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[ENG] The complex of Wetlands of Sastago-Bujaraloz constitutes a set of endorheic lagoons without drainage, temporary and saline, considered as the most extensive and important in Europe, being unique for its peculiarities. It is located between the towns of Bujaraloz (Huesca, Spain) and Sástago (Zaragoza, Spain) between the regions of Los Monegros and the Ribera Baja de Ebro. These lagoons are flooded after the rains, and some - located below the water table - They also receive underground water, the latter being the ones with the highest concentration of salts. The evaporation exposes the bottom of the lagoon with a characteristic white saline crust. The vegetation that lives in the salt flats is adapted to low rainfall and extreme temperatures, and is arranged in concentric rings depending on its tolerance to salinity, the macrophytes appearing inside the buckets. Among the inhabitants of the salt flats, the aquatic invertebrates that have adapted their cycle to the presence of water stand out. And in its vicinity you can see foxes, rabbits, garden dormouse and ocellated lizards, as well as the birds short-toed snake eagle, Eurasian stone-curlew, golden eagle, common sandpiper, lesser kestrel, Dupont's lark, black-bellied sandgrouse and pin-tailed sandgrouse.
The Salada de la Playa is the largest of the whole and with the greatest presence of water, in which there are ruins of constructions related to the exploitation of salt dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, between those that include evaporation terraces, wells, salt store and barracks of soldiers guarding the farms.
Other pictures in Saladas de Sástago-Bujaraloz album.
[ESP] El complejo de Humedales de Sástago-Bujaraloz constituye un conjunto de lagunas endorreicas (sin desagüe), temporales y salinas, considerado como el más extenso e importante de Europa, siendo único por sus particularidades. Está situado entre las localidades de Bujaraloz (Huesca, España) y Sástago (Zaragoza, España) entre las comarcas de Los Monegros y la Ribera Baja de Ebro. Estas lagunas se inundan tras las lluvias, y algunas –situadas por debajo del nivel freático- también reciben agua subterráneas, siendo estas últimas las que tienen mayor concentración de sales. La evaporación deja al descubierto el fondo de la laguna con una costra salina blanca característica. La vegetación que vive en las salinas está adaptada a las lluvias escasas y a las temperaturas extremas, y se dispone en anillos concéntricos en función de su tolerancia a la salinidad, apareciendo en el interior de las cubetas los macrófitos. Entre los moradores de las salinas destacan los invertebrados acuáticos que han adaptado su ciclo a la presencia de agua. Y en sus proximidades se pueden observar zorros, conejos, lirón careto y lagartos ocelados, así como las aves culebrera europea, avutarda, archibebe común, alcaraván, ágila real, andarríos chico, cernícalo primilla, rocín o alondra de Dupond, ganga ortega y ganga común.
La Salada de la Playa es la mayor de todo el conjunto y con mayor presencia de agua, en la que existen ruinas de construcciones relacionadas con la explotación de la sal que datan de los siglos XVII y XVIII, entre las que se incluyen eras de evaporación, pozos, almacén de sal y cuartel de soldados que custodiaban las explotaciones.
Más fotografías en el álbum Saladas de Sástago-Bujaraloz
197862
Ogunquit, Maine
Hasselblad 500 C/M, Carl Zeiss Planar 80mm f/2.8 C T*, Fuji Velvia 50
“Under the thinning fog the surf curled and creamed, almost without sound, like a thought trying to form itself on the edge of consciousness.” ~ Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep
Our big dog Glory was extremely ill for the first time ever. Without going into the gory details, she became very weak at one point, not even able to keep water down and we didn't think she would make it. She's only 4 years old and very trim and active. It turned out to be a bad batch of dog food. I had purchased a different brand of dog food when my usual was out of stock. Only Glory ate it but picky Bean would not. The food is -- Purina ONE Beyond -- their premium and supposedly natural, health conscious recipe. It sounds good on paper and the ingredient list is very impressive but the reality is something different.
