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A touring bike for international riding- s&s couplers allow for easy packing. 50mm tire clearance for maximum shredding. Photo by Eric Baumann.
One of the biggest and best Veterans Day parades this area has ever seen. More than 100 units with multiple components signed up to march or perform during this year's annual parade, hosted by the Hampton Roads Council of Veterans Organizations (HRCVO). The parade started at 9 a.m. at 16th Street and Atlantic Avenue, and ended at the Tidewater Veterans Memorial at 19th Street, across from the Virginia Beach Convention Center.
This year's Grand Marshal is CPL Johnny Johnson, USMC (Ret.) and MR1 William T. Jones, Jr., USN (Ret.) is this year's Co-Marshal. The parade will include, among others: Marching bands from the U. S. Army Training & Doctrine Command at Fort Eustis, Bayside, Green Run, Kellam, Landstown, Ocean Lakes, Salem and Tallwood High Schools, Honor Guards and/or Motorcycle and Mounted Units from Chesapeake, Portsmouth and Virginia Beach Police Departments and the Virginia Beach Sheriff's Office.
This year's parade is co-sponsored by the La Societe des Quarante Hommes et Huit Chevaux (40 & 8) Voiture Locale 86). It will include military units from the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force that represent military installations across the region. Veterans from World War II, Korea, Vietnam, Desert Storm, Desert Shield, Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom will participate, as well as several Tidewater municipal and veterans support organizations, including Naval Junior ROTC Units and Boy Scout and Girl Scout Troops.
The Veterans Day Parade is sanctioned by the Department of Veterans Affairs National Veterans Day Committee and the Mayors of Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk and Virginia Beach who signed the Veterans Day Proclamation resolving that "citizens, businesses and organizations demonstrate due appreciation, admiration and respect for all veterans who have served our great nation."
Immediately following the parade, a formal ceremony was held at the Tidewater Veterans Memorial. This service included military and civilian honors to the Veterans. Afterwards, there was a luncheon at the DoubleTree Hotel.
Photography - Craig McClure
17076
© 2016
ALL Rights reserved by City of Virginia Beach.
Contact photo[at]vbgov.com for permission to use. Commercial use not allowed.
With all flight components of the James Webb Space Telescope under one roof at Northrop Grumman, technicians work to ensure the readiness of the sunshield/spacecraft element for assembly with the rest of the observatory in 2019.
These are archival images from 2018.
Image credit: Northrop Grumman
drive.google.com/file/d/1z_ash6P1m7Lfe-qWFoR36jmqT9RWEI-6...
375に纏わる謎 Vol.3
drive.google.com/file/d/1dhn7nFEk5PI1iRuSiUJ9A2v5ArsfoZLu...
The compression driver's phase equalizer, or fencing plug, is an important component that causes air vibrations generated by diaphragm vibrations to flow through the slits to the horn, but there are several types of shapes.
Typical examples are (1) Exponential (curved section) slit, (2) Conical (straight section) slit, (3) Radial (radiation) Shape) slit, ④ hole slit, ⑤ coherent wave slit.
Among them, [WE594A] that first used multiple rings was the exponential slit of ①, but [284] developed a year later was the conical slit of ②. Actually, this time, I would like to talk about these two relationships and [375] and the new driver.
When Jim Lansing designed [Lansing-284], he had most of the information about [WE594A] at hand. Rather, he was familiar with it because it was his own design. He knew the structure and the work, and even the flaws. On top of that, he was listening to the distortion at the Knickerbocker Hotel, so He should have been working on an improvement plan for [WE594A], and it seems that part of it had already been discussed with Dr. Blackburn.
Upon entering the Shaller project, he conducted various experiments to remove distortion and reduced the diaphragm diameter to 2.84 inches. Up to this point, anyone can understand. However, the problem was that I changed the phasing plug that affects the sound. At the time, the reason for developing [Lansing-284] at the Schaller Project in a short period of time was to make it in time for the box office of the movie industry. At that point, Lansing might not have perfected the shape of the phasing plug in his head. Therefore, it may have been a conical slit of ② that is easy to cut. Still, compared to [WE594A], I think that he was satisfied that he was able to significantly improve the divided vibration and extend the high range by downsizing.
Another idea is that Lansing sells the prototype of [WE594A], so we may have dared to avoid the curved section in view of WE's patenting.
Initially, I evaluated only the improvements in [284]. However, Lansing chose conical slits such as [284] and [601] as an evolution system from [WE594A], but later adopted exponential slits [375] and [D175]. It seems that Lansing still emphasized the exponential slit, or wanted to improve it. From [WE594A], you can see from the "mysterious sketch" that you have been focusing on trying to improve distortion in addition to making it smaller. In a sense, [WE594A] has been completed, but
what does it mean to improve it further? Let's take a closer look.
Although it overlaps, it is an important place, so I would like to expand the slit diagram and reconsider.
—————————————————————————————
In [WE594A], the focus of the air flow of each slit passing through the slit was scattered and not concentrated, but the point improved by Lansing in the sketch is that the pole piece inner wall cross section (black line) was changed from a straight line to a curve The focal point of the airflow that has passed through the outermost peripheral slit moves to the back of the throat, approaches the other airflow, and gathers at almost one place. This is an improvement in JBL [375]. The yellow ring is aligned with the tip of the 4th plug so that the airflow centerlines of both can be compared.
—————————————————————————————
Looking at the figure above, I think that it is more doubtful why the cross section of the inner wall of the pole piece of [WE594A] was made straight unlike the other surfaces. Since the curvature of each plug and the position of the tip of each plug were clearly specified in the "mystery sketch," I drew the drawing accordingly. Then, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th plugs were also slightly different, and the focus of the air flow was gathered from [WE594A] as shown in the above figure. The quadruple slits now have the same shape.
The first figure in this article is an enlargement of each figure drawn from the text of the Lansing study, and it was revealed that the cross-section of JBL LE85 was enlarged to make it difficult to understand in a small figure. According to it, [WE594A] and [375] have the same exponential slit, but one side is conical (straight line). However, [LE85] is curved on both sides. This is a big discovery! In other words, isn't this the ultimate slit that Lansing reached last?
—————————————————————————————
[LE85] has almost no photograph showing the inside of the plug. Only the 1975 JBL catalog final page "horn driver cross section" I tried to expand strongly. Then, the pole piece side of the 2nd plug on the right was clearly a (red dotted line) curve, compared to the 4th plug red straight line (the tip of the Japanese sword) on [375] on the left. The slit cross section was curved on both sides. So this was Lansing's answer. I wondered if he could leave [D175] at the end with something superior, but that was the answer.
—————————————————————————————
Lansing seems to have judged the good or bad by listening to the music by directly turning the ideas that grew in his head into actual things, rather than drawing calculations and blueprints. In other words, I left the slit-shaped [D175] that grew up listening to music. He said it was the best compression driver. It's been 22 years in his life since he founded the Lansing Manufacturing Company in 1926. Therefore, "you will be punished if you think that 375 is best". There is no other driver like this in the world. It is generally thought that the more slits the airflow can send to the slot faster, but it seems different. According to one theory, the smaller the number of compression driver rings, the better the phase. Therefore, [WE555] is said to have good sound. Also, the smaller the diameter of the diaphragm, the less susceptible it is to split vibrations, and the [LE85] diaphragm is44.45 mm (1 3/4 inch) and can reproduce well up to about 20,000 Hz. He often says that the sound is better when the tweeter is attached to the driver that extends the high range than when the tweeter is attached to the driver that does not grow in the high range. ..
The growth of the low range can be compensated by the ability of the woofer and the power of the amplifier like Tal-lo（Barrel speaker unit on Concorde Sakuma-san）.
For me, I feel like I finally came up with the answer. The man who died under the skies of California when I was 11. He smiles for me in my heart now.
Nikon D750. AF-S Nikkor 28mm f1.8g. SB-600 Speedlight.
f8 @ 1/1000 sec. ISO 11400. 7 September 2018.
All the stuff unpacked from the shipping boxes. All the main components are new this time and as state-of-the-art as I could afford. Only the storage drives will carry over to the new system.
Universal Studios Florida is a theme park located in Orlando, Florida. Opened on June 7, 1990, the park's theme is the entertainment industry, in particular movies and television. Universal Studios Florida inspires its guests to "ride the movies", and it features numerous attractions and live shows. The park is one component of the larger Universal Orlando Resort.
In 2013, the park hosted an estimated 7.06 million guests, ranking it the eighth-most visited theme park in the United States, and ranking it sixteenth worldwide.[2]
Contents [hide]
1 History 1.1 Park history
1.2 Branding
1.3 Timeline
1.4 Previous attractions
2 Park design 2.1 Production Central
2.2 New York
2.3 San Francisco
2.4 London/Diagon Alley
2.5 World Expo
2.6 Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone
2.7 Hollywood
3 Character appearances
4 Production facilities
5 Annual events 5.1 Grad Bash and Gradventure
5.2 Halloween Horror Nights
5.3 Macy's Holiday Parade
5.4 Mardi Gras
5.5 Rock the Universe
5.6 Summer Concert Series
6 Universal's Express Pass
7 Attendance
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010)
The original entrance to the theme park.
Over the years, Universal Studios Florida has not limited itself to attractions based on its own vast film library. It has occasionally licensed popular characters from other rival studios, many of whom did not operate theme parks themselves. Some examples include Ghostbusters and Men in Black, (Sony's Columbia Pictures), The Simpsons (20th Century Fox) and Shrek (DreamWorks Animation).
Many of the park's past and present attractions were developed with the actual creators of the films they were based on, and feature the original stars as part of the experience. Steven Spielberg helped create E.T. Adventure and was a creative consultant for Back to the Future: The Ride, Twister...Ride it Out, An American Tail Theatre, Jaws, Men in Black: Alien Attack and Transformers: The Ride.
In many current rides, the original stars reprised their film roles including: Rip Torn and Will Smith in Men in Black: Alien Attack, Brendan Fraser for Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride, Bill Paxton and Helen Hunt in Twister...Ride it Out, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Edward Furlong and Linda Hamilton reprised their roles for Terminator 2: 3-D Battle Across Time, Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow for Shrek 4D, Steve Carell, Miranda Cosgrove, Dana Gaier, and Elsie Fisher reprised their roles from Despicable Me for Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem, and Peter Cullen and Frank Welker reprised their roles as Optimus Prime and Megatron for Transformers: The Ride.
