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DSC07480 - Let's just say I am happy with my current camera and lens. Had a split second to make this image, in-between people passing by. Really enjoy the bright, soft on the left, and the dark, hard on the right.
Done from the hip, looking down on tilt screen. No time to bring up to eye level. I also think the slightly lower point of view work well.
algerian polymath ∋vitruc, though born into poverty, rose in influence and power through his revisioning of janissarian tactics, demonstrating uncommon military brilliance and innovation. initially forced because of his age (estimated to be 13 at his first foray) to filter his instructions through a "ghost", an older, mildly disabled war veteran, his identity was discovered upon investigation of the death of said ghost. still a very young man (14 or 15; sources differ), he was challenged by pasha to prove his competence in developing strategy for a pending battle. ∋vitruc agreed, making a request that no opposing soldiers be killed unnecessarily, and that all armaments and gear obtained from the defeated be given him to study. upon the rout of the enemy battalion (again, sources differ alarmingly here, showing much personal bias among historians), ∋vitruc was awarded his prize, along with two captured soldiers, now his servants.
these servants, whom he'd personally selected, were reputed to become his advisors and reporters of the mysterious scientific innovations of foreign lands. though the empire was powerful, suspicion of great weaponry possessed by the enemy haunted the upper classes, and ∋vitruc's youthful intelligence was given unprecedented freedom to spend and explore. retiring with his servants to a remote valley some distance from oran, he spent some time refining (and re-refining) his own astonishingly accurate (and lethal) modifications to the arquebus, eventually earning the undying gratitude of the pasha for more than tripling the range of the firearm. as a result, the empire went unchallenged with any seriousness for many years.
his true reasons for retiring to the privacy of the countryside, however, were only revealed upon the eve of what has been recorded as his death (in or around 1623), but was really what more modern biographers now call his grand escape. algeria began to suffer from the effects of plague in 1620, and though he felt safe in his sheltered valley, ∋vitruc realised that terrible disease could strike at any time (his theories on epidemiology, though noted here, will have to wait to be discussed). none of his drawings survive (disputed; no paper record exists), but he was rumoured to have been fascinated by the constellations and from a very early age built odd devices (described as witches' clouds) that clearly must have been balloon prototypes. cave drawings estimated to be from his era (and in a valley not far from oran) show odd craft in the sky, in both day and night - historians again squabble here, as the drawings are crude and ∋vitruc was widely known to be a meticulous and exemplary artist. some agreement can be established that it was his servants who did the scribbling while he worked, and he possibly took his paperwork with him.
unsatisfied with paper aircraft, ∋vitruc began working with metal constructs he believed would fly through the air and carry weaponry, people and any and all matter of goods. documents survive in algiers, written by his detractors (and those who politically opposed his funders) that mock his impossible dream of levitating rocks, metals and minerals. ∋vitruc's legend and value as a miltary innovator protected him, though, and only the most polite needling of his dreams seems to have been allowed. some more serious criticism came in the form of questioning his use of valuable materials (notably silver and gold), which he was reputed to be experimenting with and destroying in vast amounts. there is evidence that at least two attempts were made by brigands to steal from him, but his weaponry was very greatly feared and respected (and his location secret and remote), so it's doubtful any dent in his resources was made.
the golden orb, shown above, is one of the few remaining devices he developed. with plague threatening his land (one of the servants is said to have become quite ill or died in 1622), ∋vitruc boarded his experimental metal craft and is said to have floated or flown away over the mediterranean sea. his surviving servant, when questioned, was barely believed, and he indicated that ∋vitruc had packed all of his remaining machines, along with some food, before departing. envoys of the pasha delivered the news, and in a fury, believing ∋vitruc had simply stolen all the wealth allowed him (not more than a few ounces of gold and silver remained), the story of his death was summarily spread.
