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litquake.org/events/new-writers
Moderated by Scott James
www.baycitizen.org/profiles/scott-james/
who writes fiction as
Ethan Nosowsky is Editor-at-Large for Graywolf Pres
He is Stephen Elliott's editor & they talked about how he has promoted The Adderall Diaries & the new iPhone/iPad app
therumpus.net/2010/10/why-i-created-an-app-for-my-book/
Literary agent Amy Rennert amyrennert.com
Eileen Gittins blurb.com
She showed the paperback of the book by Pat Tillman's mother & former LA Times & Chron editor Narda Zacchino which they published
www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/indust...
Jay A. Hartman held up the Rocket Reader he bought 12 years ago this week. He said the Sony Reader is the most popular ebook device in Europe.
His ebook company
Brenda Knight
She said Wordcatcher sold 1000 copies after this interview
www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201007201000
Litquake continues through Oct 9, 2010
Photos from Litquake's opening awards
Long write-up for today's batch of awesomeness.
First off. This whole covid thing, the election, working from home, not being able to go out, not seeing friends/family, etc. Has me, and I'm sure everyone else frazzled. Having a project to work on, in my case hiking out and shooting photos of graffiti on trains has been the one thing that's keeping me sane at this point. Hoping to see some new pieces from writers that I respect is like opening a pack of baseball cards and finding your favorite players rookie card for me. Yeah, it sounds goofy, but I've been having fun, staying sane, and seeing and capturing some amazing pieces of rolling art.
So I had this weird Monday vacation day on 11-2-2020. I decided to drive out to one my my benching spots and hang out for the day.
The plan was to set up a time lapse camera, and then just hang out and bench freights for 5-6 hours. There wasn't a cloud in the sky and a slight breeze, 88F. high. No clouds makes for a very boring time lapse between trains coming by. I also only brought my little Small Rig clamp for the time lapse camera and couldn't decide where I wanted to clamp it. I should have just brought a tripod.
Out for a few hours before the BNSF guys in their truck rolled up, got out and started walking toward me. "Great!" I thought. They're going to try and chase me away. Nope, they walked over to one set of tracks, walked across the bridge inspecting the tracks, then under the bridge inspecting the bridge, got in their truck and left. I like that. I don't bother you. You don't bother me.
A while later I see tree guy coming back home. I don't know his name, but there's a guy who lives in/under a tree that's next to the trail I hike in on. Once he's in there you'd never know it. I've seen him, he's seen me, and we don't bother each other.
The whole time I'm there I'm using my little Tascam recorder to record train audio every time one comes by so I have audio for the slideshow videos I've been uploading on YouTube. Well, this time I forgot it out there. Didn't dump my photos until Tuesday night and discovered it missing. Woke up early, drove out and it was still there. It recorded for almost 5 more hours before the batteries died. Glad to have it back, I thought tree guy might have found it.
Kensington Market is a colourful area with a strong mixed immigrant flavour. It is just west of Toronto’s downtown core. My wife, who was shopping for some dishware for our home, suggested I might want to wander with my camera while she took care of the shopping. That was a timely invitation for me to pursue my project, especially since dropping temperatures, snow flurries, and high winds are forecast and photo walks are going to be far less inviting for the upcoming week.
I met this man after 10 minutes of strolling the streets and I thought he had a friendly face. When I approached him with my project request he said he’d be glad to help me out but didn’t have a lot of time because he was working today (Sunday) in the designer men’s wear store just down the street. We shook hands. Meet Paul who turned out to be the Manager of Tom’s Place, a rather well-known Toronto clothier specializing in quality men’s wear. (www.toms-place.com)
There are interesting backgrounds in Kensington Market (mostly graffiti walls) but we weren’t near one so I posed him against the window of a breakfast restaurant and focused on his face which I found very photogenic. Paul said “Please excuse my aged appearance but I’m just coming through a rather nasty battle with cancer and it hasn’t been easy.” I’m surprised by how often people will agree to not only help me with my project out of the goodness of their hearts but sometimes confide rather personal things about themselves. We connected on the cancer topic because everyone knows someone who has experienced cancer and luckily my connections with cancer have been mostly people who have experienced successful treatment. I could see that Paul was genuinely happy to hear this – not just for himself, but for friends and family members I was telling him about. He has just completed chemo and his upcoming appointments will be for follow-up rather than for treatment.
We exchanged cards and parted with me wishing him well and congratulating him on his successful treatment. A few minutes later, as I was recording my notes, I realized that Paul had told me his age but it had gone in one ear and out the other. I decided to try and catch him in the store to be reminded of his age and the store turned out to be larger than I expected and another staff member helped me locate Paul. When he couldn’t be found right away (he was on the second floor) I explained he had been kind enough to pose for my photo project and although he’d told me his age for the caption story, I’d forgotten it. The man said “He told you his age? His REAL age? I’ve worked with Paul for 20 years and I don’t know his age. It’s a state secret.” I said “You’re kidding! Well, maybe it wasn’t his REAL age” and we both laughed.
Just then Paul was located and greeted me with a big smile. “You came in!” he said. I explained I’d forgotten his age for the caption and he said “Fifty six, five six.” I told him I felt honoured as his co-worker said his age is a state secret. The co-worker said “All I knew about Paul’s age is that he gets younger each year rather than older.” I said I was working on that myself but not having much luck.
I left the store with what I knew would be a nice portrait of Paul but also with that great feeling we get when our project encounters bring us into contact with friendly, trusting people of such good will.
Thank you Paul for participating in 100 Strangers. You are now Stranger #323 in Round 4 of my project. I wish you continued good health and hope your story will inspire others who may be facing medical challenges of their own.
Additional note: I emailed Paul his photo and my write-up, wanting to make sure that I had not infringed on his privacy in sharing our conversation here. He wrote back a very nice note saying " I haven't had many detailed or professional photo's of myself since my journey began so it was a little difficult looking at my weathered appearance I think you captured the reality of my condition If my story can be an inspiration to anyone going through hardship I have no problem." I told him that what I saw in his face was friendliness and strength of character and that his generosity in sharing his face and story in 100 Strangers was greatly appreciated. I wish him well.
Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page
To browse Round 1 of my 100 Strangers project click here: www.flickr.com/photos/jeffcbowen/sets/72157633145986224/
To browse Round 2 of my 100 Strangers project click here:www.flickr.com/photos/jeffcbowen/sets/72157634422850489/
To browse Round 3 of my 100 Strangers project click here: www.flickr.com/photos/jeffcbowen/sets/72157635541434065/
I know wich one they are but I'm lazy, XD I didn't want to write it all. The old Kelly are so cute!!! In France, they were called Shelly.
Chandramita Bora writes:
Comfrey has been considered a healing herb since ancient times. The ancient Greeks and Romans, used this wonder herb for alleviating a number of ailments including bronchial problems, wounds, heavy bleeding and broken bones. Its popularity grew during the middle ages, mainly for healing fractures.
The main active ingredient of comfrey is allantoin, which has the ability of stimulating cell proliferation. So, it can be effective in replacing the damaged cells of the body. Besides allantoin, another important compound found in comfrey is mucilage. Both allantoin and mucilage have anti-inflammatory properties. So, they are used in alleviating the pain and inflammation associated with broken bones, sprains, arthritis, wounds, etc. Mucilage is also effective in intestinal disorders, while allantoin augments the immune system to fight against infectious diseases.
The roots and leaves of comfrey can be applied as a wash, ointment and poultice. Comfrey is an expectorant and a mild sedative. It can induce blood clotting and heal ulcers, both external and internal ulcers. Many use comfrey as a herbal remedy for diarrhea, bleeding gums and gangrene. It can also be used to enhance skin and alleviate skin problems like acne, boils and abscesses. It is widely used in homeopathic treatment for several diseases.
According to some studies, comfrey can be beneficial in diabetes and reducing the level of cholesterol. Roots of this plant have been used for a long time in relieving lung problems. In Ireland, it is mainly used for treating problems associated with the circulatory system.
It is abundant in protein and vitamins. Vitamin A and C are abundantly found in comfrey. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, that protects the body from the damaging effects of free radicals and also reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, vitamin A is required for improving vision and proper growth and development of bones. Comfrey is one of the rare plants that contains the vitamin B12, essential for the formation of red blood cells, cell division and proper development of nerve cells.
Besides, these essential vitamins, comfrey is also rich in minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, selenium and germanium. Germanium is a powerful antioxidant, while calcium and phosphorus are required for healthy teeth and bones. Potassium is essential for maintaining the electrolyte balance in the body. In addition, it assists in regulating the blood pressure level and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Zinc facilitates energy metabolism and strengthens the immune system, while magnesium is important for a healthy heart, teeth and bones.
Though comfrey has been used internally to relieve a number of disorders like indigestion, stomach and bowel problems, thyroid disorders, hernia, coughs, lung problems, hemorrhage and even cancer, recent studies have shown that the consumption of comfrey can be dangerous. Studies conducted in this regard has revealed that it contains a compound, known as pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), which is hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. Accumulation of pyrrolizidine in the body, may block the hepatic vein and cause liver failure. These findings induced the United States Food and Drug Administration to issue a warning in 2001, against the internal usage of herbal products containing comfrey. However, it can be applied externally, as no known side effect of external application has been discovered so far.
This comfrey was a gift from my friend Kat.
IF YOU LOVE DOGS AND ANIMALS PLEASE READ! THEY NEED OUR HELP URGENTLY, we will be their own last chance to salvation..
Hi to you all,
Sorry for disturbing you but I’m permitting to write here because the situation is very urgent and difficult,
I’m writing you from Italy where everyone who loves dogs and cats is trying to give a hand..
Everyday a huge number of dogs and other little pets are killed with horrible tortures or sometimes just for fun into the Spanish perreras (kennels), I don’t want to post pics or videos about because it is very horrible and I don’t want to hurt you so much.. I was feeling so sick after the first data I found on the web…I cna't believe that into the 2011 ishappenin something like this right now..
To help instantly there is an online petition where you can sign to stop this massacre.. we need at least 10.000 signs that will be fowarded to the spanish direction !!! www.thepetitionsite.com/1/boicottiamo-la-spagna/ please sign and share as much as you can this informations!! We will help a lot of beautiful pets to stay alive saving them from a massacre without sense, horrible it seems that the nazi lagers are back!
Since December an Italian group was made a no profit ass. and they’re trying to keep them alive with all his powers, but the first problem is that they need a safe zone where the dogs will wait their adoption withou any risk or dangerous conditions..so that they will bring the dogs here away from the hell just when thery are sure that someone with a huge heart will give them a home full of love..and of sure if someone will make a donation it will helps to create new “safe areas” and boxes for our little friends before they will get to the adoption family..
The FB page
www.facebook.com/pages/Associazione-Vita-Una-Zampa-per-la...
This is the main page www.unazampaperlaspagna.org
Here you can find the dogs that are without adoption request www.unazampaperlaspagna.org/adozioni_urg.html
here some testimonial from people that went there (if you need a translation I will help you)
www.unazampaperlaspagna.org/testimonianze.html
In this “perreras” when a pet is in the dead list (sometimes just few days after his arrives there ) they will torture the little puppies lettin they drink acid because there are too loud, they left all the animals without water or food, they cut them little pieces with knife etc etc.. in few words they are never using legal methods covered by law!!! Because the government doesn’t interest animals in spain!!! And then they throw the little screaming puppies into a hoven alive so that they can have more free room for other lovely puppies to torture without respect..
If you have a strong stomach search on google or youtube “Spanish perreras” or “perreras spagnole” or click here and go down at the page
www.unazampaperlaspagna.org/normativa.html
Please they need our help, right now for the spain case but this auction will have a “world echo”, and this little friends have just we animal lovers that can give a real change to this situation, to give them a help, i can' t easily look to the other way thinking it's just a case because it never ends!!! If we won't partecipate to this thinking that they aren't our dogs..so we can only hope that thy will die at soon before geting under longers tortures,for not suffering all the time inside this lager kennels.. please stend up move and share to everyone!!!
How can they do that to this lovely animals? the will just give us all you love for all their life for free, for sa respect and some hugs from us, and they are killing them in this mass termination, without soul, without heart.. there’s no escape for this world..no salvation..Hoping that God will be the right "gift" for who is making this atrocities...
Sorry for taking your time, I will be available if you need clarifications or if you want to adopt or donate I will bring you in touch with the persons there are in the frontline for our lovely little friends everyday, catching them out of the hell…any way the online petition is free!!!
