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Fujica Compact 35
camera-wiki.org/wiki/Fujica_Compact_35
Fujica Light Compact 35 S
www.asahi-net.or.jp/~RD2H-ARI/FU_LIGHT_COM35S.htm(in Japanese)
camera-wiki.org/wiki/Fujica_Compact_S
Fujica Compact Deluxe
casualphotophile.com/2020/01/22/fujica-compact-deluxe-rev...
実はこのFuica Compact 35に興味を持ったのはここFlickrで検索して出てきたこのカメラでの作例フォトの素晴らしさを知ったことから始まりました。しかしながらこのCompact 35には幾つかのヴァージョンがあって、その中からレンジファイダー付きのCompact Sに興味が向き、既にフィルムによる写真をアップしてあります。このSの搭載レンズは38mm f2.5であって、こういう2.5という半端な数値のレンズに思いっきり惹かれた私であります。さてこのFujica Compactの最終兵器はFujinon 45mm f1.8付きのCompact D。コレには痺れますね！今現在手元にあるSとDは供にシャッターがちゃんと切れる完動品なので改造はまだしていません。今回、改造したのはオリジナルのCompact35。Fujinon 38mm f2,8付きのものです。このレンズは4群5枚とのこと…。しかしレンズ構成はクセノタール型ではなくテッサー型の一番全面に1枚メニスカスを置いた構成になっているようです。
Actually, my interest in the Fujica Compact 35 began when I discovered some stunning sample photos taken with this camera here on Flickr. However, there are several versions of the Compact 35, and among them, I became interested in the Compact S, which features a rangefinder. I’ve already uploaded some film photos taken with it.
The lens on the S is a 38mm f/2.5, and I was strongly drawn to that rather unusual f/2.5 aperture. Now, the ultimate version in the Fujica Compact series is the Compact D, equipped with a Fujinon 45mm f/1.8 lens — truly irresistible!
At the moment, both my S and D are fully functional with shutters working properly, so I haven’t modified them yet. The one I modified this time is the original Compact 35, which comes with a Fujinon 38mm f/2.8 lens. I’ve heard this lens has 4 groups and 5 elements, though its optical design seems to be not a Xenotar type, but rather a Tessar type with a single meniscus element placed at the very front.
What might look like an abstract artwork is actually a novel antenna, small enough for a minisatellite, to track global ship traffic from orbit.
Commercial vessels are mandated to transmit Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals, which are used to track maritime traffic – the oceangoing equivalent of air traffic control. The system relies on VHF radio signals with a horizontal range of just 40 nautical miles (74 km), useful within coastal zones and on a ship-to-ship basis, but leaving open ocean traffic largely uncovered.
However, in 2010 ESA fitted an experimental antenna to Europe’s Columbus module of the International Space Station, demonstrating for the first time that AIS signals could also be detected from up in orbit, opening up the prospect of global ship tracking from space.
“Based on our testing, this new prototype designs offers a four-fold increase in ship detection performance,” explains ESA antenna specialist Nelson Fonseca, overseeing the project.
“The AIS detection system on Columbus employs a low-gain ‘whip’ antenna, receiving signals within a very broad beam, with corresponding potential for signal overlap and interference.
“This antenna design combines higher-gain with a more reduced footprint, allowing more of a focus on regions of highest interest, and can also discriminate between polarisations, increasing the likelihood of detection for any individual AIS signal within the antenna field of view.”
In addition, clever engineering has shrunk the overall antenna size to a size where up to five could be hosted on a single cubic-metre minisatellite.
“Despite its name, VHF is quite a low wavelength in space terms, implying a bulky antenna of about 1 m across and half-a-metre thick to operate ideally at that frequency,” Nelson adds.
“But the patterned square-shaped structure on the underlying face of our antenna changes the signal behaviour, enabling us to shrink the design to 50 cm width and 3 cm thickness – making it suitable for hosting on a smaller platform.”