the orb, once in the possession of the musée des arts et métiers (museum of arts and crafts) in paris, france, was lost and presumed stolen in 1804. a daguerreotype (dated 1850) of an unnamed man standing beside it surfaced in 1948, but no location could be determined. its existence on the grey market is, however, an open secret, and though algerian nationalists have made strong claims that the orb be repatriated, other pressing matters have consistently stifled the issue.
shown here is the orb attached sideways to a support structure, for no reason other than the whim of the current owner (and perhaps a slight attempt to disguise it, as it is on somewhat open display). the mechanical works are unfortunately not shown and may be missing entirely, though i was not allowed to touch, approach or examine the orb. photographing it was forbidden for the few years i knew of its location, until just recently, and i was required to both obscure all background details and surrender the memory card of my camera after downloading and editing this one shot. for obvious reasons, i cannot geolocate the orb on any map.
Laser Devices DBAL-A2 on a Samson Evolution with Troy Folding Sight, Surefire MB556K, Sabre 14.5'' 5.56mm Barrel and Surefire Scoutlight. LaRue QD Mount.
A sculpture of a man with an ankle chain which has a mobile phone shaped block attached to it (not visible in this image). The artist's brief: The price of always being connected is -always being connected. All pervasive mobile communication has blurred the boundaries of our work and personal lives; maintaining an online presence cuts into the time we have for people in the real world; and privacy is almost a thing of the past. In the guise of making our lives easier, communications technology has come to control and define our every waking moment and ironically social networking has been shown to make users feel more alienated than ever. Be careful what you wish for!.
David McGuinness
Mixed media, paint, perspex, solar lights. Swell Sculpture festival
#Microsoft Windows 10 Event
To maximize the use of the new operating system “Windows 10” Microsoft has unveiled devices under the #event named Microsoft Windows 10 devices event”
In this Event it has revealed its first ever #laptop and two new brand #smartphones with #Windows10 operating system.
Microsoft’s first laptop, the surface book, built with a detachable screen, sixth generation #Intel processor, 13.5 inch and 12 hours battery back up
Along with its surface book it has show cased 2 new #lumia handsets with windows 10 operating system namely lumia 950 and 950 xl whereas 950 screen size is 5.2 inch Hd screen and 20 mega pixel camera and 950 Xl has 5.7 –inch screen
The main high light of both smart phones can be connected by a small portable display dock accessory into a personal computer. A keyboard or a mouse can be connected, Expanding the capacity of the smart phone to operate like a personal computer
Isn’t that interesting…?? To know more about Microsoft Windows 10 device event check this video www.microsoft.com/october2015event/en-us/live-event
The Naked 3D Fitness Tracker goes on pre-request appears to be ready to change your entire body estimation game. It is a beautiful, cutting edge, flawlessly outlined framework saddled with a sketchy name. The apparatus is in general made of an extraordinary mirror glass that outfitted with depth...
this is a piece i did for Suspect Device #2
put together by the awesome
Josh Bayer
Coming out soon it has a shit ton of artists killing it.
Check out the site
For my coming Jabba's palace I've built some technical device. I've made an instruction to see how I used some SNOT-techniques.
Device : Nikon D7200 with 18-140 mm lens.
Location : Shahid Abul Khair Bhobon, Dhaka University.
Captured Date : 25 june 2016
Aperture: f/6.5
Exposure Time: 1/1225s
Flash: Off
ISO: 100
Today was the Spring Swap Meet - 7 hours of fondling obscure cameras - and some not so obscure. I went there with a rather firm mind-set of not buying anything - and did reasonably well. Of course Oscar Wilde claimed "Never resist a temptation - it might not come back" - so I did buy a Nikonos III which included spare O-rings - which pretty well should guarantee sunny weather for a while! Also a whole box of Nikon F screens - a variety of them - but all 13 of them for what you used to pay for one screen!
Also a strange device for mounting Nikons on Reprovits - nicely made and it can also be used as a small vice for the machine shop (@ 2.00 it could not be passed up!).
Lots of people - more than usual I think!
