View allAll Photos Tagged Castrum
Bagnara di Romagna, castrum medievale perfettamente conservato, si trova al confine fra le province di Bologna e di Ravenna. Nel tempo appartenne a un'infinità di rissosi e prepotenti Signori: Manfredi, Ordelaffi, da Polenta, Visconti, Sforza, Malatesta, Estensi, Colleoni, ecc..., oltre che alla Santa Sede. Nel 1482 il papa Sisto IV ne fece dono (insieme con le città di Forlì e di Imola) al nipote Girolamo Riario, in occasione delle sue nozze con Caterina Sforza, figlia di Galeazzo Maria. Furono i Riario Sforza a completare la ricostruzione della rocca (sorta sui resti di un castello edificato nel 1354 da Bernabò Visconti, distrutto nel 1428), ad adattarla alla difesa dalle nuove artiglierie e ad abbellirla con l'elegante loggiato che percorre gran parte delle cortine murarie. Ucciso Girolamo Riario nel 1488, la rocca fu tenuta dalla vedova Caterina fino al 1499, quando Bagnara venne presa da Cesare Borgia. Caduto anche il Valentino, la fortezza tornò alla Santa Sede, fino all'occupazione francese del 1797. Passò poi al Regno d'Italia, e nel 1868 venne acquistata dal Comune.
CastelBrando,
former Castrum Costae, is a medieval castle situated on a dolomite limestone rock at an elevation of 370 m (1,210 ft) above sea level, overlooking the villages of Cison di Valmarino and Valmareno, Northern Italy. The name CastelBrando is due to the name Brandolini, the ancient family from Forlì, who were the Lords of the castle.
History
CastelBrando was originally built in the Roman age as a defensive fortress in order to protect the important lines of communication which connected Northern Italy to the countries on the other side of the Alps. Originally there was a garrison here protecting the territory between the Piave and the Livenza rivers in order to facilitate the safe construction of the pre-alpine part of the Via Claudia Augusta, an important Roman road, which linked the valley of the Po River with Rhaetia (modern Austria). The original castrum, dating from 46 AD is still visible today. A recent archaeological excavation has uncovered a 3 m (9.8 ft) diameter bread-oven within the castrum, dating from the same period. The original Roman baths have also been excavated, as have the original pipes of the aqueduct which supplied water from three nearby natural springs. These springs still provide water for the castle today. During the European Migration Period the fortress became an important defensive position against barbarian invasions. Over the centuries the castle has been subject to numerous enlargements and renovations. During the 13th century the castle was substantially enlarged while under the ownership of the Da Camino family, who lived there from 1233 to 1335. Their architectural additions included surrounding the castle with imposing Guelph-Ghibelline style battlements and building a central tower. Gherardo III da Camino, the great Italian feudal lord and military leader was born in the castle in 1240.
The Castle's ownership then passed over to the Republic of Venice, which awarded the Castle's fiefdom first to Marin Faliero and then to the condottieri Giovanni Brandolino and Erasmo da Narni, better known as "Gattamelata". After the fall of Venetian Republic in 1797, it was passed down through the family of Giovanni Brandolino and became the property of the Brandolini Counts, an ancient family from Forlì. In the first half of the 16th century Antonio Maria Brandolini (1476–1522), commissioned skilled engineers to enlarge the central part of the castle in Sansovino style, adding Venetian Gothic double and triple mullioned windows. In 1700 the Brandolini family commissioned Ottavio Scotti, architect and Count of Treviso, to design and build an extension to the southern part of the castle. Part of these works included the building of a castle chapel, the Church of San Martino. The chapel was decorated internally with frescoes painted by Egidio Dall'Oglio (18th century).
During World War I, the castle was invaded by Imperial Austrian forces and used as a military hospital. The Brandolini family abandoned their home and escaped to their Solighetto villa near Pieve di Soligo. After 10 years of restoration work, financed by Count Girolamo IV Brandolini (1870–1935), the castle was re-opened as a place of residence in 1929. In 1959 the castle was sold by the Brandolini family to the Salesian fathers, who altered its structure to use it as a monastery and as a centre for spiritual studies. In 1997 CastelBrando was purchased by Quaternary Investments SpA, who started an expansive renovation program in order to convert it into a hotel and museum.
For more informations:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CastelBrando
For a movie:
*******************************************************************************
“It is an illusion that photos are made with the camera…
they are made with the eye, heart and head.”
[Henry Cartier Bresson]
*******************************************************************************
Please don't use any of my images on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit written permission.
© All rights reserved
Situé au bord du lac Léman, sur la commune de Veytaux (canton de Vaud), le château de Chillon est un des monuments les plus célèbres de Suisse.
Construit sur un ancien castrum à partir du Xe siècle, ses bâtiments sont de différentes époques et ont été rénovés au XIXe. Il faut 110 mètres de long sur 50 de large et le donjon est haut de 25. Il a servi de demeure, de forteresse militaire et de prison.
Il a été rendu fameux par le poème de Lord Byron, "Le prisonnier de Chillon" (1816), par une peinture de Gustave Courbet (1874) et par le "Daisy Miller" d'Henry James (1878). Lord Byron a gravé son nom sur l'un des piliers du donjon.
Il est très difficile à photographier via la terre, à cause des nombreux pylônes et câbles qui l'entourent, ainsi que des rails et des routes.
Near the Lake Geneva, you can find the Chillon castle (commune of Veytaux, canton of Vaud). It is one of the most famous places in Switzerland.
The first building was erected under a Roman castrum during the 10th century, but its walls and rooms are from different times, including a renovation in the 19th.
It was a fortress, a house and, at last, a prison.
As such, it was made famous by Lord Byron with his poem, "The prisonner of Chillon" (1816). It was also a setting for Henry Miller's "Daisy Miller" (1878) and painted by Gustave Courbet (1874).
Lord Byron has carved his name on a pillar in the dungeon.
It is very hard to take a photography of it from the land, because it is full of pylon and cable, plus the railway and the road.
Queso elaborado de modo artesanal con leche cruda de ovejas, de coagulación enzimática, mediante el empleo de coagulante vegetal.
En su aspecto externo presenta una forma rectangular con la corteza un poco rugosa, delgada y lavada con baños de aceite de oliva virgen, totalmente comestible.
En el interior presenta una pasta con una cremosidad media, pequeños ojos y color marfil.
Su olor es ligero, con pequeños recuerdos a oveja, pero nunca desagradable.
En boca es fundente, con sabor pronunciado y con personalidad, con toques lácticos equilibrados entre sal y acidez, con pequeños toques amargos y grasos en el retrogusto muy agradable.
El queso se presenta en formato rectangular con un peso aproximado de 3,400 Kg.
Este queso lo elaboran los hermanos Cesáreo y José María Sánchez López propietarios de la quesería Castrum-Erat, ubicada en el municipio español de Castuera, perteneciente a la provincia de Badajoz (comunidad autónoma de Extremadura).
Italien / Südtirol - Schloss Prösels
Prösels Castle (German: Schloss Prösels; Italian: Castello di Presule) is a castle in the Gothic style which stands on the high plain below the Schlern mountain, in South Tyrol. Prösels is a location within the municipal boundaries of the commune of Völs am Schlern (Fiè allo Sciliar).
History
The castle was first named in a document from 1279, as castrum Presil, whereas the settlement close to the castle compares in 1373 as Bresels. It is believed that the lords of Völs, feudatories of the Bishopric of Brixen, had built the castle here just by 1200. Today the central palace with a Romanesque archway are surviving parts of this first fortress.
In Italian it is sometimes called Castel Colonna, reflecting the fact that around the time of Leonhard II the Völs (Fiè) family started to add the Colonna family name to their own. The reason for this is unclear, although a number of hypotheses have been advanced. According to some the family originated as a branch of the Colonnas who came to Tyrol in the twelfth century; others believe that Leonhard II, fighting alongside Marcantonio Colonna (1535–1584) at the Battle of Lepanto, was affirming his family’s origins in the Colonnas of Tusculum. A third version speculates that Marcantonio adopted Leonhard in order to enable the latter to display his membership of the noble Roman dynasty. Most probably, perhaps, Leonhard II simply requested and obtained the right to add the name Colonna to his own.
The Gothic castle of today was built by Leonhard of Völs (born 1458). He was the administrator of the salt mines of Hall in Tirol, a highly profitable position, furthermore he was married three times to wealthy noblewomen, which enabled him to spend extravagantly on the expansion of his castle. In 1498 Leonhard, thanks to his friendship with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Archduke of Austria, became governor of the County of Tyrol. Leonhard showed his gratitude by including the emperor on one of the frescoes in the newly built arcade of his castle.
During the Peasants' War of 1525 the castle was briefly occupied by the revolting subservient farmers, who burnt all the documents in the vain hope of destroying all proof of their debts and tithes. The uprising was squashed and six leaders executed. Leonhard of Völs also instigated the burning of nine local woman for witchcraft. To deflect blame placed on him by his subjects for a high infant mortality rate, Leonhard found nine women, had them tortured and after they confessed burnt at the stake for witchcraft. Most probably the high infant mortality was due to the farmers being starved and very poor owing to Leonhard's very high taxes. The woman confessed that they had "stolen the babies and ridden on their brooms to the Schlern where they had eaten the babies together with the devil." The many local legends about the so-called Schlernhexen (Schlern witches) date back to this time.
The castle remained in the hands of the family until its last member, Felix, Freiherr von Völs, died childless in 1810. For the next 50 years the castle stood empty and nearly fell into ruins. Between 1860 and 1978 the castle changed hands no fewer than 14 times, suffering periods of decay followed by attempted restoration before finally being abandoned to its fate. However, in 1981 the Kuratorium Schloss Prösels (Prösels Castle Curatorship) was formed to restore the building; the work was completed the following year.
Visiting the castle
Guided visits are available during the summer months and during the Christmas holidays, various cultural events are held here including concerts, exhibitions and theatrical performances. Permanent displays include:
A collection of weapons and suits of armour
The "Batzenhäusl" restaurant collection of paintings (The "Batzenhäusl" being the oldest restaurant in the city of Bolzano)
A modern art collection
(Wikipedia)
Das Schloss Prösels liegt in der Gemeinde Völs am Schlern östlich von Bozen in Südtirol. Es ist die Stammburg der Herren von Völs, erstmals im Jahr 1279 urkundlich als „castrum Presil“ genannt, jedoch wahrscheinlich schon um 1200 errichtet. Ihre Blütezeit erlebte die Burg Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts, als sie Leonhard der Ältere von Völs zu einer prunkvollen, spätgotischen Schlossanlage ausbauen ließ. Nach dem Aussterben der Herren von Völs und etlichen Besitzerwechseln wurde das Schloss im Jahr 1978 vom Kuratorium Schloss Prösels GmbH erworben. Heute finden auf dem Schlossgelände neben den traditionellen Schlossführungen auch zahlreiche kulturelle Veranstaltungen statt, wie z. B. Konzerte, Ausstellungen und Theateraufführungen.