The antenna was developed through ESA’s ARTES Advanced Research in Telecommunications Systems – Advanced Technology programme with Italian companies CGS as prime contractor and MVG as subcontractor in charge of the electrical design.
“CGS and MVG are highly interested in moving forward with the optimisation and environmental qualification of this outstanding antenna element,” explains Andrea Di Cintio, managing the project at CGS. “The next step will be to identify a specific mission and then optimise the design and qualification accordingly.”
“Significant reduction of antenna dimensions and weight without compromising electrical performance was challenging,” adds Andrea Giacomini, lead antenna designer at MVG. “It required a radical change in the design and validation approach. We are proud to have been involved.”
Credit: ESA–G. Porter, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Compact is a neat little studs up font. Basic, but gets the job done. Perfect for signing mosaics.
Try writing with the font or check the details on Swooshable.
Car: BMW 316i Compact.
Year of manufacture: 1999.
Date of first registration in the UK: 20th May 1999.
Place of registration: Chelmsford.
Date of last MOT: 7th April 2021.
Mileage at last MOT: 100,621.
Last change of keeper: 9th August 2020
Date taken: 3rd June 2021.
Album: Carspotting 2021
A very basic Compact. Top spotting points if you see one of these now.
Plate comes back to a Piaggio T5 (a scooter?)
This 1 3/8 inch figure is the DC Comics character The Flash as seen in the game HeroClix. The red and yellow streaks behind him are actually tissue paper.
I believe this is the first toy photo I've posted to Flickr that was lit by my camera's flash. I typically use lamps, flashlights, LEDs, etc.
This image is straight out of the camera: no tweaking, no color processing, no cropping, no nothing.
Submitted to the Flickr group 7 Days of Shooting.
My first pass at the building was only three stories, then I added an additional three. If I had to fit the building in a more compact space or if looked out of place in a layout, I could go back to three.
The best words to describe HK's cityscape.
Recently fall in love with the skyscrapers and cityscape, I spent few weekends on wandering around Central to Wan Chai. Look up and look for sth fun!! :)
Misty sunrise near Michale. Pomerania, Poland. June, 2018.
One of things I was looking for gear-wise, was a reliably working, compact film camera with a good enough lens. Point and shoot, autofocus, auto-everything, trouble-free tool for these moments where I'm basically braindead or in a hurry. Well, this old Pentax is one I've tried lastly. Seeing samples side by side, typical 50mm f/1.8 lens in similar circumstances wasn't performing much better, so this one is a keeper.
1996 BMW 316i Compact. Supplied by Wood of Salisbury (BMW).
1986 Land Rover 90 hardtop. 2495cc diesel. Last MoT test expired in September 2015 (SORN). It failed a test in September 2016 -
Parking brake: efficiency below requirements (3.7.c.1b)
Steering box has a significant oil leak (2.2.d.2e)
Nearside windscreen wiper does not clear the windscreen effectively (8.2.2)
Centre steering arm deformed and unserviceable bent and fouling guide (2.2.c.1d)
Rear fog lamp switch faulty (1.3.1a)
Steering locking device missing split pin missing from offside track rod end (2.2.c.1g)
Nearside headlamp aim too high (1.8)
Upper steering column universal joint has excessive play (2.1.5)
Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases rear silencer rusted and broken (7.1.2)
Nearside front brake disc contaminated by oil inner face (3.5.1h)
Offside windscreen wiper does not clear the windscreen effectively (8.2.2)
Nearside track rod end ball joint has excessive play rear of hub (2.2.b.1f)
Offside front position lamp(s) not working (1.1.a.3b)
Fuel tank insecure (7.2.1)
Offside rear direction indicator not working (1.4.a.2c)
Southerness is a small, compact coastal village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Southerness is located approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) south of the A710 between Caulkerbush and Kirkbean. The town today is mainly a tourist village and has for many years had a large number of static caravans, some private and many rented to holiday makers. The local bus services to and from Dalbeattie and Dumfries are more frequent during the summer season.