Panjwa'i District, Afghanistan 22 September 2010
Combat engineers scan the grounds for improvised explosive device
Combat engineers attached to Oscar Company, 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment Battle Group, scan the grounds near a Canadian Forces leaguer in the Panjwa’i district for improvised explosive devices. Working under extreme heat and pressure, engineers work around the clock to clear dangerous routes and mitigate the dangers of improvised explosive devices.
In close cooperation with Afghan National Security Force, 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment Battle Group provides security by conducting counter-insurgency operations throughout Panjwa’i district located south-west of Kandahar City. The Battle Group conducts partnered operations with the 2nd Kandak of the 1st Brigade, 205 Corps of the Afghan National army, Afghan National Police and the Panjwa’i district Governor in order to advance governance, reconstruction and security in the area.
Operation ATHENA is Canada’s participation in the International Security Assistance Forces in Afghanistan. Focused on Kandahar Province in southern Afghanistan since the fall of 2005, Op ATHENA has one over-arching objective: to leave Afghanistan to Afghans, in a country that is better governed, more peaceful and more secure.
Canadian Forces Image Number IS2010-3020-1
By Corporal Shilo Adamson with Canadian Forces Combat Camera
_____________________________Traduction
District de Panjwayi, Afghanistan 22 septembre 2010
Des membres du génie de combat affectés à la Compagnie Oscar du groupement tactique du 1er Bataillon, The Royal Canadian Regiment, examinent le sol à la recherche de dispositifs explosifs de circonstance près d’un laager des Forces canadiennes dans le district de Panjwayi. Les membres du génie de combat travaillent jour et nuit sous pression et dans des températures extrêmement chaudes afin de dégager des routes dangereuses et de réduire les dangers des dispositifs explosifs de circonstance.
En étroite collaboration avec les Forces de sécurité nationale afghanes, le groupement tactique du 1er Bataillon, The Royal Canadian Regiment, assure la sécurité en menant des opérations de contre-insurrection un peu partout dans le district de Panjwayi, au sud-ouest de la ville de Kandahar. Le groupement tactique mène des opérations en partenariat avec le 2e Kandak de la 1re Brigade, le 205e Corps de l’Armée nationale afghane, la Police nationale afghane et le gouverneur du district de Panjwayi afin d’améliorer la gouvernance, la reconstruction et la sécurité dans le secteur.
L’opération Athena constitue la participation du Canada à la Force internationale d’assistance à la sécurité (FIAS) en Afghanistan. Concentrée dans la province de Kandahar, dans le sud de l’Afghanistan, l’opération Athena poursuit un objectif essentiel : laisser l’Afghanistan aux Afghans et en faire un pays mieux gouverné, plus paisible et plus sûr.
Image des Forces canadiennes numéro IS2010-3020-1
Par le Caporal Shilo Adamson avec Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes
Mexico has emerged as one of the most important medical equipment and devices market in the Americas.
LumiSpa device and cleanser on a marble countertop with a textured hand towel, and a chrome soap dispenser.
For my coming Jabba's palace I've built some technical device. I've made an instruction to see how I used some SNOT-techniques.
A picture part to my devices ever bought yet
iPhone 5 box
Oneplus One 64 gb box
IPod touch 1.gen. 8 gb box with John Lennon
iPhone 4s white
iPad 4 white 32Gb box
Apparently it has something to do with brains... so I guess it's actually worse than you might think... :)
Woman turns dehumidifier on using touch panel at home. Modern airdryer device for cleaning air. Close up
Spaceflight (or space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union was the first human to conduct a spaceflight. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous.
Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft – both when unpropelled and when under propulsion – is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.
History
Main articles: History of spaceflight and Timeline of spaceflight
Tsiolkovsky, early space theorist
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using rockets was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician William Leitch, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space".[1] More well-known (though not widely outside Russia) is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's work, "Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами" (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices), published in 1903.
Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. His application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuel rockets improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. He also proved in the laboratory that rockets would work in the vacuum of space;[specify] nonetheless, his work was not taken seriously by the public. His attempt to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the first World War was defeated by the November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany. Working with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Goddard's paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth, who in turn influenced Wernher von Braun. Von Braun became the first to produce modern rockets as guided weapons, employed by Adolf Hitler. Von Braun's V-2 was the first rocket to reach space, at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles) on a June 1944 test flight.[2]
Tsiolkovsky's rocketry work was not fully appreciated in his lifetime, but he influenced Sergey Korolev, who became the Soviet Union's chief rocket designer under Joseph Stalin, to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles to carry nuclear weapons as a counter measure to United States bomber planes. Derivatives of Korolev's R-7 Semyorka missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and later the first human to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1, on April 12, 1961.[3]
At the end of World War II, von Braun and most of his rocket team surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. This work on missiles such as Juno I and Atlas enabled launch of the first US satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, John Glenn in Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called Saturn, which allowed the US to send the first two humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the Moon and back on Apollo 11 in July 1969. Over the same period, the Soviet Union secretly tried but failed to develop the N1 rocket to give them the capability to land one person on the Moon.
Phases
Launch
Main article: Rocket launch
See also: List of space launch system designs
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A rocket launch for a spaceflight usually starts from a spaceport (cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and launch pads for vertical rocket launches, and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons. ICBMs have various special launching facilities.
A launch is often restricted to certain launch windows. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
A launch pad is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh many hundreds of tonnes. The Space Shuttle Columbia, on STS-1, weighed 2,030 tonnes (4,480,000 lb) at take off.
Reaching space
The most commonly used definition of outer space is everything beyond the Kármán line, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. The United States sometimes defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
Rockets are the only currently practical means of reaching space. Conventional airplane engines cannot reach space due to the lack of oxygen. Rocket engines expel propellant to provide forward thrust that generates enough delta-v (change in velocity) to reach orbit.
For manned launch systems launch escape systems are frequently fitted to allow astronauts to escape in the case of emergency.
Alternatives
Main article: Non-rocket spacelaunch
Many ways to reach space other than rockets have been proposed. Ideas such as the space elevator, and momentum exchange tethers like rotovators or skyhooks require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as launch loops might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as Reaction Engines Skylon (currently in early stage development), scramjet powered spaceplanes, and RBCC powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
Leaving orbit
This section possibly contains original research. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Spaceflight. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main articles: Escape velocity and Parking orbit
Launched in 1959, Luna 1 was the first known man-made object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth.[4] (replica pictured)
Achieving a closed orbit is not essential to lunar and interplanetary voyages. Early Russian space vehicles successfully achieved very high altitudes without going into orbit. NASA considered launching Apollo missions directly into lunar trajectories but adopted the strategy of first entering a temporary parking orbit and then performing a separate burn several orbits later onto a lunar trajectory. This costs additional propellant because the parking orbit perigee must be high enough to prevent reentry while direct injection can have an arbitrarily low perigee because it will never be reached.
However, the parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It substantially widened the allowable launch windows, increasing the chance of a successful launch despite minor technical problems during the countdown. The parking orbit was a stable "mission plateau" that gave the crew and controllers several hours to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it to a long lunar flight; the crew could quickly return to Earth, if necessary, or an alternate Earth-orbital mission could be conducted. The parking orbit also enabled translunar trajectories that avoided the densest parts of the Van Allen radiation belts.
Apollo missions minimized the performance penalty of the parking orbit by keeping its altitude as low as possible. For example, Apollo 15 used an unusually low parking orbit (even for Apollo) of 92.5 nmi by 91.5 nmi (171 km by 169 km) where there was significant atmospheric drag. But it was partially overcome by continuous venting of hydrogen from the third stage of the Saturn V, and was in any event tolerable for the short stay.
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability or radiation minimization, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
Note that the escape velocity from a celestial body decreases with altitude above that body. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close to the ground as possible; see Oberth effect and reference.[5] This is another way to explain the performance penalty associated with establishing the safe perigee of a parking orbit.
Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's Project Orion and Russia's Kliper/Parom tandem.
Astrodynamics
Main article: Orbital mechanics
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An orbital maneuvering system may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include solar sails, magnetic sails, plasma-bubble magnetic systems, and using gravitational slingshot effects.
Ionized gas trail from Shuttle reentry
Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule by a C-119 airplane
Transfer energy
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of energy imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a first stage of a launch vehicle to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft kick motor to a spacecraft.[6][7]
Reentry
Main article: Atmospheric reentry
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat that reaches the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
Landing
The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. The Space Shuttle glided to a touchdown like a plane.
Recovery
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites.
Types
Uncrewed
See also: Uncrewed spacecraft and robotic spacecraft
Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars
The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
Uncrewed spaceflight (or unmanned) is all spaceflight activity without a necessary human presence in space. This includes all space probes, satellites and robotic spacecraft and missions. Uncrewed spaceflight is the opposite of manned spaceflight, which is usually called human spaceflight. Subcategories of uncrewed spaceflight are "robotic spacecraft" (objects) and "robotic space missions" (activities). A robotic spacecraft is an uncrewed spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe.
Uncrewed space missions use remote-controlled spacecraft. The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik I, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Space missions where other animals but no humans are on-board are considered uncrewed missions.
Benefits
Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
Telepresence
Telerobotics becomes telepresence when the time delay is short enough to permit control of the spacecraft in close to real time by humans. Even the two seconds light speed delay for the Moon is too far away for telepresence exploration from Earth. The L1 and L2 positions permit 400-millisecond round trip delays, which is just close enough for telepresence operation. Telepresence has also been suggested as a way to repair satellites in Earth orbit from Earth. The Exploration Telerobotics Symposium in 2012 explored this and other topics.[8]
Human
Main article: Human spaceflight
ISS crew member stores samples
The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, on which cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin of the USSR made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles.[9] Currently, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft. The U.S. Space Shuttle fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011. SpaceShipOne has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
Sub-orbital
Main article: Sub-orbital spaceflight
The International Space Station in Earth orbit after a visit from the crew of STS-119
On a sub-orbital spaceflight the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient specific orbital energy, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours. Pioneer 1 was NASA's first space probe intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the Kármán line 100 km above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 50 miles (80 km) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004, Civilian Space eXploration Team launched the GoFast Rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne was used for the first privately funded human spaceflight.
Point-to-point
Point-to-point is a category of sub-orbital spaceflight in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. Consider a conventional airline route between London and Sydney, a flight that normally lasts over twenty hours. With point-to-point suborbital travel the same route could be traversed in less than one hour.[10] While no company offers this type of transportation today, SpaceX has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using its BFR vehicle.[11] Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit.[12] If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
Orbital
Main article: Orbital spaceflight
Apollo 6 heads into orbit
A minimal orbital spaceflight requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the spacecraft must reach the minimal orbital speed required for a closed orbit.
Interplanetary
Main article: Interplanetary spaceflight
Interplanetary travel is travel between planets within a single planetary system. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our Solar System.
Interstellar
Main article: Interstellar travel
Five spacecraft are currently leaving the Solar System on escape trajectories, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and New Horizons. The one farthest from the Sun is Voyager 1, which is more than 100 AU distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year.[13] In comparison, Proxima Centauri, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take Voyager 1 over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as nuclear pulse propulsion are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of time dilation, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of propulsion.
Intergalactic
Main article: Intergalactic travel
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered science fiction.
Spacecraft
Main article: Spacecraft
An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
Spacecraft are vehicles capable of controlling their trajectory through space.
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be Apollo Lunar Module,[14] since this was the only manned vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non aerodynamic shape.
Propulsion
Main article: Spacecraft propulsion
Spacecraft today predominantly use rockets for propulsion, but other propulsion techniques such as ion drives are becoming more common, particularly for unmanned vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its delta-v.
