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How video games are good for the brain
Concerns about violent programs persist, but researchers are discovering that playing can boost cognitive function and foster positive behavior
copyright © 2009 sean dreilinger
view sequoia watches nick playing lego batman on the nintendo DS - _MG_6067 embed on a black background.
Finally used this PX680 film which expired in 07/13.
Camera used was a Polaroid SX-70 along with Mint Lens Set's ND Filter and 1 stop darker on the camera exposure dial. Still blown out!
Weather Condition: Sunny
Temperature: 32C
First attempt at using filters and a big stopper!!! quite addictive and takes ages
quite an evening and what a view, the great sunset made up for the mount not putting on their lights after a long wait in hope!
Sundays (after dark) and Tuesday if you are wanting to get the effect!
Uses a browning 92 barrel, Desert Eagle mags and a modified Yugo gas system, would make a hell of a brush gun or hog rifle
These two beauties used to belong to my uncle, who kept great care of them and even stored them in their original boxes. I have refurbished and cleaned them, removing the old seams and rotten leather and replacing them with new ones. They're both in great shape and full working order, and ready to find a new owner :D
The Yashica FX-D comes with the original leather case, strap and user manual. The Contax 139 Q is just the same as the one I use for many of my photos. It comes in the original box, with the user manual in mint condition. If you don't like the new "skin" it's easily removable and you can relpace it with the one you like from stores like Cameraleather or Aki-Asahi. I also have the flash unit for it, the Contax TLA 20, in its original box with user manual and leather case.
As for lenses and such, I have the following, all in their original boxes and leather cases: Tamron lens, 28-50mm, F 3.5 and Yashica ML zoom lens, 80-200 mm.
I haven't set a price yet, but I'll happily hear your offers. I can send you extra pictures if you like :D
Use this image without my permission is illegal. All Rights Reserved ste.t.©
La meditazione (dal latino meditatio, riflessione) è, in generale, la pratica di concentrazione della mente su uno o più oggetti, immagini, pensieri (o talvolta su nessun oggetto) a scopo religioso, spirituale, filosofico o semplicemente di miglioramento delle proprie condizioni psicofisiche.
Built using Peter L. Morris' instructions. I'd certainly never think about building something like this on my own, but I'm pretty impressed by people who can. A great learning experience.
Instruments used:
Ludwig concert toms - 10, 12, 13, 14-inch.
Yamaha 20-inch kick drum
Yamaha 14-inch floor tom
Yamaha 6.5x14-inch snare drum
Bison 6.5x14-inch snare drum
Zildjian 14-inch "New Beat" hi-hat
Zildjian 18-inch "A" crash cymbal
Zildjian 20-inch ride cymbal
Latin Percussion ES-5 Salsa Timbale cowbell
Latin Percussion ES-2 Cha-Cha Salsa cowbell
Latin Percussion 5-3/4-inch cowbell
Latin Percussion 1205 Jam Block
Finger cymbals
not pictured: Grover Pro 8-inch triangle
I could get used to this Vacation Bible School. #nofilter
7 Likes on Instagram
2 Comments on Instagram:
heyhildie: My husband is convinced that VBS will try to indoctrinate our kids with all sorts of ideas about the Trinity and baptism by sprinkling. I'm like "so what! It's five mornings a week and costs $20! They can worship Vishnu for all I care!"
seagullfountain: Totally, @heyhildie. My kids are singing terrible songs like "I'm hooked, hooked on Jesus!" And memorizing John 3:16; it's a scandal! (But of course since it's California it costs $50. Still a steal.)
1940's era buildings used for building munitions for the military. Seen in the Savanna Army Depot, near Savanna, Illinois. Just a few of the numerous warehouse buildings, most connected by rail, in this (mostly) abandoned facility. A number of these buildings are being used by commercial enterprises for storage.