Checking online revealed some very disturbing things...recalls of dog and cat food, recalls of soy products used in pet foods due to contamination and hundreds of complaints for Purina dog and cat food in the past few months alone. And very sad and tragic stories...pets were dieing. They were getting sick, exactly like Glory, recovering and then going back on the food! These unfortunate people didn't suspect it could be the food. It was heartbreaking.
My daughter was distraught and when Glory was at the very worst she took it upon herself to send Purina a message via twitter "Purina you bastards, you're killing my dog, how do you put this crap in the stores!!!" I asked her not to send any more messages to large corporations like that without telling me first but what was done was done. She received a lot of replies from people who felt the same way - And minutes later a reply from good old Purina. "We care please call us at our toll free number..."
I put a call in to Purina that morning, I was told they have not had any complaints about the food. I said come on, there are hundreds if not thousands of complaints online in recent months, do you mean to tell me, mine is actually the first complaint to Purina, ever?!! He replied, it was the first complaint that HE personally had received THAT DAY! I didn't need that kind of doubletalk or free coupons. I just want you not to put garbage in a bag labeled dog food. Good luck Purina. I hope the information I gave you helps you solve your problem, but I doubt it.
Glory is now doing well and I'm just happy I realized it was the food and stopped giving it to her. My kids have a new appreciation for their dogs and how fragile life is, so that is one good thing to come from this ordeal. I'm sorry this is so long but maybe it will help save a few pets. If your pet suddenly becomes sick please consider the food.
You can join a mailing list at this website to get notifications of any pet food recalls
Cet été, j'ai suivi un cours de pâtisserie donné par ma cousine. En collaboration avec une amie de ma soeur qui tient une boutique de gâteaux sans gluten.
Je n'ai pas pu participer, le matin, à la partie où les autres ont fait des fleurs en sucre, donc mon gâteau est plus simple.
C'était une expérience géniale et délicieuse
Le gâteau de ma nièce (plus élaboré : elle a fait les roses) est au premier plan
Last summer, I have followed a cooking lesson about cakes without gluten. It was given by my cousin and a friend of my sister. The first one teaches and the second sells breads or pastry without gluten.
I was not at the morning lesson, about sugar flowers, then my cake is very simple. But it was a delicious and great experiment
In the foreground, my eldest niece's cake, more elaborate : she has made the roses and the decoration
©All rights reserved. The use without my written permission is illegal
Seja feliz
Com seu país
Seja feliz
Sem raiz
Seja feliz
Com seu irmão
Seja feliz
Sem razão
Tão longa a estrada
Tão longa a sina
Tão curta a vida
Tão largo o céu
Tão largo o mar
Tão curta a vida
Curta a vida
Seja legal
Com seu amor
Seja legal
Sem pudor
Seja gentil
Com sua figura
Seja gentil
Sem frescura
Tão longa a estrada
Tão longa a sina
Tão curta a vida
Tão largo o céu
Tão largo o mar
Tão curta a vida
Curta a vida
©Sekitar --- All rights reserved. Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
PGB Photographer & Creative - © Philip Romeyn - Phillostar Gone Ballistic 2021 - Photo may not be edited from its original form. Commercial use is prohibited without contacting me.
The Tay Bridge carries a railway line across the Firth of Tay in Scotland, between the city of Dundee and the suburb of Wormit in Fife. Its span is 3.5 kilometres (2.75 miles), most of which is in a straight line running virtually north-south across the Tay. It curves eastwards towards Dundee.
From about 1854, there had been plans for a Tay crossing, to replace an early train-ferry. The first bridge opened in 1878. It was a single-track lattice design, notable for lightness and low cost. Its sudden collapse in a high wind on 28 December 1879 was one of the great engineering disasters of history, and its causes are still debated today.
The second bridge is a construction of iron and steel. The new bridge took just 5 years to build, thanks in most part to special pontoon equipment with hydraulic legs which were designed by William Arrol. The bridge was designed by William Henry Barlow . On June 10th 1887 there was a low key opening; that is without any ceremony.
