados em sessão publica da Câmara Municipal do Porto a 07/01/1855 e construiu em Leça da Palmeira uma casa da responsabilidade do conceituado Capitão de Engenharia Joaquim Miguel Baptista Maciel (autor do projeto para um quartel na praça da Serra do Pilar em 1856, da planta duma parte do extinto Convento de Monchique no Porto onde se projetava estabelecer um deposito de cereaes para fornecimento das tropas da 3.ª Divisão Militar em novembro de 1860 e da planta e dos perfis do terreno escolhido para se edificar o Hospital Militar permanente do Porto, entre muitos outras plantas e projetos) e do desenhador e pintor Leonel Marques Pereira (Lisboa, 1828 - Lisboa, 30/06/1892) quando exerceu na Direcção Geral de Engenharia Militar o cargo de desenhador, cuja construção foi iniciada em 1864 e para onde terá ido viver com a sua esposa.
O brasileiro baiano ANTONIO WENCESLAU DA COSTA DOURADO, a viver com seus pais na R. da Flores enquanto solteiro, casou a 11/09/1841 com LUDOVINA CANDIDA DE MIRANDA (Dourado), natural da freguesia da Sé no Porto, por Portaria do Bispo da Sé do Porto na Capela Pública de Antonio Joaquim de Miranda Guimaraens (o pai da noiva era filho de Jose de Miranda e Anna Maria de Miranda, casado com Maria Theodora do Valle Miranda que era filha de Maria Theodora do Valle e do alferes Francisco Jose Gomes Monteiro que foi eleito Eleitor Paroquial e Compromissório pela freguesia da Sé nas primeiras eleições de dezembro de 1820 para as 'autarquias locais' e as Cortes e que foi Alferes das Milícias na 2.ª Secção da 2 .ª Linha pelas topas liberais desde 13/05/1825 até pelo menos 25/07/1833);
continuando a viver na R. das Flores, tiveram aí os seus filhos Maria da Costa Dourado, Boaventura da Costa Dourado, Dúlla da Costa Dourado, Helena Maria da Costa Dourado, Sophia Maria Dourado e Antonio Wenceslau da Costa Dourado Junior;
MARIA da Costa Dourado nasceu na R das Flores a 10/07/1842 e foi batizada a 18/08/1842 na Sé Cathedral do Porto pelo padre Abbade da Sé Jose Vicente Teixeira tendo sido seus padrinhos o seu avô paterno Boaventura da Costa Dourado e o seu avô materno Antonio Joaquim de Miranda Guimaraens representado, por procuração por si passada, pelo tio tio da batizanda e proprietário Manoel Joaquim de Araujo e Costa;
BOAVENTURA da Costa Dourado nasceu na R. da Flores a 11/07/1844, foi batizado a 31/08/1844 na Sé Cathedral do Porto pelo padre Abbade da Sé Jose Vicente Teixeira tendo sido seus padrinhos o seu avô paterno Boaventura da Costa Dourado e Emilia Arminda de Miranda representada, por procuração passada por si passada, pelo tio da batizanda e propietário Manoel Joaquim de Araujo e Costa, e faleceu solteiro na Quinta do Dourado a 29/01/1920;
DÚLLA da Costa Dourado nasceu na R. da Flores a 18/04/1847 e foi batizada a 29/05/1847 na Sé Cathedral do Porto pelo padre Abbade da Sé Jose Vicente Teixeira tendo sido seus padrinhos o seu avô paterno Boaventura da Costa Dourado e assistiu como madrinha o seu tio e proprietário Manoel Joaquim de Araujo e Costa morador na R. das Flores e que, em 1857, foi um dos numerosos fundadores (proprietários, futuros titulares, homens do governo da cidade e diversos estrangeiros, nomeadamente ingleses) de 'O Club Portuense' tendo vindo a falecer a 02/02/1901 e o seu testamento foi aberto a 03/02/1901;
HELENA MARIA da Costa Dourado nasceu na R. da Flores a 07/05/1848, foi batizada a 14/06/1848 na Sé Cathedral do Porto pelo padre Abbade da Sé Jose Vicente Teixeira tendo sido seus padrinhos o seu avô paterno Boaventura da Costa Dourado e Lucinda Emilia de Miranda (Dourado) representada, por procuração por si passada, pelo seu marido e tio paterno da batizanda Hermogenes Henrique Dourado, e casou a 20/02/1868 na Capella do Relogio de Santa Rita (vulgo, dos Grillos), situada na casa do pai do noivo (o Conselheiro Doutor Adrião Pereira Forjaz de Sampaio, Lente cathedratico da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra nascido a 10/02/1810, falecido a 11/09/1874 na Figueira da Foz e casado com Leonarda Teresa Leite Ribeiro Freire nascida em 1824 e falecida em 1899 em Coimbra) da freguesia de São Chtristovão da Cidade de Coimbra, com Diogo Pereira de Sampaio Forjaz (nascido nesta freguesia a 21/10/1846 e falecido a 15/03/1927) tendo sido testemunhas Jose Maria Pereira Forjaz de Sampaio (tio paterno do noivo e Desembargador da Relação de Lisboa), Hermogenes Henrique Dourado (tio paterno da noiva) e sua mulher Lucinda Emilia de Miranda (Dourado), e Guilhermina Amalia Leite Ribeiro Freire (tia materna do noivo, nascida em 1821 e casada com Manuel dos Santos Pereira Jardim nascido em Coimbra em 1818 e aí falecido em 1887);
SOPHIA MARIA Dourado (da Cunha Velho Sotto Mayor) nasceu na R das Flores, já vivia na Quinta do Dourado em S. Mamede de Infesta quando casou a 23/10/1877 na Igreja Parochial de São Martinho de Dume em Braga com Alberto da Cunha Velho Sotto Mayor que nasceu a 26/02/1851 no lugar da Ordem em Barcelos na casa dos barões da Retorta, o brasileiro Domingos Miguel da Cunha Velho Sotto Mayor de Azevedo e Melo Tavora de Albergaria e Castro (Sacramento da Sé, Rio de Janeiro, 12/04/1806 - Casa da Ordem, S. Martinho de Dume, Braga, 28/10/1877) e Anna Emilia da Costa e Almeida Ferraz (Barcelinhos, Barcelos, 20/05/1816 - Braga, 19/06/1888) de quem teve 10 filhos, tendo sido o Arnaldo o 14.º dos seus 17 filhos e tendo falecido em Ponte da Barca (um desses filhos foi Boaventura Dourado da Cunha Sotto Mayor que casou com Maria de Assunção Mesquita (Dourado da Cunha Sotto Mayor) de quem teve geração no Porto, no Brasil e em Paris, e faleceu em S. Mamede Infesta depois de ter vendido parte da Quinta do Dourado;
ANTONIO WENCESLAU da Costa Dourado JUNIOR nasceu na R. das Flores a 08/09/1849, foi batizado a 15/10/1849 na Sé Cathedral do Porto pelo padre Abbade da Sé Jose Vicente Teixeira tendo sido seus padrinhos o seu avô paterno Boaventura da Costa Dourado e o seu tio Manoel Joaquim de Araujo e Costa representado pela sua mulher Emilia ? de Araujo e Costa, casou às 16:30 de 28/11/1874 na Igreja parochial de N.ª S.ª da Vitória no Porto com GRACINDA DA GLORIA DE FONTES (Dourado) que nasceu a 06/04/1851 na Travessa da Fabrica da freguesia da Vitoria, foi batizada a 20/06/1851 na Igreja de N.ª S.ª da Vitoria e era filha dos lavradores Manoel de Fontes (natural de Ponte de Lima, filho de Caetano de Fontes natural da freguesia de Lobão e de Maria da Roza natural da freguesia de Santa Marinha no concelho de Ribeira de Pena no Arcebispado de Braga) e de Maria da Gloria Fontes (natural de Lordello do Ouro no Porto, filha de Francisco Jose Antunes natural de São Vicente de Campos e de Maria Ermelinda de Barros Antunes natural da freguesia da Vitoria no Porto), faleceu em Cedofeita a 30/09/1904 e ambos tiveram vários filhos na freguesia de S. Martinho de Cedofeita para onde foram viver (Antonio Wenceslau Fontes Dourado nascido em 1877 e falecido a 18/11/1888, Helena de Fontes Dourado nascida a 31/12/1879, Affonso Henriques da Costa Dourado nascido a 05/05/1881, Boaventura António de Fontes Dourado que nasceu a 02/12/1883 e frequentou no anno lectivo de 1902/1903 a Academia Polytechnica do Porto, Maria da Natividade de Fontes Dourado nascida a 06/11/1890 e João Miguel de Fontes Dourado cuja filha Helena da Glória Gouveia de Fontes Dourado nasceu em 1917 e casou com Jose Antonio de Oliveira Braga nascido em 1896).
Com a morte do solteiro Boaventura da Costa Dourado a 29/01/1920, foram herdeiros da quinta os seus 4 irmãos e os descendentes de uma das irmãs já falecida:
a quinta foi desmembrada em 2 por partilhas, a quinta principal (Quinta do Dourado) e a Quinta do Albuquerque composta por casas para caseiros, grande terreno a lavradio, engenho de tirar água para rega e 2 tanques;
depois de várias e atribuladas sucessões, foi a Quinta do Albuquerque vendida em 13/10/1950, a Maria Amelia de Magalhães e Lencastre (S. Lazaro, Porto, 19/041896 - Porto, 04/01/1954) e seu marido Luis de Faria Lencastre (Ariz, Marco de Canavezes, 06/12/1887 - Antas, Porto, 02/06/1951) casados a 18/11/1914 em Vila Boa do Bispo no concelho de Marco de Canaveses, por Boaventura da Costa Dourado Sottomayor (filho de Alberto da Cunha Velho Sotto Mayor e Sophia Maria Dourado, um dos muitos sobrinhos do solteiro Boaventura da Costa Dourado) e sua mulher Maria de Assunção Mesquita;
por morte da viúva Maria Amelia de Magalhães e Lencastre a 04/01/1954, foram herdeiros os seus 7 filhos, estando a viver na quinta o seu filho António de Faria Lencastre (Vila Boa do Bispo, Marco de Canaveses, 18/09/1917 - Foz do Douro, Porto, 24/04/1976) e a sua mulher D. Maria Elisabete de Oliveira Lobo d' Ávila (23/05/1919 - ?) casados a 02/04/1945 na Foz do Douro e sepultados em jazigo de família no Cemitério do Prado deixando 7 filhos ainda todos vivos.
Em 1954, por causa das partilhas entre Antonio de Faria Lencastre e os seus irmãos após a morte da mãe a 04/01/1954, foi decidido a venda da quinta:
assim, a Quinta do Albuquerque voltou a unir-se ao núcleo fundamental da Quinta do Dourado, por compra de ambas pelo Eng.º Eletrotécnico João Paes de Aguilar.