In many former rides, the many original stars were also to reprise their film roles such as: Christopher Lloyd and Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future: The Ride, Roy Scheider recorded a voice over for the conclusion of Jaws, Alfred Hitchcock and Anthony Perkins appeared in Alfred Hitchcock: The Art of Making Movies, additionally, various Nicktoon voice actors reprised their roles in Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast.
Park history[edit]
From its inception in 1982,[3] Universal Studios Florida was designed as a theme park and a working studio. It was also the first time that Universal Studios had constructed an amusement park "from the ground up." However, the proposed project was put on hold until 1986, when a meeting between Steven Spielberg, a co-founder for the park, and Peter N. Alexander prompted for the creation of a Back to the Future simulator ride in addition to the already planned King Kong based ride.[4]
A major component of the original park in Hollywood is its studio tour, which featured several special-effects exhibits and encounters built into the tour, such as an attack by the great white shark from the film Jaws. For its Florida park, Universal Studios took the concepts of the Hollywood tour scenes and developed them into larger, stand-alone attractions. As an example, in Hollywood, the studio tour trams travel close to a shoreline and are "attacked" by Jaws before they travel to the next part of the tour. In Florida, guests entered the "Jaws" attraction and would board a boat touring the fictitious Amity Harbor, where they encountered the shark, then exited back into the park at the conclusion of the attraction. Universal Studios Florida originally had a Studio Tour attraction that visited the production facilities, but that tour has since been discontinued.
Branding[edit]
Previous slogans for Universal Studios Florida were: See the Stars. Ride the Movies. (1990 - 1998); No one makes believe like we do! (1990 - 1998); Ride the Movies (1998 - 2008); Jump into the Action (2008–2012). The current slogan is: Experience the Movies (2012–present).
Timeline[edit]
1986: Land clearing takes place on the swamp land purchased by MCA/Universal that would hold the park.
1987: Universal Studios Florida is announced at a press conference on the Hollywood property, with a planned opening date of December 1989.
1988: Universal Studios Florida's opening date is delayed from December, 1989 to May 1, 1990. Shortly following, MCA/Universal releases a video detailing the future park, which stars Christopher Lloyd as the Universal character Doc Brown interacting with the various attractions at the Florida park.[5] Universal Studios allows guests to witness the production of television shows and motion pictures in the Florida park's soundstages in middle 1988, while the rest of the studio/park is still under construction.[6]
1989: MCA/Universal Studios claims that The Walt Disney Company and its CEO, Michael Eisner copied several concepts of the Universal Studios Florida park, and integrated them into Disney's recently opened Disney/MGM Studios park.[7]
1990: On January 31, Universal Studios Florida's opening date is again delayed from May 1, 1990 to June 7, 1990.[8] Universal Studios Florida begins soft openings for the general public in late May.[9] Many of the park's attractions are not yet open at the time, and still under testing. Universal Studios Florida is officially opened with a grand opening style ceremony on June 7.[10] The park opens with five themed areas: The Front Lot (entrance area), Production Central, New York, San Francisco/Amity, Expo Center, Hollywood as well as a Lagoon located in the center of the park. The Front Lot and Production Central areas are referred to as "In Production", the New York section is referred to as "Now Shooting", the San Francisco and Amity sections are referred to as "On Location" and the Expo Center area is referred to as "The World of CineMagic Center". Nickelodeon Studios also opened on this day where there was a grand opening ceremony hosted by Marc Summers. Due to massive technical problems with the original Kongfrontation, Earthquake: The Big One and Jaws rides, Universal begins a temporary voucher service to allow guests to re-visit the studio/park when the attractions are operating.[10] Jaws is temporarily closed by Universal on September 30 due to persistent major technical problems. During the shut-down, Universal sues the original designer of the Jaws ride,[11] Ride & Show Engineering, and hires Totally Fun Company to create a re-designed version of most of the ride.
1991: Universal adds four new attractions to the park: The Blues Brothers Show, StreetBusters, The Screen Test Home Video Adventure and How to Make a Mega Movie Deal.[12] Back to the Future: The Ride officially opens in the World Expo Center area of the park, in a grand opening ceremony.[13] The ride is considered to be a success, and receives positive reception from theme park critics.[14] Fright Nights debuts at the park. In 1992, it is renamed to Halloween Horror Nights.
1993: Jaws is re-opened, with many scenes altered. MCA/Universal announces plans to expand Universal Studios Florida into the Universal City, Florida resort complex, including a second theme park and multiple hotels.[15]
1995: Universal Studios Florida celebrates its 5th anniversary. A Day in the Park with Barney opens in the World Expo area. The Production Studio Tour is closed due to a dwindle in the studios' recent Film/TV production.
1996: Terminator 2: 3-D Battle Across Time opens in the Hollywood area.[16]
1997: Universal announces that Ghostbusters Spooktacular will be replaced by Twister...Ride it Out, with a planned opening date of Spring 1998[17] Universal Studios announces that the sole Studio park will be expanded into the Universal Studios Escape, including the Islands of Adventure park, Universal CityWalk Orlando and multiple hotels. The Islands of Adventure Preview Center opens in the New York area, replacing The Screen Test Home Video Adventure. It is meant to give guests a preview of the up-coming Islands of Adventure park, as well as expansion of the Studio park into the Universal Studios Escape resort.
1998: The expansion begins as the original open parking lot for Universal Studios Florida is demolished and replaced by CityWalk and a parking garage complex.[18] Universal delays the opening of Twister...Ride it Out from March, 1998 to May 4, 1998 out of respect for the 42 deaths caused by a recent El Nino outbreak of tornadoes in the central Florida area. Twister...Ride it Out opens in the New York area, replacing Ghostbusters Spooktacular.[19] A new area of the park, Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone, is officially opened, holding the attractions Curious George Goes to Town, StarToons and the previously opened Fievel's Playland, E.T. Adventure, Animal Actors Stage and A Day in the Park with Barney; CityWalk opens outside of the park.
1999: Woody Woodpecker's Nuthouse Coaster opens in the Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone area. Islands of Adventure opens next door to Universal Studios Florida.[20]
2000: Men in Black: Alien Attack opens in the World Expo area, on the former site of The Swamp Thing Set. Universal Studios Florida's 10th anniversary celebration.
2001: Animal Planet Live opens, replacing Animal Actors Stage.
2002: Universal Studios Escape is renamed Universal Orlando Resort. Kongfrontation closes in a closing ceremony. Halloween Horror Nights is moved to Islands of Adventure. Macy's Holiday Parade debuts at the park.
2003: Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast opens, replacing The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera.[21] Shrek 4-D opens with Donkey's Photo Finish, replacing Alfred Hitchcock: The Art of Making Movies and Stage 54 respectively.[22]
2004: Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride opens, replacing Kongfrontation.[23] Halloween Horror Nights takes place in both Universal Studios Florida and Islands of Adventure.
2005: Universal Express Plus is introduced, replacing Universal Express. Nickelodeon Studios closes after nearly 15 years. Fear Factor Live opens, replacing The Wild Wild Wild West Stunt Show. Universal Studios Florida celebrates its 15th anniversary.
2006: Delancey Street Preview Center opens in the New York area. Universal 360: A Cinesphere Spectacular opens, replacing Dynamite Nights Stunt Spectacular. Animal Planet Live is closed, and replaced by Animal Actors on Location. Halloween Horror Nights returns to Universal Studios Florida for its "Sweet 16".
2007: Back to the Future: The Ride closes on March 30.[24] Blue Man Group Sharp Aquos Theatre opens in CityWalk, replacing Nickelodeon Studios. Earthquake: The Big One closes in the San Francisco area on November 5.
2008: Disaster!: A Major Motion Picture Ride...Starring You! opens, replacing Earthquake: The Big One.[25] Universal announces Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit, with a planned opening of Spring 2009. The Simpsons Ride opens, replacing Back to the Future: The Ride.[26]
2009: The Universal Music Plaza Stage opens, replacing The Boneyard. Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit opens.
2010: The 20th anniversary of Universal Studios Florida in June, as well as Halloween Horror Nights in October.
2011: The 10th anniversary of Macy's Holiday Parade at the park.[27]
2012: Jaws and the surrounding Amity themed area closes, as announced on December 2, 2011.[28] Universal announces the additions of Universal’s Cinematic Spectacular: 100 Years of Movie Memories and Universal's Superstar Parade to the park, with openings on May 8, 2012.[29] Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem, opens replacing Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast; as announced on March 14, 2011 as "...one of many exciting things planned for the next couple of years".[30] Universal Orlando Resort announced Transformers: The Ride will officially open in the summer of 2013, replacing Soundstages 44 and 54, which were demolished on June 24, 2012.[31] SpongeBob StorePants,a gift shop themed after SpongeBob SquarePants opened in Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone replacing the Universal Cartoon Store
2013: The opening date for Transformers The Ride is announced for June 20, 2013. Details of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter expansion are officially announced. Details for the new Simpsons Land are announced and expected to open in the summer of 2013. Transformers: The Ride officially opens in the Production Central area replacing Soundstage 44. Simpsons Fast Food Boulevard (renamed Springfield U.S.A.) concludes its expansion as it includes one new ride: Kang and Kodos Twirl 'n' Hurl.
2014: The opening date for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Diagon Alley is announced for July 8, 2014 amid the Diagon Alley preview red carpet premiere on June 18, 2014 with Domhnall Gleeson, Bonnie Wright, Evanna Lynch, Matthew Lewis, James and Oliver Phelps, Tom Felton, Robbie Coltrane, Warwick Davis and Helena Bonham Carter attending the premiere. King's Cross station opens on July 1, 2014 as well as the Hogwarts Express Hogsmeade station at Universal's Islands of Adventure, connecting park visitors to both theme Harry Potter theme parks via a full scale replica of the train that appears in the Harry Potter film series. Diagon Alley officially opens, replacing Jaws and the Amity section of the park.
Previous attractions[edit]
Main article: List of former Universal Studios Florida attractions
The previous icon of the Jaws ride is still a popular photo spot.