Southerness has a large, shallow, sandy beaches on both sides of the rocky next to the village and to the west extend out to the vast Mersehead Sands exposed at low tide. The only landmark is its Southerness lighthouse which was built in 1749 and is one of the oldest lighthouses in Scotland. The lighthouse stands approximately 56 feet (17 m) tall and was decommissioned in the 1930s.
One of the two golf courses was redesigned in 1947 by course manager Mackenzie Ross.
The village has to the north a magnificent backdrop of the "marilyn" Criffel, and to the south the sandy (please note the quick sand) bay of Gillfoot. On clear days the views stretch across the Solway Firth to the Lakeland fells.
Tourist facilities
18-hole golf course
JJ's fish and chip shop
Paul Jones Hotel
19th Hole bar
Mermaid Bar
The Venue
The Minimarket
Evening entertainment "during the high season"
Two ParkDean caravan parks
LightHouse Leisure is a family run park with about 200 caravans. It also has the Mermaid Bar on site where bingo is offered most evenings during the season, and a swimming pool with tanning booth. LightHouse Leisure is about a 2-minute walk away from the beach and lighthouse of Southerness.
Southerness Holiday Park is owned by Parkdean Resorts. There is a new multi-purpose swimming pool, built in 2011, with flumes, a toddlers' pool, and a 25-metre swimming pool. The site also has a nature trail.
The Solway Firth (Scottish Gaelic: Tràchd Romhra) is a firth that forms part of the border between England and Scotland, between Cumbria (including the Solway Plain) and Dumfries and Galloway. It stretches from St Bees Head, just south of Whitehaven in Cumbria, to the Mull of Galloway, on the western end of Dumfries and Galloway. The Isle of Man is also very near to the firth. The firth comprises part of the Irish Sea.
The firth's coastline is characterised by lowland hills and small mountains. It is a mainly rural area, with mostly small villages and settlements (such as Powfoot). Fishing, hill farming, and some arable farming play a large part in the local economy, although tourism is increasing.
The northern part of the English coast of the Solway Firth was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, known as the Solway Coast, in 1964. Construction of the Robin Rigg Wind Farm in the firth began in 2007.
Within the firth, there are some salt flats and mud flats that can be dangerous, due to their frequently shifting patches of quicksand.
There are over 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi) of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in the area of the firth (one of which is Salta Moss), as well as national nature reserves — at Caerlaverock and in Cumbria. On the Cumbrian side, much of the coastline has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The Solway Coast’s AONB has two separate sections: the first runs westward from just north of Carlisle to Skinburness; the second runs south from the hamlet of Beckfoot, past Mawbray and Allonby, to Crosscanonby.
In 2013, the honeycomb worm and blue mussel were designated as targets of conservation efforts, and Allonby Bay (an inlet of the Solway Firth) was put forward as a candidate for a Marine Conservation Zone.
A 53-mile (85 km) long-distance walking route, the Annandale Way, runs through Annandale, from the source of the River Annan, in the Moffat Hills, to the Solway Firth; it was opened in September 2009.
Unlike other parts of the west coast of Scotland, the Solway Firth has only a few islands. They are:
Hestan Island
Rough Island
Little Ross
The so-called Isle of Whithorn (which is actually a peninsula).
The Islands of Fleet
The Solway Firth is the estuary of the River Eden and the River Esk.
The name 'Solway' (recorded as Sulewad in 1218) is of Scandinavian origin, and was originally the name of a ford across the mud flats at Eskmouth. The first element of the name is probably from the Old Norse word súl 'pillar', referring to the Lochmaben Stane, though it may instead be from súla, meaning 'solan goose'. Súl and súla both have long vowels, but the early spellings of Solway indicate a short vowel in the first element. This may be due to the shortening of an originally long vowel in the Middle English period but may also represent an original short vowel. If this is the case, the first element may be *sulr, an unrecorded word cognate with Old English sol 'muddy, pool', or a derivative of sulla, meaning 'to swill'.
The second element of the name is from the Old Norse vað, meaning 'ford' (which is cognate with the modern English word wade).