Geographische Lage
Auf dem Weg vom im Talgrund des Eisacktals gelegenen Blumau ins mittelgebirgige Schlerngebiet befindet sich auf der rechten Seite ein markanter Felskopf, auf dem sich das alte Schloss Prösels erhebt. Es liegt in der Ortschaft Prösels, welche zur Gemeinde Völs am Schlern zählt und zwischen den beiden größeren Gemeindefraktionen Völs und Völser Aicha liegt.
Geschichte
Historische Anfänge
Erstmals wird die mittelalterliche Burg („castrum Presil“) in einer Urkunde aus dem Jahre 1279 erwähnt, während die Burgsiedlung im Jahr 1373 als „Bresels“ bezeugt ist. Laut Schneller liegt dem Namen lateinisch praesulis ‚dem Bischof gehörig‘ zugrunde. Erbaut wurde die Burg von den Herren von Völs, welche zunächst den Bischöfen von Brixen dienten. Zuerst wurde die Burg nach der dortigen Kapelle benannt, anschließend jedoch als Burg Prösels oder Burg Völs bezeichnet, da sie sich nicht weit vom Hauptdorf Völs befand. Nachdem der Machtbereich der Bischöfe von Brixen und Trient eingeschränkt wurde, erhielten die Herren von Völs als landesfürstliche Ministerialen die Burg.
Leonhard der Ältere von Völs war der bedeutendste Burgherr. Er nahm in jungen Jahren am Krieg gegen Venedig (1508–1516) teil und bekleidete von 1498 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 1530 das Amt des Landeshauptmannes an der Etsch und Burggrafen zu Tirol. Leonhard wirkte vor allem als Gutsverwalter und war mit dem Habsburgerkaiser Maximillian I. eng befreundet. Sein Leben war aber nicht nur durch seine administrativen Aufgaben gekennzeichnet, sondern fand auch in den Völser Hexenprozessen von 1506 und 1510 und dem Bauernaufstand von 1525 einen Höhepunkt. Leonhards größte Hinterlassenschaft stellt aber sicherlich das Schloss selbst dar, das er zum größten Teil erbauen ließ und bis heute fast gänzlich erhalten ist.
Völser Hexenprozesse
Vor 500 Jahren fanden auf Schloss Prösels Hexenprozesse statt, die für ungefähr 30 Menschen mit dem Todesurteil durch Verbrennen endeten. Nicht nur Frauen wurden der Hexerei beschuldigt, auch zwei Männer kosteten die Prozesse das Leben. Den Schuldigen warf man vor, sich dem Teufel unterworfen zu haben. Die Anklageschriften bezichtigten die Angeklagten des Mordes an den eigenen Kindern und beschuldigten sie, auf Besen durch die Luft geritten zu sein und an Teufelstänzen teilgenommen zu haben. Allerdings konnte bis heute nicht einwandfrei geklärt werden, an welcher Stelle die Hexenverbrennungen stattfanden.
Zum Gedenken an den ersten Hexenprozess im südlichen Teil Tirols haben die Gemeinden Völs und Kastelruth 2006 eine Skulptur mit Gedenktafel auf Schloss Prösels angebracht. Am 18. August 2006 wurde das historische Drama Anna Jobstin im Burghof von Schloss Prösels uraufgeführt. Anna Jobstin war die erste Angeklagte in der Hexenverfolgung von 1506.
Kuratorium Schloss Prösels
1978 erwarb das neu gebildete Kuratorium Schloss Prösels die Burg. Dieses Konsortium aus Privatpersonen und den Gemeinden des Schlerngebietes (Kastelruth, Völs) sowie der Gemeinde Tiers ist bis heute der Schlossbesitzer. Nach abgeschlossener Restaurierung der Anlage wird sie seit dem Jahr 1982 als Austragungsort von verschiedenen kulturellen Veranstaltungen und für Führungen genutzt.
Am 5. Juli 2014 trafen sich Ministerpräsident Matteo Renzi und Bundeskanzler Werner Faymann anlässlich einer Tagung auf Schloss Prösels, womit es erstmals zu einer Zusammenkunft eines italienischen und österreichischen Regierungschefs auf Südtiroler Boden kam.
Sehenswertes
Kapelle
Ebenso von Leonhard erbaut wurde die Kapelle auf Schloss Prösels, welche der Heiligen Anna geweiht ist. Durch die Form des Portals und des Netzrippengewölbes erkennt man deutlich, dass die Kapelle aus dem 3. Jahrzehnt des 16. Jahrhunderts stammt. Besonders bemerkenswert am Gebäude ist ohne Zweifel die handwerklich herausragende Ausführung der baulichen Details.
Waffensammlung
Die Waffensammlung des Franz Anton von Kofler kam nach der Restaurierung des Schlosses als Leihgabe der Südtiroler Landesregierung auf die Burg. Die meisten der ausgestellten Objekte stammen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert und kommen unter anderem von den Schlachtfeldern in Solferino und Custoza (Italienische Unabhängigkeitskriege). Aber auch Stücke aus der Zeit Leonhards sind im Waffensaal zu finden. Besonders kurios ist die Rüstung eines Samuraikämpfers aus dem fernen Orient.
Ausstellungsgalerie
Im sogenannten „Tischlerhaus“ auf Schloss Prösels finden seit dem Jahre 1982 in den Sommermonaten immer wieder Kunstausstellungen verschiedener Maler und Bildhauer statt. Jeder Künstler, der im Schloss seitdem zu Gast war, hinterließ jeweils ein Werk seiner Ausstellung. Somit bildete sich im Laufe der Jahre eine umfangreiche Bilder- und Skulpturensammlung, die im Rahmen der Schlossführungen besichtigt werden kann. In den Räumlichkeiten der Burg sind auch Kunstwerke der bekannten Künstlerin Lotte Copì zu finden. Außerdem sind im ehemaligen Wohntrakt der Herren von Völs die 98 verbliebenen Werke der berühmten Batzenhäusl-Sammlung aus Bozen zur Besichtigung ausgestellt.
Pulverturm
Etwas oberhalb von Schloss Prösels befindet sich der geschichtlich eng mit der Anlage verbundene Pulverturm, ein bergfriedartiger Wehrturm.
Kulturelle Darbietungen
Im Sommer werden im Schloss täglich Führungen angeboten. Außerdem finden kulturelle Veranstaltungen mit Musik, Kunst und Theater statt. Das Schloss kann für private Veranstaltungen, wie z. B. Hochzeiten oder sonstige Feiern, für einen Tag angemietet werden.
(Wikipedia)
Sighișoara (German: Schäßburg, Latin: Castrum Sex) is one of the oldest towns of the historic region of Transylvania,Romania.
The city played an important strategic and commercial role at the edges of Central Europe for several centuries. Sighișoara became one of the most important cities of Transylvania, with artisans from throughout the Holy Roman Empire visiting the settlement. The German artisans and craftsmen dominated the urban economy(beginning with the 13th century), as well as building the fortifications protecting it. It is estimated that during the 16th and 17th centuries Sighișoara had as many as 15 guilds and 20 handicraft branches.
Because of the Ottoman invasions, in the 14th-15th century the town was fortified, wall and towers were raised to surround city and were subsequently consolidated. Sighișoara became one of the strongest fortresses of Transylvania
Most of the 164 houses in the city having at least 300 years old, are considered historical monuments : the City Square, with its rectangular plan, was once inhabited by noble families of the city, though it has undergone to many transformations over time.
Sighișoara is a popular tourist destination for its well-preserved walled old town, which is also listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The main Citadel's attractions are certainly the towers.
=========================================
Many Thanks to the +5,475,000 visitors of my photographic stream
==============================================
© Ioan C. Bacivarov
All the photos on this gallery are protected by the international laws of copyright and they are not for being used on any site, blog or forum, transmitted or manipulated without the explicit written permission of the author. Thank you in advance
Please view my most interesting photos on flickriver stream: www.flickriver.com/photos/ioan_bacivarov/
Many thanks for yours visits and comments!
Concerts, spectacles sons & lumières, animations, grande illumination de la cité avec 100'000 bougies.
En un millénaire d'histoire (la ville de Neuchâtel fêtera ses 1000 ans en 2011), ce petit bourg de pêcheurs dominé par son " château neuf " devint l'une des 26 villes chefs-lieux des cantons de la Confédération suisse. Il connut toutes les appellations, de " Novum Castellum " en 1011 (le Roi de Bourgogne Rodolphe III en fit don à son épouse, c'est le premier document qui cite le nom de la ville) à Novum Castrum au 12e siècle, Neocomum au 14e, puis Nuefchastel, Neufchastel, Neufchatel avant de définitivement s'intituler " Neuchâtel " dès le milieu du 18e siècle.
sculpture "Mann vom Castrum" by Eberhard Linke
Mainz, Ministerium des Inneren
Ecke Breidenbacherstraße / Acker
Höhe des Legionärs 300 cm
Bronze, 1985/86
Quatre castrums sur le même circuit : Quertinheux, Surdespine, Tour Régine, Cabaret.
Monument historique
Eléments protégés : Quatre châteaux (ruines) : classement par arrêté du 31 octobre 1905
Historique :
Les châteaux comprennent une tour, une cour étroite et quelques bâtiments adossés pouvant contenir une ou deux salles avec une citerne. Ce peu d'importance des constructions fait penser qu'ils étaient plutôt destinés à être le signe d'une suzeraineté que de véritables forteresses. Suzeraineté peut-être partagée par quatre co-seigneurs. Leur force résidait dans leur situation inaccessible, la construction étant ordinaire. Les chaines, arcs et piédroits de baies sont seuls en pierre de taille, le reste étant en moellons. Le plus au sud est planté sur un piton rocheux. La tour ronde servant de donjon s'élevait de quatre étages percés d'archères. Trois étaient séparés par des planchers et le quatrième couvert par une voûte qui portait le dallage supérieur. Il ne reste que les naissances des nervures. La salle contigüe est entourée d'arcades en ogives sur lesquelles passe le chemin de ronde. Des trois châteaux suivants, le second et le plus en ruine. Le donjon était carré et la cour à l'ouest assez vaste. Le troisième édifice présente une tour ronde semblable à celle du premier. Le quatrième, le plus au nord, avec une tour carrée, s'élève sur la pointe extrême de la ligne de faîte. Les bâtiments présentent des traces de chemin de ronde et des divisions intérieures. Ces constructions semblent remonter au 13e siècle. La base des tours est peut-être plus ancienne.
Périodes de construction : 12e siècle, 13e siècle, 16e siècle
Domaine viticole
Le Castrum de Pommiers est un ancien bourg castral fondé au XIIIe siècle en Gironde. Mentionné dès 1274 comme « castrum de Pomeriis », il a connu cinq siècles d’activité avant d’être transformé en domaine viticole au XIXe siècle.
www.gironde-tourisme.com/degustation/chateau-des-seigneur...
www.facebook.com/people/Vignoble-Famille-PIVA/61559152803...