Like all theme parks, attractions are sometimes closed due to aging and replaced with more contemporary attractions. Universal has seen this happen several times. Some notable closures include Kongfrontation, Back to the Future: The Ride, The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera and Jaws. The closures of Kongfrontation, Back to the Future, and Jaws have been given homages by the park to honor veteran visitors who revered the former rides.
Park design[edit]
Main article: List of Universal Studios Florida attractions
Universal Studios Florida features seven themed areas all situated around a large lagoon. In 2012, this lagoon was the site of Universal’s Cinematic Spectacular: 100 Years of Movie Memories, a thematic display that showcased scenes from various Universal films, featuring lasers, projectors and fountains, and pyrotechnics.
The seven surrounding themed areas, clockwise from the entrance, are Production Central, New York, San Francisco, London/Diagon Alley, World Expo, Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone and Hollywood. Each area features a combination of rides, shows, attractions, character appearances, dining outlets and merchandise stores. A new area, based on Harry Potter's Diagon Alley was added to the park in the July of 2014.
Production Central[edit]
Ride
Year opened
Manufacturer
Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem 2012 Intamin
Shrek 4-D 2003 PDI/DreamWorks
Hollywood Rip, Ride, Rockit 2009 Maurer Söhne
Transformers: The Ride 3D 2013 Oceaneering International
The Universal Music Plaza Stage 2009
The area is also home to a variety of dining outlets and merchandise shops. Food and beverage items can be purchased from Beverly Hills Boulangerie or Universal Studios' Classic Monsters Cafe while merchandise can be bought from a variety of themed stores including Universal Studios Store, Studio Sweets, It's a Wrap!, Super Silly Stuff, Shrek's Ye Olde Souvenir Shoppe, and Transformers: Supply Vault.[32][33]
Componentes Mesa redonda "Ecoautomovil: marketing o realidad"
Moderador:
José Ramón FERNANDEZ MARCO,
Director Gerente del Cluster de Automoción de Madrid Network.
Intervienen:
•José María LÓPEZ MARTÍNEZ,
Subdirector General de INSIA-UPM.
•Manuel LAGE,
Director General de NGVA EUROPE.
•Alejandro MOCHO,
Director General de ECO COMBUSTION EUROPEA S.L..
•Borja ESTEBAN MARTINEZ,
Director de Relaciones. Institucionales de PEUGEOT CITROËN AUTOMÓVILES ESPAÑA, S.A. – PSA.
PictionID:44808664 - Title:Atlas Payload Component - Catalog:14_014202 - Filename:14_014202.TIF - - - Image from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
This is the "pusher" half the the RUWI component system. It is a plywood panel approximately 1-inch thick with a handle and rubberized gasketing applied to the front edge, and an adjustable mechanism for setting the angle of the panel and securing it to the sliding table. Unlike a Fritz & Franz design, this component pivots which I consider a disadvantage.
This alternate pusher component is designed to secure to the sliding table with a lever actuated clamping post. The bumper component has the same rubberized gasketing material along one edge to help secure stock wedged between the two plywood components that make up the system. Also shown in this photo is an alternate plywood "bumper" component.
Behind the camera during the shoot at BA Components factory for their Bella kitchen collection catalogue.
PictionID:44811748 - Title:Atlas Payload Component - Catalog:14_014455 - Filename:14_014455.TIF - - - - Image from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
PictionID:44808627 - Title:Atlas Payload Component - Catalog:14_014199 - Filename:14_014199.TIF - - - Image from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
PictionID:44723552 - Title:Atlas Program Component - Catalog:14_013260 - Filename:14_013260.TIF - - - Image from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
▪︎Parachute Store, Building 14 (A/M Drg No: 11137/41)▪︎
Originally known as RAF Bury St Edmunds Airfield, Rougham Airfield is situated 3 miles east of the Suffolk market town of Bury St Edmunds. The airfield was built between 1941 and 1942, and had three intersecting concrete runways. The main runway was approximately 2,000 yards long, and ran in an east to west direction. It was designed for a United States Army Airforce unit (U.S.A.A.F) Bomb Group. Fifty concrete hardstands were constructed just off the encircling perimeter track. Two T2 type Hangars were erected, one on each side of the airfield, accommodation was provided for some 3,000 personnel in Nissen Huts and other temporary type buildings.
The airfield was opened in September 1942 and was used by the U.S.A.A.F Eighth Air Force, and given the designation Station 468 (BU). The first U.S.A.A.F group to use Bury St. Edmunds airfield was the 47th Bombardment Group (Light) arriving from Greensboro A.A.F North Carolina in mid-September 1942. The 47th was equipped with the Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber, but the group quickly moved to RAF Horham, as Bury St. Edmunds was still under construction. On 2nd November the 47th was ordered to North Africa, departing for Medina Air Field 15 miles south of Casablanca in Morocco. The 322nd Bombardment Group (Medium) arrived in December 1942 from Drane Army Airfield, Florida, a satellite installation of nearby MacDill Field, where the 322nd originally began their pre-deployment training. The group was assigned to the 3rd Bomb Wing and flew Martin B - Z6B/C Marauders.
Ongoing construction at RAF Bury St. Edmunds forced two of the group's squadrons to locate to RAF Rattlesden. The group's aircraft did not arrive until late in March 1943. Once operational, the 322nd flew two low-level bombing operations from RAF Bury St. Edmunds. The first, on the 14th of May when it dispatched 12 planes for a minimum-level attack on an electrical generating plant near Ijtnuiden. This was the first operational combat mission flown by B-26's. The second was a disastrous mission to the Netherlands on Monday, 17th May, when the group sent 11 aircraft on a similar operation from which none of the aircraft penetrating the enemy coast, returned. Sixty crewmen were lost to flak and interceptors. Group morale was not improved when, on the 29th of May, a B-26 crashed onto the airfield killing the crew and damaging a hangar. After these missions, the group was re-equipped and trained for medium-altitude operations for several weeks before returning to combat operations.
On the 13th of June, the 322nd moved to RAF Andrews Field in Essex. The 94th Bombarment Group (Heavy) arrived from RAF Earls Colne on the 15th of June 1943. The 94th was assigned to the 4th Combat Bombardment Wing, and the group tail code was a 'Square-A'. The group flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress as part of the Eighth Air Force's strategic bombing campaign and served chiefly as a strategic bombardment organization throughout the war.
The 94th flew its first mission on the 13th of June 1943, bombing an airfield at Saint Omer. After that, the group attacked such strategic objectives as the port of St Nazaire, shipyards at Kiel, an aircraft component parts factory at Kassel, a synthetic rubber plant at Hanover, a chemical factory at Ludwigshafen, marshalling yards at Frankfurt, oil facilities at Mersburg, and ball-bearing works at Eberhausen. The 94th took part in the campaign of heavy bombers against the enemy aircraft industry during ''Big Week'' between the 20th and the 25th of February, 1944. Prior to ''D-Day'' on June 1944, they helped to neutralize V-Weapon sites, airfields, and other military installations along the cob Industrial Estate.
The T2 hangars are still in use, for storage, the Control Tower was used for many years as a private dwelling, and has now been restored and is used as a museum. The airfield, once again known as Rougham Airfield, now has two grass runways available for civil use. Gliding and model aircraft flying are frequent and several open-air events are organised each year.
Information sourced from – military-history.fandom.com/wiki/RAF_Bury_St_Edmunds
AIRBUS A400M "ATLAS" (C/N: 116) BELGIAN AIR COMPONENT (CT-05) / AEROPUERTO DE SEVILLA (LEZL) ESPAÑA-SPAIN / VUELO DE ENTREGA
A technician with the John C. Stennis Space Center's Fluid Component Facility studies samples to determine cleanliness of valves and fittings used on pipes that transport liquid fuel and propellants. The clean room where the technicians work is similar to a hospital surgical room.
Credit: NASA
Image Number: 95-081-19
Date: 1995
My entire engine set (over 120 images)
www.flickr.com/photos/gordoncalder/sets/72157612757443903...
Pic taken at the National Motorcycle Museum, Birmingham, England.
www.nationalmotorcyclemuseum.co.uk/
This is a composite image - the carb and piston came from a cutaway Ariel engine.
I owned a Trophy TR6SS when I was 17, so I know every little component of this engine, mainly because it spent a lot of time on my garage floor. In the end I had 1/2 race cams and 11:1 compression pistons with Dunstall reverse cone megaphone exhausts. It sounded and felt like I was riding an earthquake!
© COPYRIGHT
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Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Saab JAS 39 Gripen (griffin) is a light single-engine multirole fighter aircraft manufactured by the Swedish aerospace company Saab. In 1979, the Swedish government began development studies for an aircraft capable of fighter, attack and reconnaissance missions to replace the Saab 35 Draken and 37 Viggen. The preferred aircraft was a single-engine, lightweight single-seater, embracing fly-by-wire technology, canards, and an aerodynamically unstable design. The powerplant selected was the Volvo-Flygmotor RM12, a license-built derivative of the General Electric F404−400; engine development priorities were weight reduction and lowering component count. A new design from Saab was selected and developed as the JAS 39, first flying in 1988.
The Gripen is a multirole fighter aircraft, intended as a lightweight and agile aerial platform with advanced, highly adaptable avionics. It has canard control surfaces that contribute a positive lift force at all speeds, while the generous lift from the delta wing compensates for the rear stabilizer producing negative lift at high speeds, increasing induced drag. It is capable of flying at a 70–80 degrees angle of attack.
Being intentionally unstable and employing digital fly-by-wire flight controls to maintain stability removes many flight restrictions, improves manoeuvrability and reduces drag. The Gripen also has good short takeoff performance, being able to maintain a high sink rate and strengthened to withstand the stresses of short landings. A pair of air brakes are located on the sides of the rear fuselage; the canards also angle downward to act as air brakes and decrease landing distance
To enable the Gripen to have a long service life, roughly 50 years, Saab designed it to have low maintenance requirements. Major systems such as the RM12 engine and PS-05/A radar are modular to reduce operating cost and increase reliability. The Gripen’s systems were designed to be flexible, so that newly developed sensors, computers and armaments could be easily integrated as technology advances. The aircraft was estimated to be roughly 67% sourced from Swedish or European suppliers and 33% from the US.