Thank you very much
I hope that this “scream” will help a bit…
I have never lost the love of putting pen to paper. When I am most frustrated I find it much more soothing to find one of my notebooks to write down my thoughts. When I have an idea I'll jot it down in one of the little books that I keep in my purse or beside my bed. Certain notebooks have specific purposes, some are purely for emotional venting serving solely as a diary, while others are for practical lists or musings related to work or my various hobbies. Others are a sort of hybrid, bridging all levels. I compose letters, work on character or situation sketches, vent in short bursts of angry prose about something that is bothering me. Over the years I have collected many such notebooks. Periodically I will sit and leaf through the pages and see if I recognize the person who had written in them.
Went down to the Broiler to meet up with Dan and Kate and to hear local mystery writer Ken Kruger talk about his latest book, Copper River. He actually writes quite a bit at the Broiler. It is on the corner of St Clair and Snelling in St Paul and if you haven't gone, you should.
Taken by Cory Funk.
"Back in my day, we didn't even have clay tablets to write on!"
Figures used: Cyclops Lich, Mind Drinker Vampire, Indentured Servant (Pathfinder RPG Miniatures) #theminifiguremilitia #macabrevisions2021 #miniween2021 #toys #toyphotography
write a good wish for dad and mom...
Sky lanterns are traditionally lanterns made of oiled paper with a bamboo frame that contain a small candle or other combustible material (such as the fake prayer's paper money). When lit the candle heats the air and causes the lantern to rise into the air. Ideally the lantern floats back to the ground when the fuel for the flame is exhausted.
"In order to appeal for Heaven's blessings following the 921 earthquake, the Taipei County Government specially commisioned a huge heavenly lantern sixty-seven meters in height and weighing two hunderd kilograms for the 2000 Pingsi Heavenly Lantern Festival." Since then, the Sky Lanterns Festival becomes a very special day in Taipei County's Pingsi Twonship.
to view all my photos about this topic, click sky lanterns festival.
寫下小小祈福心願...
2007年平溪天燈節，第二波放天燈活動3月3日晚上五時30分在菁桐國小操場舉行...
Pingsi town, Taipei County, Taiwan
a15686
Announcement, Inkjet LaserJet Ink Toner Business, you can turn out to be a very happy human being in less than 15 days from now. Own your own neighborhood New Deal Ink & Toner Company dealership, without investment, without credit cards, without complicated contracts and earn respect, pride and income all at the same time.
Write NewDealInkToner@Live.com
Your home zip code area can make you a small fortune if it’s still an open area, so don’t delay, and all you have to do is hand out New Deal Ink & Toner Company Wholesale Direct Inkjet LaserJet and Toner Cartridge catalogs.
Your friends, neighbors and even your employer will quickly become a new customer for you. Every time they purchase something, you get paid. Everything is done for you. There are no hassles. You don’t have to take a test, give us money or work every day. We don’t want your credit card number or even your mother’s maiden name. You don’t need a computer, you simply hand out catalogs, and we provide them free to you.
Over half the people you meet at the mall can quickly become a customer. You employer buys our products. Your friends and family purchase our products and now you can make some real money, right now.
The average computer printer owner spends over two hundred dollars per year on inkjet ink cartridges. The average two person business can spend up to $750.00 per year on printer cartridges. You can save them a small fortune and make an honest profit for yourself.
Entrepreneurs across the country have taken notice of New Deal Ink and Toner Company located in Mechanicsburg Pa 17055, “the brain child of its president Gregory Bodenhamer” as reported by Joyce Dorothy Parker Ph.D.
“the main theme of the business is to give some fairness and honest dealings to the printer inkjet and toner customer” “the integrity of the main printer manufacturers is not acceptable” “we have American’s paying almost $40.00 for an inkjet cartridge, that was made outside of the United States, using foreign labor all over the world and no substantial American workers, that most likely cost the manufacturer about fifty cents” “the big printer makers like Hewlett Packard, Seiko Epson, Brother, Samsung, Dell, Lexmark, Canon, Konica, Mita – Kyocera, Minolta, Lanier and on and on are making hundreds of millions of dollars by using; cheap foreign labor, technology and the American consumer”
Entrepreneurs across the United States can now access the massive inkjet, ink, LaserJet, toner cartridge inventories available to New Deal Ink and Toner Company. It’s really a New Deal as the company is expanded past their immediate market to every little town and big city you could name.
“it’s really surprising some customers of the major market players like Wal-mart, Target and Best Buy as the New Deal Ink and Toner price is way below the market price” Joyce Dorothy Parker Ph.d. reports in her quarterly printers white paper research.
“what you might pay $30.00 for at Wal-mart you can buy the exact same, brand name, O.E.M. inkjet cartridge for about ten dollars from the New Deal Ink and Toner Company Warehouse” “Greg has allowed entrepreneurs, like the girl next door, to become a limited dealership and sell wholesale cartridges to their friends, family and even their employers” “this has never been done in the market” states Gregory Bodenhamer, Founder and President of New Deal Ink and Toner. “our business is about people first so we think and do a lot of things different”
“our company can save the average home about $200. each year and the average two person business about $500-$700 year after year”
“test everything I say” “go to Wall-mart, Target, Best Buy, Office Depot, Staples etc and write down the price for your inkjet cartridge” “to save some time just go to their web address and check the prices there, don’t forget they charge shipping” “after all that just send me an email newway@live.com and I’ll send you our price for the same manufactured cartridge” “the first think you’re going to feel is anger when you discover how much you pay at the big box stores” “we’ll put the smile back when you realize that you can save a bundle”
New Deal Ink and Toner Company
275 Cumberland Pkwy # 157
Mechanicsburg, Pa 17055
NewWay@Live.com
Laser Toner, Printer Ink, Fax Rolls, Copier Toner, Inkjet Ink Cartridges and LaserJet Cartridges are all very essential within the workplace and the home.
If you may know 100 people, more than half of them have a home computer and most likely an inkjet cartridge printer. As a small business owner or a young entrepreneur this one simple fact can earn you a great deal of money.
Today I picked up the new Rolling Stone magazine which features the memoirs of Keith Richards from his new book "Life"; a book I cant wait to get my hands on. It reminded me of rock and roll guitarist, writer, and former Dire Straits member Jack Sonni's upcoming book "Rock and Rolled" which I am really really excited for as well. Here is one of my favorites from our shoot for his book and website. go to www.jacksonni.com/ to listen to an excerpt.
I write in riddles
I don't understand.
All the words are
shifting shapes
and blur
against my iris.