Launch systems
Main article: Launch vehicle
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
Expendable
Main article: Expendable launch system
Most current spaceflight uses multi-stage expendable launch systems to reach space.
Reusable
Main article: Reusable launch system
Ambox current red.svg
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2019)
The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger, which was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.
The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition on mission STS-1
Columbia landing, concluding the STS-1 mission
Columbia launches again on STS-2
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran.
Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of the program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the partially reusable Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) no later than 2021. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) or a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle.
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne was a reusable suborbital spaceplane that carried pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the Ansari X Prize. The Spaceship Company has built its successor SpaceShipTwo. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by Virgin Galactic planned to begin reusable private spaceflight carrying paying passengers (space tourists) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.[15]
Challenges
Main article: Effect of spaceflight on the human body
Space disasters
Main article: Space accidents and incidents
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a Delta II rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.[16]
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
In 2004 the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety was established in the Netherlands to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.[17]
Weightlessness
Main article: Weightlessness
Astronauts on the ISS in weightless conditions. Michael Foale can be seen exercising in the foreground.
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes space adaptation syndrome, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the vestibular system. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant deconditioning of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
Radiation
Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the Van Allen belts, solar radiation and cosmic radiation issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth, solar flares can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the health threat from cosmic radiation significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.[18]
Life support
Main article: Life support system
In human spaceflight, the life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. NASA often uses the phrase Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its human spaceflight missions.[19] The life support system may supply: air, water and food. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are life-critical, and are designed and constructed using safety engineering techniques.
Space weather
Main article: Space weather
Aurora australis and Discovery, May 1991.
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in outer space. It is distinct from the concept of weather within a planetary atmosphere, and deals with phenomena involving ambient plasma, magnetic fields, radiation and other matter in space (generally close to Earth but also in interplanetary, and occasionally interstellar medium). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."[20]
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for manned spacecraft.
Environmental considerations
Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction.
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
Woodcut printer's device of Johann Knobloch of Strasbourg.
Established heading: Knobloch, Johann, ‡d d. 1528
Penn Libraries call number: GC5 L9753 522g
Many of the spectators (and riders) took photos with mobile devices, sometimes exchanging email addresses. Not as many wore helmets.
In the body painting area before the ride.
X-ray vision like Superman's could soon be available in your pocket.
By Deborah Netburn
April 19, 2012, 1:39 p.m.
In the not-too-distant future, your smartphone may be able to help you see through walls, cardboard boxes, paper and even clothing.
Scientists from the University of Texas at Dallas have designed an imaging chip that measures invisible terahertz light waves that is small enough to fit on a smartphone and inexpensive enough that normal people could actually afford to buy one.
Terahertz waves can be detected through opaque surfaces such as paper, walls and clothing -- enabling a person with an accurate terahertz measuring device to see beyond what our visible eye can see.
Some applications of this technology, which is still in development, include early detecting of skin cancer, finding studs hidden in walls, finding hidden cracks in vases and authenticating documents.
As for the creepy applications (such as seeing through clothes), rest assured that Kenneth O, professor of electrical engineering at UT Texas and director of the Texas Analog Center for Excellence, who led this research, has considered them.
"The major concern for this technology is privacy, so we've made it that you need to place the imaging device very close to the object you are looking at," he said. "We are talking about a distance of 10 centimeters, so it would be very difficult for someone to sneak up on you and...you know."
Scientists have known about terahertz waves for a long time, but the devices that measured them were prohibitively expensive for most people, and also large and bulky.
O and his team's imaging chip, which was made with CMOS technology, is small and cheap.
"This is literally small enough that it can be placed on the back of the cellphone," he said.
Modified X-ray vision, here we come!
---
Story from The Los Angeles Times
Image courtesy of (Warner Home Video / April 19, 2012)
---
New Research Could Mean Cellphones That Can See Through Walls
Team Finds New Possibilities in Untapped Terahertz Range With Implications For a Host of Devices
Apr. 18, 2012
TxACE director Kenneth O (left), professor of electrical engineering, with member Dae Yeon Kim
Dr. Kenneth O, director of the Texas Analog Center of Excellence and a professor of electrical engineering, left, worked with a team including Dae Yeon Kim, who was among the authors of the research report.