Savanna Army Depot was a 13,062-acre (52.86 km2) installation, located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, in Carroll and Jo Daviess counties, around seven miles (11 km) north of Savanna, Illinois. It was opened in 1917 as a proving and testing facility for weapons developed at Rock Island Arsenal. In 1921 it became a weapons depot. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) listed the depot as a Superfund site in 1989.[1] The depot was selected for closure through the Base Realignment and Closure process in July 1995 and was officially closed on March 18, 2000. The Jo-Carroll Local Redevelopment Authority (LRA) was established to redevelop a portion of the property for commercial and business usage referred to as the Savanna Depot Park. On September 26, 2003, the United States Department of Defense agreed to transfer 9,404 acres (38.06 km2) of land to become the Lost Mound Unit of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge. 3,022 acres (12.23 km2) were initially transferred with the rest to be transferred following environmental cleanup. The portion near Lock and Dam No. 12 was transferred to the United States Army Corps of Engineers and a small part to the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
Used Photomatrix to process this... I'm happy with the result, it's close to my vision of the scene.
Please do not use this image without my prior consent.
Morgenthal Frederics PURO Eyeglasses. Lens 39mm (with lens holder) D.B.L. 22mm
PURO is a unique, simple design eyeglasses. Titanium frame with acetate lens holder. The Ti frame comes in pewter, polished chrome, gummetal, bronze finish. Lens holder comes in White, Black, Brown, Tortoise and Horn. PURO are sold with or without lens holders with price difference. The acetate piece is not a decoration piece that mount on the Ti frame. The lens actually set in it instead of Ti frame itself. It is very cool looking and no need to worry that they will fell out. PURO is not perfectly round or oval.
As pretty as it is, I had THE WORSE experience EVER with PURO. It was purchased at Morgenthal Frederics at 59th Street in Time Warner Center building. Sale was helpful cuz I had intend of buying. At the time, I wasn't sure to go for acetate or not and was told the lens holder can be purchase separately if I change my mind. So I went for the Ti frame only. The frame was around $420 and another $400 for the lens. The $400 lens doesn't include all the coating and 4 times more than what I usually pay for. After owning it for 3 month, I found out that the frame is not perfect round or oval. The imperfect roundness bother my mind greatly. I thought the acetate lens holder would help to notice the frame shape so I thought I'll pay them a visit.
I went back to the store I bought it from and told the sales I would like to purchase the lens holder and would nice if they can insert it for me. It was different sales this time and he told me "NO, we don't sell them separately." I told them I was inform so and how can I get a lens holder? "Sir, you have to purchase a brand new frame with it." I told them the idea was ridiculous, cuz if the told me so the first place, I would made different choice. "Sir, we can't help you unless you buy a brand new frame." I left the store ANGRY and thought she don't know what she is talking about, let me went a different store and see what they say. Some one gotta make some sense right?!
I went to their store on the 63rd & Madison with the same request. Sales ask me where my frame originally from and call the Time Warner store to confirm. While he was on the phone, he was judging me through his eyes and told me "NO. They said you were just at Time Warner Store and they have told you everything you need to know. I am sorry". I was FURIOUS this time.
Still not giving it up, thanks god I got unlimited subway pass. I went to 74th Street & Madison store. I told them I went through 2 stores already if they wanna call and confirm, be my guest. I told them the whole story and what 2 stores were tell me and how I am furious before I enter this store and hoping they can give me a better answer. They respond. "We can give you the lens holder for free, but you have to buy a set of brand lens from us." (which was $400) I asked "why, optician can just re-shape it". They respond, "The lens is too thin, they will break." I told them, "why don't you sell me the lens holder, and I will ask my optician." They say, "sorry, we can't do that. Not unless you buy a set of brand new lens. What an unbelievable bunch of assholes!
At last I went to their last store in Manhattan located at W. Broadway in SoHo. I told spoke with the manager, told them the 3 stores responses. I let him decided if anything make any sense. "They might misunderstood with your request. You know what, I'll give the lens holder to you for free. We want our customer to be happy." Took me to go through all stores with anger. All, because their sales misinform their customer.
I took the lens holder to Abe, my optician in Chinatown. I ask him if he can reshape my current lens into the lens holder. Took Abe 5 min. and lens set in the holder. "the lens is made of plastic not glass, why they think it will break?" I took the frame back, scratch & Spot less, PERFECT. I ask Abe, "Can you check the lens quality and coating, how much you will charge to match it." Abe check it and responded, "$120, for you, I'll charge $100. This lens doesn't have all the coating you usually have on. $100 you got everything." I ask him if this lens is higher end, thinner, better in any other way? "No, it is the same thing we are using here. It is not better or special." I did not respond. I did not tell Abe about Morgenthal Frederics charge $400 dollars for them with less coating. They absolutely made me feel like a FOOL.