JOÃO PAES DE AGUILAR nasceu entre agosto de 1900 e janeiro de 1901 em S. João da Pesqueira, apenas porque o seu pai era então Juiz de Direito no Tribunal de S. João da Pesqueira, era irmão de Maria Augusta de Lacerda Leitão de Aguilar que comprou a Casa Nobre ou Casa dos Navegantes na R. de Sobreiras em Lordelo do Ouro no Porto e eram ambos filhos de Jose Maria da Fonseca Saraiva d' Aguilar (Cabeça de Mouro, Torre de Moncorvo, Bragança, ? - R. do Moreira, n.º 255, Bonfim, 28/11/1926) e de Maria Lacerda Leitão (de Aguilar) casados em dezembro de 1899 (filho de Jose Maria Saraiva d' Aguilar e irmão de Frederico Saraiva d' Aguilar, de Ayres Augusto Saraiva d' Aguilar e do médico Arthur Maximo Saraiva d' Aguilar, o pai de João Paes de Aguilar matriculou-se a 02/10/1879 no curso de Direito da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra onde concluiu o Bacharelato em Direito de 5 anos em 1884 tendo aí residido no n.º 18 do Largo do Hospital quando frequentou o 1.º ano no ano letivo de 1879/80, no n.º 23 do Bêeco dos Militares quando frequentou os 2.º e 3.º anos nos anos letivos de 1880/81 e 1881/82 e no n.º 5 dos Arcos do Jardim quando frequentou os 4.º e 5.º anos nos anos letivos de 1882/83 e 1883/84, o rei D. Carlos I transferiu-o por carta de 21/11/1893 para ser o Delegado do Procurador Régio na Comarca de S. João da Pesqueira até janeiro de 1901, foi nomeado a 04/01/1901 Juiz de Direito da Comarca da Ilha das Flores nos Açores pelo rei D. Carlos I (nomeação escrita a 21/01/1901 no Livro de Mercês do rei), era Juiz de Direito na Comarca de Felgueiras em 1911 tendo estado de licença, concedida a 24/08/1911, entre 23/09/1911 e 21/10/1911 e fez testamento cerrado a 20/04/1922, 4 anos e meio antes de falecer, e aberto a 08/12/1926);
João Paes de Aguilar era em 1924 aluno do Eng.º Civil Luís Couto dos Santos (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 01/03/1872 - Porto, 31/01/1938), professor ordinário da 3.ª secção (a de Mecânica e Eletrotecnia) na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto desde maio de 1919 lecionando então as aulas da 25.ª cadeira (Medidas Elétricas);
entre 1934 e 1937, ele foi Eng.º Vogal do Conselho Superior de Obras Públicas (CSOP) na 2.ª Subsecção (Telecomunicações) da Secção de Eletricidade, conselho este criado na 1.ª quinzena de janeiro de 1934 por Despacho ao abrigo de um Decreto do Governo de 23/12/1933;
João Paes de Aguilar CASOU depois de 1937 a um 13 de abril com Branca Alice Ferreira Braga (de Aguilar), nascida a 30/04/1909, viúva de Armando Duarte Dias (com quem esteve casada entre 1929 e 1937, ano em que o seu 1.º marido faleceu vítima de tuberculose que o tinha atacado 7 anos antes), falecida a 14/02/2005 e neta materna de Narciso Ferreira (Pedome, Famalicão, 07/07/1862 - 23/03/1933) que era filho dos pequenos lavradores Antonio Ferreira (natural de Pedome e filho de Custodio Ferreira natural de Sam Clemente de Sande e Anna de Abreu Marques natural de Santa Maria de Oliveira) e Maria Dias de Sampaio falecida por volta de 1890 (natural de Riba d' Ave e filha de Domingos Jose Dias de Sampaio natural de Pedome e Francisca Rosa da Silva Pacheco natural de Riba d' Ave), foi o grande fundador da indústria têxtil em Portugal (depois da aprendizagem em oficina manual de tecelão aos 19 anos cerca de 1881 com 2 teares manuais na sua casa de Pedome vendendo os seus tecidos de algodão nas feiras vizinhas e no Porto onde arranjou clientes certos para o sustento da mãe e dos irmãos devido à morte prematura do seu pai, e depois de ter casado a 19/01/1882 em Riba d' Ave com Eva Rosa de Oliveira (filha de Zeferino Jose Pereira e Anna Joaquina de Oliveira naturais de Riba d' Ave, nascida a 14/01/1861 e falecida a 01/01/1913), procedeu aqui por volta de 1890 à instalação duma oficina têxtil com teares mecânicos junto ao curso do rio Ave onde estabeleceu uma queda de água, a qual chegou a atingir 19 teares mecânicos e onde ele se especializou nos 'riscados fortes' que lhe deram fama e proveito e que ele continuou a produzir e a potenciar com o seu desenvolvimento empresarial ao ter conseguido sociedade em 1894 junto dos negociantes e capitalistas do Porto Manuel J. Oliveira, José Augusto Dias, Eng.º Ortigão Sampaio e J. Fernandes Machado legalizando a situação em 1896 com a criação da empresa 'Sampaio, Ferreira & C.ª' cujo crescimento deu origem ao maior empreendimento têxtil que existia em Portugal na 2.ª metade do século XIX, não se limitando a adquirir riqueza, mas preocupando-se imenso também com os aspetos da solidariedade e da amizade já que mandou construir em Riba d' Ave 5 bairros para operários, 1 creche e 1 quartel para a Guarda Nacional, escolas em várias localidades e o Hospital de Riba d’ Ave) e foi o responsável pelo início do abastecimento de energia elétrica ao Norte de Portugal (criou em 1907 a 'Companhia Hidro-Eléctrica do Varosa' nas cercanias de Lamego, a qual começou a produzir energia 2 anos depois), teve 10 filhos (2 que morreram crianças, Delfim de Oliveira Ferreira nascido na freguesia de Riba d' Ave a 13/12/1888 e agraciado com a Grã-Cruz da Ordem de Mérito Industrial em 1951, a Ordem Militar de Cristo, o Grande Oficialato da Ordem de Mérito Industrial e a Medalha de Ouro Municipal de Vila do Conde tendo falecido a 24/09/1960 na sua Quinta de Serralves no Porto adquirida a Carlos Alberto Cabral, 2.º Conde de Vizela e à sua esposa Blache Daubin em 1957 e onde a sua esposa e violinista Sílvia Gomes continuou a viver até à sua morte em fevereiro de 1982 deixando órfãos os seus filhos Maria Alice, Sílvia, Maria de Lurdes e Delfim Alexandre, Alfredo de Oliveira Ferreira nascido a 09/11/1889 e casado com Maria Amélia da Costa tendo falecido em Riba d' Ave a 12/12/1958, Raul de Oliveira Ferreira que nasceu a 14/03/1895 e casou com Maria da Gloria Gomes de Matos Ribeiro tendo sido Comendador e falecido a 09/05/1974, Jose de Oliveira Ferreira nascido a 14/12/1887 e casado com Maria Candida Nogueira Gonçalves tendo falecido em Riba d' Ave a 13/11/1922, Joaquim Ferreira nascido a 04/02/1893 e casado com Ermelinda Alice da Costa Guimarães, Manoel Carlos de Oliveira Ferreira casado com Maria Margarida Mesquita Guimarães de Brito e falecido a 02/02/1935, Maria Luciana de Oliveira Ferreira casada com Arnaldo Gonçalves e Rita Rosa de Oliveira Ferreira casada com Antonio Manoel Ferreira Braga natural de Chaves, os pais da esposa de João Pais de Aguilar que tiveram 5 filhos tendo um deles falecido aos 5 anos com tifo) e foi galardoado pelo Governo com a Grã-Cruz da Ordem de Mérito Industrial e com a Grã-Cruz da Ordem de Benemerência;
João Paes de Aguilar foi destacado pelo governo para dirigir as obras de construção da barragem da Chicamba Real (uma das gargantas do rio Revué em Moçambique) a partir dos projetos elaborados pelo Gabinete de Estudos da 'Sociedade Hidro-Eléctrica do Revué, SARL' criada pelo Decreto n.º 35744 de 10/07/1946 (a barragem situa-se cerca de 30 Km a oeste de Chimoio no planalto de Manica e foi inaugurada como Barragem Oliveira Salazar a 20/06/1959);
ainda em 2008, existia em Maputo (antiga Lourenço Marques) uma rua com o seu nome;
João Paes de Aguilar foi primo direito do médico e político Artur Máximo Saraiva de Aguilar (Seixas do Douro, Vila Nova de Foz Coa, Guarda, 22/11/1910 - ?), de Aires Máximo Saraiva de Aguilar e do advogado e escritor José Maria Saraiva de Aguilar (Seixas do Douro, Vila Nova de Foz Coa, Guarda, 23/07/1913 - Vila Real, 11/03/1981) que casou com Augusta Magalhães de Aguilar (Santa Marta de Penaguião, Vila Real, 02/08/1907 - Vila Real, 07/02/2002), filhos de de Anna Joaquina Pego e do seu tio paterno e médico Arthur Maximo Saraiva d' Aguilar formado em 1902 na Escola Médico-Cirúrgica do Porto com a sua dissertação inaugural 'Alimentação na Febre Typhoide (breve estudo)' orientada pelo Dr. Candido Pinho.
Há uns anos atrás, na antiga Quinta do Albuquerque, esteve em exploração um horto, sendo que a casa grande da Quinta do Dourado era utilizada para banquetes, casamentos e outras receções:
atualmente, a casa está habitada por uma família herdeira de João Pais de Aguilar e já não desenvolve atividades para o exterior.
Ng Eng Teng's sculpture "Mother and Child" at Tampines Park. I am very happy to find out that it will be relocated to National Gallery in 2019.
www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/ng-eng-tengs-iconic-m...
An Eng woman from Ban Lu village spinning yarn on a bamboo spindle.
On Facebook at www.facebook.com/RemoteAsiaPhoto. More on my website www.remoteasiaphoto.com.
[Eng bellow] Lũng Cú là một xã nằm trên đỉnh cao nguyên Đồng Văn, cách trung tâm huyện Đồng Văn 24 km về phía bắc, cách thành phố Hà Giang khoảng 200 km, là điểm cực bắc của Việt Nam.
Có ý kiến cho rằng tên gọi đúng của Lũng Cú là Long Cổ (nghĩa là trống có hình rồng) hoặc Long Cư (nơi rồng ở).
Cột cờ Lũng Cú nằm trên đỉnh Lũng Cú có độ cao khoảng 1.470 m so với mực nước biển. Cột cờ Lũng Cú đặt ở nơi Đài vọng cảnh cực Bắc Việt Nam, cách cực Bắc Việt Nam khoảng 3,3 km theo đường thẳng. Từ trên đỉnh cột cờ nhìn xuống đất có 2 ao nước hai bên núi quanh năm không bao giờ cạn nước được gọi là mắt rồng, là nguồn nước cho người dân tộc hai bản sử dụng. Cột cờ cách huyện lỵ Đồng Văn 24 km, cách thành phố Hà Giang 154 km.
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Lũng Cú is a commune located on the top of Đồng Văn plateau, 24 km north of Đồng Văn district center, about 200 km from Hà Giang city, the northernmost point of Vietnam.
There is an opinion that the correct name of Lũng Cú is Long Cổ (meaning dragon-shaped drum) or Long Cư (where dragons live).
Lũng Cú flagpole is located on the top of Lũng Cú with an altitude of about 1,470 m above sea level. Lũng Cú flagpole is located at the place where the northernmost observatory in Vietnam is located, about 3.3 km from the northern pole of Vietnam in a straight line. From the top of the flagpole, looking down at the ground, there are 2 ponds on both sides of the mountain that never run out of water all year round, called dragon's eye, which is a source of water for ethnic minorities in the two villages to use. The flagpole is 24 km from Đồng Văn district town, 154 km from Hà Giang city.
(Wikipedia)
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[ENG] Lisbon's picturesque Historic Trams are part of the city's public transport network. The Portuguese call him the «elétrico». They run through the narrow streets of the most typical neighborhoods of Lisbon, where access for a bus would be impossible. They were inaugurated in 1901, they took advantage of the infrastructure of the "American cars" drawn by horses, and the network expanded until 1957. At present, 45 "renovated historic" and 8 "light historical" (or tourist) circulate through a network of 31 km of 900 mm wide (in addition to 10 “articulated”). Race 28E is the most requested by tourists. More photos in the album Lisbon, Portugal.
[ESP] Los pintorescos Tranvías históricos de Lisboa forman parte de la red pública de transporte de la ciudad. Los portugueses le llaman el «eléctrico». Discurren por las calles estrechas de los barrios más típicos de Lisboa, donde sería imposible el acceso para un autobús. Se inauguraron en 1901, aprovecharon la infraestructura de los «coches americanos» tirados por caballos, y la red se expandió hasta 1957. En la actualidad circulan 45 “históricos renovados” y 8 “históricos ligeros” (o turísticos) por una red de 31 Km de 900 mm de anchura (además de 10 “articulados”). La carrera 28E es la más solicitada por los turistas. Más fotografías en el álbum Lisboa, Portugal.
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North gate - Portada norte
[ENG] The north door, dated about 1170, It constitutes the habitual entry and it is formed by a round with arch multiple lobes and three widened archivolts.
More photos in the album Toro Collegiate Church, Zamora Spain
[Esp] La portada norte, fechada hacia 1170, constituye la entrada habitual y está formada por un arco de medio punto polibulado y tres arquivoltas abocinadas. El arco polibulado apoya directamente en las jambas, mientras que las arquivoltas lo hacen sobre un grupo formado por tres columnas cada una de ellas. La decoración de los capiteles abarca la temática vegetal, aves, dos centauros hostigados por lanceros a caballo (lucha entre el bien y el mal), la Anunciación y la Visitación. Los fustes y basas que sirven de sustentación a estos grupos son productos de una restauración sufrida en 1932.
En el intradós del arco polibulado encontramos una serie de angelitos, algunos de ellos con cartelas. En la parte frontal de la rosca hojas pentafolias con las puntas entorchadas, pero sin completar el total de la rosca. Las jambas en que se apoya el arco son lisas.
La primera arquivolta la forman catorce ángeles turiferarios (portadores de incienso), llevan túnicas y sus cabezas están nimbadas. Miran hacia el lugar donde se encuentra la clave central del arco, pues en ella encontramos a Cristo Salvador que en posición frontal bendice a los que se acercan al templo.
La segunda arquivolta se resuelve a base de decoración de tipo vegetal y adornos de bolas.
En la tercera arquivolta encontramos en la clave central nuevamente a Cristo como Juez. Sentado porta el libro en una de sus manos mientras que con la otra bendice. A ambos lados San Juan y la Virgen María. En el resto de la arquivolta los veinticuatro ancianos del Apocalipsis con coronas e instrumentos musicales.
Rodea toda la portada un guardapolvos con decoración geométrica. (www.jdiezarnal.com)
Más fotografías en el álbum Colegiata de Toro, Zamora España
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[ENG]
Another shot from CHRONODUEL #01, at Carrù. Nothing outstanding, just a simple geomethrical composition with a good texture...
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[ITA]
Questo scatto è un'appendice al CRONODUELLO 01, fatto al castello di Carrù. Niente di chè, una semplice composizione geometrica con una buona texture...
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ENG - In our new exploration We visited an ABANDONED HOTEL and we found a MAN in a BED !!! Unite us, Subscribe to the channel. youtu.be/gKXKiHVWtLw
ES - Buenos días, en nuestra nueva exploración Visitamos un HOTEL ABANDONADO y ENCONTRAMOS un HOMBRE en una CAMA !!! Únete a nosotros, Suscríbete al canal. youtu.be/gKXKiHVWtLw
Den Samstag mussten beide Mädchen einmal mehr sehr streng bekleidet verbringen. Sie trugen Kleider, die wir letztens von der Schneiderin abgeholt hatten und die schon die neuen, sehr festen und eng anliegenden Krägen aufweisen. Damit beide Kleider auch als disziplinierende Maßnahme als Schulkleidung einsetzbar sein sollen, sollen die Mädchen durch einen Knopfverschluß, der sich ausnahmsweise vorne befindet, in die Lage versetzt werden, ihre Kleidung, z.B. für den Sportunterricht, selbständig ablegen zu können, damit die Mutter jederzeit diese Kleider zur Schule anordnen kann. Natürlich ist trotzdem der Kragen immer zugeknöpft zu tragen, woran sich an diesem Samstag schon einmal gewöhnt werden sollte. Bei Franzis Zweiteiler aus Bluse und Trägerkleid liegt der Kragenknopf des extrem eng und fest sitzenden Rüschen- Bubikragens zudem fast unter dem obersten Knopf des Kleides, so dass sie schon biede Knöpfe öffnen müsste, um sich mehr Bequemlichkeit am Hals zu verschaffen, was sie aber aus Angst vor anderen disziplinieren Maßnahmen ihrer Mutter tunlichst unterlassen wird.
[ENG] The Granada Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Incarnation, shows impressive fronts and a magnificent interior with a grand altarpiece, several chapels and a sepulchral chamber in that the tombs of the Catholic Monarchs are situated. His construction began in 1523 in the place where the former Major Mosque had been placed under the direction of the architect Enrique Egas who conceived the temple in Gothic style, though his work remained limited to the foundation. In 1529 Diego de Siloé took charge of the works following his project of Renaissance lines, with ambulatory and five naves (instead of the three habitual ones) and it remained concluded in 1563. The main facade was undertaken in 1664 by Alonso Cano, in which Baroque elements were introduced. In 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo and later his collaborator José Bada they constructed the current tabernacle of the cathedral. Only there got up a tower of three bodies instead of the two of six bodies projected. The lateral naves are closed in numerous chapels of different epochs and styles.
[ESP] La Catedral de Granada, o Catedral de la Anunciación, muestra impresionantes fachadas y un magnifico interior con un grandioso retablo, varias capillas y una cámara sepulcral en la que se hallan las tumbas de los Reyes Católicos. Su construcción se inició en 1523 en el lugar donde había estado situada la antigua Mezquita Mayor bajo la dirección del arquitecto Enrique Egas que concibió el templo en estilo gótico florido, aunque su trabajo quedó circunscrito a la cimentación. En 1529 Diego de Siloé se encargó de las obras siguiendo su proyecto de líneas renacentistas, con girola y cinco naves (en lugar de las tres habituales) y quedó concluido en 1563. La fachada principal fue emprendida por Alonso Cano en 1664, en la que se introdujeron elementos barrocos. En 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo y posteriormente su colaborador José Bada construyeron el actual sagrario de la catedral. Sólo se levantó una torre de tres cuerpos en lugar de las dos de seis cuerpos proyectadas. Las naves laterales se cierran en numerosas capillas de diferentes épocas y estilos.
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[ENG] The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordova is one of the most unique monuments in the world. The Islamic architecture, with Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine echoes, merges with the Christian one of the most beautiful expressions. The greatness of its history begins in the 6th century with a Visigoth basilica, overflowing in the Caliphate splendor, and culminates with Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque art. It was declared a National Monument in 1882, a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1984, and an Exceptional Universal Value Well in 2014. More photos in the album Mosque-Cathedral of Cordova
[ESP] El patio de los naranjos es el antiguo patio de abluciones musulmán. Su imagen actual se debe a la intervención del obispo Francisco Reinoso que dispuso las hileras de naranjos como continuación de las columnas del patio de oración.
La Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba es uno de los monumentos más singulares del mundo. La arquitectura islámica , con ecos helenísticos, romanos y bizantinos, se funde con la cristiana en una de las expresiones más bellas. La grandeza de su historia se inicia en el siglo VI con una basílica visigoda, se desborda en el esplendor califal, y culmina con el arte gótico, renacentista y barroco. Declarado Monumento Nacional en 1882, Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 1984, y Bien de Valor Universal Excepcional en 2014. Más fotografías en el álbum Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba
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Thursday, 26 July 2018
57605 crosses the Liskeard Viaduct on approach to the station with 1C99 23:45 Great Western Railway Night Riviera sleeper train from London Paddington to Penzance.
© Finbarr O'Neill
[ENG] The citadel of the Alhambra, located on the hill of al-Sabika, in Granada (Spain), is one of the most important architectural complexes of the Middle Ages and the greatest exponent of Islamic art in the West. Its history begins in the ninth century with military purposes, it was gradually expanding and in the thirteenth century, with the arrival of the first Nasrid monarch Mohamed ben Al-Hamar, the construction of the palaces that marked his time of greatest splendor began. The Alhambra was officially declared a World Heritage Site in 1984. Other pictures in Nasrid palaces album.
[ESP] La Sala de la Barca se sitúa en el interior de la Torre de Comares, tras la Galería norte, tiene forma rectangular (24 x 4,35 m), y fue ampliada por Mohamed V. Se cubre con una bóveda de madera semicilíndrica con extremos de cuarto de esfera adornada con ruedas de 12 segmentos y de 8 puntos intercaladas, reproducción acertada de la anterior destruida en el incendio de 1890. Los muros se protegen con un zócalo de alicatado y lucen ricas yeserías con el escudo nazarí en el que se puede leer “Bendición” y el lema de la dinastía “Sólo Dios es vencedor”. En ambos extremos, tras un arco de medio punto que apoya sobre columnas, se sitúa una alcoba también resguardadas con zócalo, con puerta de acceso al retrete en la situada al oeste. Su denominación puede derivar de la forma de su bóveda semejante al casco de un barco, o de la palabra árabe al-baraka (la bendición) que se repite en sus muros.
La ciudadela de la Alhambra, asentada sobre el Cerro de al-Sabika, en Granada (España), es uno de los complejos arquitectónicos más importantes de la Edad Media y máximo exponente del arte islámico en Occidente. Su historia comienza en el siglo IX con propósitos militares, fue paulatinamente ampliándose y en el siglo XIII, con la llegada del primer monarca nazarí Mohamed ben Al-Hamar, se inició la construcción de los palacios que marcaron su época de mayor esplendor. Tras la conquista de Granada por los Reyes Católicos en el siglo XV se hicieron reformas y Carlos V inició la construcción del palacio que lleva su nombre. En el siglo XVIII quedó abandonada. Durante la dominación francesa parte de la fortaleza fue volada, y hasta el siglo XIX no comenzó su reparación y restauración, que aún se mantiene. Más fotografías en el álbum Alhambra. Palacios nazaríes
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[ENG] The monument known as Cristo de la Luz Mosque it was initially Bab Bab al-Mardum mosque (arab: مسجد باب المردوم), and it is the best preserved one of the ten that managed to have Toledo. In Moslem epoch it was a small oratory tied to a door of access to the city (Bab to the-Mardum) for use of the newcomers and for the preparation to the exit. It was constructed in the year 999, in the epoch of brilliance of the Caliphate of Cordova. In the 12th century, after the Christian conquest of the city, Alfonso VI yielded the building to the Caballeros de la Orden San Juan and was added a section covered by a barrel vault and an apse by vault of oven, that constitute the most ancient sample of Mudejar art of which we have witness. It is interesting to emphasize the fresh air of the XIIIth century preserved (pantocrátor, tetramorfos, saints and a clergyman with a mace), and the inscriptions of Arabic characters lacking in meaning, since it was a type of decoration of the epoch. (Wikipedia's extract).
[ESP] El monumento conocido como Mezquita del Cristo de la Luz fue inicialmente la mezquita de Bab al-Mardum (árabe: مسجد باب المردوم), y es la mejor conservada de las diez que llegó a tener Toledo. En época musulmana era un pequeño oratorio ligado a una puerta de acceso a la ciudad (Bab al-Mardum) para uso de los recién llegados y para la preparación a la salida. Fue construida en el año 999, en la época de esplendor del Califato de Córdoba. En el siglo XII, tras la conquista cristiana de la ciudad, Alfonso VI cedió el edificio a los caballeros de la orden de San Juan y se añadió un tramo cubierto por una bóveda de cañón y un ábside con bóveda de horno, que constituyen la muestra más antigua de arte mudéjar de que tenemos constancia. Es interesante destacar los frescos del siglo XIII conservados (pantocrátor, tetramorfos, santos y un clérigo con una maza), y las inscripciones de caracteres cúficas carentes de significado, ya que era un tipo de decoración de la época. (Extracto de Wikipedia).
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[ENG]
Today come with me on the shore of the great Columbia River. It's an enormous river that flows on the border between Oregon and Washington. You can follow this river for hundreds miles on Interstate 84, enjoying outstanding landscapes all around.
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[ITA]
Oggi vi porto sulle rive di un altro grande fiume americano, il maestoso Columbia River.
Questo immenso corso d'acqua segna il confine tra l'Oregon e lo stato di Washington, ed è possibile costeggiarlo per centinaia di miglia sulla Interstate 84, che qui prende appunto il nome di Columbia River Highway.
I paesaggi che si attraversano sono incredibili!
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OX68 ENG. Each of these 68 Streetdecks have a career theme and the registration reflects that...Botley Rd...Sep 29 2018.
For the half-marathon (21.1 km) results, here are the local (Ottawa & area) participants -- sorted by cities and first name -- in the September 18, 2011, Canada Army Run held in Ottawa, Ontario. There were 6,397 runners in the 21.1 km race, an increase of about 900 runners compared to 2010. Thank-you to Sportstats.
Click here and enter the bib numbers (see below) for the full individual race results.
Lists of local half-marathon race participants:
Part A. Ottawa, A-L (Click here.)
Part B. Ottawa, M-Z (Click here.)
Part C. Other Communities (Acton to Magog) (see below.)
Part D. Other Communities (Maitland to Woodlawn) (Click here.)
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Part C. (bib no., name, Alexandria - Magog)
1635….Cathy Maclean….Alexandria
2914….Rebecca Howes….Alexandria
4811….Sue Duval….Alexandria
3610….Terry Koronewski….Alexandria
2518….Marc Pominville….Alfred
830….Andrea Bird….Almonte
7446….Bob Mosher….Almonte
6179….Curtis Azulay….Almonte
1756….Dale Joynt….Almonte
6704….Daphne Lainson….Almonte
7476….Diana Laing….Almonte
6206….Elaine Azulay….Almonte
6845….Jason Lainson….Almonte
3490….Jenny Sheffield….Almonte
5988….Karen Stillman….Almonte
7525….Linda Berkloo….Almonte
2558….Mark Blaskie….Almonte
2710….Michelle Kay….Almonte
4631….Patricia Fuller….Almonte
493….Sandy Solowjew….Almonte
3080….Sherry Burke….Almonte
290….Simon Shearman….Almonte
4773….Sonja Schmidt….Almonte
3177….Tara Deitner….Almonte
3775….Amanda Lushman….Arnprior
6685….Connie Palubiskie….Arnprior
3553….Emily Sheffield….Arnprior
2151….Jane Rae Dowd….Arnprior
208….Jean-Francois Mahe….Arnprior
2242….Jesse Knockleby….Arnprior
4357….Karen Elliott….Arnprior
4399….Kevin Greening….Arnprior
5635….Lori Birmingham….Arnprior
850….Melissa Needham….Arnprior
870….Mike Poirier….Arnprior
4649….Peter How….Arnprior
3065….Sharon Priestman….Arnprior
5905….Tara Beselaere….Arnprior
979….Trish Heffernan….Arnprior
4889….Walt Lushman….Arnprior
7415….Avril Van Aert….Ashton
1905….Earendil Underwood….Ashton
2520….Marc O'ray….Ashton
2566….Mark Peterkins….Ashton
7165….Nicholas Saray….Ashton
1222….Peter Cottreau….Ashton
4680….Rob Walker….Ashton
5541….Julie Mccarthy….Athens
7231….Rod Clow….Athens
3632….Terri Gray….Athens
3923….Chantal Lacasse….Aylmer
1794….Darren Maccallum….Aylmer
1888….Douglas Mclean….Aylmer
5098….Erin Kingdom….Aylmer
52….John Lemieux….Aylmer
2325….Judith Lambert….Aylmer
4360….Karine Martin….Aylmer
707….Luc Lacombe….Aylmer
2759….Natalie Brun Del Re….Aylmer
257….Paul Lamoureux….Aylmer
3156….Susie Paquette….Aylmer
6471….Tijana Tanasijevic-Pavlica….Aylmer
2009….Genevieve Boudreault….Aymer
1628….Catherine Brunet….Barry's Bay
1428….Alison Seely….Beachburg
4890….Wanda Gagnon….Beachburg
7534….Lynn Lebeau….Bourget
6016….Pierre Lacasse….Bourget
7205….Raymond Lalande….Bourget
3814….Anita Jardine….Brockville
177….Corey Mcsween….Brockville
5054….Dianne Dillon-Samson….Brockville
4563….Michael Mcmahon….Brockville
852….Murray Regush….Brockville
2921….Rhonda Mcnish….Brockville
5838….Sandra Ryan….Brockville
7677….Steve Plotz….Brockville
3236….Trevor Macfarlane….Brockville
2137….James Lavallie….Bryson
6684….Connie Matthews….Calabogie
6020….Alex Mcdermott….Cantley
3799….Andr E East….Cantley
16273….Camille Flipot….Cantley
3493….Carol Jr Groulx….Cantley
1642….Charles Francoeur….Cantley
1714….Claude Desrochers….Cantley
6171….Claude Rochon….Cantley
1814….David Blais….Cantley
4160….Glen Newton….Cantley
600….Guy Beaulieu….Cantley
6270….Joanie Benoit-Desrochers….Cantley
2334….Julie Gauthier….Cantley
4485….Marc-Andre Paris-Cloutier….Cantley
3619….Marie-Claude C T….cantley
2544….Marie-Eve Morel….Cantley
2561….Mark Avon….Cantley
7196….Pierre-Yves Authier….Cantley
16263….Sylvie Rioux….Cantley
3117….Stephen Bygott….Cardinal
3783….Amelia Kiteley….Carleton Place
3816….Ann Cowan….Carleton Place
7626….Bill Bowers….Carleton Place
5251….Boyd Lemna….Carleton Place
949….Bruce Rafuse….Carleton Place
3734….Chris Loder….Carleton Place
5317….Christine Lemna….Carleton Place
6204….Doug Bowers….Carleton Place
6209….Emma Bowers….Carleton Place
1950….Eric Gervais….Carleton Place
4248….Jen Debenham….Carleton Place
6857….Jenni Kerteston….Carleton Place
2230….Jennifer Andress….Carleton Place
6860….Jennifer Derksen….Carleton Place
2309….Jordan Nesbit….Carleton Place
5671….Mariko Kulka….Carleton Place
5686….Mary Anne Melvin….Carleton Place
853….Natasha Foster….Carleton Place
667….Rob Illingworth….Carleton Place
5847….Sarah Gray….Carleton Place
4803….Steve Macmillan….Carleton Place
5906….Taylore Bryce….Carleton Place
5911….Terri Storey….Carleton Place
7611….Travis James….Carleton Place
3235….Trent Bowers….Carleton Place
3347….Chantal Gingras-Gareau….Carlsbad Springs
3749….Alain Drainville….Carp
1491….Andy Millette….Carp
5225….Angus Palmer….Carp
5092….Anna Li….Carp
3843….Barry Bunny Bruce….Carp
3876….Cal Goodger….Carp
1612….Carol O'malley….Carp
1615….Carole Stonebridge….Carp
3986….Constance Lazurko….Carp
1811….David Robinson….Carp
3435….Dayle Mulligan….Carp
4105….Emily Palmer….Carp
1937….Eric Janveaux….Carp
952….Gerard Rumleskie….Carp
3489….Kathy Fischer….Carp
5614….Leah Timmermann….Carp
2472….Lisa Bond….Carp
7052….Lyne Michaud….Carp
4508….Martha Palmer….Carp
878….Murray Stonebridge….Carp
7150….Nancy Wawia Robb….Carp
6561….Andr Paris….Casselman
6609….Bob Sweetlove….Casselman
1708….Cindy Bouchard….Casselman
6698….Danielle Carri Re-Paris….Casselman
4052….Dennis Langlois….Casselman
4094….Elisabeth Zagrodnik….Casselman
4147….Genevieve Laplante….Casselman
4158….Gillian Castonguay….Casselman
2476….Liz Perras….Casselman
4518….Martin Girard….Casselman
3399….Mary Sweetlove….Casselman
5716….Michel Racine….Casselman
2928….Richard Kosnaskie….Casselman
281….Robert Ridler….Casselman
1488….Andy Best….Chalk River