I can relax when reading,
make up ends of stories.
But my own?
There's no way
of knowing
so I cross my i's
and dot my t's
and hope to God
He can decipher
what I scratch down
on paper.
"Latinas Write/Escriben", a bilingual anthology that features first-person account stories are sold for $10 the Brentwood Public Library Welcoming Reading Circle event on Tuesday, August 14 2012.
Kids are encouraged to write letters to Father Christmas by candle light in one of the pioneer homes at "This is the Place Heritidge Park"
The park is a recreation of Salt Lake City as it was in the 1850's, a small village showing how the pioneers lived.
Joseluis Flores of San Leandro, CA. writes a letter to his son Joseluis Flores Jr. in Ronald Tutor Campus Center Wednesday. Parents were invited to write letters to their incoming freshman kids during Move-In day at USC in Los Angeles, CA. August 21st, 2019. Photo by David Sprague
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There's a couple of things that needs to be said today.
First of all, positive thoughts are appreciated for my dog today. He woke up with a random hurt back and I'm a nervous wreck about it, my poor baby.
Second, a big huge thanks to www.flickr.com/photos/shizu_bara/ for linking the instructions for the pencil and notebook tutorial!!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-f8BFpkqRk&feature=youtu.be
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoRoQAEFvuU&feature=youtu.be
UPDATE--
Winston has a sprained back. Not surprising knowing how jumpy he is! He'll be better after a week of anti inflammatory medicine :)
I write in my diary every day; I use this Parker Sonnet fountain pen which I gave to my wife for her birthday nearly thirty years ago. I used to use an ordinary ballpoint pen but in 2009 I decided to write with her fountain pen instead.
The Flickr Lounge group has picked Memorabilia for the Week 50 weekly theme.
This excerpt from a book published in 1900 is a product of its times, lacking a balanced historical perspective.
From Then and Now; or, Thirty-Six Years in the Rockies by Robert Vaughn, 1900, pp. 305-328 [public domain] :
GEN. GEORGE A. CUSTER, U. S. A.
The Hero of Little Big Horn
It is plain that Custer laid his plans to win the fight, and at once. From the position in which the dead were found it is also clear that, having found themselves entirely outnumbered and beyond the reach of help, they took position as best they could in a sort of triangle on the rough, hot hill side, and there died in battle. Custer’s brother, Colonel Tom Custer, held one corner of the triangle, and down nearest the river his brother-in-law, Calhoun, another, while the general held the higher ground, so as to see and direct the battle to the end. The men fell almost in line. The officers, Calhoun and Crittenden, fell in their places, as if on parade.
Two years afterwards Robert E. Strahorne, a particular friend of mine, who was all through the campaign with General Crook, sent me the following statement in regard to this Indian war:
“I was, during the trying days of 1876–77, the representative of an Eastern journal and attached to the expeditions which Brigadier General George Crook led against the hostile Sioux and Cheyennes, then commanded by Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Dull Knife and Little Wolf.
“In this campaign we were obliged to go without clothing or bedding, save such as we carried on our backs, and without food, except the scantiest allowance possible of bacon and coffee. In this one point, Crook is without a rival in the regular army; he subjects himself to just the same discomfort and hardships as his men have to endure and cuts loose from his wagon train for weeks and months at a time. His wagons are never allowed to become receptacles of luxuries and toothsome delicacies for himself and officers; they carry only grain, ammunition and the necessary articles of daily food.
“At the engagement on the Rosebud, Montana, June 17, 1876, Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull ‘bounced’ Crook with a force of painted and feathered red devils numbering well up307 in the thousands. Poor Custer met his fate at the hands of these same warriors only a week later. Crook’s forces were not much, if any, superior to Custer’s whole command, but he was fortunate in keeping them undivided. He withstood the attack with great skill and courage, although for a while things certainly looked very blue. On this day, a little company of Montana miners, who had been out in the Black Hills prospecting and had joined Crook while on their way back to Montana, did splendid work with their Sharp’s sporting rifles. Crook and Terry, those grand soldiers, after poor Custer’s command had been wiped out, united their forces on the Yellowstone. How Terry then took for his share the task of cleaning out any hostiles to be found north of the Yellowstone, while Crook, like a bull-dog, hung to the trail which led to the south; how he followed it without bedding, without shelter, without food other than horse meat and berries found in captured villages, and in spite of the pitiless rain which beat down upon us (for I was one of those who camped on the trail), day after day, during the entire march from the mouth of Powder river to the Black Hills.
“I could write a book about our trials and tribulations on those marches, and sometime in the future the half-formed fancy of the present moment may take shape. One thing I wish to impress upon the minds of present and future Montanians, and that is the fact that the campaigns of General Crook and brother officers and men in 1876 and 1877 had the positive result of opening to their permanent occupation and use those vast and beautiful regions drained by the Yellowstone, Big Horn, Rosebud, Tongue, Powder, Musselshell and Judith rivers—regions which up that time had swarmed with the most powerful, vindictive and treacherous tribes of savages America has produced. I went into those campaigns knowing little of the regular army, and indeed somewhat308 prejudiced against it; I came out satisfied that the mass of its officers and men, the ‘youngsters’ especially, were brave, intelligent, patriotic, ambitious and courteous—men of whom any country should be proud.
“Closing this reminiscence of an arduous season of toil and danger, I am glad to say that among the lieutenants with whom I faced the red foe, and for whom I formed a great attachment, was the witty, bright and brave Schwatka, whose successes as an Arctic explorer have since made him world famous; Bourke, who besides being an officer of exceptional gallantry and good judgment, has devoted himself, with great patience, to the collection of memoranda upon the manners and customs of the aborigines; Carpenter, noted as an entomologist, and dozens of other officers—Eagan, Charles King, Schuyler, Allison, Chase, Lemley, McKinney (since killed), Delaney, Randall, Sibley, Nickerson, Henry, as brave and intelligent as any men can be—in the army or out of it.