The area had three fords: the Annan or Bowness Wath, the Dornock Wath (once called the Sandywathe), and the main one —the Solewath (also called the Solewath or the Sulewad).
A wooden lighthouse was built in 1841 at Barnkirk Point (grid reference NY 1903 6425). It was destroyed by fire in 1960.
On 9 March 1876, a 79-ton French lugger St. Pierre, was stranded - and finally declared lost - on Blackshaw Bank, an ill-defined feature which extends for a considerable distance on both sides of the channel of the River Nith.
Between 1869 and 1921, the estuary was crossed by the Solway Junction Railway on a 1780 m (5850 ft) iron viaduct. The line was built to carry iron ore from the Whitehaven area to Lanarkshire and was financed and operated by the Caledonian Railway of Scotland. After the railway, which was not a financial success, ceased operating in 1921, the railway bridge became a popular footpath, enabling residents of Scotland to easily cross into England, where alcoholic drink was legally available seven days a week. (Scotland was dry on Sundays at the time.) The viaduct was demolished between 1931 and 1933.
The Ministry of Defence had by 1999 fired more than 6,350 depleted uranium rounds into the Solway Firth from its testing range at Dundrennan Range.
The Solway Firth has been used as the location for films. For example, the 1973 film The Wicker Man was filmed around Kirkcudbright and Burrow Head on the Wigtownshire coast.
In July 2019, the American metal band Slipknot released a song called “Solway Firth” that is named after the firth.
Dumfries and Galloway is one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland, located in the western part of the Southern Uplands. It is bordered by East Ayrshire, South Ayrshire, and South Lanarkshire to the north; Scottish Borders to the north-east; the English ceremonial county of Cumbria, the Solway Firth, and the Irish Sea to the south, and the North Channel to the west. The administrative centre and largest settlement is the town of Dumfries. The second largest town is Stranraer, located 76 miles (122 km) to the west of Dumfries on the North Channel coast.
Dumfries and Galloway corresponds to the historic shires of Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, and Wigtownshire, the last two of which are collectively known as Galloway. The three counties were combined in 1975 to form a single region, with four districts within it. The districts were abolished in 1996, since when Dumfries and Galloway has been a unitary local authority. For lieutenancy purposes, the area is divided into three lieutenancy areas called Dumfries, Wigtown, and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, broadly corresponding to the three historic counties.
The Dumfries and Galloway Council region is composed of counties and their sub-areas. From east to west:
Dumfriesshire County
the sub-area of Dumfriesshire – Annandale
the sub-area of Dumfriesshire – Eskdale
the sub-area of Dumfriesshire – Nithsdale
Kirkcudbrightshire County
the sub-area of Kirkcudbrightshire – Stewartry (archaically, Desnes)
Wigtownshire County
the sub-area of Wigtownshire – Machars (archaically, Farines)--divided into census areas (civil parish areas)
the sub-area of Wigtownshire – Rhins of Galloway divided into census areas (civil parish areas)
The term Dumfries and Galloway has been used since at least the 19th century – by 1911 the three counties had a united sheriffdom under that name. Dumfries and Galloway covers the majority of the western area of the Southern Uplands,[1] it also hosts Scotland's most Southerly point, at the Mull of Galloway in the west of the region.
Water systems and transport routes
The region has a number of south running water systems which break through the Southern Uplands creating the main road, and rail, arteries north–south through the region and breaking the hills up into a number of ranges.
River Cree valley carries the A714 north-westward from Newton Stewart to Girvan and Water of Minnoch valley which lies just west of the Galloway Hills carries a minor road northward through Glentrool village into South Ayrshire. This road leaves the A714 at Bargrennan.
Water of Ken and River Dee form a corridor through the hills called the Glenkens which carries the A713 road from Castle Douglas to Ayr. The Galloway Hills lie to the west of this route through the hills and the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills lie to the east.
River Nith rises between Dalmellington and New Cumnock in Ayrshire and runs east then south down Nithsdale to Dumfries. Nithsdale carries both the A76 road and the rail line from Dumfries to Kilmarnock. It separates the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills from the Lowther Hills which lie east of the Nith.