To market the aircraft internationally, Saab formed partnerships and collaborative efforts with overseas aerospace companies. One example of such efforts was Gripen International, a joint partnership between Saab and BAE Systems formed in 2001. Gripen International was responsible for marketing the aircraft, and was heavily involved in the successful export of the type to South Africa; the organisation was later dissolved amidst allegations of bribery being employed to secure foreign interest and sales. On the export market, the Gripen has achieved moderate success in sales to nations in Central Europe, South Africa and Southeast Asia.
The Swedish Air Force placed a total order for 204 Gripens in three batches. The first delivery of the JAS 39A/B (single seat and two seat variants) occurred on 8 June 1993, when aircraft “39102” was handed over to the Flygvapnet during a ceremony at Linköping. The final Batch three 1st generation aircraft was delivered to FMV on 26 November 2008, but in the meantime an upgraded Gripen variant, the JAS 39C/D already rolled off of the production lines and made the initial versions obsolete. The JAS C/D gradually replaced the A/B versions in the frontline units until 2012, which were then offered for export, mothballed or used for spares for the updated Swedish Gripen fleet.
A late European export customer became the nascent Republic of Scotland. According to a White Paper published by the Scottish National Party (SNP) in 2013, an independent Scotland would have an air force equipped with up to 16 air defense aircraft, six tactical transports, utility rotorcraft and maritime patrol aircraft, and be capable of “contributing excellent conventional capabilities” to NATO. Outlining its ambition to establish an air force with an eventual 2,000 uniformed personnel and 300 reservists, the SNP stated that the organization would initially be equipped with “a minimum of 12 interceptors in the Eurofighter/Typhoon class, based at Lossiemouth, a tactical air transport squadron, including around six Lockheed Martin C-130J Hercules, and a helicopter squadron for transport and SAR duties”.
According to the document, “Key elements of air forces in place at independence, equipped initially from a negotiated share of current UK assets, will secure core tasks, principally the ability to police Scotland’s airspace, within NATO.” An in-country air command and control capability would be established within five years of a decision in favor of independence, it continued, with staff also to be “embedded within NATO structures”.
This plan was immediately set into action with the foundation of the Poblachd na h-Alba Adhair an Airm (Republic of Scotland Air Corps/RoScAC) after the country's independence from Great Britain in late 2017. For the fighter role, Scotland was offered refurbished F-16C and Ds from the USA, but this was declined, as the type was considered too costly and complex. An offer from Austria to buy the country’s small Eurofighter fleet (even at a symbolic price) was rejected for the same reason.
Eventually, and in order to build a certain aura of neutrality, Scotland’s young and small air arm initially received twelve refurbished, NATO-compatible Saab JAS 39 Gripen (ten single-seater and two two-seaters) as well as Sk 90 trainers from Swedish overstock. These second hand machines were just the initial step in the mid-term procurement plan, though.
Even though all Scottish Gripens (locally called “Grìbhean”, designated F.1 for the JAS 39A single seaters and F.2 for the fully combat-capable JAS 39B two-seaters, respectively) were multi-role aircraft and capable of strike missions, its primary roles were interception/air defense and, to a lesser degree, reconnaissance. Due to severe budget restrictions and time pressure, these aircraft were almost identical to the Flygvapnet’s JAS 39A/B aircraft. They used the PS-05/A pulse-Doppler X band multi-mode radar, developed by Ericsson and GEC-Marconi, which was based on the latter's advanced Blue Vixen radar for the Sea Harrier that also served as the basis for the Eurofighter's CAPTOR radar. This all-weather radar is capable of locating and identifying targets 120 km (74 mi) away and automatically tracking multiple targets in the upper and lower spheres, on the ground and sea or in the air. It can guide several beyond visual range air-to-air missiles to multiple targets simultaneously. Therefore, RoScAC also procured AIM-9 Sidewinder and AIM-120 AMRAAM as primary armament for its Grìbhean fleet, plus AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles.
The twelve Grìbhean F.1 and F.2s formed the RoScAC’s 1st fighter (Sabaid) squadron, based at former RAF base Lossiemouth. Upon delivery and during their first months of service, the machines retained the former Swedish grey paint scheme, just with new tactical markings. In 2018, the RoScAC fighter fleet was supplemented with brand new KAI/Lockheed Martin TA-50 ‘Golden Eagle’ armed trainers from South Korea, which could also take over interceptor and air patrol duties. This expansion of resources allowed the RoScAC to initiate an update program for the JAS 39 fleet. It started in 2019 and included in-flight refueling through a fixed but detachable probe, a EuroFIRST PIRATE IRST, enhanced avionics with elements from the Swedish JAS 39C/D, and a tactical datalink.
With these updates, the machines could now also be externally fitted with Rafael's Sky Shield or LIG Nex1's ALQ-200K ECM pods, Sniper or LITENING targeting pods, and Condor 2 reconnaissance pods to further improve the machine’s electronic warfare, reconnaissance, and targeting capabilities.
The aircraft’s designations did not change, though, the only visible external change were the additional IRST fairing under the nose, and the machines received a new tactical camouflage with dark green and dark grey upper surfaces, originally introduced with the RoScAC’s TA-50s. However, all Grìbhean F.1 single seaters received individual fin designs instead of the grey camouflage, comprising simple red and yellow fins, the Scottish flag (instead of the standard fin flash) and even a large pink thistle on a white background and a white unicorn on a black background.
Despite being 2nd hand aircraft, the Scottish JAS 39A and Bs are expected to remain in service until at least 2035.
General characteristics:
Crew: one
Length: 14.1 m (46 ft 3 in)
Wingspan: 8.4 m (27 ft 7 in)
Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
Wing area: 30 m2 (320 sq ft)
Empty weight: 6,800 kg (14,991 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 14,000 kg (30,865 lb)
Powerplant:
1× Volvo RM12 afterburning turbofan engine,
54 kN (12,000 lbf) dry thrust, 80.5 kN (18,100 lbf) with afterburner
Performance:
Maximum speed: 2,460 km/h (1,530 mph, 1,330 kn)/Mach 2
Combat range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
Ferry range: 3,200 km (2,000 mi, 1,700 nmi)
Service ceiling: 15,240 m (50,000 ft)
g limits: +9/-3
Wing loading: 283 kg/m2 (58 lb/sq ft)
Thrust/weight: 0.97
Takeoff distance: 500 m (1,640 ft)
Landing distance: 600 m (1,969 ft)
Armament:
1× 27 mm Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon with 120 rounds
8 hardpoints (Two under the fuselage, one of them dedicated to FLIR / ECM / LD / Recon pods plus
two under and one on the tip of each wing) with a capacity of 5 300 kg (11 700 lb)
The kit and its assembly:
Nothing spectacular – actually, this build is almost OOB and rather a livery what-if model. However, I had the plan to build a (fictional) Scottish Gripen on my agenda for some years now, since I started to build RoScAC models, and the “Back into service” group build at whatifmodlers.com in late 2019 was a good motivation to tackle this project.
The starting point was the Italeri JAS 39A kit, a rather simple affair that goes together well but needs some PSR on almost every seam. Not much was changed, since the model would depict a slightly updated Gripen A – the only changes I made were the additional IRST fairing under the nose, the ejection handle on the seat and a modified ordnance which consists of a pair of AIM-9L and AIM-120 (the latter including appropriate launch rails) from a Hasegawa air-to-air weapons set. The ventral drop tank is OOB.
Painting and markings:
The motivation a behind was actually the desire to build a Gripen in a different livery than the usual and rather dull grey-in-grey scheme. Therefore I invented a tactical paint scheme for “my” RoScAC, which is a modified RAF scheme from the Seventies with uppers surfaces in Dark Green (Humbrol 163) and Dark Sea Grey (164), medium grey flanks, pylons, drop tank and a (theoretically) grey fin (167 Barley Grey, today better known as Camouflage Grey) plus undersides in Light Aircraft Grey (166), with a relatively high and wavy waterline, so that a side or lower view would rather blend with the sky than the ground below. The scheme was designed as a compromise between air superiority and landscape camouflage and somewhat inspired by the many experimental schemes tested by the German Luftwaffe in the early Eighties. The Scottish TA-50 I built some years ago was the overall benchmark, but due to the Gripen’s highly blended fuselage/wing intersections, I just painted the flanks under the cockpit and the air intakes as well as a short portion of the tail section in Barley Grey. That’s overall darker than intended (esp. in combination with the fin decoration, see below), but anything grey above the wings would have looked awkward.
As a reminiscence of the late British F-4 Phantoms, which carried a grey low-viz scheme with bright fins as quick ID markings, I added such a detail to the Gripen, too – in this case in the form of a stylized Scottish flag on the fin, with some mild 3D effect. The shadow and light effects were created through wet-in-wet painting of lighter and darker shades into the basic blue (using Humbrol 25, 104 and ModelMaster French Blue). Later, the white cross was added with simple decal stripes, onto which similar light effects were added with white and light grey, too.
Even though this one looks similar to my Scottish TA-50, which was the first model to carry this paint scheme, I like the very different look of this Gripen through its non-all-grey paint scheme. It’s also my final build of my initial RoScAC ideas, even though I am now considering a helicopter model (an SAR SA 365 Dauphin, maybe?) in fictional Scottish markings, too.
Creado en 1950 por "Fitzy" Fitzgerald sobre la base de un Ford Roadster de 1932. Fitzgerald compitió con el desde 1953 hasta 1963 y lo presentó a numerosos concursos ganando el "First Open Radical Rod" en Teaneck NJ en 1962. En 1963, lo vendió y el coche fué despiezado y sus piezas fueron a parar a distintos dueños. En 1997, Fitzgerald decidió recomponer su hot rod y logró localizar y comprar las principales piezas para acabar su restauración. En el 2007 fué invitado al prestigioso Pebble Beach Concours para honor el 75 aniversario del "Deuce" (como son conocidos los Ford del 32).
Crated in 1950 when "Fitzy" Fitzgerald purchased a 1932 roadster, the car was then extensively modified. From 1953 to 1963, this roadster was a serious competitor on the racetrack (a runner up at the NHRA Nationals in 1958) and on the show car circuit (First Open Radical Rod in Teaneck, NJ, in 1962).