“As Sherman’s army had an important element following and surrounding it—‘the bummers’—so this hard-worked force that Crook commanded had attached to it a force of correspondents whom I compare, and in all kindness, to the ‘bummers’ whom Sherman led to the sea. They were an exceptionally fine lot of men. There was Jack Finerty of the Chicago Times. I have always had a notion that he stepped out from some place in Lever’s novels; he was brave to rashness, and devoted to the interests of his great journal. Joe Wason, of the Alta California and the New York Tribune, always on the skirmish line after ‘pints.’ His red head shone like the danger signal of a freight train, but in spite of his red head he was one of the best fellows I ever knew. T. C. MacMillan of the Chicago Inter Ocean, and J. J. Roche of the New York Herald, both physically weak, but intellectually strong, and so on through the list. Readers of the Boston309 Advertiser, New York Herald and Tribune, Alta California, Philadelphia Press, Washington Star, Denver News, Omaha Republican and Herald, Cheyenne Sun, and other papers represented at various times during that campaign of seventeen months’ duration, never imagined while they were reading our letters at their comfortable breakfast table, and growling at the dashed correspondents because they ‘didn’t make ’em more full,’ that the ‘dashed correspondent,’ dressed in rags, soaked through with rain, and almost crazed with want of food and rest, was writing his letters on a cottonwood chip or a piece of flat stone, and often at the risk of his life from a stray bullet.”
There is now in this state one witness of the Custer battles, who is perhaps the only one living. He is William Jackson, an intelligent and well educated half-breed, who now lives at the Blackfeet reservation sixty-five miles from here.
After a long life as government scout, he has turned his attention to farming and cattle raising, and in this pursuit he has been quite successful. He was in this city a few days ago on his way from Helena, where he had been as a witness in a trial which was held in the United States court. A correspondent of the Anaconda Standard, at this place, had an important interview with Mr. Jackson, which is as follows. He says: “Mitch Bouille, William Cross and myself were acting as guides and scouts for the Custer-Terry expedition against the Sioux and Cheyennes who were under the leadership of the wily old Sitting Bull. The battle, as you know, took place on June 25, 1876. On the morning of that day the troopers had made an early start and we, the scouts, had gone ahead on a reconnoitering expedition. When we returned to report we met the command crossing the divide between the Rosebud and Little Big Horn rivers, General Custer rode at the head of his command, the Seventh Cavalry, and Captains311 French and Benteen and Major Reno were in command of other divisions.
“We had discovered the hostiles camped near the Little Big Horn and about seven miles straight ahead of the soldiers. We so reported to General Custer, and he, calling a halt, summoned the officers under him for a council. The troops were shut out from view on the part of the hostiles by a ridge of land, and it was at the base of this that the council of war was held. It lasted but a few minutes, and Custer’s desire for an immediate engagement carried the day. The soldiers were divided into three battalions. Major Reno with three companies and all of the scouts was to advance rapidly and from a commanding ridge make a charge upon the upper end of the Sioux camp, first gaining a patch of timber about six hundred yards from the enemy. In the meantime General Custer, with five companies, would deploy around the edge of the ridge where they were now halted and attack the lower end of the village and cut off all retreat on the part of the Sioux. Captain Benteen, with four companies, would take up a position on the east bank of the Little Big Horn, overlooking the village and protecting the pack train and baggage.
“As the officers left the council they quickly gave orders to the men, and in an instant all were busy inspecting and loading their pistols and carbines, filling their ammunition belts, tightening saddles and looking to every detail preparatory to the fight. Soon the bugle sounded, ‘Prepare to mount; mount, forward!’ Custer and his men went to the right, Reno to the left, toward the ford of the Little Big Horn. The horses went forward at a sharp trot, and in the moment of waiting on the bank of the stream I looked back and saw Custer with his five companies charging upon the village, Custer fully fifty yards in the lead. That was the last time I ever looked upon that heroic soldier alive or his gallant men. We312 were soon busy in making the ford, which was somewhat difficult, and then we advanced up the ridge, taking the position assigned us at the council. Up to that time there had been no incident of interest. The troops were dismounted and the horses left in the care of every fourth soldier. Everything was ready for the fight to begin and the wait was not long.
“The hostiles had discovered us at once and took the initiative by making a vicious charge up the hill. Their main body gained a vantage ground behind an elevation sufficient to protect them and just in front of our position. As they charged they drove in our skirmish line, which took a position just inside the timber. The fight was furious for a time, the Indians outnumbering Reno’s command at least ten to one. A second charge from the hostiles drove us still higher up the ridge, at least one mile further from the village, and it was in our retreat that we first heard the sounds of firing in the lower end of the village where Custer was engaged. It could not have been very heavy, as he met but few hostiles at the first of the engagement, but it was sufficient to draw the attention of the Indians away from us and turn it upon the unfortunates who were attacking them in the rear. This was between 3 and 4 o’clock in the afternoon and from that time the fighting in the lower end of the Indian camp was hot and heavy. The sound of firing increased steadily until it became a roar, and then it died gradually away until there was only the scattered reports of single shots. All this took place in the space of two hours, and when the June sun set behind the Little Big Horn mountains the Custer command had been entirely wiped out.
“Of course we did not know this at the time, but wondered how the fight had gone. Soon we suspected that something was wrong, for the Indians again turned their attention to313 Reno, and from that time there was no opportunity to think of anything save what we saw going on about us, and in which we were vitally interested, for the onslaughts of the painted warriors became desperate. Inflamed by their success in killing the Custer command, they now determined to sweep away the rest of their enemies, and time and again they charged up the hill to capture Reno. Only the strength of our position prevented our meeting a fate like that of Custer, and it was after dark before the hostiles gave up their attempt to dislodge and slaughter us. My personal interest in the fray was strong. I had been in the skirmish line, and when we were driven back by the hostiles we retreated slowly, protecting the withdrawal of the main body of Reno’s command. In doing this fourteen of us were cut off from the command and had to take to the brush and hide. Before we could conceal ourselves ten of the fourteen had been killed, leaving only Lieutenant Deridio, F. F. Gerard, Tom O’Neal and myself.
“Fortunately we were not discovered, and at midnight, after all danger of the enemy was past, we slipped from our covert and made ready to join our command. We stripped the blankets from the bodies of dead Indians, which were plentifully strewn through the timber, and wrapping these about us we filed Indian fashion up the bank of the stream. We did not know just where Reno was camped and our first desire was to get outside of the ‘dead circle,’ or picket line, of the Sioux. We advanced cautiously and making as little noise as possible, but in spite of that we suddenly ran into a body of fifteen Sioux pickets. To hesitate was to be suspected, and suspicion on their part just then meant death to us. We advanced steadily and without exhibiting surprise. We had partly passed the party when one of them demanded who we were. I could speak Sioux as well as my own tongue, and without delay replied ‘Us.’