Comic book hero superpowers may be one step closer to reality after the latest technological feats made by researchers at UT Dallas. They have designed an imager chip that could turn mobile phones into devices that can see through walls, wood, plastics, paper and other objects.
The team’s research linked two scientific advances. One involves tapping into an unused range in the electromagnetic spectrum. The other is a new microchip technology.
The electromagnetic spectrum characterizes wavelengths of energy. For example, radio waves for AM and FM signals, or microwaves used for cell phones or the infrared wavelength that makes night vision devices possible.
But the terahertz band of the electromagnetic spectrum, one of the wavelength ranges that falls between microwave and infrared, has not been accessible for most consumer devices.
“We’ve created approaches that open a previously untapped portion of the electromagnetic spectrum for consumer use and life-saving medical applications,” said Dr. Kenneth O, professor of electrical engineering at UT Dallas and director of the Texas Analog Center of Excellence (TxACE). “The terahertz range is full of unlimited potential that could benefit us all.”
Tapping the Terahertz Gap
Shown is the electromagnet spectrum, from radio waves used for FM and AM signals, to infrared waves used for remote controls, to gamma rays that kill cancer cells. A team at UT Dallas is focusing on the "terahertz band," which has not been accessible for most consumer devices.
Tapping the Terahertz Gap
Using the new approach, images can be created with signals operating in the terahertz (THz) range without having to use several lenses inside a device. This could reduce overall size and cost.
The second advance that makes the findings applicable for consumer devices is the technology used to create the microchip. Chips manufactured using CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) technology form the basis of many consumer electronic devices used in daily life such as personal computers, smart phones, high definition TV and game consoles.
“CMOS is affordable and can be used to make lots of chips,” Dr. O said. “The combination of CMOS and terahertz means you could put this chip and a transmitter on the back of a cellphone, turning it into a device carried in your pocket that can see through objects.” Due to privacy concerns, Dr. O and his team are focused on uses in the distance range of less than four inches.
Consumer applications of such technology could range from finding studs in walls to authentication of important documents. Businesses could use it to detect counterfeit money. Manufacturing companies could apply it to process control. There are also more communication channels available in terahertz than the range currently used for wireless communication, so information could be more rapidly shared at this frequency.
“The combination of CMOS and terahertz means you could put this chip and receiver on the back of a cellphone, turning it into a device carried in your pocket that can see through objects.”
Dr. Kenneth O,
Texas Instruments Distinguished Chair, TxACE director
Terahertz can also be used for imaging to detect cancer tumors, diagnosing disease through breath analysis, and monitoring air toxicity.
“There are all kinds of things you could be able to do that we just haven’t yet thought about,” said Dr. O, holder of the Texas Instruments Distinguished Chair.
The research was presented at the most recent International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC). The team will work next to build an entire working imaging system based on the CMOS terahertz system.
Other authors of the paper include Ruonan Han and Yaming Zhang, former students of Professor O, Youngwan Kim and Dae Yeon Kim, TxACE members, and Hisashi Sam Shichijio, research professor at TxACE.
The work was supported by the Center for Circuit & System Solutions (C2S2 Center) and conducted in the TxACE laboratory at UT Dallas, which is funded by the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC), the state through its Texas Emerging Technology Fund, Texas Instruments Inc., The UT System and UT Dallas.
Media Contact: LaKisha Ladson, UT Dallas, (972) 883-4183, lnl120030@utdallas.edu
or the Office of Media Relations, UT Dallas, (972) 883-2155, newscenter@utdallas.edu.
A nuclear device is detonated at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands in 1952.