3834….Ashley Jones….Chalk River
5332….Cory Mackeigan….Chalk River
1873….Dominic Irvin….Chalk River
5495….Jeremy Farrell….Chalk River
6915….Judy Bragg….Chalk River
6298….Kathy Greenfield….Chalk River
6384….Kim Mirault….Chalk River
6378….Michelle Kolbrich….Chalk River
2774….Nicolas Bergeron….Chalk River
5797….Rebecca Olstad….Chalk River
7622….Angela Nuelle….Chelsea
3828….Annie Jean….Chelsea
3957….Christina Hawley….Chelsea
1199….Christine Tardiff-Mullen….Chelsea
1718….Claude Marchand….Chelsea
16251….Debbie Johnston….Chelsea
5369….Denise Veinotte….Chelsea
1964….Fiona Duguid….Chelsea
2095….Hugo Lemieux….Chelsea
767….Ian Hunter….Chelsea
2212….Jeff Bardsley….Chelsea
6282….Josee Pennober….Chelsea
6922….Julie Dupuis….Chelsea
5591….Kimberly Sogge….Chelsea
2475….Lise Marshall….Chelsea
2496….Lydia Wilson….Chelsea
235….Marc Gaudet….Chelsea
4574….Michelle Findlater….Chelsea
4588….Murielle Brazeau….Chelsea
1088….Natasha Stobert….Chelsea
4627….Pascal Labine….Chelsea
1083….Patty Chevalier Samm….Chelsea
7204….Ray Folkins….Chelsea
4668….Raymond Brunet….Chelsea
619….Richard Gilker….Chelsea
4688….Rod Oickle….Chelsea
4697….Ron Sloan….Chelsea
5955….Zacharie Marshall….Chelsea
6646….Cathleen Bourret….Chesterville
6100….Aaron Moysey….Clarence Creek
2373….Katie Whitall….Clarence Creek
5700….Melanie Saumure-Massie….Clarence Creek
1594….Bruce Oattes….Cobden
3479….Carole Buxcey….Cobden
3689….Connie Olmstead….Cobden
3982….Connie Weber….Cobden
4065….Dianne Johnston….Cobden
2156….Janet Oattes….Cobden
6331….Linda Roy….Cobden
4576….Mike Buske….Cobden
1431….Allan Savage….Cornwall
6056….Andrea Bailey-Tait….Cornwall
3643….Carl Brida….Cornwall
3644….Cathy Bourgon….Cornwall
6690….Craig Henry….Cornwall
6796….Genevi Ve Lajoie….Cornwall
5979….Jane Mclaren….Cornwall
884….Jenna Martineau….Cornwall
6066….Joanne Filliol….Cornwall
2291….John St. Marseille….Cornwall
6908….Josee Gagne….Cornwall
6293….Karrie Anderson….Cornwall
6047….Kathleen Hay….Cornwall
6325….Laurie Parisien….Cornwall
5636….Lori Neil….Cornwall
967….Mathieu Bruyere….Cornwall
7095….Matthew Smith….Cornwall
2686….Michael Perras….Cornwall
6385….Miriam Lalonde….Cornwall
2923….Richard Pilon….Cornwall
1036….Terry Quenneville….Cornwall
3187….Thomas Leroux….Cornwall
3293….Yvonne Commodore….Cornwall
6630….Carl Vaillancourt….Crysler
2916….Remi Lafrance….Crysler
6144….Brigitte Roy-Bray….Cumberland
6623….Bruce Bell….Cumberland
6692….Craig Mchugh….Cumberland
1840….Dean Menard….Cumberland
661….Greg Morris….Cumberland
6811….Hailey Bell….Cumberland
6827….Jacinthe Choquet….Cumberland
4216….Jason Birch….Cumberland
4426….Laura Lemon….Cumberland
3474….Leslie Anne Patry….Cumberland
3429….Melissa Wren….Cumberland
5727….Monique Gamache….Cumberland
7144….Monique Garneau….Cumberland
666….Natalie Tate….Cumberland
6524….Susan Mogensen….Cumberland
1864….Diane Edwards….Dalkeith
1471….Andrew Edgerton….Deep River
6130….Barb Gallagher….Deep River
4373….Katie Ptasnik….Deep River
5592….Kirstie Smith….Deep River
2747….Murray Wright….Deep River
4619….Norman Spinks….Deep River
5788….Rachid Bourouh….Deep River
5865….Sheldon Cole….Deep River
5895….Susan Lesperance….Deep River
1565….Brenna Wyman….Dunrobin
5291….Cathy Paveley….Dunrobin
4043….Deborah Dalton Kischel….Dunrobin
7474….Debra Gassewitz….Dunrobin
3337….Joanne Montgomery….Dunrobin
4449….Linda Dillon….Dunrobin
3545….Lois Jacobs….Dunrobin
2582….Marnie Armstrong….Dunrobin
2822….Paul Lefebvre….Dunrobin
2979….Robert Armstrong….Dunrobin
3000….Russ Davies….Dunrobin
122….Russel Long….Dunrobin
3127….Steve Schreiner….Dunrobin
3272….Wayne Carroll….Dunrobin
3845….Ben Prince….Edwards
2145….Jan Cameron….Edwards
7558….Natalie Acres….Edwards
2915….Reg Francoeur….Edwards
7612….Troy Acres….Edwards
5790….Randell Jubenville….Eganville
7328….Tara Sosnowski….Elizabethtown
942….Andrew Lovett….Embrun
987….Andy Dalcourt….Embrun
6648….Celin Alexiuk….Embrun
3927….Charles Chase….Embrun
3934….Cheryl Desroches….Embrun
1844….Denis Beaudoin….Embrun
107….Eric Deschamps….Embrun
5402….Eric Lapointe….Embrun
2070….Guy Gingras….Embrun
1255….Josee Lovett….Embrun
7532….Lucie Charbonneau….Embrun
2514….Marc Courneyea….Embrun
731….Martine Quinn….Embrun
6398….Pascal Boily….Embrun
264….Pierre Boulay….Embrun
568….Rachelle Quinn….Embrun
77….Richard Quinn….Embrun
2972….Robert Butler….Embrun
4772….Sonia Desnoyers….Embrun
3105….Stephane Gregoire….Embrun
5899….Sylvie Beauchamp….Embrun
7195….Pierre Denis….Emburn
4225….Jay Buhr….Finch
6230….Glenda O'rourke….Fitzroy Harbour
5651….Mandy Inglis….Fitzroy Harbour
2647….Melanie Francoeur-Sauriol….Fort-Coulonge
3362….Denise Roy….Fournier
3565….Bill Sheppard….Gananoque
4363….Karrie King….Gananoque
2777….Nicole Houghtaling….Gananoque
6027….Pierre Doucette….Gananoque
4997….Steacy Kavaner….Gananoque
3267….Walter Gamblin….Gananoque
1393….Adam Gagnon….Gatineau
494….Alain Bergeron….Gatineau
1402….Alain D'entremont….Gatineau
1401….Alain Gilbert….Gatineau
3748….Alain Guimond….Gatineau
1403….Alain Huot….Gatineau
1232….Alain Rollin….Gatineau
315….Alexander Aguilar….Gatineau
3759….Alexander Esau….Gatineau
929….Alexander Schwab….Gatineau
532….Alexandra Dube….Gatineau
1420….Alexandra Lafond….Gatineau
5190….Alexandra Mecteau….Gatineau
3761….Alexandra Miglietta….Gatineau
6544….Alexandre Farley….Gatineau
7619….Alexandre Larocque….Gatineau
5191….Alexandre Paquin….Gatineau
3598….Allan Wilson….Gatineau
3769….Allanna Turcotte….Gatineau
3773….Alyssa Biage….Gatineau
3784….Amelie Arsenault….Gatineau
837….Andr Mollema….Gatineau
16296….Andre Brissette….Gatineau
6117….Andre Chartrand….Gatineau
1456….Andre Mayer….Gatineau
1467….Andrea Duncan….Gatineau
1464….Andrea Kevan….Gatineau
5219….Andree Laflamme….Gatineau
5220….Andree Legare….Gatineau
1489….Andy Handouyahia….Gatineau
1493….Anelise Alarcon-Moreno….Gatineau
5112….Anik Benoit….Gatineau
1045….Anik Lacasse….Gatineau
7439….Ann Sullivan….Gatineau
3824….Anne Ouellet….Gatineau
6582….Annick Lafontaine….Gatineau
4998….Annick Nault….Gatineau
3827….Annie Bayeur….Gatineau
5963….Annie Boivin….Gatineau
713….Annie Cloutier….Gatineau
3514….Annie Paradis….Gatineau
1508….Anthony Chartier….Gatineau
3840….Anthony Robertson….Gatineau
6586….Anthony Rose….Gatineau
488….Antoine Langlois….Gatineau
6125….Arthur Bunny Stec….Gatineau
1519….Ashoka Patel….Gatineau
1521….Audrey Soucy….Gatineau
3842….Barry Wood….Gatineau
1538….Beno T Paquin….Gatineau
1534….Benoit Carbonneau….Gatineau
571….Benoit Gagnon….Gatineau
1177….Benoit Genest….Gatineau
604….Benoit Gu Rette….Gatineau
1539….Benoit-Marcel Lalancette….Gatineau
3642….Bernard Audy….Gatineau
6134….Bernard Desilets….Gatineau
160….Bernard Labine….Gatineau
3849….Bianca Leblond….Gatineau
886….Blair Mehan….Gatineau
6141….Brent Weatherall….Gatineau
6620….Brian Sharpe….Gatineau
3492….Bruno Lafreniere….Gatineau
6628….Candida Cianci….Gatineau
6629….Carie Lalonde….Gatineau
3890….Caroline Auger….Gatineau
3893….Caroline Cauvin….Gatineau
6638….Caroline Périard….Gatineau
3908….Cathy Mitchell….Gatineau
3917….Chantal Henri….Gatineau
6652….Chantal Larocque….Gatineau
3924….Chantal Paquet….Gatineau
4989….Chantal Potvin….Gatineau
3645….Chantal Reid….Gatineau
1638….Chantal Roy….Gatineau
1124….Charles Vigneault….Gatineau
1666….Chris Chabassol….Gatineau
3939….Chris Coveny….Gatineau
5308….Chris F. Courtemanche….Gatineau
1682….Christine Moreau….Gatineau
1689….Christine Vasseur….Gatineau
5115….Christopher Saunders….Gatineau
1710….Cinthia Lepine….Gatineau
1716….Claude Mathieu….Gatineau
912….Claude Tremblay….Gatineau
5331….Corinne Ginnish….Gatineau
1240….Dan Mayer….Gatineau
7466….Daniel Campeau….Gatineau
1775….Daniel Lacroix….Gatineau
6701….Danika Lavallee….Gatineau
1787….Dany Archambault….Gatineau
4013….Dany Fortin….Gatineau
1797….Dave Perron….Gatineau
6715….David Georgieff….Gatineau
5351….David Little….Gatineau
7469….David Roberts….Gatineau
1243….David Sewell….Gatineau
3635….Debbie Joanisse….Gatineau
6731….Debra Ferderber….Gatineau
1848….Denis Laflamme….Gatineau
4049….Denis Vallieres….Gatineau
5370….Dennis Dumoulin….Gatineau
7477….Diane Biage….Gatineau
4064….Diane Cholette….Gatineau
4061….Diane Massie….Gatineau
6744….Diane Ouellette….Gatineau
4068….Dominic Morin….Gatineau
4954….Dominique Babin….Gatineau
4071….Dominique Bernier….Gatineau
4070….Dominique Periard….Gatineau
1878….Donald Desbiens….Gatineau
4073….Donald Rousseau….Gatineau
4091….Elaine Laroche….Gatineau
5958….Elena Chamina….Gatineau
5391….Elise St-Antoine….Gatineau
6767….Elizabeth Sousa….Gatineau
1943….Eric Fournier….Gatineau
5403….Eric Jolin….Gatineau
5401….Eric Mineault….Gatineau
6211….Erica Pashley….Gatineau
5411….Etienne Marcoux….Gatineau
1960….Fabien Lefebvre….Gatineau
6779….Fannie Bisson….Gatineau
6217….France Gelinas….Gatineau
5413….France Patrice….Gatineau
1966….France Patry….Gatineau
4130….France Periard….Gatineau
4129….France Sansregret….Gatineau
1971….Francine Mineault….Gatineau
1977….Francois Belletete….Gatineau
1974….Francois Dionne….Gatineau
27….Francois Toulouse….Gatineau
6785….Francoise Bessette….Gatineau
1995….Frederic Gagnon….Gatineau
2019….G Rald Turmel….Gatineau
6792….Gabrielle Drouin….Gatineau
4144….Gaetan Dumont….Gatineau
1998….Gaetan Lafrance….Gatineau
5044….Genevieve Sabourin….Gatineau
318….Ghislain St-Laurent….Gatineau
2023….Gilles Moreau….Gatineau
939….Gilles Th Riault….Gatineau
2032….Gilles-Philippe Pronovost….Gatineau
197….Glenn Yeo….Gatineau
557….Guillaume Desjardins….Gatineau
2069….Guy Desjardins….Gatineau
2066….Guy Noury….Gatineau
2067….Guy Picard….Gatineau
6809….Guylaine Proulx….Gatineau
3711….H L Ne Belleau….Gatineau
2086….Helene Dore….Gatineau
3740….Helene Tremblay-Allen….Gatineau
1359….Isabelle Deslandes….Gatineau
6825….Isabelle L Ger….Gatineau
3561….Isabelle Phaneuf….Gatineau
30….J Leblond….Gatineau
6831….Jacob Roberts….Gatineau
2122….Jacynthe Desgagne….Gatineau
1001….James Buell….Gatineau
2141….James Douglas Macdonald….Gatineau
395….Jason Fox….Gatineau
2188….Jean Francois Laplante….Gatineau
5094….Jean Guenette….Gatineau
4227….Jean Lemire….Gatineau
2198….Jean-Fran Ois Tremblay….Gatineau
4230….Jean-Francois Cyr….Gatineau
2194….Jean-Francois Gagne….Gatineau
2192….Jean-Francois Rioux….Gatineau
4231….Jean-Francois Seguin….Gatineau
2199….Jean-Guy Leclerc….Gatineau
2200….Jean-Michel Potvin….Gatineau
4237….Jean-Sebastien Blackburn….Gatineau
104….Jeffrey Muller….Gatineau
5492….Jennifer Labonte….Gatineau
4254….Jennifer Mitton….Gatineau
2234….Jeohanie Vezina….Gatineau
4277….Jessica Lavoie….Gatineau
4305….Jo Lle Labrie….Gatineau
5508….Joanne Bastille….Gatineau
7508….Joanne Dunn….Gatineau
2256….Joanne Sibbald….Gatineau
5515….Joel Primeau….Gatineau
4303….Joelle Pare….Gatineau
846….Johanne Branchaud….Gatineau
6277….John Carmosino….Gatineau
4324….Jonathan Lafontaine….Gatineau
1153….Jos E Lafontaine….Gatineau
5526….Jose Saramago….Gatineau
2312….Josee Patry….Gatineau
5529….Josette Kodsi….Gatineau
4333….Joyce Richards….Gatineau
5533….Judy Milks….Gatineau
5048….Julie Fortin….Gatineau
768….Julie Piche….Gatineau
4973….Julie-Anne Macdonald….Gatineau
4353….Karen Letain….Gatineau
5561….Karine Bouchard….Gatineau
2354….Karine Lacombe….Gatineau
4359….Karine Lafond….Gatineau
6942….Karine Lamarre….Gatineau
2356….Katarzyna Korta….Gatineau
3660….Kate Smith….Gatineau
4396….Kenna Turcotte….Gatineau
6970….Kent Hugh….Gatineau
6978….Kevin Quesnel….Gatineau
4417….Kristina Martin….Gatineau
916….Laurent Bellard….Gatineau
2453….Lee Petrin….Gatineau
3425….Leisa Mcgillivray….Gatineau
2454….Lenny Sabourin….Gatineau
4438….Leonie Maciag….Gatineau
5626….Lisa Monette….Gatineau
7040….Lo C Le Bihan….Gatineau
5637….Lorri Thompson….Gatineau
5110….Louis Bisson….Gatineau
6340….Louis Dupont….Gatineau
5639….Louis Lariviere….Gatineau
1109….Louis Simon….Gatineau
16260….Louis-Philippe D. Lefebvre….Gatineau
3522….Lucie Lalonde….Gatineau
4473….Lydia Ouellette….Gatineau
5645….Lynda Beaudoin….Gatineau
2501….Lyne Cholette….Gatineau
5037….Lynn Melancon….Gatineau
1327….M Lanie Lauzon….Gatineau
4542….M Lanie Menard….Gatineau
7108….M Lanie Vivier….Gatineau
5709….M Lissa Lafrance….Gatineau
1073….Magali Couture….Gatineau
2509….Magali Peries….Gatineau