314 “‘Where are you going?’ was the next question, and my answer to this was, ‘for our horses.’ This satisfied the interrogators, and we had escaped the first danger.
“We had succeeded in crossing the stream and following the trail along the bank, faint in the dim moonlight, when we came to an opening in the dense cottonwoods, and there we ran into a camp of several hundred Indians. Gerard immediately took them to be our men and belonging to Reno’s command. He shouted: ‘Don’t shoot, boys; we are friends.’ The startled Indians cried out: ‘Lay non; wa-see-cha ah-he-pe ah-lo!’ (It is the enemy; the evil bad snows are upon us!) At this I dropped my blanket and ran, getting into the brush and away from the trail. Some one followed me closely, and I made up my mind that if he ever caught me there would be a fight to death between us. I could actually feel the knive thrust between my ribs in my highly excited imagination, and when I reached the river bank I turned to face my pursuer. Then I found that it was none other than Gerard, who had chosen the same path as myself. We waited a minute or two and listened. Then we heard four shots, and we were sure that our companions were lost.
“We waited no longer but plunged into the stream and gained the opposite bank, following it as far as we dared. Dawn was breaking and through the day we lay hidden in the willows, watching the battle which followed between the Indians and Reno’s command. As the sun arose we could see the Indians circling about the camp and occupying every adjacent hill. A scattering fire was maintained until 9 o’clock, when the Indians made a savage assault upon the east side of Reno’s position. The soldiers appeared to be very cool and poured in a murderous fire, which forced the hostiles to fall back with heavy loss. An hour later they made a second desperate charge, and so fierce was this that they actually315 fought with the soldiers over the breastworks, hand to hand. But again the discipline of the soldiers was more than a match for the fanatical frenzy of the Sioux, and they were driven back the second time. The soldiers had lost but few in this conflict, while their savage foes were strewn all over the side of the hill. From that time until noon there was only firing at long range. Then came a third charge, easily repulsed. From that time until 4 o’clock in the afternoon each side rested on its arms. About that hour, sheltered by a hill and not more than one thousand yards distant from the soldiers, the Indians held a council of war. In a few minutes there were evidences of departure in the Indian village, and it was then that the strength of the foe appeared. They could be seen by the thousand, scurrying about through the camp, taking down the lodges, loading the ponies with packs and with travois, and when the baggage train was finally completed, hurrying off to the north under a strong escort of warriors, making for the Big Horn mountains. At sunset all of them had disappeared and we dared venture out from our hiding place.
“Approaching Reno’s position cautiously, for fear of being shot by the sentinels in the darkness, we were fortunate in getting inside the lines in time to meet Major Reno himself with members of his staff. To them I related what we had seen and heard, including the story of the loss of our companions, but before I had finished a challenge was heard, and into the camp came an orderly with Deridio and O’Neal. We were overjoyed, but there was little time for congratulations. Mounted on the best horse remaining in the command—for the long range fighting had killed many of those in the troop—I was sent with dispatches to Generals Custer and Terry.
“Three miles down the Little Big Horn I came upon the battlefield and it was a most grievious sight. Scattered or heaped up on the plain were the bodies of 237 men, every316 one save that of Custer mutilated in the most horrible manner known to the Indian mind. Not one had a vestage of clothing upon it; all had been stripped off and carried away by the exulting fiends. In Custer’s body there were the marks of two bullet wounds, and undoubtedly I was the first man to look upon the terrible sight. It was too much for me and I turned and rode swiftly away down the river, shortly afterward meeting General Terry and his soldiers. To him I gave my dispatches and was immediately sent back to Major Reno with instructions to bury the dead. This was completed about 1 o’clock in the afternoon of the 27th. The wounded in Reno’s command were taken to the mouth of the Big Horn river, and thence conveyed down the Yellowstone on the steamer Far West to Bismarck. The next day we gathered up large quantities of pemmican and other provisions and camp utensils left by the Sioux in their hurried flight, and burned them. Although I was but a youth when this occurred, it made an impression upon my mind that I shall never forget, and the details of those horrible two or three days are as fresh now as they were at the time of occurrence. Five years ago I went over ‘The Custer Battlefield,’ where the soldiers are buried, with Mrs. Eustis, whose son Jack, then a recent graduate from West Point, had been one of the victims under Custer. She had cherished a hope of recovering his bones, but although we had with us a number of Sioux and Cheyennes who had taken part in the fight, and each tried his best to recall all of the fearful scene, we were unable to help her, and she was obliged to return to her Eastern home with frustrated hopes. The incident, however, called up in mind all of the gruesome details of the battlefield as I saw it on that memorable morning, and I shall never care to repeat the experience.”
General Terry, in his official report dated Camp on Little Big Horn, June 27, 1876, noticed the military movement in317 the direction where Custer and his men had fallen, and submitted for the information of the war department the following important explanation:
“At the mouth of the Rosebud I informed General Custer that I should take the supply steamer Far West up the Yellowstone to ferry General Gibbon’s column over the river; that I should personally accompany that column, and that it would in all probability reach the mouth of the Little Big Horn, on the 26th inst. The steamer reached General Gibbon’s troops, near the mouth of the Big Horn, early on the 24th, and at 4 o’clock in the afternoon all his men and animals were across the Yellowstone. At 5 o’clock the column, consisting of five companies of the Seventh Infantry, four companies of the Seventh Cavalry, and a battery of three gatling guns, marched out to and across Tullock’s creek, starting soon after 5 o’clock on the morning of the 25th. The infantry made a march of twenty-two miles over the most difficult country I have ever seen. In order that scouts might be sent into the valley of the Little Big Horn, the cavalry with the battery was then pushed on thirteen or fourteen miles further, reaching camp at midnight. The scouts were sent out at 4:30 on the morning of the 26th. The scouts discovered three Indians, who were at first supposed to be Sioux, but when overtaken they proved to be Crows, who had been with General Custer. They brought the first intelligence of the battle. Their story was not credited. It was supposed that some fighting, perhaps severe fighting, had taken place, but it was not believed that disaster could have overtaken so large a force as twelve companies of cavalry. The infantry, which had broken camp very early, soon came up and the whole column entered and moved up the valley of the Little Big Horn. During the afternoon efforts were made to send scouts to what was supposed to be General Custer’s position, and to318 obtain information of the condition of affairs, but those who were sent out were driven back by parties of Indians, who, in increasing numbers, were seen hovering on General Gibbon’s front. At twenty minutes before 9 o’clock in the evening the infantry had marched between twenty-five and thirty miles; the men were very weary and daylight was falling; the column was, therefore, halted for the night at a point about eleven miles in a straight line above the mouth of the stream. Next morning the movement was resumed, and after a march of nine miles Major Reno’s intrenched position was reached. The withdrawal of the Indians from around Reno’s command, and from the valley, was undoubtedly caused by the appearance of General Gibbon’s troops. Major Reno and Captain Benteen, both of whom are officers of great experience, accustomed to see large masses of mounted men, estimated the number of Indians engaged at not less than twenty-five hundred. Other officers think that the number was greater than this. The village in the valley was about three miles in length and about a mile in width. Besides the lodges proper, a great number of temporary brushwood shelters were found in it, indicating that many men, besides its proper inhabitants, had gathered together there.”