This bridge is still in service. It’s situated 18 metres upstream of, and parallel to, the original bridge. Construction involved 25,000 metric tons (28,000 short tons) of iron and steel, 70,000 metric tons (77,000 short tons) of concrete, ten million bricks (weighing 37,500 metric tons (41,300 short tons)) and three million rivets. There are 85 piers. Fourteen men lost their lives during its construction, most by drowning.
In 2003, a £20.85 million strengthening and refurbishment project on the bridge won the British Construction Industry Civil Engineering Award, in consideration of the staggering scale and logistics involved.
Technical stuff
This HDR consists of three individual photos; taken in a series of +2/3, -1 2/3 and +2 1/3. The merging was done with Aurora HDR 2018. Deghosting was at a maximum setting, obviously due to the moving train in the frame. I picked the +2/3 shot as a reference.
Post-production involved highlighting the pastel colouring and dusk toning in the sky. Aurora HDR 2018 gives you the possibility to work in layers, therefore is fairly easy to treat different parts of the clouds differently. The wide angle lens, HDR-processing in combination with the many straight lines in the bridge’s construction, makes that the images has a bit more chromatic aberration at the edges than usual.
Without a health and safety sign the veils between worlds seemed to have grown thin and even ragged around the demonic clawed gateways. I had no idea that this was in existence til I stumbled into the empty room. All of the apparitions were well behaved and posed nicely for these rushed mobile phone images.
I have been feeling out of this world ill and these bright painted darkly lit mobile phone images have been an unusual joy to edit.
PHH Sykes 2022
phhsykes@gmail.com
Legends Nightclub and Bar
www.oldtownpubco.com/our-bars/legends-bar-edinburgh/
Rock has been housed in 71 Cowgate since the dawn of time.
Legends
71 Cowgate
Edinburgh
EH1 1JW
This image is protected by copyright, no use of this image shall be granted without the written permission from Yaman Ibrahim.
E per non cadere piu'... cambiare
Cambiare - Alex Baroni & Giorgia
Copyright © Giorgia Antoni - All rights reserved - Use without permission is illegal
seguimi su Gheorghia Street Photography
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2019 08 08
Hell♥' Girls, Friends, L♥vers!!!
Many kisses from me in this day!!! Lovely Hugs for AllYou!!!! What are you doing to do today? What do you think about my shot?? Thanks for yours cute comments on my photos, I l♥ve you So Much!!!! Kisses!!!! If you like this photo leave a (cute :) comment!!!! :* ♥♥♥
ZOO Blijdorp, Rotterdam (NL)
Taken through glass...:))
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Don't use this picture without my permission please..:))
large viewing: key L
For larger: double click
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Don't use this image without my permission
Marble, on the wall of a church, (outside), in Chiavari, ( Genova).
It was under a glass . so the photo is not very clear
Something not automotive based for a change...
In this world of constant connectivity and continuous updates that we have surrounded ourselves with, it's sometimes hard to truly be alone for a while.
Are we really alone without internet?
Whoever you are......
No matter how lonely
The world offers itself to your imagination
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZOW8ZuLG2o&hl=en-GB&gl=SG
Everybody's looking for a something
One thing that makes it all complete
When you've found that special thing....
You're flying without wings
© All rights reserved Anna Kwa. Please do not use this image on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit written permission
© Copyright 2013 Francisco Aragão
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© TODOS OS DIREITOS RESERVADOS. Usar sem permissão é ilegal.
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English
The Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (Catalan pronunciation: [muˈzɛw nəsiuˈnaɫ ˈdard də kətəˈɫuɲə], English: "National Art Museum of Catalonia"), abbreviated as MNAC, is the national museum of Catalan visual art located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Situated on Montjuïc hill at the end of Avinguda de la Reina Maria Cristina, near Pl Espanya. The museum is especially notable for its outstanding collection of romanesque church paintings, and for Catalan art and design from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including modernisme and noucentisme. The Museum is housed in the Palau Nacional, a huge, Italian-style building dating to 1929. The Palau Nacional, which has housed the Museu d'Art de Catalunya since 1934, was declared a national museum in 1990 under the Museums Law passed by the Catalan Government. That same year, a thorough renovation process was launched to refurbish the site, based on plans drawn up by the architects Gae Aulenti and Enric Steegmann, who were later joined in the undertaking by Josep Benedito. The Oval Hall was reopened in 1992 on the occasion of the Olympic Games, and the various collections were installed and opened over the period from 1995 (when the Romanesque Art section was reopened) to 2004. The Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (MNAC) was officially inaugurated on 16 December 2004.