River Annan combines with Evan Water and the River Clyde to form one of the principal routes into central Scotland from England – through Annandale and Clydesdale – carrying the M74 and the west coast railway line. This gap through the hills separates the Lowthers from the Moffat Hills.
River Esk enters the Solway Firth just south of Gretna having travelled south from Langholm and Eskdalemuir. The A7 travels up Eskdale as far as Langholm and from Langholm carries on up the valley of Ewes Water to Teviothead where it starts to follow the River Teviot to Hawick. Eskdale itself heads north west from Langholm through Bentpath and Eskdalemuir to Ettrick and Selkirk.
The A701 branches off the M74 at Beattock, goes through the town of Moffat, climbs to Annanhead above the Devil's Beef Tub (at the source of the River Annan) before passing the source of the River Tweed and carrying on to Edinburgh. Until fairly recent times the ancient route to Edinburgh travelled right up Annandale to the Beef Tub before climbing steeply to Annanhead. The present road ascends northward on a ridge parallel to Annandale but to the west of it which makes for a much easier ascent.
From Moffat the A708 heads north east along the valley of Moffat Water (Moffatdale) on its way to Selkirk. Moffatdale separates the Moffat hills (to the north) from the Ettrick hills to the south.
There are three National scenic areas within this region.
Nith Estuary: this area follows the River Nith southward from just south of Dumfries into the Solway Firth. Dumfries itself has a rich history going back over 800 years as a Royal Burgh (1186). It is particularly remembered as the place where Robert the Bruce murdered the Red Comyn in 1306 before being crowned King of Scotland – and where Robert Burns spent his last years. His mausoleum is in St Michael's graveyard. Going down the east bank is the village of Glencaple, Caerlaverock Castle, Caerlaverock Wild Fowl Trust, an ancient Roman fort on Ward Law Hill and nearby in Ruthwell is the Ruthwell Cross and the Brow Well where Robert Burns "took the waters" and bathed in the Solway just before his death. On the west bank, there are several walks and cycle routes in Mabie Forest, Kirkconnell Flow for the naturalist, the National Museum of Costume just outside New Abbey and Sweetheart Abbey within the village. Criffel (569 metres) offers the hill walker a reasonably modest walk with views across the Solway to the Lake District. The house of John Paul Jones founder of the American Navy is also open to visitors near Kirkbean.
East Stewartry Coast: this takes in the coast line from Balcary Point eastward across Auchencairn Bay and the Rough Firth past Sandyhills to Mersehead. There are several coastal villages within this area – Auchencairn, Kippford, Colvend, Rockcliffe, and Portling. There is also a round tower at Orchardton and the islands of Hestan Isle and Rough Island can be reached at low tide outside the breeding season for birds. Mersehead is a wildfowl reserve. The area has a number of coastal paths.
Fleet Valley: this area takes in Fleet Bay with its holiday destinations of Auchenlarie, Mossyard Bay, Cardoness, Sandgreen and Carrick Shore. The area also includes the town of Gatehouse of Fleet and the historic villages of Anworth and Girthon – there is a castle at Cardoness in the care of Historic Scotland.
The region is known as a stronghold for several rare and protected species of amphibian, such as the Natterjack toad and the Great crested newt. There are also RSPB Nature Reserves at the Mull of Galloway, Wood of Cree (Galloway Forest Park), Ken Dee Marshes (near Loch Ken) and Mereshead (near Dalbeattie on the Solway Firth)
There are five 7Stanes mountain biking centres in Dumfries and Galloway at Dalbeattie, Mabie, Ae, Glentrool and Kirroughtree. The Sustrans Route 7 long distance cycle route also runs through the region. There is excellent hill walking in the Moffat Hills, Lowther Hills the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills and Galloway Hills. The Southern Upland Way coast to coast walk passes through Dumfries and Galloway and the 53-mile long Annandale Way travels from the Solway Firth into the Moffat hills near the Devil's Beef Tub. There is also fresh water sailing on Castle Loch at Lochmaben and at various places on Loch Ken Loch Ken also offers waterskiing and wakeboarding. The Solway Firth coastline offers fishing, caravaning and camping, walking and sailing.