William Sellow, who now lives in Teton county, Montana, also one of the scouts who served under General Custer, contributes the following to the Dupuyer Acantha, July 15, 1899:
“Quite often, especially of recent years, I have seen articles in papers and magazines relating to the actions and motives of General Custer that led up to the massacre of his historic band. Most of these do grievious wrong to the bravest and best officer the United States government ever sent out to fight Indians on the frontier. Books, too, go so far as to call him a suicide and murderer for going at the head of his men into the battle of Little Big Horn on June 25, 1876.
319 “At that time I was in Custer’s employ as a civilian scout, and had known him for a long time. I knew his ways of attacking Indians, and knew his unbounded confidence in his men. I had known him to win Indian fights against greater odds than his last one. For instance, at Wichita, he routed them with a force that numbered ten to one. Had he, in his last fight been supported as he could and should have been, he would have won the day, and then the Sitting Bull war would have ended and not have lasted until it cost much money and many lives. Not until the buffalo were killed and other game became scarce were the Indians satisfied to accept government rations and spend their honeymoon at home. An Indian’s heart is never good until he is hungry and cold.
“Custer has been accused by would-be historians of going contrary to orders in his last campaign, and to refute these charges I write to follow him as far, or farther, than anyone else is truthfully capable of doing. That he did not go contrary to orders in his last movements the captain acting as General Terry’s adjutant at the time, if he is alive, will gladly, doubtless, testify. Unfortunately, I have forgotten his name. He will remember the greater part of the orders.
“After we, the scouts, delivered to Custer his last orders, I know he had no opportunity to receive any more, and as I recount the events as nearly as I can remember them at this length of time, it will be seen that I am correct.
“General Terry started myself and another scout to overtake and join Custer. After leaving the supply train and headquarters on about June 22, 1876, we reached the camp that night and delivered our message. The reader will see that in those stirring times when a scout was given a message it was in duplicate, one for the perusal of the scout and one for the receiver. These precautions were taken for fear one or both might be lost en route. In the first case the open one could be delivered, and in the second the scout might deliver320 the message from memory. I have yet in my possession the extra copy of this message, but unfortunately, it is so old and pocket-worn as to be only partially decipherable. From this, aided by memory, I give the message:
“‘To Lieutenant Colonel Custer, Seventh United States Cavalry:
“‘The brigadier general commanding desires that you proceed up the Rosebud in pursuit of the Indians, whose trail was discovered by Major Reno’s scouts a few days ago. Of course, it is impossible for me to give definite instructions with regard to this movement, and were it not impossible to do so, the department commander places too much confidence in your zeal, energy and ability to wish to impose upon you orders that would conflict with your own judgment and which might hamper your actions when nearly in contact with the enemy. I will, however, indicate to you his ideas of what your movements should be and he desires you to conform to them unless your own judgment should give you sufficient reasons for departing from them. He thinks you should proceed up the Rosebud until you ascertain definitely the direction in which the trail above spoken of leads. Should it be found that it turns toward the Little Big Horn he thinks you should still proceed southward as far as the headwaters of Tongue river and then toward the Rosebud and the Little Big Horn, keeping scouts out constantly to your left, so as to prevent the possibility of the escape of the Indians to the south or southeast by passing around your left flank. The column of Colonel Gibbons is now in motion for the mouth of the Big Horn. As soon as it reaches that point it will cross the Yellowstone and move up as far at least as the forks of the Big Horn and the Little Big Horn. Of course, its future will be controlled by circumstances as they exist. But it is hoped that the Indians, if upon the Little Big Horn, may be so nearly enclosed by the two columns that their escape will be impossible.
321 “‘The department commander desires that, on your way up the Rosebud, you should have your scouts thoroughly examine the upper part of Tullock’s fork, and that you should endeavor to send scouts through to Colonel Gibbon’s command with the result of your examination. The lower part of this will be examined by Colonel Gibbon’s scouts.
“‘The supply steamer will be pushed up the Big Horn as far as the forks of the Big and Little Big Horn, if the river is found navigable that far.
“‘The department commander, who will accompany the column of Colonel Gibbons, desires you to report to him there no later than the expiration of the time for which your troops are rationed, unless in the meantime you receive further orders.’
“After sleeping about two hours that same night we got fresh horses and Custer started us with instructions to go to the east of Tullock’s fork and to follow it down to its mouth at Tullock’s creek and to keep a sharp lookout for any signs of Indians, and to report to him again that night if possible. This we did, seeing nothing but the trail of a small war party going toward the Big Horn.
“We had been rolled up in our blankets but a few hours when Charlie Reynolds and a half-breed Sioux scout, Bill Cross, came in with a report which caused Custer to send for us again. After getting fresh horses we were given a dispatch to carry to Colonel Gibbon’s command. We reached the river, which we crossed by the aid of our horses’ tails with our clothes tied so as to keep them as dry as possible. We reached the command that day. The next morning I was sent back to the supply train, which was still at Powder river, and my companion was sent to join Benteen’s command. He was with the latter during his engagement with the Indians, and he gives Colonel322 Benteen great credit for bravery. The colonel, he says, when the men behind the breastworks ran short of ammunition, with his own hands carried it and threw it over to them, being all the time exposed to the deadly fire of the enemy.
“In twenty-four hours I reached the supply train and was afforded another opportunity to fill up and get some sleep. On the 26th we met a Sioux scout, Bloody Knife, coming in badly scared and he seemed to think that Custer had been killed, although he had not seen him. Another scout, George Mulligan, and myself had been sent out to find Custer.