Sold by Fitzgerald in 1963, the car was parted out with the engine, chassis and body going to different owners. In 1997, Fitzgerald started tracing and purchasing the major components to complete its restoration. In 2007, his car was invited to the Pebbel Beach Concours to honor the 75th anniversary of the "Deuce".
Fuentes/Source:
Horsepower, Volumen 1.2. Saratoga Auto Museum
This model car was number D38 in the Tomica Dandy range of die-cast toy cars. It was made in Japan to 1:43rd scale and issued in 1983. This model car represents the Nissan Skyline RS Turbo C which is a modified Silhouette Formula to Group C specifications. The main identifying feature is the full width rear spoiler. On the Nissan Skyline RS Turbo KDR30 Super Silhouette this rear wing isn’t full width. Both real cars feature on the cover on the 1983 Tomy catalogue. The Skyline Silhouette retains the "silhouette" and engine block of the production R30 Skyline as these were the only concessions in this formula and accounts for ultra wide fenders and equally massive wings! Thoughtfully, Tomica Dandy also made the ordinary production R30 Skyline in 1:43rd scale (there is a version available in red and black) and posing these both together provides a superb 3D visual of the width difference between these two cars.
As a toy car from the 1980’s the level of detail is extremely good and the front section includes cast details for grilles and NACA ducts. Overall Tomica Dandy’s were superior to the competition of the period, exhibited flawless paint finish and tampo printing. The latter utilised for certain aspects of the competition finish. This includes driver names, racing numbers, sponsors names which include TOMICA. Further decoration was available with an enclosed decal sheet. The whole of the front section is removable by lifting the component and then moving it forward. Once this has been removed the engine detail can be seen as can the radiator and lighting section. The former is in black plastic and the latter is represented as a plated plastic component. Both doors open giving access to a miniature racing interior. The main section is in grey plastic and includes dashboard details, gear shift lever and fire extinguisher. Further details include a red drivers seat and a black steering wheel both plastic items. Rubber tyres replicate racing slicks and the hubs in gold plastic provide a basic representation of the real life versions. The axles feature spring suspension. Rear lights are in clear red plastic and the headlights are plated parts. There is little detailing on the metal baseplate but as this replicates a competition car this is expected. However, there are cast details on the front section. Windows are in clear plastic and the windscreen features a rear view mirror.
Tomica Dandy overview
Following on from their success with small scale toy cars, Tomica decided to launch their Dandy range in 1972. Size wise Dandy were comparable with Corgi Toys and Dinky Toys, and as with these ranges the scale varied between releases. However, gradually the majority of models issued followed the Solido line and were in 1:43rd scale. All Dandy series model numbers were prefixed with a D to avoid confusion with Tomica’s miniature series. In 1984 the whole Dandy range was restructured and subsidiary ranges were introduced. Another restructure followed in 1988 and then in 1993 Tomica decided to discontinue their Dandy range. However, from this time Tomica have reissued certain Dandy models either under their own name or in liaison with model shops or distributors.
On a personal level I have always been impressed with the quality of Dandy models and where there are opening parts the fit is perfect and they close with a reassuring click. Even if a Dandy model is turned upside down these opening parts stay shut! This is certainly worth mentioning as this level of precision didn’t manifest in toy cars from most other manufacturers and the only one that is comparable in this area is Solido with their classic 100 series. The Dandy range extended the availability of quality toy cars into the early 1990‘s and provided collectors of toy cars with new releases during this period. Unfortunately, they were not officially released in certain markets and collectors had to rely on local model shops to gain access to this superb range of models.
Please do not use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my permission. Thanks.
Chris
The North Star (Polaris, the Pole Star, or Alpha Ursae Minoris) is a multiple star system that may have as many as five components (three are confirmed, while two others may or may not be actual members of the star system). This photo captured the most easily seen companion star (Polaris B) and two stars that could also be part of the Polaris system (Polaris C and Polaris D).
In this image, Polaris B can be seen close to and immediately above Polaris A while component C is fainter and about at the 5 o'clock position (just at the edge of the glare from the second magnitude central star, Polaris A). Polaris D is the next star out, near to the one o'clock position from Polaris A. The last member (of the five) is Polaris Ab and it is a so-called spectroscopic component that has only recently been imaged by the Hubble Space telescope (because it orbits so close to the much brighter Polaris A it can not be directly imaged with earth-based telescopes).
The four components shown in the photo are (with magnitudes and angular distance from Polaris A):
Polaris A, magnitude 2.0 (the main, central star)
Polaris B, magnitude 8.7, 18 arc seconds from Polaris A
Polaris C, magnitude 13.1, 44 arc seconds from Polaris A (may not be a gravitationally-bound member to Polaris A, Ab, and B)
Polaris D, magnitude 12.1, 82 arc seconds from Polaris A (may not be a gravitationally-bound member to Polaris A, Ab, and B)
For reference, the faintest stars that were recorded in this photo are about magnitude 15.5 (only about one five hundredth of the brightness of Polaris B, and thus approximating what might be seen with a large amateur telescope). Also, the field of view of this image is approximately one degree (wide) by 40 arc minutes (high).
The true North Celestial Pole (the exact point in the northern sky around which the stars appear to rotate) is about 42 arc minutes from Polaris and would appear off to the lower left of this photo (outside of the field of view, near to the seven o'clock position from Polaris).
Photographed on the evening of November 11, 2013 using a 5 inch aperture telescope and a Sony NEX-5R digital camera (ISO1600, a stack of fifty-one images each exposed for 4 seconds, producing a total exposure integration time of three minutes and twenty-four seconds, prime focus + 2X Powermate resulting in a 1320mm effective focal length at f/10).
Image selection, registration, integration, and adjustments done with PixInsight v01.08.00.1023 RC7 with final tweaks in Photoshop CS5.
This photo is best viewed against a dark background (press the "L" key to enter the Flickr light box).
All rights reserved.
Nationaal Archief/Spaarnestad Photo/W.P. van de Hoef
Nederlands: Jongetje speelt met radiografisch bestuurde speelgoedbus. Nederland, Almelo, 1957.
English: Boy playing with a radio-controlled toy bus. Almelo, The Netherlands, 1957.
Hebt u meer informatie over deze foto, laat het ons weten. Laat een reactie achter (als u ingelogd bent bij Flickr) of stuur een mailtje naar: info@nationaalarchief.nl
Please help us gain more knowledge on the content of our collection by simply adding a comment with information. If you do not wish to log in, you can write an e-mail to: info@nationaalarchief.nl
Meer foto’s van Spaarnestad Photo zijn te vinden op onze beeldbank: www.spaarnestadphoto.nl/
Travelled down to Chico, California to tour the Paul Components headquarters and document the fabulous work they do.
RA3 (Rail Bus, Type 3; Model 753), was developed by TMH Engineering LLC, produced by Transmashholding JSC at the Metrowagonmash JSC plant in Moscow from 2019 to 2022. Due to the high share of imported components, especially the use of MTU diesel engines (360 kW MTU 6H 1800 R83) and Voith T211 re.4 hydraulic transmission, only 91 trains of mainly two-car layout were produced, which operate on different roads in Russia. This seria of railbuses was traditionally for passenger trains of Russian railways named after the bird of prey - Орлан (Orlan), the sea eagle Haliaetus spp.
Modeling the circuit as a printed circuit board where the components are visible but the traces on the printed circuit board are not.
Part of the circuitry snacks project: Edible models of functioning electronic circuits. Designed for fun, for geeks, for kids, and for teaching and learning electronics.
*KUMO CYCLES* randonneur complete bike
Blue Lug Custom
Spec
Frame:**KUMO CYCLES* randonneur custom painted by COOK PAINT WORKS
Headset:*PHILWOOD* 1 1/8" headset (stainless)
Front Rack:*KUMO CYCLES* custom front rack
Front Wheel:*SON* 28 X *VELOCITY* blunt ss rim
Rear Wheel:*PHILWOOD* 11speed CX hub X *VELOCITY* blunt ss rim
Tire:*WTB* nano
Stem:*KUMO CYCLES* custom stem
Handle:*SALSA CYCLES* cowbell
Brake Lever:*SRAM*
Brake:*PAUL COMPONENT* klamper
Saddle:*SELLE ITALIA*
Crankset:*SHIMANO* deore SLX
FD&RD:*SHIMANO* deore SLX
BB:*PHILWOOD* outboard bb (stainless)
Light:*Busch & Müller* IQ-X
“Cuatro Torres Business Area” (CTBA). Antigua Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid. Paseo de la Castellana. Los componentes más recientes de la Skyline de Madrid
El parque empresarial “Cuatro Torres Business Area” (CTBA) se edifica sobre los terrenos de la antigua Ciudad Deportiva del Real Madrid al extremo norte del paseo de la Castellana, conformado por cuatro rascacielos, los edificios más altos de España. El conjunto comprende un anillo de circulación subterráneo que da servicio a aparcamientos y plantas bajo rasante de cada uno de los edificios. Proyectado en 2002-2003, la construcción se inició en 2004 y la urbanización se culmina en 2009 con la inclusión de algunas interesantes esculturas como la Menina de Manolo Valdés entre las torres CajaMadrid y Sacyr Vallehermoso.
En este recinto se situará además el Centro Internacional de Convenciones de Madrid con un auditorio principal con capacidad para 3.500 personas, según proyecto del equipo formado por Emilio Tuñón y Luis Moreno Mansilla ganadores del concurso convocado en 2007. El edificio propuesto se conforma mediante un círculo erigido verticalmente que se presenta como un disco solar delante de las dos torres centrales.
El Conjunto es fruto de la operación urbanística llevada a cabo por el Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, siendo presidente el empresario Florentino Pérez, por lo que algunos han dado a las torres el nombre de cada uno de los jugadores “galácticos” que fichó el citado presidente como consecuencia de la operación: Figo, Ronaldo, Zidane y Beckham.