CastelBrando,
former Castrum Costae, is a medieval castle situated on a dolomite limestone rock at an elevation of 370 m (1,210 ft) above sea level, overlooking the villages of Cison di Valmarino and Valmareno, Northern Italy. The name CastelBrando is due to the name Brandolini, the ancient family from Forlì, who were the Lords of the castle.
History
CastelBrando was originally built in the Roman age as a defensive fortress in order to protect the important lines of communication which connected Northern Italy to the countries on the other side of the Alps. Originally there was a garrison here protecting the territory between the Piave and the Livenza rivers in order to facilitate the safe construction of the pre-alpine part of the Via Claudia Augusta, an important Roman road, which linked the valley of the Po River with Rhaetia (modern Austria). The original castrum, dating from 46 AD is still visible today. A recent archaeological excavation has uncovered a 3 m (9.8 ft) diameter bread-oven within the castrum, dating from the same period. The original Roman baths have also been excavated, as have the original pipes of the aqueduct which supplied water from three nearby natural springs. These springs still provide water for the castle today.[5] During the European Migration Period the fortress became an important defensive position against barbarian invasions. Over the centuries the castle has been subject to numerous enlargements and renovations. During the 13th century the castle was substantially enlarged while under the ownership of the Da Camino family, who lived there from 1233 to 1335. Their architectural additions included surrounding the castle with imposing Guelph-Ghibelline style battlements and building a central tower. Gherardo III da Camino, the great Italian feudal lord and military leader was born in the castle in 1240.
The Castle's ownership then passed over to the Republic of Venice, which awarded the Castle's fiefdom first to Marin Faliero and then to the condottieri Giovanni Brandolino and Erasmo da Narni, better known as "Gattamelata". After the fall of Venetian Republic in 1797, it was passed down through the family of Giovanni Brandolino and became the property of the Brandolini Counts, an ancient family from Forlì. In the first half of the 16th century Antonio Maria Brandolini (1476–1522), commissioned skilled engineers to enlarge the central part of the castle in Sansovino style, adding Venetian Gothic double and triple mullioned windows. In 1700 the Brandolini family commissioned Ottavio Scotti, architect and Count of Treviso, to design and build an extension to the southern part of the castle. Part of these works included the building of a castle chapel, the Church of San Martino. The chapel was decorated internally with frescoes painted by Egidio Dall'Oglio (18th century).
During World War I, the castle was invaded by Imperial Austrian forces and used as a military hospital. The Brandolini family abandoned their home and escaped to their Solighetto villa near Pieve di Soligo. After 10 years of restoration work, financed by Count Girolamo IV Brandolini (1870–1935), the castle was re-opened as a place of residence in 1929. In 1959 the castle was sold by the Brandolini family to the Salesian fathers, who altered its structure to use it as a monastery and as a centre for spiritual studies. In 1997 CastelBrando was purchased by Quaternary Investments SpA, who started an expansive renovation program in order to convert it into a hotel and museum.
For more informations:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CastelBrando
For a movie:
*******************************************************************************
“It is an illusion that photos are made with the camera…
they are made with the eye, heart and head.”
[Henry Cartier Bresson]
*******************************************************************************
Please don't use any of my images on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit written permission.
© All rights reserved
Enceinte ouest du castrum, face à la cour, au sud de la chapelle dont on voit sur la droite un pan de mur. Elle est traversée par trois ouvertures qui donnent sur la maison Laurent Vincent, première maison du village en contrebas du château, et qui pouvaient être utilisées comme meurtrières notamment celle de droite qui est orientée sur le chemin d’accès. On voit qu'une partie de l'enceinte est construite en arête de poisson. En haut, les vestiges des trous d'ancrage peuvent suggérer la présence d'un chemin de ronde en bois amovible.
Castrum Albareti, il cui nome deriva da una foresta di querce, tigli, pioppi e pini in mezzo a cui si trovava, come tutti i comuni della vallata del Conca e lo stesso Montescudo deve aver conosciuto la dominazione romana, anche se la prima notizia storica risale al 962.
Sighișoara (German: Schäßburg, Latin: Castrum Sex) is one of the oldest towns of the historic region of Transylvania,Romania.
The city played an important strategic and commercial role at the edges of Central Europe for several centuries. Sighișoara became one of the most important cities of Transylvania, with artisans from throughout the Holy Roman Empire visiting the settlement. The German artisans and craftsmen dominated the urban economy(beginning with the 13th century), as well as building the fortifications protecting it. It is estimated that during the 16th and 17th centuries Sighișoara had as many as 15 guilds and 20 handicraft branches.
Because of the Ottoman invasions, in the 14th-15th century the town was fortified, wall and towers were raised to surround city and were subsequently consolidated. Sighișoara became one of the strongest fortresses of Transylvania
Most of the 164 houses in the city having at least 300 years old, are considered historical monuments : the City Square, with its rectangular plan, was once inhabited by noble families of the city, though it has undergone to many transformations over time.
Sighișoara is a popular tourist destination for its well-preserved walled old town, which is also listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The main Citadel's attractions are certainly the towers.
=========================================
Many Thanks to the +5,470,000 visitors of my photographic stream
==============================================
© Ioan C. Bacivarov
All the photos on this gallery are protected by the international laws of copyright and they are not for being used on any site, blog or forum, transmitted or manipulated without the explicit written permission of the author. Thank you in advance
Please view my most interesting photos on flickriver stream: www.flickriver.com/photos/ioan_bacivarov/
Many thanks for yours visits and comments!
_____
La storia di Spilimbergo inizia attorno all'XI secolo, quando i conti Spengenberg, originari della Carinzia, si trapiantarono nella zona in qualità di vassalli del patriarca di Aquileia. Dal castrum de Spengenberg, come fu detto il loro castello, derivò il nome del paese.
In verità la presenza umana ha origini ben più antiche. Nella frazione Gradisca, infatti, sono stati individuati i resti di un castelliere, mentre lo stesso castrum potrebbe risalire all'epoca romana: per di qui transitava una strada che, provenendo da Sacile, attraversava il Tagliamento per dirigersi poi verso la Germania.
Nei secoli successivi all'insediamento degli Spengenberg, Spilimbergo si sviluppò sia come piazzaforte militare, sia come centro di transito commerciale. Si assistette a una vistosa crescita demografica e urbanistica, grazie anche all'arrivo di "forestieri" come lombardi, toscani ed ebrei. Nel 1284, ad opera del conte Walterpertoldo II, si iniziò la costruzione del Duomo, uno dei più pregevoli monumenti romanico-gotici del Friuli; coevi sono il palazzo del Daziario, la casa del Capitano e la Loggia (attuale municipio). Nel 1326, su iniziativa dei conti Bregonia e Bartolomeo, la giurisdizione di Spilimbergo si dotò addirittura di un proprio corpus legislativo lo "Statuto della Terra di Spilimbergo".
Nel 1420 la cittadina seguì le sorti della Patria del Friuli e passò alla Repubblica di Venezia.
Medaglia d'oro al Merito Civile - nastrino per uniforme ordinariaMedaglia d'oro al Merito Civile
«In occasione di un disastroso terremoto, con grande dignità, spirito di sacrificio ed impegno civile, affrontava la difficile opera di ricostruzione del tessuto abitativo, nonché della rinascita del proprio futuro sociale, morale ed economico. Splendido esempio di valore civico e d'alto senso del dovere, meritevole dell'ammirazione e della riconoscenza della Nazione tutta.»
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The history of Spilimbergo begins around the 11th century, when the Spengenberg counts, originally from Carinthia, transplanted into the area as vassals of the patriarch of Aquileia. From the castrum de Spengenberg, as their castle was said, the name of the village derived.
In truth, human presence has far more ancient origins. In the hamlet of Gradisca, in fact, the remains of a castle were identified, while the castrum itself could date back to Roman times: a road passed through here which, coming from Sacile, crossed the Tagliamento to then head towards Germany.
In the centuries following the settlement of the Spengenbergs, Spilimbergo developed both as a military stronghold and as a commercial transit center. There was a noticeable demographic and urban growth, thanks also to the arrival of "foreigners" such as Lombards, Tuscans and Jews. In 1284, the construction of the Duomo began, by Count Walterpertoldo II, one of the most valuable Romanesque-Gothic monuments in Friuli; coeval are the Palazzo del Daziario, the Captain's house and the Loggia (present town hall). In 1326, on the initiative of the counts Bregonia and Bartolomeo, the jurisdiction of Spilimbergo even endowed its own corpus of legislation with the "Statute of the Land of Spilimbergo".
In 1420 the town followed the fate of the Patria del Friuli and passed to the Republic of Venice.
Gold medal for Civil Merit - ribbon for ordinary uniform Gold medal for Civil Merit
«On the occasion of a disastrous earthquake, with great dignity, a spirit of sacrifice and civil commitment, he faced the difficult work of reconstructing the housing fabric, as well as the rebirth of his social, moral and economic future. A splendid example of civic value and a high sense of duty, worthy of the admiration and gratitude of the whole nation. »
Castillo de Turégano, Segovia, España.
El primitivo Castrum celtibérico fue aprovechado por los estrategas romanos para completar el sistema de fortificaciones con COLENDA “SEPTEMPUBLICA”,”PETRARIA” y “CAUCA” envolvían el territorio segoviano y dominaban las cuencas de los ríos de Eresma, Cega y Duratón. Del Castrum sólo quedan las torres en parte desmochadas, construidas posiblemente hacia finales del siglo X y de clara tradición árabe.
De planta cuadrada, fueron ejecutadas de fábrica de gruesos de cal y canto, aparecieron traspasadas en su parte inferior por un estrecho pasadizo conocido como “el paso de ronda” y unidas entre sí por tramos realizados en tapial.
El recinto de planta cuadrangular flanqueado por torreones circulares en los ángulos y rematados por hornacinas con la imagen de San Miguel. Como característica en común a lienzos y almenas, se encuentran saeteras del tipo cruz y orbe y palo y orbe. En todo sistema de protección encontramos también, matacanes, buhoneras, acodos, recovecos, balcones amatacanados y estrechas escaleras.
El edificio central se encuentra constituido por la torre del homenaje, cuyo interior se distribuye en estancias, estrechas escaleras, que comunican las distintas salas y una escalera helicoidal que conduce a la base de la torre, donde puede contemplarse el bellísimo paisaje y se palpa el carácter defensivo del castillo. Declarado monumento nacional en 1931, su emplazamiento recuerda la función defensiva por el que fue erigido. En su construcción se han de distinguir distintos conjuntos que lo compone: El Castrum y las torres, la primitiva iglesia de San Miguel, y el traslado de la espadaña a su lugar actual. Muchos autores defendieron la teoría de haberse construido a la par que al castillo, hoy se puede afirmar que la iglesia de San Miguel, de estilo románico, fue ejecutada a finales del siglo XII y a principios del siglo XIII.
En el ala oeste encontramos tres torreones construidos con similares características, sillares de piedra rosa, rematados entre sus lienzos por parapetos, matacanes y gárgolas de una pieza.