Portuguese
O Museu Nacional de Arte da Catalunha (em catalão: Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya) também conhecido pela sua sigla MNAC, está situado no Palácio Nacional, no Parque de Montjuïc, na cidade de Barcelona, (Espanha). Destaca-se pela sua coleção de arte Românica, considerada uma das mais completas do mundo. O diretor do museu é Josep Serra i Villalba. O atual museu constitui-se em 1990 com a junção das coleções do Museu de Arte Moderna, criado em 1945, e o Museu de Arte da Catalunha, inaugurado em 1934. Às peças procedentes destes museus juntou-se uma nova secção de numismática, outra de gravuras assim como os fundos da Biblioteca Geral de História de Arte. Mais tarde, em 1996, juntou-se um novo departamento dedicado à fotografia. Em 2006 o museu possuía já quase 250. 000 obras nas diferentes coleções. Além das exposições temporárias e das itinerantes, o museu realiza também outras funções como são o estudo, conservação e restauro de obras de arte. O MNAC é um consórcio constituído pelo Governo da Catalunha, a Câmara Municipal de Barcelona e, desde o principio de 2005, pela Administração Geral do Estado. No patronato do museu estão representados, além das administrações públicas, os particulares e as entidades privadas que colaboram com o museu.
A sede principal encontra-se situada no Palácio Nacional, edifício situado na montanha de Montjuïc, inaugurado em 1929 no âmbito da Exposição Internacional celebrada na cidade. Além disso, outras três instituições fazem parte do conjunto do museu: a Biblioteca; o Museu Víctor Balaguer de Vilanova i la Geltrú, o Museu de la Garrotxa em Olot, e o Museu Cau Ferrat de Sitges.
Wikipedia
We're Here! : Almost Faces: covered up! (molded?)[but seen...]
Running out of ideas? Join We're Here!
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All material in my gallery MAY NOT be reproduced, copied, edited, published, transmitted or uploaded in any way without my written permission.
Para La vuelta al mundo en su tercer aniversario. Tema [ Textos ]
Y para nuestro querido grupo de marzer@s: Volando Solos. Tema: bicis.
Textura 1 "Grey Vintage" de Mariví Troy
Textura 2: Ges.
Acción "Retro3" y "Vintage" de Carol Yepes
Travelling Without Moving - jamiroquai
MEJOR VER SOBRE FONDO NEGRO!!
VIEW ON BLACK BACKGROUND!!
My facebook I 500px I My Blurb Book
I'm not a photographer. I'm just learning to enjoy while I take pictures.
A pair of Class 153s seen passing through Llansamlet with the 1W62. 11.05 hrs Milford Haven to Manchester Piccadilly (Photo By Steve Powell)
All rights reserved, no use without license
++++++ From Wikipedia +++++++
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.
Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.
Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]
Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.
Etymology
Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]
The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]
Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]
Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]
Imperial China
Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]
After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]
From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.
European discovery
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.
Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]
British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London
Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.
File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media
Hong Kong filmed in 1937
In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
Japanese occupation: 1941–45
Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]
Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.
Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953
In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.
Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.
A sky view of Hong Kong Island
An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986
To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]
In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]
The Hong Kong question
In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.
The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.
It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.
Handover and Special Administrative Region status
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Transfer of sovereignty
Golden Bauhinia Square
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.
Structure of government
Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]
Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.
Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]
The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]
In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.
Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]
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Without a GE engine anywhere in sight, CSX marches the ethanol cans across the Hoosier State, ironically, through the cut cornfields.
Seen here, train B841 (Decatur, IL, DREI run-through to Sewaren, NJ, ethanol loads) does the honors near Cromwell, Indiana on CSX's former B&O Garrett Sub.