Torre CajaMadrid (inicialmente Torre Repsol)
Arquitecto: Norman Foster & Partners
Estructura: Halvorson & Partners - Gilsanz Murray Steficek LLP. Instalaciones: Aguilera Ingenieros. Responsables del proyecto de construcción José Ramón Burgos Morcillo y Pedro González Lejarriaga
Es el edificio más alto de España, con 45 plantas y 250 metros de altura. Proyecto: 2003. Edificado entre 2004 y 2009. La estructura está compuesta por un entramado de acero, que permite una planta rectangular de oficinas, soportado por dos grandes núcleos de hormigón, que encierran los elementos de comunicación vertical y de servicio, que se unen en el remate superior mediante un elemento tipo puente. La fachada se cubre de vidrio en la zona de oficinas y de placas de acero inoxidable en los núcleos de hormigón. Las plantas de oficinas se agrupan en tres cuerpos prismáticos intercalados entre los dos núcleos verticales que los sustentan, conformando una geometría que da su característica imagen al edificio.
Una vez iniciada la construcción, Repsol decidió cambiar la ubicación de su futura sede por lo que el edificio en obras fue adquirido por Caja Madrid con el fin de convertirlo en su sede principal en 2009
Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso (Hotel Eurostars Madrid Tower)
Arquitectos: Carlos Rubio Carvajal y Enrique Álvarez-Sala Walter (R&AS).
Estructura: MC2, Julio Martínez Calzón y Miguel Gómez Navarro. Instalaciones: UTE Aguilera-Úrculo.
Proyectada en 2003, promovida por el Grupo SYV, se construye entre 2004 y 2008, con una altura de 236 metros y 52 plantas
Los autores conciben el edificio a partir del análisis de geometrías rigurosas, capaces de albergar diferentes usos aportando la flexibilidad necesaria. Se configura mediante la superposición de un centro de congresos, un hotel de gran lujo, que ocupa los dos tercios inferiores, y unas oficinas en alquiler, sobre las 17 plantas superiores.
Su planta se genera mediante un triángulo equilátero cuyos lados son curvos, tres arcos que envuelven a tres cilindros situados en posición triangular, optimizando la longitud de la fachada en relación con la superficie construida. Tres pliegues verticales dividen el edificio en gajos, haciéndolo más esbelto e introduciendo luz y ventilación en el núcleo central. Las fachadas, compuestas de una doble piel formada por escamas de vidrio y aluminio que ofrecen una resistencia mínima al viento, presentan una imagen singular dentro del Conjunto, con su tonalidad oscura.
Torre de Cristal
Arquitecto: César Pelli.
Colaboradores: Íñigo Ortiz y Enrique León.
Promovido por la compañía aseguradora Mutua Madrileña, es el edificio más alto de España, junto a la Torre Caja Madrid, con una altura de 250 metros distribuidos en 52 plantas. Proyectada por el arquitecto de origen argentino afincado en New York Cesar Pelli en 2003, se edifica entre 2004 y 2009. Las plantas varían a lo largo de la altura, generando cuatro planos con biseles oblicuos, que confieren a las fachadas del edificio, formadas por muros cortina de vidrio, la apariencia de un cristal tallado, rematado por un plano inclinado bajo el que se conforma un jardín cubierto de invierno. Un gran bloque de cristal transparente, cuyas caras captan la luz “como si fuera un diamante tallado”. La variedad de los ángulos que delimitan cada uno de las caras da vida y movimiento a la torre a través de la diferente intensidad de luz que éstas reflejen durante el día. Su destino es el de oficinas de alquiler. Uno de los atractivos del edificio, que finalmente no autorizó el Ayuntamiento, era una especie de faro situado en su parte más alta, destinado a iluminar el invernadero, que haría visible el rascacielos desde varios puntos de la ciudad.
Torre Espacio
Arquitecto Henry N. Cobb de la firma Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, fundada por Ieoh Ming Pei. Colaborador: José Bruguera.
Colaborador en la dirección de las obras: Reid Fenwick Asociados, de Madrid. Estructura: MC2. Instalaciones: R. Úrculo Ingenieros Consultores.
Proyectada en 2003, promovida por la Inmobiliaria Espacio S.L, se construye entre 2004 y 2008, con una altura de 236 metros y 57 plantas sobre el nivel del suelo. La fachada está formada por un muro cortina de vidrio. Las plantas, varían de forma y dimensiones a lo largo de su altura, pasando del cuadrado en la base, hasta alcanzar la forma de un ojo abierto, es decir dos arcos de circunferencia secantes, en su culminación; dando al edificio una fisonomía exterior muy variable, desde un prisma a una botella, dependiendo del punto de vista. Las aristas son curvas y las fachadas no son planas, por lo que hubo que dotar de un especial diseño a los soportes de hormigón. Alberga, entre otras, oficinas de empresas pertenecientes al grupo promotor como la Inmobiliaria Espacio o la constructora OHL, y algunas embajadas. Cuenta con dos áreas de descanso de ocho metros de altura situadas en las plantas 18 y 33. Su sistema de climatización está compuesto por el "Techo Frío" emisor y la “fachada activa” de doble capa con movimiento de aire interior.
Durante su construcción, en septiembre de 2006 se declaró un incendio entre la planta 40 y 42, la última en construcción en ese momento, pero no afectó a su estructura.
PictionID:44811627 - Title:Atlas Payload Component - Catalog:14_014445 - Filename:14_014445.TIF - - - - Image from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
PictionID:44808603 - Title:Atlas Payload Component - Catalog:14_014197 - Filename:14_014197.TIF - - - Image from the Convair/General Dynamics Astronautics Atlas Negative Collection. The processing, cataloging and digitization of these images has been made possible by a generous National Historical Publications and Records grant from the National Archives and Records Administration---Please Tag these images so that the information can be permanently stored with the digital file.---Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
not so grainy on larger size [all sizes]
constructive components made of paper tubes, rolls of aluminum (offset) rubber and some wire, exceeds of the press of a newspaper
sort of shigeru ban
Singapore (Listeni/ˈsɪŋɡəpɔːr/), officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City, the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a global city and sovereign state in Southeast Asia and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, at the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of the diamond-shaped main island and 62 islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km2), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.
The islands were settled from the second century AD by a series of local empires. In 1819, Sir Stamford Raffles founded modern Singapore as a trading post of the East India Company; after the company collapsed, the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan. It gained independence from Britain in 1963, by uniting with other former British territories to form Malaysia, but was expelled two years later over ideological differences. After early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its human capital.
Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub. Its standings include: "easiest place to do business" (World Bank) for ten consecutive years, most "technology-ready" nation (WEF), top International-meetings city (UIA), city with "best investment potential" (BERI), 2nd-most competitive country (WEF), 3rd-largest foreign exchange centre, 3rd-largest financial centre, 3rd-largest oil refining and trading centre and one of the top two busiest container ports since the 1990s. Singapore's best known global brands include Singapore Airlines and Changi Airport, both amongst the most-awarded in their industry; SIA is also rated by Fortune surveys as Asia's "most admired company". For the past decade, it has been the only Asian country with the top AAA sovereign rating from all major credit rating agencies, including S&P, Moody's and Fitch.
Singapore ranks high on its national social policies, leading Asia and 11th globally, on the Human Development Index (UN), notably on key measures of education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, housing. Although income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, and the country has one of the highest per capita incomes, with low taxes. The cosmopolitan nation is home to 5.5 million residents, 38% of whom are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. Singaporeans are mostly bilingual in a mother-tongue language and English as their common language. Its cultural diversity is reflected in its extensive ethnic "hawker" cuisine and major festivals - Chinese, Malay, Indian, Western - which are all national holidays. In 2015, Lonely Planet and The New York Times listed Singapore as their top and 6th best world destination to visit respectively.
The nation's core principles are meritocracy, multiculturalism and secularism. It is noted for its effective, pragmatic and incorrupt governance and civil service, which together with its rapid development policies, is widely cited as the "Singapore model". Gallup polls shows 84% of its residents expressed confidence in the national government, and 85% in its judicial systems - one of the highest ratings recorded. Singapore has significant influence on global affairs relative to its size, leading some analysts to classify it as a middle power. It is ranked as Asia's most influential city and 4th in the world by Forbes.
Singapore is a unitary, multiparty, parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959. One of the five founding members of the ASEAN, Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat, and a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
ETYMOLOGY
The English name of Singapore is derived from the Malay word, Singapura, which was in turn derived from Sanskrit (Singa is "lion", Pura "city"; Sanskrit: सिंहपुर, IAST: Siṃhápura), hence the customary reference to the nation as the Lion City, and its inclusion in many of the nation's symbols (e.g., its coat of arms, Merlion emblem). However, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island; Sang Nila Utama, who founded and named the island Singapura, most likely saw a Malayan tiger. It is also known as Pulau Ujong, as far back as the 3rd century, literally 'island at the end' (of the Malay Peninsula) in Malay.
Since the 1970s, Singapore has also been widely known as the Garden City, owing to its extensive greening policy covering the whole island, a priority of its first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, dubbed the nation's "Chief Gardener". The nation's conservation and greening efforts contributed to Singapore Botanic Gardens being the only tropical garden to be inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The nickname, Red Dot, is a reference to its size on the map, contrasting with its achievements. In 2015, Singapore's Golden Jubilee year, the celebratory "SG50" branding is depicted inside a red dot.
HISTORY
Temasek ('Sea Town' in the Malay language), an outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire, is the earliest written record relating to the area now called Singapore. In the 13th century, the Kingdom of Singapura was established on the island and it became a trading port city. However, there were two major foreign invasions before it was destroyed by the Majapahit in 1398. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was nominally part of the Johor Sultanate and the island sank into obscurity for the next two centuries, while the wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control.
BRITISH COLONISATION 1819-1942
In 1819, Thomas Stamford Raffles arrived and signed a treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor, on behalf of the British East India Company, to develop the southern part of Singapore as a British trading post. In 1824, the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, becoming the regional capital in 1836.
Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860, the population had swelled to more than 80,000 and more than half were Chinese. Many immigrants came to work at rubber plantations and, after the 1870s, the island became a global centre for rubber exports.