La entrada de la iglesia, marcada encima por el escudo episcopal, está defendida por dos torres especiales, polígonas en el primer cuerpo y circulares y circulares en el segundo, corre por ellas una línea de matacanes debajo de un arco abierto que hace las veces de galería, donde puede observarse un arco de crucería.
En ella destacan dos fases constructivas, la primera comprendería las naves laterales y la torre elevada, actualmente embutida dentro del torreón central. De la segunda fase destaca la nave central construida por buena sillería y cubierta con bóveda de cañón apuntada. Las obras que dan lugar al recinto amurallado se encuentran en el siglo XV, siendo emprendidas por Arias Dávila en 1471, continuadas por Arias del Villar y concluidas por Diego Rivera siguiendo el plan por el, trazado por el Prelado Arias Dávila. La última fase de la construcción es la colocación, en 1703, de la espadaña, de estilo barroco y rematada con frontón curvo.
The primitive Celtiberian Castrum was used by the Roman strategists to complete the system of fortifications with COLENDA "SEPTEMPUBLICA", "PETRARIA" and "CAUCA" wrapped around the territory of Segovia and dominated the basins of the rivers of Eresma, Cega and Duratón. Of the Castrum there are only partially towered towers, possibly built towards the end of the 10th century and with a clear Arab tradition.
Of square plant, they were executed of factory of thicknesses of lime and song, they appeared transferred in its inferior part by a narrow passageway known like "the passage of ronda" and united to each other by stretches realized in tapial.
The enclosure of quadrangular plant flanked by circular towers in the angles and topped by niches with the image of San Miguel. As a common characteristic of canvases and battlements, there are cross and orb and arrow and orb bows. In every system of protection we also find, machicolations, buhoneras, layering, recesses, balconies amatacanados and narrow stairs.
The central building is constituted by the keep, whose interior is distributed in rooms, narrow stairs, which connect the different rooms and a helical staircase that leads to the base of the tower, where you can contemplate the beautiful landscape and feel the defensive character of the castle. Declared a national monument in 1931, its location recalls the defensive function by which it was erected. In its construction we have to distinguish different groups that make it up: The Castrum and the towers, the primitive church of San Miguel, and the transfer of the bulrush to its current place. Many authors defended the theory of having built at the same time as the castle, today it can be said that the church of San Miguel, in Romanesque style, was executed at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.
In the west wing we find three towers built with similar characteristics, rose stone ashlars, topped between their canvases by parapets, machicolations and one piece gargoyles.
The entrance of the church, marked above by the episcopal shield, is defended by two special towers, polygons in the first body and circular and circular in the second, runs through them a line of machicolations under an open arch that serves as gallery, where you can see an archway.
In her they emphasize two constructive phases, first would include the lateral ships and the elevated tower, at the moment embedded within the central tower. Of the second phase highlights the central nave built by good ashlar masonry and covered with pointed barrel vault. The works that give rise to the walled enclosure are in the XV century, being undertaken by Arias Dávila in 1471, continued by Arias del Villar and concluded by Diego Rivera following the plan by him, drawn by the Prelate Arias Dávila. The last phase of construction is the placement, in 1703, of the steeple, baroque style and topped with curved pediment.
Quatre castrums sur le même circuit : Quertinheux, Surdespine, Tour Régine, Cabaret.
Monument historique
Eléments protégés : Quatre châteaux (ruines) : classement par arrêté du 31 octobre 1905
Historique :
Les châteaux comprennent une tour, une cour étroite et quelques bâtiments adossés pouvant contenir une ou deux salles avec une citerne. Ce peu d'importance des constructions fait penser qu'ils étaient plutôt destinés à être le signe d'une suzeraineté que de véritables forteresses. Suzeraineté peut-être partagée par quatre co-seigneurs. Leur force résidait dans leur situation inaccessible, la construction étant ordinaire. Les chaines, arcs et piédroits de baies sont seuls en pierre de taille, le reste étant en moellons. Le plus au sud est planté sur un piton rocheux. La tour ronde servant de donjon s'élevait de quatre étages percés d'archères. Trois étaient séparés par des planchers et le quatrième couvert par une voûte qui portait le dallage supérieur. Il ne reste que les naissances des nervures. La salle contigüe est entourée d'arcades en ogives sur lesquelles passe le chemin de ronde. Des trois châteaux suivants, le second et le plus en ruine. Le donjon était carré et la cour à l'ouest assez vaste. Le troisième édifice présente une tour ronde semblable à celle du premier. Le quatrième, le plus au nord, avec une tour carrée, s'élève sur la pointe extrême de la ligne de faîte. Les bâtiments présentent des traces de chemin de ronde et des divisions intérieures. Ces constructions semblent remonter au 13e siècle. La base des tours est peut-être plus ancienne.
Périodes de construction : 12e siècle, 13e siècle, 16e siècle
Mounted archers provided mobility and greater elevation to boost effective bowshot range. The tombstone of an archer on a warhorse commemorates Flavius Proclus, from Amman (modern-day Jordan), who died aged 20. Syrians such as Proclus were renowned within the Roman army for their archery skills. Proclus was seconded from his position as a provincial auxiliary to the emperor's bodyguard - his outsider (non-citizen) status was useful to keep his political loyalty focused on the emperor.
The relief is contained within an arched niche, and although the tombstone is badly broken, a hippocamp (sea horse) survives in the upper right corner. The reigns of the horse are still visible, as well as some of the straps on the harness, from which - faintly - lunate-shaped pendants hang, both on the front of the horse and the back.
Only the top portion of the inscription survives, from which we can read:
Flavius Proclus / eq(ues) sing(ularis) aug(usti) domo / (pi)lodelpia an(norum) XX
/ stip(endiorum) … [h(eres) f(aciendum)] c(uravit)
Translation:
"Flavius Proclus, Mounted Guard to the Emperor, from Philadelphia (Amman), lived 20 years, of … years’ service. His heirs had this erected."
We can't know under which emperor Proclus served, although Domitian has been named as a likely candidate. Domitian recruited bowmen from the east, some from Philadelphia, to aid during the Danubian wars (85-86 CE).
Proclus died in Mainz, which had been founded as Castrum Mogontiacum by Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus in the 1st century BCE on the northern frontier of the Roman Empire, and became the capital of the Roman province of Germania Superior.
Roman, ca. 70-100 CE, found in Mainz, Germany.
GDKE - Directorate Landesmuseum Mainz, Germany
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Photographed at 'Legion: Life in the Roman Army' exhibition at the British Museum on 6 May, 2024.
keine kommentarlosen FAVS!
NO FAVS, thanks!
ähm, ich wollte Euch noch die Burg bzw. die Ruine besser zeigen ;)
Endlich endet die Serie!
Eines meiner Lieblingsmittelalterfeste ist das Fest von Castrum Cernedum, mittelalterlichen Tag in Erinnerung an die Schenkung des Lehns vom Patriarchen von Aquileia Marquard an Francesco aus Cernedum (Cergneu) im Jahr 1371. Die Burg wurde dann 1511 bei einem Erdbeben (hier relativ häufig) und auch infolge einer Revolte stark beschädigt und daher verlassen, jetzt besteht sie als Ruine.
Google Maps spinnt immer noch total, der Ort heißt doch CERGNEU und nicht Gergneu! :(
Mein Hauptreiseziel steht endlich fest, yuhu!! Und JA, es ist das, wovon ich seit Jahren träume!! :D Es wird ein teurer Urlaub (teilweise im fast Luxus-Hotel), aber es wird sich zweifellos lohnen! :D Wozu lebt man denn sonst? :)
Burg Cergneu / castello di Cergneu
Castrum Cernedum Burg Cergneu
ehm, dovevo ancora mostrare meglio il castello ;)
Finalmente arriviamo alla fine della serie ;)
Una delle mie feste medievali preferite è la rievocazione storica di Cergneu, Castrum Cernedum:
Nel 1371 il Patriarca di Aquileia Marquardo conferma a Francesco di Cergneu l’investitura del feudo al quale si aggiungerà, un secolo dopo, il castello di Brazzacco.Il castello rimarrà abitato almeno fino al 1511 quando, a seguito di un violento sisma e della violenta rivolta del giovedì grasso, venne gravemente danneggiato e quindi abbandonato.
Verso metà giugno in località Cergneu a Nimis (Ud) rivivono quei giorni accompagnati dai cantastorie e libagioni alla tavola dei Nobili di Cernedum riccamente imbandita
Google Maps è fuori, mica si chiama Gergneu! :(
It owes its name to the laurels that covered the hill.
Laurentum or Castrum Laureti, of Roman origin in the Middle Ages became a county and possession of various feudal lords.
In the old town the Castello Chiola, the Abbey of St. Peter, the matrix of the fifteenth century church with Renaissance portal, Romanesque mullioned windows and loggia.
The Palace of the barons Acerbi home to the Museum of the Ancient Ceramics Abruzzo, with about 600 pieces, and is flanked by a display of antique prints.
The complex of San Francesco, a former convent of the century. XIII, houses the Town Hall, the theater, a Antiquarium, the Museum of Rural Life.
Nearby is the church of Santa Maria in Piano, built by the Lombards, rebuilt in sec. XIII and restored in 1500, with front porch, a tower of four hundred adorned with colored tiles, arched portal lintel with Renaissance frescoes of the fourteenth century, the "doomsday" in the counter and the "Life of St. Thomas."
On Whit Monday is the Feast of St. Zopito, preceded by a procession of decorated white ox which he is sitting in a baby robe of an angel, while a bagpiper performs religious melodies, coming to church the ox kneels.
Source: www.abruzzo-turismo.it
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Deve il nome ai lauri che ricoprivano l’altura.
Laurentum o Castrum Laureti, di origini romane, nel medioevo divenne contea e possesso di vari feudatari.
Nella città vecchia il Castello Chiola, l’Abbazia di San Pietro; la Matrice, chiesa del quattrocento con portale rinascimentale, loggia e trifore romaniche.
Il Palazzo dei baroni Acerbi ospita la Galleria delle Antiche Ceramiche Abruzzesi, con circa 600 pezzi, ed è affiancata da una mostra di antiche stampe.
Il complesso di San Francesco, ex convento del sec. XIII, accoglie il Municipio, il teatro, un Antiquarium, il Museo della Civiltà Contadina.
Poco distante sorge la chiesa di Santa Maria in Piano, edificata dai longobardi, ricostruita nel sec. XIII e restaurata nel 1500, fronte con portico, un campanile del quattrocento ornato con maioliche policrome, portale ogivale con architrave rinascimentale, all’interno affreschi del trecento, il “giudizio universale” nella controfacciata e la “vita di San Tommaso”.
Il lunedì di Pentecoste si svolge la Festa di San Zopito, processione preceduta da un bue bianco addobbato su cui è seduto un bambino in veste d’angelo, mentre uno zampognaro esegue melodie religiose, giungendo alla chiesa il bue si inginocchia.