Dumfries and Galloway is well known for its arts and cultural activities as well as its natural environment.[citation needed]
The major festivals include the region-wide Dumfries & Galloway Arts Festival, and Spring Fling Open Studios. Other festivals include Big Burns Supper in Dumfries and the Wigtown Book Festival in Wigtown – Scotland's national book town.
Places of interest
Galloway and List of Category A listed buildings in Dumfries and Galloway
Annandale distillery - Scotch Whisky
Bladnoch Distillery & Visitor Centre - Scotch Whisky
Caerlaverock Castle – Historic Scotland
Caerlaverock NNR (national nature reserve)
WWT Caerlaverock – a reserve of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust
Cardoness Castle
Castle of St John, Stranraer
Corsewall Lighthouse, privately owned
Drumlanrig Castle
HM Factory, Gretna, Eastriggs – site of a munitions factory during World War I
Galloway Forest Park, Forestry and Land Scotland
Galloway Hydro Electric Scheme, Scottish Power
Glenlair – home of 19th century physicist James Clerk Maxwell
Glenluce Abbey
Hallhill Covenanter Martyrs Memorial - near Kirkpatrick Irongray Church.
Isle of Whithorn Castle
Kenmure Castle – a seat of the Clan Gordon
Loch Ken
MacLellan's Castle, Kirkcudbright
Motte of Urr
Mull of Galloway – RSPB/ South Rhins Community Development Trust
Ruthwell Cross
Samye Ling Tibetan Monastery
Southern Upland Way – long distance footpath
Sweetheart Abbey, New Abbey
Threave Castle
Prior to 1975, the area that is now Dumfries and Galloway was administered as three separate counties: Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, and Wigtownshire. The counties of Scotland originated as sheriffdoms, which were established from the twelfth century, consisting of a group of parishes over which a sheriff had jurisdiction. An elected county council was established for each county in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.
The three county councils were abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which established a two-tier structure of local government across Scotland comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. A region called Dumfries and Galloway was created covering the area of the three counties, which were abolished as administrative areas. The region contained four districts:
Annandale and Eskdale, covering the eastern part of Dumfriesshire.
Nithsdale, covering the western part of Dumfriesshire and a small part of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Stewartry, covering most of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Wigtown, covering all of Wigtownshire and a small part of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Further local government reform in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the area's four districts abolished, with the Dumfries and Galloway Council taking over the functions they had previously performed. The council continues to use the areas of the four abolished districts as committee areas. The four former districts are also used to define the area's three lieutenancy areas, with Nithsdale and Annandale and Eskdale together forming the Dumfries lieutenancy, the Stewartry district corresponding to the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright lieutenancy, and the Wigtown district corresponding to the Wigtown lieutenancy.
The council headquarters is at the Council Offices at 113 English Street in Dumfries, which had been built in 1914 as the headquarters for the old Dumfriesshire County Council, previously being called "County Buildings".
The first election to the Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the reforms which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1975 has been as follows:
Since 2007 the council has been required to designate a leader of the council. The leader may also act as the convener, chairing council meetings, or the council may choose to appoint a different councillor to be convener. Prior to 2007 the council sometimes chose to appoint a leader, and sometimes did not. The leaders since 2007 have been:
RUTA DE LA ARQUITECTURA NEGRA
La pizarra es el elemento estructural fundamental en las construcciones de este tipo de arquitectura, sirviendo para cubiertas y paramentos. El uso de la pizarra provoca que sus pueblos presenten un aspecto negruzco en sus vistas.
Estas construcciones se asientan en prados formando pequeños núcleos o grupos aislados de elementos auxiliares.