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English
Zeiss Ikon Super Ikonta A, catalog number 531. Prewar, with uncoated 75/3.5 Carl Zeiss Jena Tessar. Coupoled rangefinder, Albada finder. Note the Zeiss-Ikon nameplate, some have this, some have the more usual impression in the leather. Note also the polished aluminum edges; this was done after the camera left the factory, probably because the black enamel became chipped (very common problem). In this case, and a few others I have seen, the removal of enamel and polishing were done so nicely that it looks almost like it was meant to be that way.
Zeiss Ikon Super Ikonta 531
Made from 1937 to 1956, the Zeiss Ikon Super Ikonta 531 is the smallest of the Super Ikonta series. It is very light and fits easily in a pocket. The model shown on the picture has a Compur Rapid shutter with speeds up to 1/500 s but without flash sync. The lens is a coated 75 mm f/3.5 Tessar. The shutter release is on top of the body. The film advance knob has a double exposure prevention system. A coupled rangefinder and albada viewfinder are located on top of the body.
This camera is splendid and very pleasant to use. One can wonder what prevents today's camera makers to bring this concept up to modern standards.
Characteristics
Format
4.5 x 6 cm (120 rollfilm)
Lens
Zeiss Tessar 75 mm f/3.5, coated
Shutter
central, Compur Rapid, from 1/500 s to 1 s, B pose, self-timer
Carl Zeiss AG is a German manufacturer of optical systems, industrial measurements and medical devices, founded in Jena, Germany in 1846 by Carl Zeiss, Ernst Abbe, and Otto Schott. There are currently two parts of the company, Carl Zeiss AG located in Oberkochen with important subsidiaries in Aalen, Göttingen and Munich, and Carl Zeiss GmbH located in Jena.
The organisation is named after a founder, the German optician Carl Zeiss (1816–1888).
Carl Zeiss is the premier company of the Zeiss Gruppe, one of the two large divisions of the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung. The Zeiss Gruppe is located in Heidenheim and Jena.
The other division of the Carl Zeiss Foundation, the glass manufacturer Schott AG and Jenaer Glaswerk, is located in Mainz and Jena.
Carl Zeiss is one of the oldest existing optics manufacturers in the world.
Zeiss corporate history
The manufacturer Zeiss in Göttingen
Carl Zeiss opened an optics workshop in Jena in 1846. By 1847 he was making microscopes full-time. By 1861 Zeiss was considered to be among the best scientific instruments in Germany with about 20 people working under him with his business still growing. By 1866 the Zeiss workshop sold their 1,000th microscope. In 1872 physicist Ernst Abbe joined Zeiss and along with Otto Schott designed greatly improve lenses for the optical instruments they were producing. After Carl Zeiss's death in 1888, the business was incorporated as the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung in 1889.
By World War I, Zeiss was the world's largest location of camera production. Zeiss Ikon represented a significant part of the production along with dozens of other brands and factories, and also had major works at Dresden.
In 1928 Hensoldt AG was acquired by Carl Zeiss and has produced the Zeiss binoculars and riflescopes since 1964., occasionally resulting in twin products being offered under both the Hensoldt and Zeiss brand names. The Hensoldt System Technology division (resulting from a merger of the military optics operations of Leica and Hensoldt) was continued by Zeiss under the Hensoldt name until 2006.
As part of Nazi Germany Zwangsarbeiter program, Zeiss used forced labour during the Second World War. The destruction of the war caused many companies to divide into smaller subcompanies and others to merge. There was great respect for the engineering innovation that came out of Dresden—before the war the world's first 35 mm single-lens reflex camera, the Kine Exakta, and the first miniature camera with good picture quality were developed there.
At the end of the war Jena was occupied by the US Army. When Jena and Dresden were incorporated into the Soviet occupation zone, later East Germany, Zeiss Jena was assisted by the US army to relocate to the Contessa manufacturing facility in Stuttgart, West Germany, while the remainder of Zeiss Jena was taken over by the (Eastern) German Democratic Republic as Kombinat VEB Zeiss Jena. As part of the World War II reparations, the Soviet army took most of the existing Zeiss factories and tooling back to the Soviet Union as the Kiev camera works.