Fonte :www.abruzzo-turismo.it
Sighișoara (German: Schäßburg, Latin: Castrum Sex) is one of the oldest towns of the historic region of Transylvania,Romania.
The city played an important strategic and commercial role at the edges of Central Europe for several centuries. Sighișoara became one of the most important cities of Transylvania, with artisans from throughout the Holy Roman Empire visiting the settlement. The German artisans and craftsmen dominated the urban economy(beginning with the 13th century), as well as building the fortifications protecting it. It is estimated that during the 16th and 17th centuries Sighișoara had as many as 15 guilds and 20 handicraft branches.
Because of the Ottoman invasions, in the 14th-15th century the town was fortified, wall and towers were raised to surround city and were subsequently consolidated. Sighișoara became one of the strongest fortresses of Transylvania
Most of the 164 houses in the city having at least 300 years old, are considered historical monuments : the City Square, with its rectangular plan, was once inhabited by noble families of the city, though it has undergone to many transformations over time.
Sighișoara is a popular tourist destination for its well-preserved walled old town, which is also listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The main Citadel's attractions are certainly the towers.
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Castillo de Turégano, Segovia, España.
El primitivo Castrum celtibérico fue aprovechado por los estrategas romanos para completar el sistema de fortificaciones con COLENDA “SEPTEMPUBLICA”,”PETRARIA” y “CAUCA” envolvían el territorio segoviano y dominaban las cuencas de los ríos de Eresma, Cega y Duratón. Del Castrum sólo quedan las torres en parte desmochadas, construidas posiblemente hacia finales del siglo X y de clara tradición árabe.
De planta cuadrada, fueron ejecutadas de fábrica de gruesos de cal y canto, aparecieron traspasadas en su parte inferior por un estrecho pasadizo conocido como “el paso de ronda” y unidas entre sí por tramos realizados en tapial.
El recinto de planta cuadrangular flanqueado por torreones circulares en los ángulos y rematados por hornacinas con la imagen de San Miguel. Como característica en común a lienzos y almenas, se encuentran saeteras del tipo cruz y orbe y palo y orbe. En todo sistema de protección encontramos también, matacanes, buhoneras, acodos, recovecos, balcones amatacanados y estrechas escaleras.
El edificio central se encuentra constituido por la torre del homenaje, cuyo interior se distribuye en estancias, estrechas escaleras, que comunican las distintas salas y una escalera helicoidal que conduce a la base de la torre, donde puede contemplarse el bellísimo paisaje y se palpa el carácter defensivo del castillo. Declarado monumento nacional en 1931, su emplazamiento recuerda la función defensiva por el que fue erigido. En su construcción se han de distinguir distintos conjuntos que lo compone: El Castrum y las torres, la primitiva iglesia de San Miguel, y el traslado de la espadaña a su lugar actual. Muchos autores defendieron la teoría de haberse construido a la par que al castillo, hoy se puede afirmar que la iglesia de San Miguel, de estilo románico, fue ejecutada a finales del siglo XII y a principios del siglo XIII.
En el ala oeste encontramos tres torreones construidos con similares características, sillares de piedra rosa, rematados entre sus lienzos por parapetos, matacanes y gárgolas de una pieza.
La entrada de la iglesia, marcada encima por el escudo episcopal, está defendida por dos torres especiales, polígonas en el primer cuerpo y circulares y circulares en el segundo, corre por ellas una línea de matacanes debajo de un arco abierto que hace las veces de galería, donde puede observarse un arco de crucería.
En ella destacan dos fases constructivas, la primera comprendería las naves laterales y la torre elevada, actualmente embutida dentro del torreón central. De la segunda fase destaca la nave central construida por buena sillería y cubierta con bóveda de cañón apuntada. Las obras que dan lugar al recinto amurallado se encuentran en el siglo XV, siendo emprendidas por Arias Dávila en 1471, continuadas por Arias del Villar y concluidas por Diego Rivera siguiendo el plan por el, trazado por el Prelado Arias Dávila. La última fase de la construcción es la colocación, en 1703, de la espadaña, de estilo barroco y rematada con frontón curvo.
The primitive Celtiberian Castrum was used by the Roman strategists to complete the system of fortifications with COLENDA "SEPTEMPUBLICA", "PETRARIA" and "CAUCA" wrapped around the territory of Segovia and dominated the basins of the rivers of Eresma, Cega and Duratón. Of the Castrum there are only partially towered towers, possibly built towards the end of the 10th century and with a clear Arab tradition.
Of square plant, they were executed of factory of thicknesses of lime and song, they appeared transferred in its inferior part by a narrow passageway known like "the passage of ronda" and united to each other by stretches realized in tapial.
The enclosure of quadrangular plant flanked by circular towers in the angles and topped by niches with the image of San Miguel. As a common characteristic of canvases and battlements, there are cross and orb and arrow and orb bows. In every system of protection we also find, machicolations, buhoneras, layering, recesses, balconies amatacanados and narrow stairs.
The central building is constituted by the keep, whose interior is distributed in rooms, narrow stairs, which connect the different rooms and a helical staircase that leads to the base of the tower, where you can contemplate the beautiful landscape and feel the defensive character of the castle. Declared a national monument in 1931, its location recalls the defensive function by which it was erected. In its construction we have to distinguish different groups that make it up: The Castrum and the towers, the primitive church of San Miguel, and the transfer of the bulrush to its current place. Many authors defended the theory of having built at the same time as the castle, today it can be said that the church of San Miguel, in Romanesque style, was executed at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.
In the west wing we find three towers built with similar characteristics, rose stone ashlars, topped between their canvases by parapets, machicolations and one piece gargoyles.
The entrance of the church, marked above by the episcopal shield, is defended by two special towers, polygons in the first body and circular and circular in the second, runs through them a line of machicolations under an open arch that serves as gallery, where you can see an archway.
In her they emphasize two constructive phases, first would include the lateral ships and the elevated tower, at the moment embedded within the central tower. Of the second phase highlights the central nave built by good ashlar masonry and covered with pointed barrel vault. The works that give rise to the walled enclosure are in the XV century, being undertaken by Arias Dávila in 1471, continued by Arias del Villar and concluded by Diego Rivera following the plan by him, drawn by the Prelate Arias Dávila. The last phase of construction is the placement, in 1703, of the steeple, baroque style and topped with curved pediment.
12. bis 17. Jahrhundert
Die Geschichte der Zitadelle ist eng mit dem Herzogtum Lothringen verwoben. Die erste Erwähnung von Bitsch findet sich in einem Schreiben aus dem 12. Jahrhundert, in dem der Herzog Matthäus I. von Lothringen den Graf von Saarwerden auffordert, die Grenzen und Einwohner seiner Lehnsherrschaft zu respektieren.
In diesem Brief, der in gebrochener Schrift, aber in Latein geschrieben wurde, sind die Grenzen dieses Herrenhauses exakt dargestellt. In einem Dokument von 1170 erscheint ein Bitis Castrum, in dem Friedrich I. von Lothringen als Dominus de Bites benannt ist. Bereits im Jahre 1172 finden wir ein „castrum Bytis“ erwähnt, und zwar als Familiengut der Herzöge von Lothringen. Die Lust zur Jagd gab Anlass zum Bau des Schlosses Bitsch. Die Geschichte lokalisiert das erste Schloss Bitsch oder Altbitsch auf dem Schlossberg im Norden der Stadt Lemberg (Moselle). Die strategisch günstige Lage des Vorgebirges mit Panoramablick über mehrere Täler entging den Herrschern der damaligen Zeit nicht.
Bei der Teilung der Zweibrücker Lande unter den Söhnen des Grafen Heinrich II. von Zweibrücken kam nach 1286 das Amt Lemberg mit der gleichnamigen Burg an den älteren Sohn Eberhard I. Zu seinem Teil gehörten auch Morsberg, Linder und Saargemünd. 1297 tauschte er diese drei Burgen mit Herzog Friedrich III. von Lothringen und erhielt von diesem Burg und Herrschaft Bitsch als Lehen. Im gleichen Jahr entschied er, dort den Sitz seiner Regierung einzurichten, und erneuerte die Burg auf dem Felsplateau. Er nennt sich „Comes Gemini Pontis et Dominus in Bitsch“. Während des 13. Jahrhunderts war das Territorium der Herren von Bitsch das einzige deutschsprachige Gebiet der Herzöge von Lothringen und wegen der Zersplitterung des Besitzes der Grafen von Zweibrücken geografisch isoliert.
Dass Bitsch bereits im 14. Jahrhundert sehr wehrhaft und, von tapferen Männern verteidigt, ein schwer zu nehmender Platz war, ist dadurch belegt, dass im Jahre 1366 der junge Kurfürst Ruprecht sich mit einer ganzen Menge von Fürsten, Grafen, Herren und Städten verband, um die Grafen Simon und Hanemann „nebst deren Gemeinen in der Burg zu Bitsch“, die sich durch außerordentliche Gewalttätigkeiten und Räubereien vor ihren anderen Standesgenossen auszeichneten, unschädlich zu machen. Es ist nicht bekannt, wer der Klügere war und nachgegeben hat, aber es kam nicht zu einem Kampf.
Im Lauf des 15. Jahrhunderts wurde die Burg während des Bauernkriegs teilweise zerstört. Bis in das frühe 16. Jahrhundert war die Herrschaft Bitsch Teil des Heiligen Römischen Reichs.
Nach dem Tod Jakobs von Zweibrücken-Bitsch, der wie sein schon 1540 verstorbener Bruder Simon V. Wecker nur jeweils eine Tochter hinterlassen hatte, entwickelte sich 1570 ein Streit zwischen den Ehemännern der beiden Cousinen, Graf Philipp I. von Leiningen-Westerburg und Graf Philipp V. von Hanau-Lichtenberg. Dies führte dazu, dass das Amt Bitsch 1604 an das Herzogtum Lothringen fiel. Im Zuge der Fronde wurde Lothringen im September 1633 auf Geheiß Richelieus besetzt. Bitsch wurde 1634 genommen.
Wikipedia
Italien / Südtirol - Schloss Prösels
Prösels Castle (German: Schloss Prösels; Italian: Castello di Presule) is a castle in the Gothic style which stands on the high plain below the Schlern mountain, in South Tyrol. Prösels is a location within the municipal boundaries of the commune of Völs am Schlern (Fiè allo Sciliar).
History
The castle was first named in a document from 1279, as castrum Presil, whereas the settlement close to the castle compares in 1373 as Bresels. It is believed that the lords of Völs, feudatories of the Bishopric of Brixen, had built the castle here just by 1200. Today the central palace with a Romanesque archway are surviving parts of this first fortress.
In Italian it is sometimes called Castel Colonna, reflecting the fact that around the time of Leonhard II the Völs (Fiè) family started to add the Colonna family name to their own. The reason for this is unclear, although a number of hypotheses have been advanced. According to some the family originated as a branch of the Colonnas who came to Tyrol in the twelfth century; others believe that Leonhard II, fighting alongside Marcantonio Colonna (1535–1584) at the Battle of Lepanto, was affirming his family’s origins in the Colonnas of Tusculum. A third version speculates that Marcantonio adopted Leonhard in order to enable the latter to display his membership of the noble Roman dynasty. Most probably, perhaps, Leonhard II simply requested and obtained the right to add the name Colonna to his own.