1133….Manon Lachance….Gatineau
7060….Marc Allaire….Gatineau
4481….Marc Bastien….Gatineau
24….Marc Lacerte….Gatineau
7062….Marc Martin….Gatineau
2527….Marc Molgat….Gatineau
2522….Marc Pilloud….Gatineau
2525….Marc Tremblay….Gatineau
2530….Marcel Crepeau….Gatineau
4492….Marian Jordan….Gatineau
5664….Marie-Claude Beaumont….Gatineau
2543….Marie-Claude Tardif….Gatineau
5666….Marie-Eve Ferron….Gatineau
2549….Marie-France Harvey….Gatineau
2548….Marie-France Rault….Gatineau
2550….Marie-France Turcotte….Gatineau
6356….Marie-Jos E Durand….Gatineau
6358….Marie-Philippe Leblanc….Gatineau
7539….Mariko Hara….Gatineau
6360….Mario Ouellet….Gatineau
3607….Mark Ellison….Gatineau
2562….Mark Laviolette….Gatineau
103….Mark Schindel….Gatineau
2565….Mark Stocksley….Gatineau
2574….Mark Tessier….Gatineau
4509….Marthe Beland….Gatineau
2595….Martin Auger….Gatineau
4515….Martin Brosseau….Gatineau
2589….Martin Dompierre….Gatineau
2586….Martin Dompierre….Gatineau
7655….Martin Gros-Jean….Gatineau
2587….Martin Labine….Gatineau
1094….Martin Yshikawa….Gatineau
7085….Martine Dupuis….Gatineau
3487….Martine Pellerin….Gatineau
2607….Maryse Champagne….Gatineau
4526….Maryse Mercier….Gatineau
7657….Maryse Orban….Gatineau
2610….Mateo Farfan….Gatineau
4527….Mathieu Desrosiers….Gatineau
4528….Mathieu Gervais-Parent….Gatineau
5689….Mathieu Primeau….Gatineau
2637….Maxim Leduc….Gatineau
2643….Melanie Desmarais….Gatineau
2642….Melanie Gauthier….Gatineau
4539….Melanie Laurin….Gatineau
6372….Melissa Roy….Gatineau
6373….Mercedes Soza….Gatineau
4553….Mia Overduin….Gatineau
2698….Michel Biage….Gatineau
2696….Michel Boivin….Gatineau
586….Michel Brown….Gatineau
2699….Michel Dompierre….Gatineau
247….Michel Emond….Gatineau
7124….Michel Lapointe….Gatineau
4565….Michel Pelletier….Gatineau
2695….Michel Pinault….Gatineau
7548….Michele Hort….Gatineau
5718….Michele Le Blanc-Blanchard….Gatineau
3665….Michelle Aubie….Gatineau
2709….Michelle Payne….Gatineau
678….Miguel Gagnon….Gatineau
2715….Mika Raja….Gatineau
2716….Mikael Barrette….Gatineau
953….Mikaly Gagnon….Gatineau
7552….Mireille Ethier….Gatineau
7554….Monik Beauchemin….Gatineau
7151….Nancy Jane Russell….Gatineau
4596….Nancy Sylvain….Gatineau
1187….Natacha Mustaikis….Gatineau
5738….Nathalie Blais….Gatineau
5133….Nathalie Brunet….Gatineau
7562….Nathalie Leduc….Gatineau
16282….Nathalie Morin….Gatineau
1105….Nell Van Walsum….Gatineau
5748….Nicholas Goulet-Chevrier….Gatineau
5746….Nicholas Watters….Gatineau
4….Nicolas Chalifoux….Gatineau
5749….Nicolas Vachon….Gatineau
5754….Nicole Lefebvre….Gatineau
76….Noel Paine….Gatineau
4621….Olivier Thomann….Gatineau
2791….Pascal Pilon….Gatineau
4917….Pascal Turcotte….Gatineau
4630….Patrice Chen….Gatineau
7178….Patricia Le Bihan….Gatineau
2800….Patrick Brunette….Gatineau
549….Patrick Falardeau….Gatineau
2819….Paul Beland….Gatineau
1348….Paul Gould….Gatineau
2838….Paul Raymond….Gatineau
2824….Paul Shea….Gatineau
5770….Paul Vincelette….Gatineau
5774….Paul-Emile Roy….Gatineau
7190….Peter Balogh….Gatineau
2875….Philippe Daoust….Gatineau
2874….Philippe Fournier….Gatineau
7194….Philippe Jr Ngassam….Gatineau
2876….Philippe Lajeunesse….Gatineau
3368….Pier Enright….Gatineau
2883….Pierre Archambault….Gatineau
2886….Pierre Marchand….Gatineau
2889….Pierre Roman….Gatineau
2885….Pierre Theriault….Gatineau
4992….Raphael Brissette….Gatineau
7390….Raymond Desjardins….Gatineau
6000….Raymonde D'amour….Gatineau
854….Raynald C T….Gatineau
4669….Rebecca Lebouthillier….Gatineau
5136….Rejean Lacroix….Gatineau
7576….Remi Vezina….Gatineau
270….Remy Larocque….Gatineau
2919….Ren Hatem….Gatineau
5802….Rene Cote….Gatineau
2926….Richard Blais….Gatineau
2924….Richard Masse….Gatineau
2922….Richard Sabourin….Gatineau
4685….Robin Grenier….Gatineau
2992….Roger Archambault….Gatineau
6421….Roger Couture….Gatineau
4692….Roger Lupien….Gatineau
4706….Ryan Wong….Gatineau
5033….Sandra Roberts….Gatineau
7672….Sasha Pellerin….Gatineau
3052….Sebastien Blanc….Gatineau
3056….Serge Dussault….Gatineau
4736….Serge Gouin….Gatineau
4735….Serge Guindon….Gatineau
4750….Shawn Maloney….Gatineau
3073….Shawn Robertson….Gatineau
6443….Sherry Hamilton….Gatineau
3089….Simon Jomphe Tremblay….Gatineau
7283….Simon Larouche….Gatineau
3090….Simon Page….Gatineau
3094….Solajo Couturier….Gatineau
7597….Sonia Alexander….Gatineau
5166….Sonia B Land….Gatineau
6447….Sophie Deslauriers….Gatineau
1097….St Phane Siegrist….Gatineau
3454….St Phanie Dicaire….Gatineau
5880….Stephane Blanchard….Gatineau
4783….Stephane Sirard….Gatineau
4791….Stephanie Racine….Gatineau
3131….Steve Faulkner….Gatineau
3157….Susi-Paula Gaudencio….Gatineau
301….Suzanne Lacombe….Gatineau
1108….Suzanne Ramsay….Gatineau
1270….Sylvain Marier….Gatineau
5897….Sylvain Mignault….Gatineau
937….Sylvain S N Chal….Gatineau
5902….Tanya Tobin….Gatineau
579….Tayeb Mesbah….Gatineau
7338….Thomas Cort….Gatineau
3197….Tim Scapillato….Gatineau
4853….Toyi Soglo….Gatineau
3229….Tracy Holmes….Gatineau
2120….Valerie Jacques….Gatineau
1367….Valerie Parent….Gatineau
5930….Vanessa Fulford….Gatineau
5959….Veronique Simoneau….Gatineau
716….Veronique Tremblay….Gatineau
5934….Vicky Charron-Bourdon….Gatineau
7367….Vincent Bolduc….Gatineau
4887….Virginie Beauchamp….Gatineau
5982….Virginie Corneau….Gatineau
3468….Wayne Saunders….Gatineau
5947….William Dansereau-Courtemanche….Gatineau
3285….Yan Michaud….Gatineau
3286….Yannick Lacharite….Gatineau
4898….Yvan Laforest….Gatineau
1143….Yves Phaneuf….Gatineau
3291….Yves Saint-Germain….Gatineau
4902….Zahida Assari….Gatineau
1149….Zo Couture….Gatineau
6108….Alyssa Staff….Gloucester
1448….Amy O'reilly….Gloucester
5236….Barb Sweazey….Gloucester
3848….Bg Arun….Gloucester
5104….Catherine Clifford….Gloucester
7410….Chantal Dupuis….Gloucester
1688….Christine Pratley-Moore….Gloucester
1715….Claude Brault….Gloucester
3983….Connie Chan….Gloucester
1736….Costas Farassoglou….Gloucester
4016….Dave Dowling….Gloucester
1297….David Sinclair….Gloucester
4117….Erin Sarsfield….Gloucester
2031….Gilles Philion….Gloucester
5446….Ian Proulx….Gloucester
7495….Irene Pestov….Gloucester
338….Jean-Claude Blais….Gloucester
1279….Jeannie Leblanc….Gloucester
4249….Jenn Johnson….Gloucester
5962….John Girard….Gloucester
2585….Martin Lanctot….Gloucester
5742….Neil George….Gloucester
6391….Nicole Garlough….Gloucester
2931….Richard F Proulx….Gloucester
7226….Roberta Battisti-Valle….Gloucester
598….Ryan Luck….Gloucester
7240….Samuel Valle….Gloucester
3036….Savvas Farassoglou….Gloucester
3048….Sean Mcnair….Gloucester
3188….Thomas Mcmurray….Gloucester
584….Tom Fottinger….Gloucester
3237….Trevor Duff….Gloucester
3238….Trevor Johnson….Gloucester
4871….Una Beaudry….Gloucester
3618….Virginia Mofford….Gloucester
3262….Vladimir Pestov….Gloucester
6012….Barbra Draper….Gracefield
1144….An Vo….Greely
3801….Andrew Downes….Greely
5010….Angele Vanderlaan….Greely
1189….Anthony Wielemaker….Greely
1623….Casey Goheen….Greely
1704….Cindy Cecillon….Greely
1799….Dave Erling….Greely
183….David Harding….Greely
5057….Debbie Mcleod….Greely
4168….Greg Loos….Greely
2211….Jeff Oliver….Greely
907….Jennifer Frechette….Greely
2280….John Baranyi….Greely
2296….Jon Hamilton….Greely
2314….Joseph Basile….Greely
2379….Keith Decoste….Greely
6305….Kelly Schuller….Greely
6031….Lana Pieroway….Greely
7026….Linda Corke….Greely
4524….Maryrose Rodger….Greely
5762….Patricia Brander….Greely
2832….Paul Mcnamee….Greely
7188….Paula Christiansen….Greely
2903….Randall Holmes….Greely
7218….Ricky Grisel….Greely
2998….Rose Ling….Greely
3039….Scott Mcleod….Greely
4777….Sophie Dumoulin….Greely
3341….Emilie Gaudreau….Hammond
1963….Fernand Seguin….Hammond
999….Sarah Waddell….Hammond
4435….Leisha Moulton….Hawkesbury
849….Lorne Thomas….Hawkesbury
3239….Trevor Beaudoin….Hawkesbury
157….Ariane Brunet….Hull
1774….Daniel St-Pierre….Hull
6328….Lemy Nguyen….Hull
6934….Karen Keeler….Iroquois
6961….Keira Cameron….Iroquois
5535….Judy-Lynn Jordan….Jasper
4639….Patty Garven….Jasper
643….Adrian Salt….Kanata
5182….Agnes Vargha….Kanata
5042….Aim E Riggs-Willey….Kanata
5056….Al Doyle….Kanata
6540….Alan Doody….Kanata
151….Alex Downey….Kanata
3754….Alex Glasgow….Kanata
6102….Alex Holland….Kanata
936….Alexei Novikov….Kanata
1432….Allen Piddington….Kanata
1435….Allison Penner….Kanata
3483….Alyson Maynard….Kanata
6111….Amanda Lemieux….Kanata
5207….Amber Mccallen….Kanata
3788….Amy Ash-Haley….Kanata
1450….Amy Fraser….Kanata
6113….Amy Lidster….Kanata
3304….Amy Maheu….Kanata
3807….Angela Hussey….Kanata
1496….Anita Cadieux….Kanata
5228….Anjara Boicel….Kanata
5230….Ann Empey….Kanata
6120….Anne Jones….Kanata
1503….Anne Murphy….Kanata
1509….Anthony Near….Kanata
6127….Ashley Lawery….Kanata
5237….Barbara Williams….Kanata
3841….Barrie Friel….Kanata
3621….Ben Schmidt….Kanata
92….Bernie Armour….Kanata
6603….Bill Gilchrist….Kanata
3850….Bill Potts….Kanata
6606….Billy Seaman….Kanata
427….Brandon Greening….Kanata
1558….Brandon Shirley….Kanata
6138….Brenda Smith….Kanata
5263….Brian Fraser….Kanata
5063….Brian Smith….Kanata
1598….Bryan Allsopp….Kanata
6633….Carleen Hicks….Kanata
3550….Carmen Davidson….Kanata
4944….Caron Fitzpatrick….Kanata
7629….Catherine Jervis….Kanata
5290….Cathi Yabsley….Kanata
1631….Cathy Anderson….Kanata
4963….Cecilia Jorgenson….Kanata
1636….Chandan Banerjee….Kanata
3931….Cherie Koshman….Kanata
1656….Chris Brown….Kanata
3941….Chris Howard….Kanata
6660….Chris Mccallum….Kanata
1661….Chris Ward….Kanata
491….Christine Mccartney….Kanata
1686….Christine Pollex….Kanata
1690….Christopher Arksey….Kanata
1707….Cindy Molaski….Kanata
6677….Cindy Seaman….Kanata
3574….Claire Poulin….Kanata
6682….Colleen Gilchrist….Kanata
7419….Colleen Kilty….Kanata
1741….Craig Gauthier….Kanata
811….Dan Kelly….Kanata
1795….Darryl Higgins….Kanata
569….David Bohn….Kanata
1815….David Evans….Kanata
4033….David Lafreniere….Kanata
1817….David Muldoon….Kanata
1828….David Ogden….Kanata
6186….David Pamic….Kanata
1818….David Sim….Kanata
1333….Deby Knowlton….Kanata
6735….Derek Andersen….Kanata
4055….Derek Holmstead….Kanata
6748….Don Lonie….Kanata
4072….Don Whiting….Kanata
5379….Donna Gow….Kanata
4078….Doug Glasgow….Kanata
1892….Douglas Rosenthal….Kanata
4089….Edward Valdes….Kanata
1929….Emily Fairbairn….Kanata
1941….Eric Shilts….Kanata
5407….Erika Aruja….Kanata
1080….Erin Waterfall….Kanata
1353….Eva Klassen….Kanata
1997….Gabriele Castelnuovo….Kanata
2021….Gi Wu….Kanata
6804….Greg Dow….Kanata
2072….Guy Turgeon….Kanata
5438….Gwendoline Malo….Kanata
6814….Harvey Chatterton….Kanata
2083….Heather Loeffelholz….Kanata
2094….Hugh Wright….Kanata
2098….Ian Govan….Kanata
6823….Ian Marrs….Kanata
2114….Isabelle Jean….Kanata
4200….James Beuerman….Kanata
6836….James Fairlie….Kanata
1202….Jan Donak….Kanata
5068….Janet Smith….Kanata
6250….Janice Tughan….Kanata
2162….Jared Semenchuk….Kanata
2165….Jasmyne Labonte….Kanata
2191….Jeanette Steffler….Kanata
4242….Jeff Joslin….Kanata
4240….Jeff Mill….Kanata
863….Jeff Zhao….Kanata
7505….Jeffery Tomkins….Kanata
4257….Jennifer Donohue….Kanata
6261….Jennifer Kemp….Kanata
5489….Jennifer Rose….Kanata
1178….Jennifer Upson….Kanata
670….Jim Lambley….Kanata
6885….Joan Mcfaul….Kanata
904….Jody Gelowitz….Kanata
5514….Joel Mcdonnell….Kanata
2277….John Buitenga….Kanata
2275….John Mahoney….Kanata
5521….John Pool….Kanata
6912….Joshua Tolmie….Kanata
6925….Julie Mcguire….Kanata
6933….Karen Hanna….Kanata
4358….Karen Piddington….Kanata
1364….Karen Ramsay….Kanata
126….Karen Zerr….Kanata
5563….Katelan Smith….Kanata
2364….Kathleen Bowser….Kanata
3703….Kathleen Westbury….Kanata
4375….Katrina Damiano….Kanata
722….Keith Aguinaga….Kanata
2377….Keith Fenerty….Kanata
3690….Kelly Abb Davis….Kanata
6968….Kenneth Klassen….Kanata
2392….Kerry Kennedy….Kanata
2415….Kim Robertson….Kanata
629….Kimberley Bohn….Kanata
6986….Kindell Tolmie….Kanata
2428….Krista Levesque….Kanata
6993….Kyla Daw….Kanata
771….Lanny Underhill….Kanata
7007….Laura Mcguire….Kanata
4430….Laurie Davis….Kanata
5987….Leanne Pelley….Kanata
3442….Lee-Anne Clare….Kanata
4445….Linda Yeung….Kanata
3634….Lisa Hogan….Kanata
2473….Lisa Mayhew….Kanata
5630….Liz Braddon….Kanata
7042….Loretta Masaro….Kanata