The western business was restarted in Oberkochen (in southwestern Germany) as Opton Optische Werke Oberkochen GmbH in 1946, which became Zeiss-Opton Optische Werke Oberkochen GmbH in 1947, but was soon renamed to Carl Zeiss. West German Zeiss products were labelled Opton for sale in the Eastern bloc, while East German Zeiss products were labelled "Zeiss Jena" for sale in Western countries.
In 1973, the Western Carl Zeiss AG entered into a licensing agreement with the Japanese camera company Yashica to produce a series of high-quality 35 mm film cameras and lenses bearing the Contax and Zeiss brand names. This collaboration continued under Yashica's successor, Kyocera, until the latter ceased all camera production in 2005. Zeiss later produced lenses for the space industry and, more recently, has again produced high-quality 35 mm camera lenses. The eastern Zeiss Jena was also well known for producing high-quality products
Following German reunification, VEB Zeiss Jena—reckoned as one of the few East German firms that was even potentially able to compete on a global basis—became Zeiss Jena GmbH, which became Jenoptik Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH in 1990. In 1991, Jenoptik Carl Zeiss Jena was split in two, with Carl Zeiss AG (Oberkochen) taking over the company's divisions for microscopy and other precision optics (effectively reuniting the pre-war Carl Zeiss enterprise) and moving its microscopy and planetarium divisions back to Jena. Jenoptik GmbH was split off as a specialty company in the areas of photonics, optoelectronics, and mechatronics.
The Hensoldt AG was renamed Carl Zeiss Sports Optics GmbH on 1 October 2006.
The companies of the Zeiss Gruppe in and around Dresden have branched into new technologies: screens and products for the automotive industry, for example. Zeiss nonetheless still continues to be a camera manufacturer, and still produces the Pentacon, Praktica, and special-use lenses (e.g., Exakta).
Today, there are arguably three companies with primarily Zeiss Ikon heritage: Zeiss Germany, the Finnish/Swedish Ikon (which bought the West German Zeiss Ikon AG), and the independent eastern Zeiss Ikon.
Innovations
The Zeiss company was responsible for many innovations in optical design and engineering. Early on, Carl Zeiss realised that he needed a competent scientist so as to take the firm beyond just being another optical workshop. In 1866, the service of Dr Ernst Abbe was enlisted. From then on novel products appeared in rapid succession which brought the Zeiss company to the forefront of optical technology.
Abbe was instrumental in the development of the famous Jena optical glass. When he was trying to eliminate astigmatism from microscopes, he realised that the range of optical glasses available was insufficient. After some calculations, he realised that performance of optical instruments would dramatically improve, if optical glasses of appropriate properties were available. His challenge to glass manufacturers was finally answered by Dr Otto Schott, who established the famous glassworks at Jena from which new types of optical glass began to appear from 1888 to be employed by Zeiss and other makers.
The new Jena optical glass also opened up the possibility of increased performance of photographic lenses. The first use of Jena glass in a photographic lens was by Voigtländer, but as the lens was an old design its performance was not greatly improved. Subsequently the new glasses would demonstrate their value in correcting astigmatism, and in the production of apochromatic lenses. Abbe started the design of a photographic lens of symmetrical design with five elements, but went no further.
Zeiss' domination of photographic lens innovation was due to Dr Paul Rudolph. In 1890, Rudolph designed an asymmetrical lens with a cemented group at each side of the diaphragm, and appropriately named "Anastigmat". This lens was made in three series: Series III, IV and V, with maximum apertures of f/7.2, f/12.5, and f/18 respectively. In 1891, Series I, II and IIIa appeared with respective maximum apertures of f/4.5, f/6.3, and f/9 and in 1893 came Series IIa of f/8 maximum aperture. These lenses are now better known by the trademark "Protar" which was first used in 1900.