After the First World War, the British built the large Singapore Naval Base. Lieutenant General Sir William George Shedden Dobbie was appointed General Officer Commanding of the Malaya Command on 8 November 1935, holding the post until 1939;
WORLD WAR II AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1942-45
in May 1938, the General Officer Commanding of the Malaya Command warned how Singapore could be conquered by the Japanese via an attack from northern Malaya, but his warnings went unheeded. The Imperial Japanese Army invaded British Malaya, culminating in the Battle of Singapore. When the British surrendered on 15 February 1942, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre.
From November 1944 to May 1945, the Allies conducted an intensive bombing of Singapore.
RETURN OF BRITISH 1945-59
After the surrender of Japan was announced in the Jewel Voice Broadcast by the Japanese Emperor on 15 August 1945 there was a breakdown of order and looting and revenge-killing were widespread. The formal Japanese Occupation of Singapore was only ended by Operation Tiderace and the formal surrender on 12 September 1945 at Singapore City Hall when Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia Command, accepted the capitulation of Japanese forces in Southeast Asia from General Itagaki Seishiro.
A British Military Administration was then formed to govern the island. On 1 April 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore became a separate Crown Colony with a civil administration headed by a Governor. Much of the infrastructure had been destroyed during the war, including the harbour, electricity, telephone and water supply systems. There was also a shortage of food leading to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. High food prices, unemployment, and workers' discontent culminated into a series of strikes in 1947 causing massive stoppages in public transport and other services. In July 1947, separate Executive and Legislative Councils were established and the election of six members of the Legislative Council was scheduled for the following year. By late 1947, the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing demand for tin and rubber around the world, but it would take several more years before the economy returned to pre-war levels.
The failure of Britain to defend Singapore had destroyed its credibility as an infallible ruler in the eyes of Singaporeans. The decades after the war saw a political awakening amongst the local populace and the rise of anti-colonial and nationalist sentiments, epitomized by the slogan Merdeka, or "independence" in the Malay language.
During the 1950s, Chinese Communists with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools carried out armed uprising against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency and later, the Communist Insurgency War. The 1954 National Service Riots, Chinese middle schools riots, and Hock Lee bus riots in Singapore were all linked to these events.
David Marshall, pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won Singapore's first general election in 1955. He led a delegation to London, but Britain rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock, whose policies convinced Britain to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs.
SELF-GOVERNMENT 1959-1963
During the May 1959 elections, the People's Action Party won a landslide victory. Singapore became an internally self-governing state within the Commonwealth, with Lee Kuan Yew as its first Prime Minister. Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), and was succeeded by Yusof bin Ishak, who became the first President of Singapore in 1965.
MERGER WITH MALAYSIA 1963-65
As a result of the 1962 Merger Referendum, on 31 August 1963 Singapore joined with the Federation of Malaya, the Crown Colony of Sarawak and the Crown Colony of North Borneo to form the new federation of Malaysia under the terms of the Malaysia Agreement. Singaporean leaders chose to join Malaysia primarily due to concerns over its limited land size, scarcity of water, markets and natural resources. Some Singaporean and Malaysian politicians were also concerned that the communists might form the government on the island, a possibility perceived as an external threat to the Federation of Malaya.However, shortly after the merger, the Singapore state government and the Malaysian central government disagreed on many political and economic issues, and communal strife culminated in the 1964 race riots in Singapore. After many heated ideological conflicts between the two governments, on 9 August 1965, the Malaysian Parliament voted 126 to 0 to expel Singapore from Malaysia with Singaporean delegates not present.
INDEPENDENCE 1965 TO PRESENT
Singapore gained independence as the Republic of Singapore (remaining within the Commonwealth of Nations) on 9 August 1965. Race riots broke out once more in 1969. In 1967, the country co-founded ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and in 1970 it joined the Non-Aligned Movement. Lee Kuan Yew became Prime Minister, leading its Third World economy to First World affluence in a single generation. His emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, limitations on internal democracy, and close relationships with China set the new nation's policies for the next half-century.
In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee as Prime Minister, while the latter continued serving in the Cabinet as Senior Minister until 2004, and then Minister Mentor until May 2011. During Goh's tenure, the country faced the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 2003 SARS outbreak and terrorist threats posed by Jemaah Islamiyah.
In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the country's third Prime Minister. Goh Chok Tong remained in Cabinet as the Senior Minister until May 2011, when he was named Emeritus Senior Minister despite his retirement. He steered the nation through the 2008 global financial crisis, resolved the disputed 79-year old Malayan railways land, and introduced integrated resorts. Despite the economy's exceptional growth, PAP suffered its worst election results in 2011, winning 60% of votes, amidst hot-button issues of high influx of foreign workers and cost of living. Lee initiated a major re-structuring of the economy to raise productivity, improved universal healthcare and grants, especially for the pioneer generation of citizens, amongst many new inclusive measures.
On 23 March 2015, its founding prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, who had 'personified Singapore to the world' for nearly half a century died. In a week of national mourning, 1.7 million residents and guests paid tribute to him at his lying-in-state at Parliament House and at community sites around the island.
Singapore celebrated its Golden jubilee in 2015 – its 50th year of independence, with a year-long series of events branded SG50. The PAP maintained its dominance in Parliament at the September general elections, receiving 69.9% of the popular vote, its second-highest polling result behind the 2001 tally of 75.3%.
GEOGRAPHY
Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, Pulau Ujong. There are two man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia: the Johor–Singapore Causeway in the north and the Tuas Second Link in the west. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands. The highest natural point is Bukit Timah Hill at 163.63 m. April and May are the hottest months, with the wetter monsoon season from November to January.
From July to October, there is often haze caused by bush fires in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of Sumatra. Although Singapore does not observe daylight saving time (DST), it follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies. The country's constitution establishes a representative democracy as the political system. Executive power rests with the Cabinet of Singapore, led by the Prime Minister and, to a much lesser extent, the President. The President is elected through a popular vote, and has veto powers over a specific set of executive decisions, such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a largely ceremonial post.
The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of the government. Members of Parliament (MPs) consist of elected, non-constituency and nominated members. Elected MPs are voted into the Parliament on a "first-past-the-post" (plurality) basis and represent either single-member or group representation constituencies. The People's Action Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since self-governance was secured in 1959.
Although the elections are clean, there is no independent electoral authority and the government has strong influence on the media. Freedom House ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its Freedom in the World report, and The Economist ranks Singapore as a "flawed democracy", the second best rank of four, in its "Democracy Index". Despite this, in the 2011 Parliamentary elections, the opposition, led by the Workers' Party, increased its representation to seven elected MPs. In the 2015 elections, PAP scored a landslide victory, winning 83 of 89 seats contested, with 70% of popular votes. Gallup polls reported 84% of residents in Singapore expressed confidence in the government, and 85% in its judicial systems and courts – one of the highest ratings in the world.
Singapore's governance model eschews populist politics, focusing on the nation's long-term interest, and is known to be clean, effective and pragmatic. As a small nation highly dependent on external trade, it is vulnerable to geo-politics and global economics. It places great emphasis on security and stability of the region in its foreign policies, and applies global best practices to ensure the nation's attractiveness as an investment destination and business hub.
The legal system of Singapore is based on English common law, but with substantial local differences. Trial by jury was abolished in 1970 so that judicial decisions would rest entirely in the hands of appointed judges. Singapore has penalties that include judicial corporal punishment in the form of caning, which may be imposed for such offences as rape, rioting, vandalism, and certain immigration offences.There is a mandatory death penalty for murder, as well as for certain aggravated drug-trafficking and firearms offences.
Amnesty International has said that some legal provisions of the Singapore system conflict with the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and that Singapore has "... possibly the highest execution rate in the world relative to its population". The government has disputed Amnesty's claims. In a 2008 survey of international business executives, Singapore received the top ranking with regard to judicial system quality in Asia. Singapore has been consistently rated among the least corrupt countries in the world by Transparency International.
In 2011, the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index ranked Singapore among the top countries surveyed with regard to "order and security", "absence of corruption", and "effective criminal justice". However, the country received a much lower ranking for "freedom of speech" and "freedom of assembly". All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the Speakers' Corner.
EDUCATION
Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, private and public, must be registered with the Ministry of Education. English is the language of instruction in all public schools, and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the "mother tongue" language paper. While the term "mother tongue" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language. Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their "Mother Tongue" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.
Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education. Only the primary level is compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, mathematics, and science. Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Special, Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level. The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised. Pre-university education takes place over two to three years at senior schools, mostly called Junior Colleges.
Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools. These exist from the secondary education level and up.
National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, GCE "O"-Level exams are taken; at the end of the following pre-university stage, the GCE "A"-Level exams are taken. Of all non-student Singaporeans aged 15 and above, 18% have no education qualifications at all while 45% have the PSLE as their highest qualification; 15% have the GCE 'O' Level as their highest qualification and 14% have a degree.
Singaporean students consistently rank at or near the top of international education assessments:
- In 2015, Singapore topped the OECD's global school performance rankings, based on 15-year-old students' average scores in mathematics and science across 76 countries.
- Singaporean students were ranked first in the 2011 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study conducted by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, and have been ranked in the top three every year since 1995.
- Singapore fared best in the 2015 International Baccalaureate exams, taken in 107 countries, with more than half of the world's 81 perfect scorers and 98% passing rate.
The country's two main public universities - the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University - are ranked among the top 13 in the world.
HEALTH
Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though their health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries. The World Health Organisation ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its World Health Report. In general, Singapore has had the lowest infant mortality rate in the world for the past two decades.
Life expectancy in Singapore is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country 4th in the world for life expectancy. Almost the whole population has access to improved water and sanitation facilities. There are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. There is a high level of immunisation. Adult obesity is below 10%
The government's healthcare system is based upon the "3M" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare, Medisave, a compulsory health savings scheme covering about 85% of the population, and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance program. Public hospitals in Singapore have autonomy in their management decisions, and compete for patients. A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income. In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. It accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.
RELIGION
Buddhism is the most widely practised religion in Singapore, with 33% of the resident population declaring themselves adherents at the most recent census. The next-most practised religion is Christianity, followed by Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism. 17% of the population did not have a religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Taoists, and non-religious people increased between 2000 and 2010 by about 3% each, whilst the proportion of Buddhists decreased. Other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population. An analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation.