The Gothic castle of today was built by Leonhard of Völs (born 1458). He was the administrator of the salt mines of Hall in Tirol, a highly profitable position, furthermore he was married three times to wealthy noblewomen, which enabled him to spend extravagantly on the expansion of his castle. In 1498 Leonhard, thanks to his friendship with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Archduke of Austria, became governor of the County of Tyrol. Leonhard showed his gratitude by including the emperor on one of the frescoes in the newly built arcade of his castle.
During the Peasants' War of 1525 the castle was briefly occupied by the revolting subservient farmers, who burnt all the documents in the vain hope of destroying all proof of their debts and tithes. The uprising was squashed and six leaders executed. Leonhard of Völs also instigated the burning of nine local woman for witchcraft. To deflect blame placed on him by his subjects for a high infant mortality rate, Leonhard found nine women, had them tortured and after they confessed burnt at the stake for witchcraft. Most probably the high infant mortality was due to the farmers being starved and very poor owing to Leonhard's very high taxes. The woman confessed that they had "stolen the babies and ridden on their brooms to the Schlern where they had eaten the babies together with the devil." The many local legends about the so-called Schlernhexen (Schlern witches) date back to this time.
The castle remained in the hands of the family until its last member, Felix, Freiherr von Völs, died childless in 1810. For the next 50 years the castle stood empty and nearly fell into ruins. Between 1860 and 1978 the castle changed hands no fewer than 14 times, suffering periods of decay followed by attempted restoration before finally being abandoned to its fate. However, in 1981 the Kuratorium Schloss Prösels (Prösels Castle Curatorship) was formed to restore the building; the work was completed the following year.
Visiting the castle
Guided visits are available during the summer months and during the Christmas holidays, various cultural events are held here including concerts, exhibitions and theatrical performances. Permanent displays include:
A collection of weapons and suits of armour
The "Batzenhäusl" restaurant collection of paintings (The "Batzenhäusl" being the oldest restaurant in the city of Bolzano)
A modern art collection
(Wikipedia)
Das Schloss Prösels liegt in der Gemeinde Völs am Schlern östlich von Bozen in Südtirol. Es ist die Stammburg der Herren von Völs, erstmals im Jahr 1279 urkundlich als „castrum Presil“ genannt, jedoch wahrscheinlich schon um 1200 errichtet. Ihre Blütezeit erlebte die Burg Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts, als sie Leonhard der Ältere von Völs zu einer prunkvollen, spätgotischen Schlossanlage ausbauen ließ. Nach dem Aussterben der Herren von Völs und etlichen Besitzerwechseln wurde das Schloss im Jahr 1978 vom Kuratorium Schloss Prösels GmbH erworben. Heute finden auf dem Schlossgelände neben den traditionellen Schlossführungen auch zahlreiche kulturelle Veranstaltungen statt, wie z. B. Konzerte, Ausstellungen und Theateraufführungen.
Geographische Lage
Auf dem Weg vom im Talgrund des Eisacktals gelegenen Blumau ins mittelgebirgige Schlerngebiet befindet sich auf der rechten Seite ein markanter Felskopf, auf dem sich das alte Schloss Prösels erhebt. Es liegt in der Ortschaft Prösels, welche zur Gemeinde Völs am Schlern zählt und zwischen den beiden größeren Gemeindefraktionen Völs und Völser Aicha liegt.
Geschichte
Historische Anfänge
Erstmals wird die mittelalterliche Burg („castrum Presil“) in einer Urkunde aus dem Jahre 1279 erwähnt, während die Burgsiedlung im Jahr 1373 als „Bresels“ bezeugt ist. Laut Schneller liegt dem Namen lateinisch praesulis ‚dem Bischof gehörig‘ zugrunde. Erbaut wurde die Burg von den Herren von Völs, welche zunächst den Bischöfen von Brixen dienten. Zuerst wurde die Burg nach der dortigen Kapelle benannt, anschließend jedoch als Burg Prösels oder Burg Völs bezeichnet, da sie sich nicht weit vom Hauptdorf Völs befand. Nachdem der Machtbereich der Bischöfe von Brixen und Trient eingeschränkt wurde, erhielten die Herren von Völs als landesfürstliche Ministerialen die Burg.
Leonhard der Ältere von Völs war der bedeutendste Burgherr. Er nahm in jungen Jahren am Krieg gegen Venedig (1508–1516) teil und bekleidete von 1498 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 1530 das Amt des Landeshauptmannes an der Etsch und Burggrafen zu Tirol. Leonhard wirkte vor allem als Gutsverwalter und war mit dem Habsburgerkaiser Maximillian I. eng befreundet. Sein Leben war aber nicht nur durch seine administrativen Aufgaben gekennzeichnet, sondern fand auch in den Völser Hexenprozessen von 1506 und 1510 und dem Bauernaufstand von 1525 einen Höhepunkt. Leonhards größte Hinterlassenschaft stellt aber sicherlich das Schloss selbst dar, das er zum größten Teil erbauen ließ und bis heute fast gänzlich erhalten ist.
Völser Hexenprozesse
Vor 500 Jahren fanden auf Schloss Prösels Hexenprozesse statt, die für ungefähr 30 Menschen mit dem Todesurteil durch Verbrennen endeten. Nicht nur Frauen wurden der Hexerei beschuldigt, auch zwei Männer kosteten die Prozesse das Leben. Den Schuldigen warf man vor, sich dem Teufel unterworfen zu haben. Die Anklageschriften bezichtigten die Angeklagten des Mordes an den eigenen Kindern und beschuldigten sie, auf Besen durch die Luft geritten zu sein und an Teufelstänzen teilgenommen zu haben. Allerdings konnte bis heute nicht einwandfrei geklärt werden, an welcher Stelle die Hexenverbrennungen stattfanden.
Zum Gedenken an den ersten Hexenprozess im südlichen Teil Tirols haben die Gemeinden Völs und Kastelruth 2006 eine Skulptur mit Gedenktafel auf Schloss Prösels angebracht. Am 18. August 2006 wurde das historische Drama Anna Jobstin im Burghof von Schloss Prösels uraufgeführt. Anna Jobstin war die erste Angeklagte in der Hexenverfolgung von 1506.
Kuratorium Schloss Prösels
1978 erwarb das neu gebildete Kuratorium Schloss Prösels die Burg. Dieses Konsortium aus Privatpersonen und den Gemeinden des Schlerngebietes (Kastelruth, Völs) sowie der Gemeinde Tiers ist bis heute der Schlossbesitzer. Nach abgeschlossener Restaurierung der Anlage wird sie seit dem Jahr 1982 als Austragungsort von verschiedenen kulturellen Veranstaltungen und für Führungen genutzt.
Am 5. Juli 2014 trafen sich Ministerpräsident Matteo Renzi und Bundeskanzler Werner Faymann anlässlich einer Tagung auf Schloss Prösels, womit es erstmals zu einer Zusammenkunft eines italienischen und österreichischen Regierungschefs auf Südtiroler Boden kam.
Sehenswertes
Kapelle
Ebenso von Leonhard erbaut wurde die Kapelle auf Schloss Prösels, welche der Heiligen Anna geweiht ist. Durch die Form des Portals und des Netzrippengewölbes erkennt man deutlich, dass die Kapelle aus dem 3. Jahrzehnt des 16. Jahrhunderts stammt. Besonders bemerkenswert am Gebäude ist ohne Zweifel die handwerklich herausragende Ausführung der baulichen Details.
Waffensammlung
Die Waffensammlung des Franz Anton von Kofler kam nach der Restaurierung des Schlosses als Leihgabe der Südtiroler Landesregierung auf die Burg. Die meisten der ausgestellten Objekte stammen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert und kommen unter anderem von den Schlachtfeldern in Solferino und Custoza (Italienische Unabhängigkeitskriege). Aber auch Stücke aus der Zeit Leonhards sind im Waffensaal zu finden. Besonders kurios ist die Rüstung eines Samuraikämpfers aus dem fernen Orient.
Ausstellungsgalerie
Im sogenannten „Tischlerhaus“ auf Schloss Prösels finden seit dem Jahre 1982 in den Sommermonaten immer wieder Kunstausstellungen verschiedener Maler und Bildhauer statt. Jeder Künstler, der im Schloss seitdem zu Gast war, hinterließ jeweils ein Werk seiner Ausstellung. Somit bildete sich im Laufe der Jahre eine umfangreiche Bilder- und Skulpturensammlung, die im Rahmen der Schlossführungen besichtigt werden kann. In den Räumlichkeiten der Burg sind auch Kunstwerke der bekannten Künstlerin Lotte Copì zu finden. Außerdem sind im ehemaligen Wohntrakt der Herren von Völs die 98 verbliebenen Werke der berühmten Batzenhäusl-Sammlung aus Bozen zur Besichtigung ausgestellt.
Pulverturm
Etwas oberhalb von Schloss Prösels befindet sich der geschichtlich eng mit der Anlage verbundene Pulverturm, ein bergfriedartiger Wehrturm.
Kulturelle Darbietungen
Im Sommer werden im Schloss täglich Führungen angeboten. Außerdem finden kulturelle Veranstaltungen mit Musik, Kunst und Theater statt. Das Schloss kann für private Veranstaltungen, wie z. B. Hochzeiten oder sonstige Feiern, für einen Tag angemietet werden.
(Wikipedia)
At approx. 150 AD the Romans had built at the Limes this castrum/fort near Schwäbisch Gmünd.
It is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Castillo de Turégano, Segovia, España.
El primitivo Castrum celtibérico fue aprovechado por los estrategas romanos para completar el sistema de fortificaciones con COLENDA “SEPTEMPUBLICA”,”PETRARIA” y “CAUCA” envolvían el territorio segoviano y dominaban las cuencas de los ríos de Eresma, Cega y Duratón. Del Castrum sólo quedan las torres en parte desmochadas, construidas posiblemente hacia finales del siglo X y de clara tradición árabe.
De planta cuadrada, fueron ejecutadas de fábrica de gruesos de cal y canto, aparecieron traspasadas en su parte inferior por un estrecho pasadizo conocido como “el paso de ronda” y unidas entre sí por tramos realizados en tapial.
El recinto de planta cuadrangular flanqueado por torreones circulares en los ángulos y rematados por hornacinas con la imagen de San Miguel. Como característica en común a lienzos y almenas, se encuentran saeteras del tipo cruz y orbe y palo y orbe. En todo sistema de protección encontramos también, matacanes, buhoneras, acodos, recovecos, balcones amatacanados y estrechas escaleras.