Everything above is 100% true. Morgenthal Frederics products no doubt are well made but people working for the company seem too money hungry. I told everyone what you guys have done so they can have 2nd thoughts before buying Morgenthal Frederics products. Morgenthal Frederics sure gave me the worse shopping experience. Now, whenever people search for Morgenthal Frederics online, my review will show up with it. I will NEVER buy another pair from you guys and I hope this review will HURT your company deeply.
Customers are the reasons why your company is still standing. Remember it well and treat them good. WORDS do spread. Reputation has to earn it by SERVICE.
Personal use only, please! Scanned from a 70's antiques magazine. I would love to see how you use this in your art.
The drawers have been rebuilt and refinished and new green felt liners were installed.
Every drawer is different and the drawer guides are made to match. It can only be assembled with the drawers in a certain position. I laid out the drawer positions with ,050 thousands clearance (less than 1/16 per side) on each drawer.
. The old screw holes for the pulls were filled and finished.
.Some drawer pulls-knobs were missing, and none of the remaining pulls matched. New pulls-knobs were purchased and installed Pulls are of brass w/ an 8/32 screw from behind.
1/8" Red Oak ply has been added to the top of a box made of scrap plywood. The drawer guides are made from clear pine that I cut out of new door frame molding.
The top trim is Oak molding and the bottom trim was cut from Oak Lattice.
The sides are made from pine. Dark Oak Stain and Maple Stain have been used in different area because of the different absorption rates of Oak and Pine.
Carpenters glue, brass screws and finishing nails were used in the box's assembly.
Finish is three coats of Semi-Gloss Varnish, sanded in between coats w/ 220 grit paper,
Final finish is a light rub of 0000# steel wool and a final coat of wiping varnish applied. ( regular varnish thinned 50% w/ spirits )
Absolutely no use of TurnAround_2048 photographs without prior written permission.
Member: Pinoy Bus Fanatic (PBF)
Basic Details:
Line: NAFTI Transport, Corp.
Fleet No.: 130
License Plate No.: (hidden)
Coachbuilder: Del Monte Motor Works, Inc.
Model: Aero Adamant
Route of operation: FTI Complex, Taguig City - Navotas City
Seating configuration/capacity: 3x2 / 58
Location: FTI Complex / Arca South Terminal, Brgy. Western Bicutan, Taguig City
Date: 2016-02-08
Engine:
Engine Manufacturer: Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Co., Ltd.
Engine Type: YC6A240-20
Number of Cylinders & Arrangement: 6, Inline
Displacement, cc: ?
Power Output:
> In bhp: 236.71
> In PS: 240.00
> In kW: 176.52
Chassis:
Chassis Manufacturer: Dongfeng Motor Co.
Chassis Type: ?
Chassis Length: 11.xx m
Transmission:
Method: Manual Transmission
Nr. of Gears:
> Forward: 6
> Reverse: 1
Notes:
1) Specifications are subject to change without prior notice.
2) The license plate of the bus concerned was blurred to prevent any conflict.
3) I have taken this photo for the enjoyment of anyone interested in buses.
4) For any corrections, comment it.
5) Violent and personal comments will be deleted without any notice. Personal comments should be in FlickrMail, not in the comments. I don't want my reputation be ruined.
Used a Nikon D90 with a 70-200mm lens @ 100mm.
This mama (RIP) per orders from the house mama was terminated shortly after this along with as many little 'un's as could be found.
Wolf Spider commonly found in AZ can get as large as 1.38 inches (this one was close to that). They are not dangerous to humans or pets but are dangerous to moths, ants, grasshoppers, earwigs, cockroaches, beetles, crickets, and other spiders.
Still it's kinda creepy what with all those little spidey's crawling over mama and mama being so big.
I wanted to mend a hole in my pjs so I got out the vintage speedweve darner and found a similar colored darning wool from my stash. This awesome gadget basically facilitates the weaving process so that it takes no time at all to mend your socks, clothing, etc.