There are monasteries and Dharma centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism in Singapore: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and are of the Mahayana tradition, with missionaries having come into the country from Taiwan and China for several decades. However, Thailand's Theravada Buddhism has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. Soka Gakkai International, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, but mostly by those of Chinese descent. Tibetan Buddhism has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.
CULTURE
Singapore has one of the lowest rates of drug use in the world. Culturally, the use of illicit drugs is viewed as highly undesirable by Singaporeans, unlike many European societies. Singaporeans' disapproval towards drug use has resulted in laws that impose the mandatory death sentence for certain serious drug trafficking offences. Singapore also has a low rate of alcohol consumption per capita and low levels of violent crime, and one of the lowest intentional homicide rate globally. The average alcohol consumption rate is only 2 litres annually per adult, one of the lowest in the world.
Foreigners make up 42% of the population, and have a strong influence on Singaporean culture. The Economist Intelligence Unit, in its 2013 "Where-to-be-born Index", ranks Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.
LANGUAGES; RELIGIONS AND CULTURES
Singapore is a very diverse and young country. It has many languages, religions, and cultures for a country its size.
When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most of the newly minted Singaporean citizens were uneducated labourers from Malaysia, China and India. Many of them were transient labourers who were seeking to make some money in Singapore and they had no intention of staying permanently. A sizeable minority of middle-class, local-born people, known as the Peranakans, also existed. With the exception of the Peranakans (descendants of late 15th and 16th-century Chinese immigrants) who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of Malaysia, China and India. After independence, the process of crafting a Singaporean identity and culture began.
Former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs. Even though English is the first language of the nation, according to the government's 2010 census 20% of Singaporeans, or one in five, are illiterate in English. This is a marked improvement from 1990 where 40% of Singaporeans were illiterate in English.
Languages, religions and cultures among Singaporeans are not delineated according to skin colour or ancestry, unlike many other countries. Among Chinese Singaporeans, one in five is Christian, another one in five is atheist, and the rest are mostly Buddhists or Taoists. One-third speak English as their home language, while half speak Mandarin Chinese. The rest speak other Chinese varieties at home. Most Malays in Singapore speak Malay as their home language with some speaking English. Singaporean Indians are much more religious. Only 1% of them are atheists. Six in ten are Hindu, two in ten Muslim, and the rest mostly Christian. Four in ten speak English as their home language, three in ten Tamil, one in ten Malay, and the rest other Indian languages as their home language.
Each Singaporean's behaviours and attitudes would therefore be influenced by, among many other things, his or her home language and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to lean toward Western culture, while those who speak Chinese as their native language tend to lean toward Chinese culture and Confucianism. Malay speaking Singaporeans tend to lean toward the Malay culture, which itself is closely linked to the Islamic culture.
ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS
At the national level in Singapore, meritocracy, where one is judged based on one's ability, is heavily emphasised.
Racial and religious harmony is regarded by Singaporeans as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity. Singapore has a reputation as a nanny state. The national flower of Singapore is the hybrid orchid, Vanda 'Miss Joaquim', named in memory of a Singapore-born Armenian woman, who crossbred the flower in her garden at Tanjong Pagar in 1893. Many national symbols such as the Coat of arms of Singapore and the Lion head symbol of Singapore make use of the lion, as Singapore is known as the Lion City. Other monikers by which Singapore is widely known is the Garden City and the Red Dot. Public holidays in Singapore cover major Chinese, Western, Malay and Indian festivals.
Singaporean employees work an average of around 45 hours weekly, relatively long compared to many other nations. Three in four Singaporean employees surveyed stated that they take pride in doing their work well, and that doing so helps their self-confidence.
CUISINE
Dining, along with shopping, is said to be the country's national pastime. The focus on food has led countries like Australia to attract Singaporean tourists with food-based itineraries. The diversity of food is touted as a reason to visit the country, and the variety of food representing different ethnicities is seen by the government as a symbol of its multiculturalism. The "national fruit" of Singapore is the durian.
In popular culture, food items belong to a particular ethnicity, with Chinese, Malay, and Indian food clearly defined. However, the diversity of cuisine has been increased further by the "hybridisation" of different styles (e.g., the Peranakan cuisine, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine).
WIKIPEDIA
(all the parts are grouped separately)
Includes stock, trigger, handgaurd, shotgun shell, and carry handle/sights
MÁS COLOMBIANOS QUE NUNCA
LA POLICÍA NACIONAL RINDE HOMENAJE A LA PATRIA
3.300 policías hacen un sentido reconocimiento a todos los colombianos*. Desde La Guajira hasta el Amazonas, siempre habrá un hombre o una mujer Policía exaltando los tres pilares de la Institución: ‘una Policía para la gente, que se transforma para servir mejor y que piensa en sus policías’. Los uniformados demuestran las capacidades y fortalezas de la Policía Nacional. ‘Catalino’, un caballo nacido en Argentina, que resistió un atentado con explosivos de la guerrilla del ELN, en el que murió su jinete, el intendente Yimmy Javier Téllez Ortegón, es uno de los protagonistas del desfile.
BOGOTÁ D.C. Con el lema ‘Más colombianos que nunca’, en este año del Bicentenario de la Independencia, la Policía Nacional participa de un nuevo Desfile Militar y Policial del 20 de Julio, fecha memorable que debe avivar los corazones de los colombianos para demostrar la eterna gratitud por aquellos compatriotas que entregaron su vida en los campos de batalla para darnos la libertad.
En el marco del tradicional desfile, efectuado en la capital del país y presidido por el señor presidente de la República, Iván Duque Márquez, la Institución, en cabeza de su director, general Oscar Atehortua Duque, la Policía Nacional exaltó y les rindió tributo a todos los colombianos.
Ese reconocimiento es parte fundamental de nuestros tres pilares institucionales: ‘una Policía para la gente, que se transforma para servir mejor y que piensa en sus policías’, los cuales tienen como propósito resaltar la vocación de servicio centrada en el ciudadano, a partir del desarrollo organizacional y del capital humano. Los pilares son la representación de las grandes acciones estratégicas institucionales.
En el imponente desfile de las Fuerzas Militares y de la Policía Nacional participan 3.300 policías, que a lo largo de la carrera 68 de Bogotá exhiben las distintas fortalezas y capacidades institucionales.
Tras el paso de 14 heraldos comienza el desfile de banderas, comandando el destacamento el brigadier general Juan Alberto Libreros Morales, seguido de la Escuela de Cadetes de Policía ‘General Francisco de Paula Santander’, al mando del coronel Gustavo Franco Gómez, quien lidera el desarrollo de programas de pregrado en Administración Policial y el posgrado de especialización en Servicio de Policía.
Acto seguido, inician su marcha los bloques de sableras y fusileros, entre otros, así como la banda de ceremonias de la Escuela ‘General Santander’.
Posteriormente, en honor al año del Bicentenario, desfilan los uniformados de la Escuela de Seguridad Vial, que con mística y pulcritud, forman para hacer visible las fechas emblemáticas de nuestra gloria, honrando las gestas victoriosas de los héroes que armados de valor y dignidad, ofrendaron su vida en busca de nuestra independencia.
En desarrollo del desfile, hacen tránsito los integrantes de la Escuela de Policía Metropolitana de Bogotá “Teniente Coronel Julián Ernesto Guevara Castro”, quienes llevaron nuestros tres pilares : “Una policía para la gente, que se transforma para servir mejor, y piensa en sus policías”.
Por primera vez, desfila un bloque de Sargentos Mayores y Comisarios como testimonio de un fortín del valor y virtud, y quienes con su experiencia y conocimiento preservan y trasmiten la doctrina y lineamentos al interior de la Policía Nacional.
Otro de los componentes centrales del Desfile del 20 de Julio es la participación de integrantes de las distintas etnias y especialidades, que a través de 14 Direcciones enfrentan a diario el crimen organizado y atienden los requerimientos ciudadanos y de los miembros de la Institución.
Los bloques caninos, tradicionalmente aclamados por los ciudadanos asistentes al desfile, son algunos de los protagonistas más queridos. Parte de los éxitos operacionales de la Policía Nacional han contado con el olfato de los perros que han sido fundamentales durante labores de búsqueda en lugares afectados por emergencias, la detección de explosivos y la lucha contra el narcotráfico .
En total, 86 canes, unos 155 equinos y más de 186 vehículos, entre los que se cuentan 4 buses interactivos, 11 automotores del Modelo Nacional de Vigilancia Comunitaria por Cuadrantes, 30 motocicletas, 3 bugguies, 8 segway, 6 cuatrimotos y 15 vehículos anfibios 8x8, hacen parte del componente policial, que también ofrece una muestra de su poderío en el aire con la participación de su aviación. El cielo bogotano abrirá paso al sobrevuelo de los helicópteros Black Hawk, Bell 407 y Bell 212.
Con un paso marcado y sublime, encabeza las escuadras equinas el caballo Catalino, que nació en 2005 en Buenos Aires (Argentina). Para el año 2008 cruzó el continente Suramericano, para hacer parte de las filas de los nobles corceles que integran nuestra especialidad de Carabineros de la Policía Nacional de Colombia.
‘Catalino’ fue seleccionado para hacer parte de los 150 binomios de la Policía Nacional que en 2009 transitaron el recorrido de la “Ruta Libertadora”, particularmente el tramo entre los municipios de Nunchía (Casanare) a Morcote (Boyacá). Sin embargo, cuando la ruta llevaba una hora de recorrido, la guerrilla del ELN activó una carga explosiva la cual ocasionó que el señor intendente Yimmy Javier Tellez Ortegon, jinete de Catalino, ofrendara su vida en este acto simbólico de la libertad del pueblo colombiano.
‘Catalino’ fue impactado por las esquirlas en cinco diferentes partes de su cuerpo, siendo la más grave una que afectó su pecho. Después de la recuperación continuó prestando sus servicios para instrucción en los cursos de carabineros, patrullajes rurales y concursos de salto internos federados en los años 2011, 2012 y 2013, obteniendo excelentes resultados.
En la retina de cada colombiano quedará grabado por mucho tiempo este imponente Desfile del 20 de Julio, en el que, como todos los años, la Policía Nacional se destaca por sus fortalezas institucionales en pro de la seguridad y la convivencia.