El edificio central se encuentra constituido por la torre del homenaje, cuyo interior se distribuye en estancias, estrechas escaleras, que comunican las distintas salas y una escalera helicoidal que conduce a la base de la torre, donde puede contemplarse el bellísimo paisaje y se palpa el carácter defensivo del castillo. Declarado monumento nacional en 1931, su emplazamiento recuerda la función defensiva por el que fue erigido. En su construcción se han de distinguir distintos conjuntos que lo compone: El Castrum y las torres, la primitiva iglesia de San Miguel, y el traslado de la espadaña a su lugar actual. Muchos autores defendieron la teoría de haberse construido a la par que al castillo, hoy se puede afirmar que la iglesia de San Miguel, de estilo románico, fue ejecutada a finales del siglo XII y a principios del siglo XIII.
En el ala oeste encontramos tres torreones construidos con similares características, sillares de piedra rosa, rematados entre sus lienzos por parapetos, matacanes y gárgolas de una pieza.
La entrada de la iglesia, marcada encima por el escudo episcopal, está defendida por dos torres especiales, polígonas en el primer cuerpo y circulares y circulares en el segundo, corre por ellas una línea de matacanes debajo de un arco abierto que hace las veces de galería, donde puede observarse un arco de crucería.
En ella destacan dos fases constructivas, la primera comprendería las naves laterales y la torre elevada, actualmente embutida dentro del torreón central. De la segunda fase destaca la nave central construida por buena sillería y cubierta con bóveda de cañón apuntada. Las obras que dan lugar al recinto amurallado se encuentran en el siglo XV, siendo emprendidas por Arias Dávila en 1471, continuadas por Arias del Villar y concluidas por Diego Rivera siguiendo el plan por el, trazado por el Prelado Arias Dávila. La última fase de la construcción es la colocación, en 1703, de la espadaña, de estilo barroco y rematada con frontón curvo.
The primitive Celtiberian Castrum was used by the Roman strategists to complete the system of fortifications with COLENDA "SEPTEMPUBLICA", "PETRARIA" and "CAUCA" wrapped around the territory of Segovia and dominated the basins of the rivers of Eresma, Cega and Duratón. Of the Castrum there are only partially towered towers, possibly built towards the end of the 10th century and with a clear Arab tradition.
Of square plant, they were executed of factory of thicknesses of lime and song, they appeared transferred in its inferior part by a narrow passageway known like "the passage of ronda" and united to each other by stretches realized in tapial.
The enclosure of quadrangular plant flanked by circular towers in the angles and topped by niches with the image of San Miguel. As a common characteristic of canvases and battlements, there are cross and orb and arrow and orb bows. In every system of protection we also find, machicolations, buhoneras, layering, recesses, balconies amatacanados and narrow stairs.
The central building is constituted by the keep, whose interior is distributed in rooms, narrow stairs, which connect the different rooms and a helical staircase that leads to the base of the tower, where you can contemplate the beautiful landscape and feel the defensive character of the castle. Declared a national monument in 1931, its location recalls the defensive function by which it was erected. In its construction we have to distinguish different groups that make it up: The Castrum and the towers, the primitive church of San Miguel, and the transfer of the bulrush to its current place. Many authors defended the theory of having built at the same time as the castle, today it can be said that the church of San Miguel, in Romanesque style, was executed at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.
In the west wing we find three towers built with similar characteristics, rose stone ashlars, topped between their canvases by parapets, machicolations and one piece gargoyles.
The entrance of the church, marked above by the episcopal shield, is defended by two special towers, polygons in the first body and circular and circular in the second, runs through them a line of machicolations under an open arch that serves as gallery, where you can see an archway.
In her they emphasize two constructive phases, first would include the lateral ships and the elevated tower, at the moment embedded within the central tower. Of the second phase highlights the central nave built by good ashlar masonry and covered with pointed barrel vault. The works that give rise to the walled enclosure are in the XV century, being undertaken by Arias Dávila in 1471, continued by Arias del Villar and concluded by Diego Rivera following the plan by him, drawn by the Prelate Arias Dávila. The last phase of construction is the placement, in 1703, of the steeple, baroque style and topped with curved pediment.
CastelBrando,
former Castrum Costae, is a medieval castle situated on a dolomite limestone rock at an elevation of 370 m (1,210 ft) above sea level, overlooking the villages of Cison di Valmarino and Valmareno, Northern Italy. The name CastelBrando is due to the name Brandolini, the ancient family from Forlì, who were the Lords of the castle.
History
CastelBrando was originally built in the Roman age as a defensive fortress in order to protect the important lines of communication which connected Northern Italy to the countries on the other side of the Alps. Originally there was a garrison here protecting the territory between the Piave and the Livenza rivers in order to facilitate the safe construction of the pre-alpine part of the Via Claudia Augusta, an important Roman road, which linked the valley of the Po River with Rhaetia (modern Austria). The original castrum, dating from 46 AD is still visible today. A recent archaeological excavation has uncovered a 3 m (9.8 ft) diameter bread-oven within the castrum, dating from the same period. The original Roman baths have also been excavated, as have the original pipes of the aqueduct which supplied water from three nearby natural springs. These springs still provide water for the castle today. During the European Migration Period the fortress became an important defensive position against barbarian invasions. Over the centuries the castle has been subject to numerous enlargements and renovations. During the 13th century the castle was substantially enlarged while under the ownership of the Da Camino family, who lived there from 1233 to 1335. Their architectural additions included surrounding the castle with imposing Guelph-Ghibelline style battlements and building a central tower. Gherardo III da Camino, the great Italian feudal lord and military leader was born in the castle in 1240.
The Castle's ownership then passed over to the Republic of Venice, which awarded the Castle's fiefdom first to Marin Faliero and then to the condottieri Giovanni Brandolino and Erasmo da Narni, better known as "Gattamelata". After the fall of Venetian Republic in 1797, it was passed down through the family of Giovanni Brandolino and became the property of the Brandolini Counts, an ancient family from Forlì. In the first half of the 16th century Antonio Maria Brandolini (1476–1522), commissioned skilled engineers to enlarge the central part of the castle in Sansovino style, adding Venetian Gothic double and triple mullioned windows. In 1700 the Brandolini family commissioned Ottavio Scotti, architect and Count of Treviso, to design and build an extension to the southern part of the castle. Part of these works included the building of a castle chapel, the Church of San Martino. The chapel was decorated internally with frescoes painted by Egidio Dall'Oglio (18th century).
During World War I, the castle was invaded by Imperial Austrian forces and used as a military hospital. The Brandolini family abandoned their home and escaped to their Solighetto villa near Pieve di Soligo. After 10 years of restoration work, financed by Count Girolamo IV Brandolini (1870–1935), the castle was re-opened as a place of residence in 1929. In 1959 the castle was sold by the Brandolini family to the Salesian fathers, who altered its structure to use it as a monastery and as a centre for spiritual studies. In 1997 CastelBrando was purchased by Quaternary Investments SpA, who started an expansive renovation program in order to convert it into a hotel and museum.
For more informations:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CastelBrando
For a movie:
*******************************************************************************
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they are made with the eye, heart and head.”
[Henry Cartier Bresson]
*******************************************************************************
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Castillo de Turégano, Segovia, España.
El primitivo Castrum celtibérico fue aprovechado por los estrategas romanos para completar el sistema de fortificaciones con COLENDA “SEPTEMPUBLICA”,”PETRARIA” y “CAUCA” envolvían el territorio segoviano y dominaban las cuencas de los ríos de Eresma, Cega y Duratón. Del Castrum sólo quedan las torres en parte desmochadas, construidas posiblemente hacia finales del siglo X y de clara tradición árabe.
De planta cuadrada, fueron ejecutadas de fábrica de gruesos de cal y canto, aparecieron traspasadas en su parte inferior por un estrecho pasadizo conocido como “el paso de ronda” y unidas entre sí por tramos realizados en tapial.
El recinto de planta cuadrangular flanqueado por torreones circulares en los ángulos y rematados por hornacinas con la imagen de San Miguel. Como característica en común a lienzos y almenas, se encuentran saeteras del tipo cruz y orbe y palo y orbe. En todo sistema de protección encontramos también, matacanes, buhoneras, acodos, recovecos, balcones amatacanados y estrechas escaleras.
El edificio central se encuentra constituido por la torre del homenaje, cuyo interior se distribuye en estancias, estrechas escaleras, que comunican las distintas salas y una escalera helicoidal que conduce a la base de la torre, donde puede contemplarse el bellísimo paisaje y se palpa el carácter defensivo del castillo. Declarado monumento nacional en 1931, su emplazamiento recuerda la función defensiva por el que fue erigido. En su construcción se han de distinguir distintos conjuntos que lo compone: El Castrum y las torres, la primitiva iglesia de San Miguel, y el traslado de la espadaña a su lugar actual. Muchos autores defendieron la teoría de haberse construido a la par que al castillo, hoy se puede afirmar que la iglesia de San Miguel, de estilo románico, fue ejecutada a finales del siglo XII y a principios del siglo XIII.
En el ala oeste encontramos tres torreones construidos con similares características, sillares de piedra rosa, rematados entre sus lienzos por parapetos, matacanes y gárgolas de una pieza.
La entrada de la iglesia, marcada encima por el escudo episcopal, está defendida por dos torres especiales, polígonas en el primer cuerpo y circulares y circulares en el segundo, corre por ellas una línea de matacanes debajo de un arco abierto que hace las veces de galería, donde puede observarse un arco de crucería.
En ella destacan dos fases constructivas, la primera comprendería las naves laterales y la torre elevada, actualmente embutida dentro del torreón central. De la segunda fase destaca la nave central construida por buena sillería y cubierta con bóveda de cañón apuntada. Las obras que dan lugar al recinto amurallado se encuentran en el siglo XV, siendo emprendidas por Arias Dávila en 1471, continuadas por Arias del Villar y concluidas por Diego Rivera siguiendo el plan por el, trazado por el Prelado Arias Dávila. La última fase de la construcción es la colocación, en 1703, de la espadaña, de estilo barroco y rematada con frontón curvo.
The primitive Celtiberian Castrum was used by the Roman strategists to complete the system of fortifications with COLENDA "SEPTEMPUBLICA", "PETRARIA" and "CAUCA" wrapped around the territory of Segovia and dominated the basins of the rivers of Eresma, Cega and Duratón. Of the Castrum there are only partially towered towers, possibly built towards the end of the 10th century and with a clear Arab tradition.
Of square plant, they were executed of factory of thicknesses of lime and song, they appeared transferred in its inferior part by a narrow passageway known like "the passage of ronda" and united to each other by stretches realized in tapial.
The enclosure of quadrangular plant flanked by circular towers in the angles and topped by niches with the image of San Miguel. As a common characteristic of canvases and battlements, there are cross and orb and arrow and orb bows. In every system of protection we also find, machicolations, buhoneras, layering, recesses, balconies amatacanados and narrow stairs.