At the time, single combination lenses, which occupy one side of the diaphragm only, were still popular. Rudolph designed one with three cemented elements in 1893, with the option of fitting two of them together in a lens barrel as a compound lens, but it was found to be the same as the Dagor by C.P. Goerz, designed by Emil von Hoegh. Rudolph then came up with a single combination with four cemented elements, which can be considered as having all the elements of the Protar stuck together in one piece. Marketed in 1894, it was called the Protarlinse Series VII, the most highly corrected single combination lens with maximum apertures between f/11 and f/12.5, depending on its focal length.
But the important thing about this Protarlinse is that two of these lens units can be mounted in the same lens barrel to form a compound lens of even greater performance and larger aperture, between f/6.3 and f/7.7. In this configuration it was called the Double Protar Series VIIa. An immense range of focal lengths can thus be obtained by the various combination of Protarlinse units.
Rudolph also investigated the Double-Gauss concept of a symmetrical design with thin positive meniscii enclosing negative elements. The result was the Planar Series Ia of 1896, with maximum apertures up to f/3.5, one of the fastest lenses of its time. Whilst it was very sharp, it suffered from coma which limited its popularity. However, further developments of this configuration made it the design of choice for high-speed lenses of standard coverage.
Probably inspired by the Stigmatic lenses designed by Hugh Aldis for Dallmeyer of London, Rudolph designed a new asymmetrical lens with four thin elements, the Unar Series Ib, with apertures up to f/4.5. Due to its high speed it was used extensively on hand cameras.
The most important Zeiss lens by Rudolph was the Tessar, first sold in 1902 in its Series IIb f/6.3 form. It can be said as a combination of the front half of the Unar with the rear half of the Protar. This proved to be a most valuable and flexible design, with tremendous development potential. Its maximum aperture was increased to f/4.7 in 1917, and reached f/2.7 in 1930. It is probable that every lens manufacturer has produced lenses of the Tessar configuration.
Rudolph left Zeiss after the First World War, but many other competent designers such as Merté, Wandersleb, etc. kept the firm at the leading edge of photographic lens innovations. One of the most significant designer was the ex-Ernemann man Dr Ludwig Bertele, famed for his Ernostar high-speed lens.
With the advent of the Contax by Zeiss-Ikon, the first serious challenge to the Leica in the field of professional 35 mm cameras, both Zeiss-Ikon and Carl Zeiss decided to beat the Leica in every possible way. Bertele's Sonnar series of lenses designed for the Contax were the match in every respect for the Leica for at least two decades. Other lenses for the Contax included the Biotar, Biogon, Orthometar, and various Tessars and Triotars.
The last important Zeiss innovation before the Second World War was the technique of applying anti-reflective coating to lens surfaces. A lens so treated was marked with a red "T", short for "Transparent". The technique of applying multiple layers of coating was developed from this basis after the war, and known as "T✻" (T-star).
After the partitioning of Germany, a new Carl Zeiss optical company was established in Oberkochen, while the original Zeiss firm in Jena continued to operate. At first both firms produced very similar lines of products, and extensively cooperated in product-sharing, but they drifted apart as time progressed. Jena's new direction was to concentrate on developing lenses for the 35 mm single-lens reflex camera, and many achievements were made, especially in ultra-wide angle designs. In addition to that, Oberkochen also worked on designing lenses for large format cameras, interchangeable front element lenses such as for the 35 mm single-lens reflex Contaflex, and other types of cameras.
Since the beginning of Zeiss as a photographic lens manufacturer, it has had a licensing programme which allows other manufacturers to produce its lenses. Over the years its licensees included Voigtländer, Bausch & Lomb, Ross, Koristka, Krauss, Kodak. etc. In the 1970s, the western operation of Zeiss-Ikon got together with Yashica to produce the new Contax cameras, and many of the Zeiss lenses for this camera, among others, were produced by Yashica's optical arm, Tomioka. As Yashica's owner Kyocera ended camera production in 2006, and Yashica lenses were then made by Cosina, who also manufactured most of the new Zeiss designs for the new Zeiss Ikon coupled rangefinder camera. Another licensee active today is Sony who uses the Zeiss name on lenses on its video and digital still cameras.