The closeup of the darner is here:
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Francisco Aragão © 2014. All Rights Reserved.
Use without permission is illegal.
Attention please !
If you are interested in my photos, they are available for sale. Please contact me by email: aragaofrancisco@gmail.com. Do not use without permission.
Many images are available for license on Getty Images
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Portuguese
A Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário, a Matriz de Pirenópolis, é um templo católico, localizado na cidade de Pirenópolis, Goiás.
Para o povo goiano a Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário é o maior centro da fé católica, e ainda daquelas que, pelo sincretismo, têm no local o ponto máximo da religião. É a mais tradicional igreja católica estado de Goiás, dedicada a Nossa Senhora do Rosário, padroeira dos pirenopolinos. A imagem de Nossa Senhora do Rosário veio para Pirenópolis em 1727, sendo a padroeira da cidade.
English
Pirenópolis is a town located in the Brazilian state of Goiás. It is well known for its waterfalls and colonial architecture, and a popular festival involving mounted horses called Festa do Divino Espírito Santo which takes place 45 days after Easter.
The history of Pirenópolis begins in 1727 when it was founded with the name of Minas de Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Meia Ponte, Meia Ponte (half a bridge) because half of the bridge over the Almas River was swept away in a flood. The first colonizers were Portuguese who came for the gold easily found in the Rio das Almas. From 1750 to 1800 there was a golden age when four churches were built and Pirenópolis competed with Vila Boa (present day Cidade de Goiás) as the richest town in the province. After 1800 a downturn over gold mining was set and the part of the population emigrated. With the change of commercial routes to Anápolis, the city became economically isolated. The first newspaper in the province, the Matutina Meiapontense, was published in Meia Ponte in 1830 by Joaquim Alves de Oliveira. In 1890 the city changed its name from Meia Ponte to Pirenópolis, the city of the Pireneus, the mountains located nearby. In 1960 with the construction of Brasília there was an intensive exploitation of the famous Pedra de Pirenópolis (quartzite-micáceo). In the 1980s the hippies arrived with their alternative communities and production of handicrafts. Pirenópolis was born again with a huge influx of tourists, especially from Brasília. Churches were restored and all the electrical wiring was put underground.
Pyrenópolis (archaic orthography), later Pirenópolis , means “the City of the Pireneus”. Its name comes from the mountain range that surrounds the city, that is Mountain range of the Pireneus . According to local tradition, the mountain range received this name for having in the region immigrant Spaniards, probably Catalans. Because of some similarity with their native Pyrenees of Europe, a mountain chain situated between Spain and France, they had then given this mountain range the Latin name of Pireneus.
Listed as an architectural, urbanistic, landscape and historical heritage for IPHAN - the Institute of National Historic and Artistic Heritage, in 1989, the city has a Historical Center with large, ornate houses and churches of the 18th century, such as: First Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (1728–1732), Churches of Our Lady of the Carmo (1750–1754) and the Church of Our Lord of the Bonfim (Pirenópolis) (1750–1754), and buildings such as the Theater of Pirenópolis, a hybrid style between colonial and neo-classic, of 1899, and the Cine-Pireneus, built in the art-deco style, of 1919 and the House of Chamber and Jail constructed in 1919 as an identical restoration of the 1733 original.
The climate is humid sub-tropical with two well-defined seasons: the rainy season, which goes from October to March, and the dry season, which goes from April to September. Parts of the municipality are mountainous and maintain some climatic variations due to altitude.
The economy is based on agriculture (coffee, citrus fruits, soybeans, and corn), cattle raising (130,000 head in 2006), services, public administration, and small transformation industries. There are several small food, clothing, and furniture industries.
Major attractions include Igreja Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Meia Ponte, the oldest church in Goiás, and the church Igreja Nosso Senhor do Bonfim. It also has a hippie-like colony which markets clothing and silverwork.
Today Pirenópolis is known all over Brazil for its popular festivals, especially the "Cavalhadas", introduced in 1826, in which horsemen representing Moors and Christians recreate a battle fought by Charlemagne. This tradition, part of the Festival for the Holy Spirit (Festa do Espírito Santo), was brought to the town by Portuguese settlers.