Los elementos más peculiares y llamativos de la arquitectura negra son las pequeñas edificaciones usadas para guardar el material tanto agrícola como ganadero y las tainas y las majadas utilizadas como cobertizos para el ganado en lugares aislados en la montaña. Estos elementos junto con las viviendas y los edificios comunitarios constituyen todo el elenco arquitectónico.
Son las viviendas los edificios más elaborados con múltiples recursos para la utilidad y comodidad de los habitantes de una zona que sufre de un clima de montaña muy frío y tendente a las nevadas.
La vivienda representa el elemento constructivo más importante de la arquitectura negra. Se adaptan a las duras condiciones climáticas que tienen que soportar sus inquilinos, sobre todo, en invierno. Tradicionalmente las viviendas se han mezclado con unas dependencias para los animales domésticos, quedando normalmente la planta baja separada en dos dependencias: una para ovejas, vacas, cabras y gallinas y, otra, para los sus dueños; y la planta alta para reservas de alimentos, paja y leña que permitan sobrevivir los meses más crudos del invierno.
Los recursos disponibles hace que su construcción se base en la pizarra, el barro y la madera, ya sea de roble, pino, chopo u olmo, según la zona en la que se encuentra la vivienda. Los volúmenes compactos de estas construcciones sólo se abren al exterior con ventanales muy pequeños en la fachada sur que responden únicamente a un mínimo de ventilación e iluminación de la estancia. El resto de las fachadas quedan ciegas por no recibir a penas luz solar durante buena parte del año. Estos ventanales y la puerta de acceso que se abren en la fachada sur se recuadran con grandes refuerzos de madera.
Calle de Umbralejo. La construcción de la vivienda comienza con la ejecución de los muros sobre el terreno asentando pizarra sobre barro y cantos rodados, mezclados con paja, consiguiendo un espesor de unos ciuncuenta o sesenta centímetros. Los tabiques interiores se construyen con armazón de palos verticales, llamados colondas, entre los que se colocan adobes. La estructura interior se realiza a base de postes sobre los que se sitúan las vigas horizontales. Sobre los muros descansan las vigas horizontales de los forjados y, sobre ellas, el entablado del piso superior.
La planta superiorse contruye con postes de distintos tamaños, según la inclinación de la cubierta, que soportan tanto las vigas longitudinales, llamadas sopandas, como la viga de la cumbrera de la cubierta, normalmente paralela a la fachada. Sobre las sopandas se apoyan los cuartones que forman los faldones de la cubierta, construida con lajas de pizarra extendidas sobre una capa de barro mezclado conpaja para dar mayor consistencia, soportada por un entablado asentado en los cuartones.
Normalmente se presentan en las viviendas cubiertas a dos aguas, siendo el faldón de la parte norte, que se extiende diagonalmente desde la parte más alta de la vivienda hasta casi el suelo mostrando un desnivel ciertamente pronunciado, de mucho mayor tamaño que el de la parte sur, permitiendo así la extensión de la fachada meridional. En muchas ocasiones, la vivienda carece de faldón en la parte sur.
Pórtico de entrada a un edificio en Majaelrayo. Bajo la cubierta, en el piso superior, se sitúa el desván que se presenta llena de alimentos, paja, forrajes y leña en los meses más crudos del invierno. En la planta baja es donde residen habitualmente el ganado y los moradores separados en dos estancias. Una sola puerta sirve de entrada tanto para animales domésticos como para sus dueños. La puerta se sitúa siempre en la fachada sur y se cubre por un pequeño tejado independiente o por la prolongación de la cubierta. Está hecha o bien de una sola hoja de madera labrada con hacha, o bien de hoja partida horizontalmente en dos mitades. Por ella se accede al zaguán, solado con lajas de pizarra y provisto de poyos adosados a las paredes. Desde aquí se accede, por un lado, a la cuadra, por otro, a los dormitorios, por unas escaleras se esciende al desván y como habitáculo central de la casa, la cocina, que sirve, a parte de lugar donde preparar los alimentos, como sala de estar, comedor y recibidor y, a demás, en ella se encuentra el horno para el pan y, con ello, la chimenea y es, también, donde cura la matanza.