The central building is constituted by the keep, whose interior is distributed in rooms, narrow stairs, which connect the different rooms and a helical staircase that leads to the base of the tower, where you can contemplate the beautiful landscape and feel the defensive character of the castle. Declared a national monument in 1931, its location recalls the defensive function by which it was erected. In its construction we have to distinguish different groups that make it up: The Castrum and the towers, the primitive church of San Miguel, and the transfer of the bulrush to its current place. Many authors defended the theory of having built at the same time as the castle, today it can be said that the church of San Miguel, in Romanesque style, was executed at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.
In the west wing we find three towers built with similar characteristics, rose stone ashlars, topped between their canvases by parapets, machicolations and one piece gargoyles.
The entrance of the church, marked above by the episcopal shield, is defended by two special towers, polygons in the first body and circular and circular in the second, runs through them a line of machicolations under an open arch that serves as gallery, where you can see an archway.
In her they emphasize two constructive phases, first would include the lateral ships and the elevated tower, at the moment embedded within the central tower. Of the second phase highlights the central nave built by good ashlar masonry and covered with pointed barrel vault. The works that give rise to the walled enclosure are in the XV century, being undertaken by Arias Dávila in 1471, continued by Arias del Villar and concluded by Diego Rivera following the plan by him, drawn by the Prelate Arias Dávila. The last phase of construction is the placement, in 1703, of the steeple, baroque style and topped with curved pediment.
Il primo nucleo del complesso (detto “castrum”) sorse per opera dei romani alla fine del V secolo d.C come uno degli avamposti militari edificati a scopo difensivo contro i barbari lungo la fascia nord occidentale delle Alpi. La zona del fiume Olona ove sorge Torba, detta “Sibrium”, in età romana costituiva infatti un luogo di importanza strategica sia per l’approvvigionamento delle acque, sia per la posizione lungo un fondamentale asse di comunicazione transalpino.
The first core of the complex (known as "castrum") was built by the Romans to the end of the fifth century AD as one of the military outposts built for defensive purposes against the barbarians along the north-western end of the Alps Olona River area where peat is , called "Sibrium" in Roman times was in fact a place of strategic importance to both the supply of water, both for the position along a key axis of communication transalpine.
CastelBrando,
former Castrum Costae, is a medieval castle situated on a dolomite limestone rock at an elevation of 370 m (1,210 ft) above sea level, overlooking the villages of Cison di Valmarino and Valmareno, Northern Italy. The name CastelBrando is due to the name Brandolini, the ancient family from Forlì, who were the Lords of the castle.
History
CastelBrando was originally built in the Roman age as a defensive fortress in order to protect the important lines of communication which connected Northern Italy to the countries on the other side of the Alps. Originally there was a garrison here protecting the territory between the Piave and the Livenza rivers in order to facilitate the safe construction of the pre-alpine part of the Via Claudia Augusta, an important Roman road, which linked the valley of the Po River with Rhaetia (modern Austria). The original castrum, dating from 46 AD is still visible today. A recent archaeological excavation has uncovered a 3 m (9.8 ft) diameter bread-oven within the castrum, dating from the same period. The original Roman baths have also been excavated, as have the original pipes of the aqueduct which supplied water from three nearby natural springs. These springs still provide water for the castle today. During the European Migration Period the fortress became an important defensive position against barbarian invasions. Over the centuries the castle has been subject to numerous enlargements and renovations. During the 13th century the castle was substantially enlarged while under the ownership of the Da Camino family, who lived there from 1233 to 1335. Their architectural additions included surrounding the castle with imposing Guelph-Ghibelline style battlements and building a central tower. Gherardo III da Camino, the great Italian feudal lord and military leader was born in the castle in 1240.
The Castle's ownership then passed over to the Republic of Venice, which awarded the Castle's fiefdom first to Marin Faliero and then to the condottieri Giovanni Brandolino and Erasmo da Narni, better known as "Gattamelata". After the fall of Venetian Republic in 1797, it was passed down through the family of Giovanni Brandolino and became the property of the Brandolini Counts, an ancient family from Forlì. In the first half of the 16th century Antonio Maria Brandolini (1476–1522), commissioned skilled engineers to enlarge the central part of the castle in Sansovino style, adding Venetian Gothic double and triple mullioned windows. In 1700 the Brandolini family commissioned Ottavio Scotti, architect and Count of Treviso, to design and build an extension to the southern part of the castle. Part of these works included the building of a castle chapel, the Church of San Martino. The chapel was decorated internally with frescoes painted by Egidio Dall'Oglio (18th century).
During World War I, the castle was invaded by Imperial Austrian forces and used as a military hospital. The Brandolini family abandoned their home and escaped to their Solighetto villa near Pieve di Soligo. After 10 years of restoration work, financed by Count Girolamo IV Brandolini (1870–1935), the castle was re-opened as a place of residence in 1929. In 1959 the castle was sold by the Brandolini family to the Salesian fathers, who altered its structure to use it as a monastery and as a centre for spiritual studies. In 1997 CastelBrando was purchased by Quaternary Investments SpA, who started an expansive renovation program in order to convert it into a hotel and museum.
For more informations:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CastelBrando
For a movie:
*******************************************************************************
“It is an illusion that photos are made with the camera…
they are made with the eye, heart and head.”
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Die Liebfrauenbasilika (niederländisch Basiliek van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Tenhemelopneming) ist eine katholische Kirche im Zentrum der niederländischen Stadt Maastricht. An der Stelle der Liebfrauenbasilika stand vielleicht schon im römischen castrum des 5. Jahrhunderts eine Kirche, die vom 6.–8. Jahrhundert als Bischofskirche gedient haben könnte. Aus einer Schenkungsurkunde des Lütticher Bischofs Franco, der von 856 bis 903 amtierte, geht hervor, dass es schon Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts in Maastricht eine Kirche unter Marien-/Liebfrauenpatrozinium gab.
Das heutige Kirchengebäude datiert teils aus dem 11., teils aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Die Chronik des Erzbistums Cambrai berichtet von der Weihe der Krypta durch den Lütticher Bischof Balderich II., Amtszeit 1008 bis 1018. Ebenfalls um 1000 wird der Baubeginn des Westwerks vermutet, da dessen graue Eckquader von einem römischen Fort stammen, das um diese Zeit abgerissen wurde. Chor, Querhaus und Schiff wurden um die Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts fertiggestellt. Die Basilika hatte zunächst flache Holzdecken. Wohl im 15. Jahrhundert erhielt sie gotische Steingewölbe, die dann im 18. Jahrhundert durch neue ersetzt wurden.
Bis zur Umwallung der Stadt im Jahr 1229 war die Kirche das Zentrum Maastrichts. Seit 1343 war die Liebfrauenbasilika nur noch Wallfahrts- und Stiftskirche, da als Pfarrkirche nun die neugebaute diente. 1558 bis 1559 wurde an der Nordseite der Stiftskirche ein spätgotischer Kreuzgang errichtet. Die Klausurgebäude reichten bis an die Pfarrkirche. Nach der Annexion Maastrichts durch die Französische Republik 1795 wurde 1797 das an der Kirche ansässige Liebfrauenstift aufgehoben und das Kirchengebäude zu weltlichen Zwecken genutzt.
Die katholische Pfarrgemeinde kaufte es 1837 und führte es wieder der kirchlichen Nutzung zu. Die Sint-Nicolaaskerk wurde bald danach abgerissen.
Bei den Renovierungen des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden die Umbauten des Spätmittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit größtenteils rückgängig gemacht. 1933 wurde die Kirche von Papst Pius XI. zur Basilica minor ernannt. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg erlitt sie leichte Schäden.
Das Wachthuis neben der Basilika schuf Mathias Soiron 1787. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Basilica of Our Lady (Dutch: Basiliek van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw; Limburgish: Slevrouwe [sləˈvʀɔwə]) is a Romanesque church in the historic center of Maastricht, Netherlands. The church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption (Dutch: Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Tenhemelopneming) and is a Roman Catholic parish church in the Diocese of Roermond. The church is often referred to as the Star of the Sea (Dutch: Sterre der Zee), after the church's main devotion, Our Lady, Star of the Sea. The present-day church is probably not the first church that was built on this site. However, since no archeological research has ever been carried out inside the building, nothing certain can be said about this. The church's site, inside the Roman castrum and adjacent to a religious shrine dedicated to the god Jupiter, suggests that the site was once occupied by a Roman temple. It is not unlikely that the town's first church was built here and that this church in the 4th or 5th century became the cathedral of the diocese of Tongeren-Maastricht.
Some time before the year 1100 the church became a collegiate church, run by a college of canons. The canons were appointed by the prince-bishop of Liège. The provosts were chosen from the chapter of St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège. The chapter of Our Lady's had around 20 canons, which made it a middle-sized chapter in the diocese of Liège. Until the end of the chapter in 1798 it maintained its strong ties with Liège. Parishioners of Our Lady's were identified in old documents as belonging to the Familia Sancti Lamberti.[1] It is clear that the chapter of Saint Servatius was the more powerful institution in Maastricht, with strong ties to the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, but throughout the Middle Ages the two churches remained rivals. Most of the present church was built in the 11th and 12th centuries. Construction of the imposing westwork started shortly after 1000 AD. In the 13th century the nave received Gothic vaults. Around 1200 the canons abandoned their communal lifestyle, after which canons' houses were built in the vicinity of the church. In the 14th century a parish church was built next to the collegiate church, so the main building could be reserved for the canons' religious duties. Of this parish church, dedicated to Saint Nicolas, very little remains as it was demolished in 1838. Apart from Saint Nicholas Church, the parish made use of three other chapels dedicated to Saint Hilarius, Saint Evergislus, and Saint Mary Minor.[3] In the mid-16th century the present late Gothic cloisters replaced the earlier cloisters.
After the incorporation of Maastricht in the French First Republic in 1794, the town's religious institutions were dissolved (1798). Many of the church treasures were lost during this period. The church and cloisters were used as a blacksmith shop and stables by the military garrison. This situation continued until 1837 when the church was restored to the religious practice. This coincided with the demolishing of Saint Nicholas Church and the transfer of the parish to Our Lady's.
From 1887 to 1917 the church was thoroughly restored by well-known Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers. Cuypers basically removed everything that did not fit his ideal of a Romanesque church. Parts of the east choir, the two choir towers, and the south aisle were almost entirely rebuilt.
The church was elevated to the rank of minor basilica by Pope Pius XI on 20 February 1933.
More Info and translations:
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebfrauenbasilika_(Maastricht)
From the rooftop of Tollbodgaten 22 in Tønsberg, this photograph captures the ethereal beauty of a misty morning. Slottsfjelltårnet rises through the haze, flanked by Slottsfjellskolen to the left, as soft light filters through the fog, painting the town in pastel tones. The rainbow-like arc formed by the mist adds a magical touch to the historical skyline. A quiet moment where nature and architecture meet in harmony.
Fun Fact
Slottsfjelltårnet was built in 1888 and stands on the ruins of Tunsberghus fortress, which dates back to the Middle Ages. It’s one of Tønsberg’s most iconic landmarks and offers panoramic views of Norway’s oldest city.