6342….Louise Macdonald….Kanata
5016….Luisa De Amicis….Kanata
2492….Luke Senecal….Kanata
5649….Man Nguyen….Kanata
7541….Marjorie Coakwell….Kanata
7079….Mark Calder….Kanata
2577….Mark Crozier….Kanata
7080….Mark Davis….Kanata
341….Mark Jorgenson….Kanata
2560….Mark Nesbitt….Kanata
2578….Mark Young….Kanata
4516….Martin Devillers….Kanata
2590….Martin Pierre….Kanata
7084….Martine Dumas….Kanata
7089….Mary Anne Jackson-Hughes….Kanata
2600….Mary Campbell….Kanata
7542….Mary Jane Beasley….Kanata
7544….Megan Mooibroek….Kanata
2682….Michael Beaudette….Kanata
7123….Michel Fleury….Kanata
7126….Michelle Calder….Kanata
2712….Michelle Seguin….Kanata
492….Mike Garwood….Kanata
6518….Mike Watford….Kanata
4581….Mikkyal Koshman….Kanata
5724….Mona Noor….Kanata
4585….Monica Landon….Kanata
2741….Monica Van Dam….Kanata
7148….Nancy Mcguire….Kanata
1369….Natasha Riddiford….Kanata
913….Neil Marshall….Kanata
732….Neil Maxwell….Kanata
5753….Nicole Myslivecek….Kanata
4623….Paddy Leahy….Kanata
7382….Pamela Ford….Kanata
4643….Paul Kellar….Kanata
7571….Pauline Joly….Kanata
2849….Paulo Ekkebus….Kanata
6404….Penelope Hawtrey….Kanata
2852….Penelope Van Dusen….Kanata
1130….Phil Blanchfield….Kanata
6407….Philip Harris….Kanata
2871….Philip Rushworth….Kanata
4653….Philip Tughan….Kanata
6080….Pierrette Mccartney….Kanata
955….Raymond Wong….Kanata
7207….Rebecca Campbell….Kanata
4670….Renata Hogan-Sullivan….Kanata
673….Rick Wynen….Kanata
2963….Rob Mcaulay….Kanata
543….Robb Langille….Kanata
5812….Robert Chanter….Kanata
2984….Robert Shaw….Kanata
7579….Robin Beardsley….Kanata
4687….Robyn Ruscher….Kanata
1048….Ron Pumphrey….Kanata
5821….Rosa Pool….Kanata
6422….Rose Mcniven….Kanata
5833….Samantha Rivest….Kanata
3564….Sarah Currie….Kanata
4721….Sarah Green….Kanata
3032….Sarah Muldoon….Kanata
7408….Sasha Richards….Kanata
4733….Scott Hodgins….Kanata
7258….Sean Fallon….Kanata
5856….Shannon Holt….Kanata
7264….Shannon Moore….Kanata
7265….Sharon Fine….Kanata
4760….Shelly Nesbitt….Kanata
5867….Shelly Williams….Kanata
7277….Sheri Cayouette….Kanata
3086….Silvesta Ng….Kanata
4787….Stephanie Borowyk….Kanata
3114….Stephen Cadieux….Kanata
3116….Stephen Molaski….Kanata
4808….Steven Blaskie….Kanata
3144….Steven Graham….Kanata
3146….Stuart Swanson….Kanata
7417….Susan Brimmell….Kanata
7316….Susan Korporal….Kanata
4813….Susan Pagnutti….Kanata
3402….T Koss….Kanata
3413….Tanis Roadhouse….Kanata
4828….Tanya Hancock-Chen….Kanata
7330….Terri Scott….Kanata
3409….Theresa Marshall….Kanata
1227….Tom Auger….Kanata
7353….Tracey Dunfield….Kanata
4858….Tracy Beeman….Kanata
5928….Valerie Desjarlais….Kanata
306….Vincent Andy Fong….Kanata
6485….Walter Boogaard….Kanata
1165….Wei Zhou….Kanata
5031….William Jorgenson….Kanata
5040….Yvonne Relf….Kanata
310….Zhihong Hong….Kanata
1570….Brett Verdon….Kars
7636….Erin Shannon….Kars
5487….Jennifer Wright….Kars
4267….Jenny Fisher….Kars
2847….Paula Lund….Kars
2993….Roger Vansickle….Kars
1525….Barbara Bacon….Kemptville
5269….Bruce Pelton….Kemptville
5272….Carole Perkins….Kemptville
4942….Chris Foran….Kemptville
3951….Chris Wanless….Kemptville
6169….Cindy Chandler….Kemptville
1732….Connie Duclos….Kemptville
7463….Corleen Asbreuk….Kemptville
6709….Darrin Macmullin….Kemptville
6712….Dave Springer….Kemptville
6185….David Tessier….Kemptville
1838….Dawn Murray….Kemptville
7471….Deborah Dickson….Kemptville
6205….Ed Chandler….Kemptville
16274….Emily Conway….Kemptville
5123….Fiona Tracey….Kemptville
4163….Glenna Burke….Kemptville
5436….Greg Walsh….Kemptville
2117….Jacob Banks….Kemptville
808….James Pede….Kemptville
6258….Jennifer Crawford….Kemptville
6891….Joanne Desormeaux….Kemptville
6959….Katy Gale….Kemptville
2434….Kristen Giffen….Kemptville
4525….Marysa Irvine….Kemptville
2982….Robert Grandy….Kemptville
855….Roxanne Harrington….Kemptville
489….Sean Campbell….Kemptville
6442….Sheri Steeves….Kemptville
6084….Stephanie Rose….Kemptville
3141….Steven De Ville….Kemptville
3366….Teena Dacey….Kemptville
7357….Tricia Mcrae….Kemptville
7437….Angie Buckland….Kinburn
7473….Deborah Turcotte….Kinburn
4196….Jackie Stadnyk….Kinburn
703….Ron Stadnyk….Kinburn
5832….Salli Dambrowitz….Kinburn
5642….Lucie Dufour….La Peche
2794….Patrice Vaillancourt….La Peche
6481….Vanessa Lessard….La Peche
6695….Dan Keaney….Lanark
6728….Debbie Keaney….Lanark
119….Scott Shaver….Lanark
4128….France Bertrand….L'Ange-Gardien
2594….Martin Joanisse….L'Ange-Gardien
4587….Monique Dube….L'Ange-Gardien
4776….Sophie Gauvreau….L'Ange-Gardien
3104….Stephane Gosselin….L'Ange-Gardien
1460….Andre Gravelle….Lansdowne
5264….Brian Wachko….Limoges
1687….Christine Kennedy….Limoges
5532….Judy Gagne….Limoges
16261….Marc Bellemare….Limoges
5793….Raphael Millaire….Limoges
5853….Serge Froment….Limoges
814….Shanna Delorme….Limoges
6460….Sylvia Wachko….Limoges
6463….Tammy Barnes….Limoges
4833….Tara-Lynn Stevenson….Limoges
3199….Tim Arsenault….Limoges
7435….Angela Quinn….Lombardy
4775….Sophie Caron….L'Orignal
7094….Matthew Dyer….Luskville
7166….Nicholas Sturgeon….Luskville
6619….Brian Carpenter….Maberly
7486….Fred Barrett….Maberly
2757….Nancy Villemure….Maberly
6454….Susan Marble….Maberly
4432….Laurie Thompson….Madoc
4192….Isabelle Tanguay….Magog
Kashgar is an oasis city with an approximate population of 350,000. It is the westernmost city in China, located near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kashgar has a rich history of over 2,000 years and served as a trading post and strategically important city on the Silk Road between China, the Middle East, and Europe. Kashgar is part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.
Located historically at the convergence point of widely varying cultures and empires, Kashgar has been under the rule of the Chinese, Turkic, Mongol, and Tibetan empires. The city has also been the site of an extraordinary number of battles between various groups of people on the steppes.
Now administered as a county-level unit of the People's Republic of China, Kashgar is the administrative centre of its eponymous prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which has an area of 162,000 square kilometres and a population of approximately 3.5 million. The city's urban area covers 15 km2, though its administrative area extends over 555 km2.
NAME
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr; Uyghur: قەشقەر). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasi”. Its western and probably indigenous name is the Kāš ("rock"), to which the East Iranian -γar ("mountain"); cf. Pashto and Middle Persian gar/ġar, from Old Persian/Pahlavi girīwa ("hill; ridge (of a mountain)") was attached. Alternative historical Romanizations for "Kashgar" include Cascar and Cashgar.
Non-native names for the city, such as the old Chinese name Shule 疏勒 and Tibetan Śu-lig may have originated as an attempts to transcribe the Sanskrit name for Kashgar, Śrīkrīrāti ("fortunate hospitality")
Variant transcriptions of the official Uyghur: يېڭىشەھەر include: K̂äxk̂är or Kaxgar, as well as Jangi-schahr, Kashgar Yangi Shahr, K’o-shih-ka-erh, K’o-shih-ka-erh-hsin-ch’eng, Ko-shih-ka-erh-hui-ch’eng, K’o-shih-ko-erh-hsin-ch’eng, New Kashgar, Sheleh, Shuleh, Shulen, Shu-lo, Su-lo, Su-lo-chen, Su-lo-hsien, Yangi-shaar, Yangi-shahr, Yangishar, Yéngisheher, Yengixəh̨ər and Еңишәһәр.
HISTORY
HAN DYNASTY
The earliest mention of Kashgar occurs when a Chinese Han dynasty envoy traveled the Northern Silk Road to explore lands to the west.
Another early mention of Kashgar is during the Former Han (also known as the Western Han dynasty), when in 76 BC the Chinese conquered the Xiongnu, Yutian (Khotan), Sulei (Kashgar), and a group of states in the Tarim basin almost up to the foot of the Tian Shan range.
Ptolemy speaks of Scythia beyond the Imaus, which is in a “Kasia Regio”, probably exhibiting the name from which Kashgar and Kashgaria (often applied to the district) are formed. The country’s people practised Zoroastrianism and Buddhism before the coming of Islam.
In the Book of Han, which covers the period between 125 BC and 23 AD, it is recorded that there were 1,510 households, 18,647 people and 2,000 persons able to bear arms. By the time covered by the Book of the Later Han (roughly 25 to 170 AD), it had grown to 21,000 households and had 3,000 men able to bear arms.
The Book of the Later Han provides a wealth of detail on developments in the region:
"In the period of Emperor Wu [140-87 BC], the Western Regions1 were under the control of the Interior [China]. They numbered thirty-six kingdoms. The Imperial Government established a Colonel [in charge of] Envoys there to direct and protect these countries. Emperor Xuan [73-49 BC] changed this title [in 59 BC] to Protector-General.
Emperor Yuan [40-33 BC] installed two Wuji Colonels to take charge of the agricultural garrisons on the frontiers of the king of Nearer Jushi [Turpan].
During the time of Emperor Ai [6 BC-AD 1] and Emperor Ping [AD 1-5], the principalities of the Western Regions split up and formed fifty-five kingdoms. Wang Mang, after he usurped the Throne [in AD 9], demoted and changed their kings and marquises. Following this, the Western Regions became resentful, and rebelled. They, therefore, broke off all relations with the Interior [China] and, all together, submitted to the Xiongnu again.
The Xiongnu collected oppressively heavy taxes and the kingdoms were not able to support their demands. In the middle of the Jianwu period [AD 25-56], they each [Shanshan and Yarkand in 38, and 18 kingdoms in 45], sent envoys to ask if they could submit to the Interior [China], and to express their desire for a Protector-General. Emperor Guangwu, decided that because the Empire was not yet settled [after a long period of civil war], he had no time for outside affairs, and [therefore] finally refused his consent [in AD 45].
In the meantime, the Xiongnu became weaker. The king of Suoju [Yarkand], named Xian, wiped out several kingdoms. After Xian’s death [c. AD 62], they began to attack and fight each other. Xiao Yuan [Tura], Jingjue [Cadota], Ronglu [Niya], and Qiemo [Cherchen] were annexed by Shanshan [the Lop Nur region]. Qule [south of Keriya] and Pishan [modern Pishan or Guma] were conquered and fully occupied by Yutian [Khotan]. Yuli [Fukang], Danhuan, Guhu [Dawan Cheng], and Wutanzili were destroyed by Jushi [Turpan and Jimasa]. Later these kingdoms were re-established.
During the Yongping period [AD 58-75], the Northern Xiongnu forced several countries to help them plunder the commanderies and districts of Hexi. The gates of the towns stayed shut in broad daylight."
And, more particularly in reference to Kashgar itself, is the following record:
"In the sixteenth Yongping year of Emperor Ming 73, Jian, the king of Qiuci (Kucha), attacked and killed Cheng, the king of Shule (Kashgar). Then he appointed the Qiuci (Kucha) Marquis of the Left, Douti, King of Shule (Kashgar). ‹See TfD›
In winter 73, the Han sent the Major Ban Chao who captured and bound Douti. He appointed Zhong, the son of the elder brother of Cheng, to be king of Shule (Kashgar). Zhong later rebelled. (Ban) Chao attacked and beheaded him."
THE KUSHANS
The Book of the Later Han also gives the only extant historical record of Yuezhi or Kushan involvement in the Kashgar oasis:
"During the Yuanchu period (114-120) in the reign of Emperor, the king of Shule (Kashgar), exiled his maternal uncle Chenpan to the Yuezhi (Kushans) for some offence. The king of the Yuezhi became very fond of him. Later, Anguo died without leaving a son. His mother directed the government of the kingdom. She agreed with the people of the country to put Yifu (lit. “posthumous child”), who was the son of a full younger brother of Chenpan on the throne as king of Shule (Kashgar). Chenpan heard of this and appealed to the Yuezhi (Kushan) king, saying:
"Anguo had no son. His relative (Yifu) is weak. If one wants to put on the throne a member of (Anguo’s) mother’s family, I am Yifu’s paternal uncle, it is I who should be king."