Las viviendas modernas de la arquitectura negra muestran construcciones más propias de la época actual respondiendo al estilo de vida de hoy, manteniendo como caracterísitca común a las viejas construcciones el hecho de cubrir los muros con lajas de pizarra negra, las grandes cubiertas y las fachadas, olvidándose, por desuso, de las estancias dedicadas al cobertizo del ganado y al almacenaje de víveres.
From where I sit at this moment, Orkney seems so remote. It's easy to forget that it sits just off John o' Groats and was a bit of Scotland nibbled away and submerged at the end of the Last Glacial Period. Prior to that, the lowered sea levels left Doggerland high and dry — a convenient stepping stone for humans to repopulate Britain from the rest of Europe. Yes, I've been to the very north of the archipelago, to North Ronaldsay. Today I'm away to South Ronaldsay — ironically juxtaposed at opposite ends from its northern namesake. This won't take me to Orkney's most southerly isle, Stroma, which to be honest has less water between it and Scotland that it has between itself and the rest of Orkney.
Here's a reminder of how compact these islands are. This is the northern tip of Glimps Holm looking back across Lamb Holm to Mainland. By now I've crossed two of the causeways constructed as navigation barriers in WWII. There are what appears to be military installations, there on the cliffs of Lamb Holm. In the middleground lie relics of the block ships sunk here early in WWI. I think this was the SS Numidian, an almost 5000 ton steel hulled steamer scuttled here on 30 December 1914. She was sunk in the company of SS Aorangi, SS Thames and SS Minieh with, I think, Numidian in the shallow water near this spot. I could be wrong. If you need a better answer there's a kind of trainspotters' guide to the wrecks of Scapa Flow.
Orkney is so user-friendly. It's a small place, compact, packed to the gunwales with history; so much that with sea level rise its, Plimsoll line is in peril of disappearing beneath the waves. Getting about is quick and easy; all that and it has a village named Twatt.
If there’s one company in Australia with heaps of dino compactors, that company will be Suez, or SITA as I wish they were still known. Maybe in the past the company had more dino work on a national scale, but the high majority is now subject to their Sydney operations, with most of their bulk bin trucks indeed dino roll-offs. I’m sure the company has a good couple hundred open top containers, compactor containers and integrated units in Sydney, a lot of which appear to be young or freshened up. However, a few years ago I came across one of their older pieces of equipment outside their Wetherill Park transfer station, just sitting on the road unattended while its transporter was somewhere else. I love seeing a compactor just sitting on the road out from a dock, especially at night in the Sydney CBD haha It’s not often you would find a compactor of this capacity being used for garbage, so I think it’s safe to say this is a dry waste container or more likely one for paper and cardboard. You can tell this one is an oldie, with very faded paint and signage, plenty of scratches and a decent amount of rust. You can see the front of the container has been punched inwards... a result of the many times this steel box has been pushed into its resting position by the bail hook and frame. I reckon the “No Parking Day Or Night” signs should feature an additional “Offending Vehicles Will Be Towed” - not hard to do with the truck!
Instructions for my custom models for the Death Star Escape & Compactor are now ready. You can buy downloads on my website
RD18884. A train on the Wengenalpbahn (WAB), an 800mm gauge rack & pinion railway, arriving at Grindelwald.
On the right is a train on the metre gauge partial rack & pinion Berner Oberland Bahn (BOB) waiting to return back down to Interlaken Ost.
Thursday, 13th September, 2018. Copyright © Ron Fisher.
A V-22 Osprey unfolds it's rotors as the crew preps the aircraft for departure from the California International Air Show.
Not many if any places to see a pair of SD35's running now days in the US, here GLC 383 and 384 work the interchange with the Ann Arbor RR at Osmer siding just north of Ann Arbor, Michigan. Nice compact packages these SD35's seen from above, if only EMD had cataloged an SD30, that would have been a pretty swell looking unit - August 23, 2024.