Credit: US Government
This is a photograph from the first running of the Trim AC Bewley's 10 Mile Road Race which was held on Sunday 1st February 2015 at 12:00 in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland. This race also incorporated the 2015 Meath 10 Mile Road Championships. For the first staging of this event this was an incredible success with almost 800 runners, joggers and walkers talking to the start line. The weather was perfect for running despite the bitter cold temperatures with air temperature of 4C recorded at the start. Some beautiful Spring sunshine helped brighten the day and the roads were clear and dry for racing.
Want to use this photograph or share it? Please read/scroll down a little further to find out how - it's very easy!
The race started on the Trim Athboy Road (the R154) and headed towards the town before making a left turn onto the Trim Dunderry road. The one mile mark comes just after a Y-junction which the race joins back to before the final 600 meters to the finish. Heading north to Dunderry the route takes a left in the middle of the village and heads west for 2 miles on the Dunderry Athboy road. At the next major junction the race takes another left turning south towards Trim town again. One of the only significant hills/drags of the course happens at around the 6.5 mile marker. Miles 7 - 9 are ran on winding roads with nice hedgerows and shelter from any breeze. During these miles you will begin to see the spire of Trim church in the distance. At the Y-Junction from mile one you have 600 meters to go with a final right turn into the industrial estate and the finish line.
The success of today's race is not an accident. Trim AC, and their army of volunteers and help from other Meath athletic clubs, put in huge work to make this race a success.
Today's race adds significantly to Trim AC's reputation for top quality organisation of race events. The 10 mile road race today follows on from the Braveheart 5KM Trail Race which is held annually in June around the beautiful and historical fields of Porchfields and Trim Castle. Today's race could be the begining of one of the region's largest and most popular 10 mile road races.
Are there more photographs from this race? This photograph is part of a larger set of photographs from the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race 2015. They are available on our Flickr photostream in the album set here www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157650166189770
Trim 10 Mile 2015 Event Page on Facebook: www.facebook.com/events/1519629891656513/?fref=ts (may require Facebook logon)
Trim Athletic Club on Twitter twitter.com/trimathletic
Trim Athletic Club Internet Homepage www.trimac.ie/
GPS Trace of the 10 Mile Route 2015 www.mapmyrun.com/routes/fullscreen/590734250/
Boards.ie Athletics Forum Discussion Thread: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057321634
Precision Timing Results from the Trim 10 Mile 2015: www.precisiontiming.net/result.aspx?v=2381
Sponsors: Bewley's 1840: bewleys.com/
Read about Bewley's company on Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewley%27s
Trim Athletic Club on Facebook: www.facebook.com/trimathleticclub?fref=ts (may require Facebook logon)
Google Streetview - St. Loman's Hall Registration and Refreshments www.google.ie/maps/place/St+Loman%27s+St,+Trim,+Co.+Meath...
Our photographs from the Trim AC Braveheart 5KM 2014 www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157645195984413/
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us.
This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download the photographic image here direct to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. However - look for a symbol with three dots 'ooo' or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Creative Commons aims to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
I've been using my fitbit since early October and love it!!! I use it to track my steps and my sleep and I've found it to be amazingly accurate. It is light-weight and very easy to use. Unfortunately, the device met an early death when the faceplate decided to go on holiday from the rest of the unit... which let the little button escape, and in-turn render the whole device DOA. ...yikes!... today is a very sad day.
UPDATE: Customer Service was amazing! They sent me a replacement device really quick. 5 Star service for FitBit! Take a look at my new one here: www.flickr.com/photos/zooboing/6833388817/in/photostream
Device: Nikon 1 S1
Lens: 11-27.5mm f/3.5-5.6
Focal Length: 27.5mm
ISO: 360
Aperture: f/5.6
Shutter Speed: 1/250
LumiSpa device and cleanser on a pink background seen through a wiped section of glass with condensation from the shower on it.
Platz, Cheryl, 2020. Design Beyond Devices: Creating Multimodal, Cross-Device Experiences. New York: Rosenfeld Media. rosenfeldmedia.com/books/design-beyond-devices/