The Yuezhi (Kushans) then sent soldiers to escort him back to Shule (Kashgar). The people had previously respected and been fond of Chenpan. Besides, they dreaded the Yuezhi (Kushans). They immediately took the seal and ribbon from Yifu and went to Chenpan, and made him king. Yifu was given the title of Marquis of the town of Pangao [90 li, or 37 km, from Shule].
‹See TfD›
Then Suoju (Yarkand) continued to resist Yutian (Khotan), and put themselves under Shule (Kashgar). Thus Shule (Kashgar), became powerful and a rival to Qiuci (Kucha) and Yutian (Khotan)."
However, it was not very long before the Chinese began to reassert their authority in the region:
“In the second Yongjian year (127), during Emperor Shun’s reign, Chenpan sent an envoy to respectfully present offerings. The Emperor bestowed on Chenpan the title of Great Commandant-in-Chief for the Han. Chenxun, who was the son of his elder brother, was appointed Temporary Major of the Kingdom. ‹See TfD›
In the fifth year (130), Chenpan sent his son to serve the Emperor and, along with envoys from Dayuan (Ferghana) and Suoju (Yarkand), brought tribute and offerings.”
From an earlier part of the same text comes the following addition:
“In the first Yangjia year (132), Xu You sent the king of Shule (Kashgar), Chenpan, who with 20,000 men, attacked and defeated Yutian (Khotan). He beheaded several hundred people, and released his soldiers to plunder freely. He replaced the king [of Jumi] by installing Chengguo from the family of [the previous king] Xing, and then he returned.”[38]
Then the first passage continues:
“In the second Yangjia year (133), Chenpan again made offerings (including) a lion and zebu cattle. ‹See TfD›
Then, during Emperor Ling’s reign, in the first Jianning year, the king of Shule (Kashgar) and Commandant-in-Chief for the Han (i.e. presumably Chenpan), was shot while hunting by the youngest of his paternal uncles, Hede. Hede named himself king.
‹See TfD›
In the third year (170), Meng Tuo, the Inspector of Liangzhou, sent the Provincial Officer Ren She, commanding five hundred soldiers from Dunhuang, with the Wuji Major Cao Kuan, and Chief Clerk of the Western Regions, Zhang Yan, brought troops from Yanqi (Karashahr), Qiuci (Kucha), and the Nearer and Further States of Jushi (Turpan and Jimasa), altogether numbering more than 30,000, to punish Shule (Kashgar). They attacked the town of Zhenzhong [Arach − near Maralbashi] but, having stayed for more than forty days without being able to subdue it, they withdrew. Following this, the kings of Shule (Kashgar) killed one another repeatedly while the Imperial Government was unable to prevent it.”
THREE KINGDOMS TO THE SUI
These centuries are marked by a general silence in sources on Kashgar and the Tarim Basin.
The Weilüe, composed in the second third of the 3rd century, mentions a number of states as dependencies of Kashgar: the kingdom of Zhenzhong (Arach?), the kingdom of Suoju (Yarkand), the kingdom of Jieshi, the kingdom of Qusha, the kingdom of Xiye (Khargalik), the kingdom of Yinai (Tashkurghan), the kingdom of Manli (modern Karasul), the kingdom of Yire (Mazar − also known as Tágh Nák and Tokanak), the kingdom of Yuling, the kingdom of Juandu (‘Tax Control’ − near modern Irkeshtam), the kingdom of Xiuxiu (‘Excellent Rest Stop’ − near Karakavak), and the kingdom of Qin.
However, much of the information on the Western Regions contained in the Weilüe seems to have ended roughly about (170), near the end of Han power. So, we can’t be sure that this is a reference to the state of affairs during the Cao Wei (220-265), or whether it refers to the situation before the civil war during the Later Han when China lost touch with most foreign countries and came to be divided into three separate kingdoms.
Chapter 30 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms says that after the beginning of the Wei Dynasty (220) the states of the Western Regions did not arrive as before, except for the larger ones such as Kucha, Khotan, Kangju, Wusun, Kashgar, Yuezhi, Shanshan and Turpan, who are said to have come to present tribute every year, as in Han times.
In 270, four states from the Western Regions were said to have presented tribute: Karashahr, Turpan, Shanshan, and Kucha. Some wooden documents from Niya seem to indicate that contacts were also maintained with Kashgar and Khotan around this time.
In 422, according to the Songshu, ch. 98, the king of Shanshan, Bilong, came to the court and "the thirty-six states in the Western Regions" all swore their allegiance and presented tribute. It must be assumed that these 36 states included Kashgar.
The "Songji" of the Zizhi Tongjian records that in the 5th month of 435, nine states: Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all came to the Wei court.
In 439, according to the Weishu, ch. 4A, Shanshan, Kashgar and Karashahr sent envoys to present tribute.
According to the Weishu, ch. 102, Chapter on the Western Regions, the kingdoms of Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all began sending envoys to present tribute in the Taiyuan reign period (435-440).
In 453 Kashgar sent envoys to present tribute (Weishu, ch. 5), and again in 455.
An embassy sent during the reign of Wencheng Di (452-466) from the king of Kashgar presented a supposed sacred relic of the Buddha; a dress which was incombustible.
In 507 Kashgar, is said to have sent envoys in both the 9th and 10th months (Weishu, ch. 8).
In 512, Kashgar sent envoys in the 1st and 5th months. (Weishu, ch. 8).
Early in the 6th century Kashgar is included among the many territories controlled by the Yeda or Hephthalite Huns, but their empire collapsed at the onslaught of the Western Turks between 563 and 567 who then probably gained control over Kashgar and most of the states in the Tarim Basin.
TANG DYNASTY
The founding of the Tang dynasty in 618 saw the beginning of a prolonged struggle between China and the Western Turks for control of the Tarim Basin. In 635, the Tang Annals reported an emissary from the king of Kashgar to the Tang capital. In 639 there was a second emissary bringing products of Kashgar as a token of submission to the Tang state.
Buddhist scholar Xuanzang passed through Kashgar (which he referred to as Ka-sha) in 644 on his return journey from India to China. The Buddhist religion, then beginning to decay in India, was active in Kashgar. Xuanzang recorded that they flattened their babies heads, tattooed their bodies and had green eyes. He reported that Kashgar had abundant crops, fruits and flowers, wove fine woolen stuffs and rugs. Their writing system had been adapted from Indian script but their language was different from that of other countries. The inhabitants were sincere Buddhist adherents and there were some hundreds of monasteries with more than 10,000 followers, all members of the Sarvastivadin School.
At around the same era, Nestorian Christians were establishing bishoprics at Herat, Merv and Samarkand, whence they subsequently proceeded to Kashgar, and finally to China proper itself.
In 646, the Turkic Kagan asked for the hand of a Tang Chinese princess, and in return the Emperor promised Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar, Karashahr and Sarikol as a marriage gift, but this did not happen as planned.
In a series of campaigns between 652 and 658, with the help of the Uyghurs, the Chinese finally defeated the Western Turk tribes and took control of all their domains, including the Tarim Basin kingdoms. Karakhoja was annexed in 640, Karashahr during campaigns in 644 and 648, and Kucha fell in 648.
In 662 a rebellion broke out in the Western Regions and a Chinese army sent to control it was defeated by the Tibetans south of Kashgar.
After another defeat of the Tang Chinese forces in 670, the Tibetans gained control of the whole region and completely subjugated Kashgar in 676-8 and retained possession of it until 692, when the Tang dynasty regained control of all their former territories, and retained it for the next fifty years.
In 722 Kashgar sent 4,000 troops to assist the Chinese to force the "Tibetans out of "Little Bolu" or Gilgit.
In 728, the king of Kashgar was awarded a brevet by the Chinese emperor.
In 739, the Tangshu relates that the governor of the Chinese garrison in Kashgar, with the help of Ferghana, was interfering in the affairs of the Turgesh tribes as far as Talas.
In 751 the Chinese were defeated by an Arab army in the Battle of Talas. The An Lushan Rebellion led to the decline of Tang influence in Central Asia due to the fact that the Tang dynasty was forced to withdraw its troops from the region to fight An Lushan. The Tibetans cut all communication between China and the West in 766.
Soon after the Chinese pilgrim monk Wukong passed through Kashgar in 753. He again reached Kashgar on his return trip from India in 786 and mentions a Chinese deputy governor as well as the local king.
BATTLES WITH ARAB CALIPHATE
In 711, the Arabs invaded Kashgar, but did not hold the city for any length of time. Kashgar and Turkestan lent assistance to the reigning queen of Bukhara, to enable her to repel the Arabs. Although the Muslim religion from the very commencement sustained checks, it nevertheless made its weight felt upon the independent states of Turkestan to the north and east, and thus acquired a steadily growing influence. It was not, however, till the 10th century that Islam was established at Kashgar, under the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
THE TURKIC RULE
According to the 10th-century text, Hudud al-'alam, "the chiefs of Kashghar in the days of old were from the Qarluq, or from the Yaghma." The Karluks, Yaghmas and other tribes such as the Chigils formed the Karakhanids. The Karakhanid Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan converted to Islam in the 10th century and captured Kashgar. Kashgar was the capital of the Karakhanid state for a time but later the capital was moved to Balasaghun. During the latter part of the 10th century, the Muslim Karakhanids began a struggle against the Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan, and the Khotanese defeated the Karakhanids and captured Kashgar in 970. Chinese sources recorded the king of Khotan offering to send them a dancing elephant captured from Kashgar. Later in 1006, the Karakhanids of Kashgar under Yusuf Kadr Khan conquered Khotan.
The Karakhanid Khanate however was beset with internal strife, and the khanate split into two, the Eastern and Western Karakhanid Khanates, with Kashgar falling within the domain of the Eastern Karakhanid state. In 1089, the Western Karakhanids fell under the control of the Seljuks, but the Eastern Karakhanids was for the most part independent.
Both the Karakhanid states were defeated in the 12th century by the Kara-Khitans who captured Balasaghun, however Karakhanid rule continued in Kashgar under the suzerainty of the Kara-Khitans. The Kara-Khitan rulers followed a policy of religious tolerance, Islamic religious life continued uninterrupted and Kashgar was also a Nestorian metropolitan see. The last Karakhanid of Kashgar was killed in a revolt in 1211 by the city's notables. Kuchlug, a usurper of the throne of the Kara-Khitans, then attacked Kashgar which finally surrendered in 1214.
THE MONGOLS
The Kara-Khitai in their turn were swept away in 1219 by Genghis Khan. After his death, Kashgar came under the rule of the Chagatai Khans. Marco Polo visited the city, which he calls Cascar, about 1273-4 and recorded the presence of numerous Nestorian Christians, who had their own churches. Later In the 14th century, a Chagataid khan Tughluq Timur converted to Islam, and Islamic tradition began to reassert its ascendancy.
In 1389−1390 Tamerlane ravaged Kashgar, Andijan and the intervening country. Kashgar endured a troubled time, and in 1514, on the invasion of the Khan Sultan Said, was destroyed by Mirza Ababakar, who with the aid of ten thousand men built a new fort with massive defences higher up on the banks of the Tuman river. The dynasty of the Chagatai Khans collapsed in 1572 with the division of the country among rival factions; soon after, two powerful Khoja factions, the White and Black Mountaineers (Ak Taghliq or Afaqi, and Kara Taghliq or Ishaqi), arose whose differences and war-making gestures, with the intermittent episode of the Oirats of Dzungaria, make up much of recorded history in Kashgar until 1759. The Dzungar Khanate conquered Kashgar and set up the Khoja as their puppet rulers.
QING CONQUEST
The Qing dynasty defeated the Dzungar Khanate during the Ten Great Campaigns and took control of Kashgar in 1759. The conquerors consolidated their authority by settling other ethnics emigrants in the vicinity of a Manchu garrison.
Rumours flew around Central Asia that the Qing planned to launch expeditions towards Transoxiana and Samarkand, the chiefs of which sought assistance from the Afghan king Ahmed Shah Abdali. The alleged expedition never happened so Ahmad Shah withdrew his forces from Kokand. He also dispatched an ambassador to Beijing to discuss the situation of the Afaqi Khojas, but the representative was not well received, and Ahmed Shah was too busy fighting off the Sikhs to attempt to enforce his demands through arms.
The Qing continued to hold Kashgar with occasional interruptions during the Afaqi Khoja revolts. One of the most serious of these occurred in 1827, when the city was taken by Jahanghir Khoja; Chang-lung, however, the Qing general of Ili, regained possession of Kashgar and the other rebellious cities in 1828.
The Kokand Khanate raided Kashgar several times. A revolt in 1829 under Mahommed Ali Khan and Yusuf, brother of Jahanghir resulted in the concession of several important trade privileges to the Muslims of the district of Altishahr (the "six cities"), as it was then called.
The area enjoyed relative calm until 1846 under the rule of Zahir-ud-din, the local Uyghur governor, but in that year a new Khoja revolt under Kath Tora led to his accession as the authoritarian ruler of the city. However, his reign was brief—at the end of seventy-five days, on the approach of the Chinese, he fled back to Khokand amid the jeers of the inhabitants. The last of the Khoja revolts (1857) was of about equal duration, and took place under Wali-Khan, who murdered the well-known traveler Adolf Schlagintweit.
1862 CHINESE HUI REVOLT
The great Dungan revolt (1862–1877) involved insurrection among various Muslim ethnic groups. It broke out in 1862 in Gansu then spread rapidly to Dzungaria and through the line of towns in the Tarim Basin.
Dungan troops based in Yarkand rose and in August 1864 massacred some seven thousand Chinese and their Manchu commander. The inhabitants of Kashgar, rising in their turn against their masters, invoked the aid of Sadik Beg, a Kyrgyz chief, who was reinforced by Buzurg Khan, the heir of Jahanghir Khoja, and his general Yakub Beg. The latter men were dispatched at Sadik’s request by the ruler of Khokand to raise what troops they could to aid his Muslim friends in Kashgar.
Sadik Beg soon repented of having asked for a Khoja, and eventually marched against Kashgar, which by this time had succumbed to Buzurg Khan and Yakub Beg, but was defeated and driven back to Khokand. Buzurg Khan delivered himself up to indolence and debauchery, but Yakub Beg, with singular energy and perseverance, made himself master of Yangi Shahr, Yangi-Hissar, Yarkand and other towns, and eventually became sole master of the country, Buzurg Khan proving himself totally unfit for the post of ruler.
With the overthrow of Chinese rule in 1865 by Yakub Beg (1820–1877), the manufacturing industries of Kashgar are supposed to have declined.
Yaqub Beg entered into relations and signed treaties with the Russian Empire and the British Empire, but when he tried to get their support against China, he failed.
Kashgar and the other cities of the Tarim Basin remained under Yakub Beg’s rule until May 1877, when he died at Korla. Thereafter Kashgaria was reconquered by the forces of the Qing general Zuo Zongtang during the Qing reconquest of Xinjiang.
QING RULE
There were eras in Xinjiang's history where intermarriage was common, "laxity" which set upon Uyghur women led them to marry Chinese men and not wear the veil in the period after Yaqub Beg's rule ended, it is also believed by Uyghurs that some Uyghurs have Han Chinese ancestry from historical intermarriage, such as those living in Turpan.