“We had not gone far when we met Bill Cross and eight Ree Indian scouts. They had a few Sioux ponies which they said they had captured. They told us that Custer and his command were killed, but they did not seem to know much about it. They could not tell us just where the fight took place, hence we took little stock in their story. We learned afterward, however, that when Custer made the charge they gathered up the Sioux horses that had strayed out on the hills, and pulled out for a more healthy climate. Scout Reynolds had the same privilege, but chose to go into the battle, and was afterward found in the same deadly circle with General Custer with many empty shells around them as evidence of a desperate fight.
“Reynolds well knew of Custer’s ability to deal with the Indians against fearful odds, for he had previously fought with him. He also knew the odds he had to face that day, as we spoke of it when we last met and he proved by his actions that he could not have been aware of any wrong-doing on the part of the general when he, of his own free will, followed him that day.
“After leaving Cross and the Ree scouts we met Curley, the Crow Indian scout, who was with Custer at the beginning of the fight. That pock-marked villain and liar, Rain-in-the-Face,323 says Curley is a liar, that he was not there, but I know for a fact that Rain-in-the-Face had never met Curley, nor to the best of my knowledge has he ever seen him since. I have heard Rain talk and he will never get into the happy hunting grounds if veracity is to be his passport.
“When we met Curley he was so badly scared that I doubt if he would have known himself. He had a Sioux medicine or war pony in full paint and feathers, a Sioux blanket and part of a war bonnet that he wore in his escape, and which he got from a dead Sioux medicine man who was killed near him in the first attack. The blanket had some blood on it. His own horse was killed and he appropriated the medicine man’s property, and instead of trying to run the gauntlet he moved along with the enemy, trusting to his disguise to deceive them. When he saw an opportunity he dropped out of his bad company and escaped. When I last saw him with Custer he had his Crow clothes on and had his own pony, and he had no other chance to get the outfit. Had he been a white man he would not have had any chance of escape even with that rig. He does not claim to have tried to fight, but only to escape, and his first account of the affair is no doubt the correct one, as anyone acquainted with the Indians and their mode of fighting will admit its feasibility.
“I understand that there was an ex-soldier at the World’s Fair in Chicago, who posed as a soldier in the Seventh cavalry, who escaped from the fatal field. He was an impostor, for none but Curley left the ground alive. He may have dreamed it and believes in dreams.
“When the Seventh cavalry rode away from Fort Lincoln with the White Horse company, the band belonging to it played one of Custer’s favorites, ‘The Girl I Left Behind Me.’ Ever after that, when I heard the familiar tune on the plains, my mind was carried back to the parting scene at the fort,325 and in the foreground of memory’s picture stands, with tear-dimmed eyes, a sad, brave woman. Well might her heart nigh break, for she knew, as no one else did, that her brave husband was going on an expedition fraught with untold, hidden dangers, and not upon a summer outing.
“Crazy Horse and Goose, each with a band of Cheyennes, fought against Custer. In fact, the former was looked upon as the head war chief, Sitting Bull being more of a medicine man and prophet. The prevalent belief is that Sitting Bull was the worst Indian and head war chief. This is a mistake. There were several worse than he and more treacherous, but as most of them are dead and good Indians, I will not take the trouble to name them or to recount their good (?) deeds. Gall was the head man among those who fought Reno and Benteen, and would have got away with them only for the personal bravery of the latter.
“When General Terry left the field and General Miles took command all Terry’s and Custer’s scouts who were alive went to work for the new commander, except George Mulligan and Jimmy-from-Cork. But there were only five of us left—Bob and Bill Jackson, Vick Smith, Cody and myself. However, Miles re-enforced us with several others.
“Scout Billy Jackson was with Custer on the morning of the 25th, but left before the engagement to join Reno, and knew nothing of the terrible conflict until the next day. On the 27th they came to the battlefield, and Jackson, with four other scouts, identified the remains of General Custer and Scout Reynolds. His report of the battlefield may be vouched for, as he was ever known as a brave, cool, clear-headed and truthful scout, whom General Miles said he could always depend upon. He, too, maintains that Custer did not go contrary to orders.”
327 Custer had divided his force into three parts. Benteen had orders to sweep everything before him to the left, and Reno was to drive right at the enemy. But it seems that neither he nor any other officer who was in this campaign had an idea that the Indian forces were as strong as they proved to be. There were at least eight Indian warriors to one soldier; neither did he know that they were so well supplied with arms and ammunition. Here is where Custer was deceived, or likely he would have kept his men together and won the battle.
On the arrival of General Gibbon the dead were buried and the wounded men of Reno’s and Benteen’s commands were given attention. After Gibbon and his men returned to Fort Shaw, I had an interview with the general and with many of the soldiers who were on the battlefield and assisted in burying the dead. They said that all the men, except Custer, were horribly mutilated and divested of all their clothing.
Again we return to Sitting Bull. Soon after the death of Custer, Sheridan, who was at the head of the war department, called out troops and fought him the balance of the season almost continuously, but the great chief always avoided open battle. In October General Miles drove him across the Missouri river, killing some Indians, capturing two thousand men, women and children, and destroying many of their supplies. The warriors who remained were scattered and discouraged; skulked back into the mountains, while Sitting Bull, with his followers crossed the line into the British possessions. In the meantime Generals Crook and Terry fought and defeated Chief Crazy Horse on the Rosebud towards the close of the year.
To give an idea of the vastness of the country where the hostile Indians had established their camps, I will give the approximate area, which was 125 by 200 miles, or 25,000 square miles. The Yellowstone river is about 350 miles long,328 200 of which was included in this area. The length of Powder river is 150 miles; the Tongue river the same, the Rosebud 125, the Big Horn about of similar length. With all of the tributaries of these rivers, and with the hills and mountain passes, the Indians were familiar; in this respect they had the advantage over the military. To go into details of those campaigns, extending over this great territory—the fearful severity—the long marching for months at a time through an untrodden wilderness, and sometimes a scarcity of food, clothing and bedding—the many battles that were fought, to which I have made no reference; burying the dead and taking care of the wounded—to tell all this would make a book in itself. But one thing I will insert here: That monument in Custer county, which marks the graves of those who have given their lives for this mountain land, and are peacefully sleeping at the base of it, will be kept erect by the Montanians as long as those everlasting peaks which overlook this sacred spot from the mountain tops near by shall remain.
Robert Vaughn.
July 24, 1899.