Reputation
Now over 150 years old, Zeiss continues to be associated with expensive and high-quality optical lenses. Zeiss lenses are generally thought to be elegant and well-constructed, yielding high-quality images. Even old lens designs such as the Tessar demonstrate engineering elegance and in the modern age of plastic parts, many Zeiss lenses are still made with predominantly metal components.
Zeiss licenses its technology to be manufactured by third-party companies and indeed, many have done so. Notable names include Hasselblad, a famous name in medium format professional cameras. Rollei, Yashica, Sony, Logitech and Alpa amongst others, have used or manufactured lenses under Zeiss license. The Contax line of 35 mm cameras, first produced by Yashica and subsequently Kyocera until 2005 are perhaps the most well known to fit Zeiss lenses. Notably absent from this list are Canon, Nikon, and Pentax, who by and large produce their own lenses.
On 27 April 2005 the company announced a collaboration with Nokia in the camera phone market. The first product to emerge out of this collaboration is the Nokia N90.
Outside the world of cameras and imaging, Zeiss also produces spectacle lenses, particularly lenses made from high refractive index glass, allowing people whose prescriptions require stronger spectacles to use thinner lenses. These are sold in many countries. As of 2010 Carl Zeiss eyeglass lenses are sold in the United States through Carl Zeiss Vision Inc.
The Carl Zeiss Industrial Metrology subsidiary is a respected source of coordinate measurement machines and mutidimensional metrology systems. Zeiss is a recognized partner to the automotive industry.
A unique triplet of ultra-fast 50 mm f/0.7 lenses originally created by Zeiss for NASA's lunar program had the distinction of being reused by Stanley Kubrick in the filming of his historical drama, "Barry Lyndon". The period atmosphere of the film demanded that several indoor scenes be filmed by candlelight. To facilitate this, Kubrick had, with great difficulty, the lenses modified to mount onto a cinema camera and two of them subsequently further modified in separate ways to give wider angles of view.
Zeiss is currently in the process of designing the optical components for the James Webb Space Telescope set to replace the Hubble Space Telescope sometime in 2018.
Wikipedia
Another pic of the High speed line-up but without the Deltic this time. From left is Eurostar (class 373) No.3999, HST 43004, Pendolino 390119 & 91105 renumbered as 91150. Seen at the Greatest Gathering, Derby Litchurch lane 2/8/25.
This image may not be used in any way without prior permission
© All rights reserved 2015
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Toronto Pearson International Airport CYYZ
TF-FIU
Hekla Aurora - Northern Lights
Icelandair
Boeing 757-200
26243 / 603
Twitter: @TomPodolec
... is like a day without alcohol!
Ahoi, captain obvious...
Oi mate, that's Captain Hook for you!
I mean, you need to compare it to something else, be it good or bad or funny.
Say what?
Like... is a lost day.
Ha, I don't remember how many days I've lost to alcohol.
Don't you ever drink anything else?
Like what?
What about water?
But that's unhygienic! There's sharks and ships in it!
Yeah, right.
Skål, ye landlubbers!
Cheers!
-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-
A rare occasion of having unaltered collectable minifigures from three series (22,14,8) in one picture. This is the same background I used on the red King's Guard. Didn't bother yet to make it a real build, because it's easier to take pictures on an open stage.
Toy Project Day 3249
Mutata, Antioquia Colombia.
©MauricioAgudelo 2018. All rights reserved. Use without permission is illegal
(Foto de hace más de una semana.. Vale muchísimo más la pena verla en grande. En la segunda foto del tríptico del comentario, el hombre vio que le haciamos una foto y se digno a saludar ^^)
*Se acabaron los exámenes por esta semana, ahora solo queda preparar la exposición oral de inglés! Mañana a Barcelona al teatro.
PGB Photographer & Creative - © Philip Romeyn - Phillostar Gone Ballistic 2021 - Photo may not be edited from its original form. Commercial use is prohibited without contacting me.