Even though Muslim women are forbidden to marry non-Muslims in Islamic law, from 1880-1949 it was frequently violated in Xinjiang since Chinese men married Muslim Turki (Uyghur) women, a reason suggested by foriengers that it was due to the women being poor, while the Turki women who married Chinese were labelled as whores by the Turki community, these marriages were illegitimate according to Islamic law but the women obtained benefits from marrying Chinese men since the Chinese defended them from Islamic authorities so the women were not subjected to the tax on prostitution and were able to save their income for themselves. Chinese men gave their Turki wives privileges which Turki men's wives did not have, since the wives of Chinese did not have to wear a veil and a Chinese man in Kashgar once beat a mullah who tried to force his Turki Kashgari wife to veil. The Turki women also benefited in that they were not subjected to any legal binding to their Chinese husbands so they could make their Chinese husbands provide them with as much their money as she wanted for her relatives and herself since otherwise the women could just leave, and the property of Chinese men was left to their Turki wives after they died. Turki women considered Turki men to be inferior husbands to Chinese and Hindus. Because they were viewed as "impure", Islamic cemeteries banned the Turki wives of Chinese men from being buried within them, the Turki women got around this problem by giving shrines donations and buying a grave in other towns. Besides Chinese men, other men such as Hindus, Armenians, Jews, Russians, and Badakhshanis intermarried with local Turki women. The local society accepted the Turki women and Chinese men's mixed offspring as their own people despite the marriages being in violation of Islamic law. Turki women also conducted temporary marriages with Chinese men such as Chinese soldiers temporarily stationed around them as soldiers for tours of duty, after which the Chinese men returned to their own cities, with the Chinese men selling their mixed daughters with the Turki women to his comrades, taking their sons with them if they could afford it but leaving them if they couldn't, and selling their temporary Turki wife to a comrade or leaving her behind.
An anti-Russian uproar broke out when Russian customs officials, 3 Cossacks and a Russian courier invited local Turki (Uyghur) prostitutes to a party in January 1902 in Kashgar, this caused a massive brawl by the inflamed local Turki Muslim populace against the Russians on the pretense of protecting Muslim women because there was anti-Russian sentiment being built up, even though morality was not strict in Kashgar, the local Turki Muslims violently clashed with the Russians before they were dispersed by guards, the Chinese sought to end to tensions to prevent the Russians from building up a pretext to invade.
After the riot, the Russians sent troops to Sarikol in Tashkurghan and demanded that the Sarikol postal services be placed under Russian supervision, the locals of Sarikol believed that the Russians would seize the entire district from the Chinese and send more soldiers even after the Russians tried to negotiate with the Begs of Sarikol and sway them to their side, they failed since the Sarikoli officials and authorities demanded in a petition to the Amban of Yarkand that they be evacuated to Yarkand to avoid being harassed by the Russians and objected to the Russian presence in Sarikol, the Sarikolis did not believe the Russian claim that they would leave them alone and only involved themselves in the mail service.
Many of the young Kashgari women were most attractive in appearance, and some of the little girls quite lovely, their plaits of long hair falling from under a jaunty little embroidered cap, their big dark eyes, flashing teeth and piquant olive faces reminding me of Italian or Spanish children. One most beautiful boy stands out in my memory. He was clad in a new shirt and trousers of flowered pink, his crimson velvet cap embroidered with gold, and as he smiled and salaamed to us I thought he looked like a fairy prince. The women wear their hair in two or five plaits much thickened and lengthened by the addition of yak's hair, but the children in several tiny plaits.
The peasants are fairly well off, as the soil is rich, the abundant water-supply free, and the taxation comparatively light. It was always interesting to meet them taking their live stock into market. Flocks of sheep with tiny lambs, black and white, pattered along the dusty road; here a goat followed its master like a dog, trotting behind the diminutive ass which the farmer bestrode; or boys, clad in the whity-brown native cloth, shouted incessantly at donkeys almost invisible under enormous loads of forage, or carried fowls and ducks in bunches head downwards, a sight that always made me long to come to the rescue of the luckless birds.
It was pleasant to see the women riding alone on horseback, managing their mounts to perfection. They formed a sharp contrast to their Persian sisters, who either sit behind their husbands or have their steeds led by the bridle; and instead of keeping silence in public, as is the rule for the shrouded women of Iran, these farmers' wives chaffered and haggled with the men in the bazar outside the city, transacting business with their veils thrown back.
Certainly the mullas do their best to keep the fair sex in their place, and are in the habit of beating those who show their faces in the Great Bazar. But I was told that poetic justice had lately been meted out to one of these upholders of the law of Islam, for by mistake he chastised a Kashgari woman married to a Chinaman, whereupon the irate husband set upon him with a big stick and castigated him soundly.
That a Muslim should take in marriage one of alien faith is not objected to; it is rather deemed a meritorious act thus to bring an unbeliever to the true religion. The Muslim woman, on the other hand, must not be given in marriage to a non-Muslim; such a union is regarded as the most heinous of sins. In this matter, however, compromises are sometimes made with heaven: the marriage of a Turki princess with the emperor Ch'ien-lung has already been referred to; and, when the present writer passed through Minjol (a day's journey west of Kashgar) in 1902, a Chinese with a Turki wife (? concubine) was presented to him.
FIRST EAST TURKESTAN REPUBLIC
Kashgar was the scene of continual battles from 1933 to 1934. Ma Shaowu, a Chinese Muslim, was the Tao-yin of Kashgar, and he fought against Uyghur rebels. He was joined by another Chinese Muslim general, Ma Zhancang.
BATTLE OF KASHGAR (1933)
Uighur and Kirghiz forces, led by the Bughra brothers and Tawfiq Bay, attempted to take the New City of Kashgar from Chinese Muslim troops under General Ma Zhancang. They were defeated.
Tawfiq Bey, a Syrian Arab traveler, who held the title Sayyid (descendent of prophet Muhammed) and arrived at Kashgar on August 26, 1933, was shot in the stomach by the Chinese Muslim troops in September. Previously Ma Zhancang arranged to have the Uighur leader Timur Beg killed and beheaded on August 9, 1933, displaying his head outside of Id Kah Mosque.
Han chinese troops commanded by Brigadier Yang were absorbed into Ma Zhancang's army. A number of Han chinese officers were spotted wearing the green uniforms of Ma Zhancang's unit of the 36th division, presumably they had converted to Islam.
BATTLE OF KASHGAR (1934)
The 36th division General Ma Fuyuan led a Chinese Muslim army to storm Kashgar on February 6, 1934, attacking the Uighur and Kirghiz rebels of the First East Turkestan Republic. He freed another 36th division general, Ma Zhancang, who was trapped with his Chinese Muslim and Han Chinese troops in Kashgar New City by the Uighurs and Kirghiz since May 22, 1933. In January, 1934, Ma Zhancang's Chinese Muslim troops repulsed six Uighur attacks, launched by Khoja Niyaz, who arrived at the city on January 13, 1934, inflicting massive casualties on the Uighur forces. From 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians in Kashgar Old City were massacred by Tungans in February, 1934, in revenge for the Kizil massacre, after retreating of Uighur forces from the city to Yengi Hisar. The Chinese Muslim and 36th division Chief General Ma Zhongying, who arrived at Kashgar on April 7, 1934, gave a speech at Id Kah Mosque in April, reminding the Uighurs to be loyal to the Republic of China government at Nanjing. Several British citizens at the British consulate were killed or wounded by the 36th division on March 16, 1934.
PEOPLE´S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Kashgar was incorporated into the People's Republic of China in 1949. During the Cultural Revolution, one of the largest statues of Mao in China was built in Kashgar, near People's Square. In 1986, the Chinese government designated Kashgar a "city of historical and cultural significance". Kashgar and surrounding regions have been the site of Uyghur unrest since the 1990s. In 2008, two Uyghur men carried out a vehicular, IED and knife attack against police officers. In 2009, development of Kashgar's old town accelerated after the revelations of the deadly role of faulty architecture during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Many of the old houses in the old town were built without regulation, and as a result, officials found them to be overcrowded and non-compliant with fire and earthquake codes. When the plan started, 42% of the city's residents lived in the old town. With compensation, residents of faulty buildings are being counseled to move to newer, safer buildings that will replace the historic structures in the $448 million plan, including high-rise apartments, plazas, and reproductions of ancient Islamic architecture. The European Parliament issued a resolution in 2011 calling for "culture-sensitive methods of renovation." The International Scientific Committee on Earthen Architectural Heritage (ISCEAH) has expressed concern over the demolition and reconstruction of historic buildings. ISCEAH has, additionally, urged the implementation of techniques utilized elsewhere in the world to address earthquake vulnerability.
Following the July 2009 Urumqi riots, the government focused on local economic development in an attempt to ameliorate ethnic tensions in the greater Xinjiang region. Kashgar was made into a Special Economic Zone in 2010, the first such zone in China's far west. In 2011, a spate of violence over two days killed dozens of people. By May 2012 two-thirds of the old city had been demolished, fulfilling "political as well as economic goals." In July 2014 the Imam of the Id Kah Mosque, Juma Tayir, was assassinated in Kashgar.
CLIMATE
Kashgar features a desert climate (Köppen BWk) with hot summers and cold winters, with large temperature differences between those two seasons: The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −5.3 °C in January to 25.6 °C in July, while the annual mean is 11.84 °C. Spring is long and arrives quickly, while fall is somewhat brief in comparison. Kashgar is one of the driest cities on the planet, averaging only 64 millimetres of precipitation per year. The city’s wettest month, July, only sees on average 9.1 millimetres of rain. Because of the extremely arid conditions, snowfall is rare, despite the cold winters. Records have been as low as −24.4 °C in January and up to 40.1 °C in July. The frost-free period averages 215 days. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in March to 70% in September, the city receives 2,726 hours of bright sunshine annually.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Kashgar is predominately peopled by Muslim Uyghurs. Compared to Ürümqi, Xinjiang's capital and largest city, Kashgar is less industrial and has significantly fewer Han Chinese residents.
ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY
The city has a very important Sunday market. Thousands of farmers from the surrounding fertile lands come into the city to sell a wide variety of fruit and vegetables. Kashgar’s livestock market is also very lively. Silk and carpets made in Hotan are sold at bazaars, as well as local crafts, such as copper teapots and wooden jewellery boxes.
In order to boost the economy in Kashgar region, the government classified the area as the sixth Special Economic Zone of China in May 2010.
Mahmud al-Kashgari (Turkish: Kâşgarlı Mahmud) (Mahmut from Kashgar) wrote the first Turkic–Arabic Exemplary Dictionary called Divan-ı Lugat-it Türk[citation needed]
The movie The Kite Runner was filmed in Kashgar. Kashgar and the surrounding countryside stood in for Kabul and Afghanistan, since filming in Afghanistan was not possible due to safety and security reasons.
SIGHTS
Kashgar's Old City has been called "the best-preserved example of a traditional Islamic city to be found anywhere in Central Asia". It is estimated to attract more than one million tourists annually.
- Id Kah Mosque, the largest mosque in China, is located in the heart of the city.
- People's Park, the main public park in central Kashgar.
- An 18 m high statue of Mao Zedong in Kashgar is one of the few large-scale statues of Mao remaining in China.
- The tomb of Afaq Khoja in Kashgar is considered the holiest Muslim site in Xinjiang. Built in the 17th century, the tiled mausoleum 5 km northeast of the city centre also contains the tombs of five generations of his family. Abakh was a powerful ruler, controlling Khotan, Yarkand, Korla, Kucha and Aksu as well as Kashgar. Among some Uyghur Muslims, he was considered a great Saint (Aulia).
- Sunday Market in Kashgar is renowned as the biggest market in central Asia; a pivotal trading point along the Silk Road where goods have been traded for more than 2,000 years. The market is open every day but Sunday is the largest.
TRANSPORTATION
AIR
Kashgar Airport serves mainly domestic flights, the majority of them from Urumqi. The only scheduled international flights are passenger and cargo services with Pakistan's capital Islamabad.
RAIL
Kashgar has the westernmost railway station in China. It is connected to the rest of China's rail network via the Southern Xinjiang Railway, which was built in December 1999. Kashgar–Hotan Railway opened for passenger traffic in June 2011, and connected Kashgar with cities in the southern Tarim Basin including Shache (Yarkand), Yecheng (Kargilik) and Hotan. Travel time to Urumqi from Kashgar is approximately 25 hours, while travel time to Hotan is approximately ten hours.
The investigation work of a further extension of the railway line to Pakistan has begun. In November 2009, Pakistan and China agreed to set up a joint venture to do a feasibility study of the proposed rail link via the Khunjerab Pass.
Proposals for a rail connection to Osh in Kyrgyzstan have also been discussed at various levels since at least 1996.
In 2012, a standard gauge railway from Kashgar via Tajikistan and Afghanistan to Iran and beyond has been proposed.
ROAD
The Karakorum highway (KKH) links Islamabad, Pakistan with Kashgar over the Khunjerab Pass. The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor is a multibillion-dollar project was that will upgrade transport links between China and Pakistan, including the upgrades to the Karakorum highway. Bus routes exist for passenger travel south into Pakistan. Kyrgyzstan is also accessible from Kashgar, via the Torugart Pass and Irkeshtam Pass; as of summer 2007, daily bus service connects Kashgar with Bishkek’s Western Bus Terminal. Kashgar is also located on China National Highways G314 (which runs to Khunjerab Pass on the Sino−Pakistani border, and, in the opposite direction, towards Ürümqi), and G315, which runs to Xining, Qinghai from Kashgar.
WIKIPEDIA
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14 January 2013
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NATURE IS GREAT.
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I am the owner of RMG Wheels & Spokes Lab., a company specialized in the Bicycle Wheels world with a solid ENVIRONMENTAL COMPROMISE.
(Use a computer for a better website concept experience)
Our Flickr gallery:
www.flickr.com/photos/142233937@N03/albums
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We are living in a Climate Emergency situation.
Stop talking, START ACTING.
(I´m reducing photos size and resolution here in order to reduce their storage in the servers)
-Reduce Energy demand
-Reduce Water demand
-Reduce Matter demand
-Reuse
-Separate trash
-Recycle
-Use your bike, feet, public transportaion
-Plant autochthonous trees/seeds
-Consume Local products/food
-Learn about Science (Ecology i.e.)
-Think Locally, act Globally.
Enjoy Nature, but remember, IT DOESN´T BELONG TO US.
RESPECT LIFE ON EARTH
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Climate Change is Real.
It´s happening NOW.
Global Warming is Real
Planet Temperature Anomaly:
climatereanalyzer.org/wx/DailySummary/#t2anom
RMG commitment:
rmgwheels.com/compromiso-mediambiental/
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*El uso de la imagen con fines comerciales sin la autorización expresa del autor queda totalmente prohibido. Puede ser vinculada en redes sociales con fines divulgativos/educativos , pero nunca comerciales. Gracias.
*Unauthorized use of the image for commercial purposes without copyright owner permission is totally forbidden. It can be used on the internet social media as an informative/educative message but in any case for a profitable use. Thanks.
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Balconies for some on levels 2 and 3. Ground floor units are mainly commercial.
Lunch crowd from nearby workplace