The Festas de Cavalhadas feature a parade beginning with a bugle fanfare announcing the knight's pages, then the mounted knights displaying their colors. Wearing fantastic papier-maché helmets, the Christian knights wear blue, the Moors wear red.
The battle lasts for three days and attracts thousands of visitors to the town. The Cavalhadas take place in medieval costume, with the highlight being the mock battle, performed in the city's bullring. The Moors, of course, are defeated and convert to Christianity. For information on the cavalhadas (in Portuguese) see Cavalhadas
The town has been restored artistically with its stone paved streets and colonial houses (casarões). The Almas River, a tributary of the Tocantins River which flows north to form the Serra da Mesa artificial lake, passes near the town and is crossed by a restored wooden bridge. There is an old theater, cinema, and a museum of the cavalhadas.
Waterfalls are the primary tourist attraction for Pirenopolis and Corumba. Around the town, in a distance of 15 km., there are more than twenty spectacular waterfalls with pristine water. Some of them are enormous such as the Salto de Corumba (which disappeared for decades when prospectors diverted the waters for dredging). Other waterfalls are formed by a series of cascades. Many are on private property and are operated as a business. Other falls can be found on hiking trails. One of the longest rivers in the state of Goiás, the Corumbá River has its source near Pirenópolis.
A new attraction to Pirenopolis is the small ecovillage and permaculture design institute located a few kilometers outside of town called the IPEC or The Institute of Permaculture and Ecovillage of the Cerrado. Bringing in foreign students through study abroad programs such as Living Routes, visitors get a first-hand account of the possibilities of sustainable living.
Wikipedia
Use of this image on websites, blogs or other media is prohibited unless you have my specific and written permission. ©2010 Dawn Grace
Mehndi style gecko tattoo by Dawn Grace.
Please do not steal my photos.
These pictures are here to represent my work as a professional tattoo artist, and most of these designs were drawn specifically for each client. That said, i cannot email you pictures of my clients' custom work so that you can take it to another artist to have it done.
It's not fair to the people who pay to get tattooed by me. Tattooing is a personal decision, and should you decide to get tattooed, put thought into what you want and find an artist who is willing and able to draw and tattoo exactly what you desire.
Do not leave comments about my clients' bodies or choice of subject matter. Such comments are annoying and will be deleted immediately.
The use of modern technology helps peacekeeping missions establish and maintain situational awareness, implement their mandates, and protect themselves and vulnerable populations. Here, a Brazilian peacekeeper serving with the Maritime Task Force (MTF) of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) works in the operations room of the flagship ‘Independencia’, off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon.
31 May 2016.
Credit: UN Photo/Pasqual Gorriz
The Chapel Royal
A beautiful chapel in continuous use for over 450 years. Everyone is welcome to attend religious services in The Chapel Royal at Hampton Court Palace.
Sumptuous Ceiling and Important Historic Site
Outstandingly rich, colorful and layered with history, the chapel’s ceiling is the grand culmination of the Tudor interiors at Hampton Court.
Kings and queens used the private pew which looks down upon the main body of the chapel.
It was here in the chapel, in 1540, that Archbishop Cranmer handed Henry VIII a letter outlining various accusations against the King’s young new wife, Catherine Howard.
She was accused of unchaste behavior before her marriage. Henry VIII had been besotted with his young wife, which is why he turned against her all the more viciously. She was executed at the Tower of London soon afterwards.
Henry VIII’s Crown, an accurate replica of the crown worn by Henry VIII, is on display in the Royal Pew of the Chapel Royal where Henry himself would have sat wearing it.
Her Majesty’s Chapel
“Her Majesty provides this beautiful place of worship and its establishment of a Chaplain, a full-time Choir, and a Verger, for all who may wish to attend its services or visit it.”
—Denis Mulliner, Canon of The Chapel Royal
Hampton Court’s royal chapel remains in active use today. In fact, it has been in continuous use ever since Thomas Wolsey built it almost 500 years ago. It was Cardinal Wolsey who had the Chapel extended to its current size. Henry VIII installed the magnificent vaulted ceiling here in 1535. There are clear signs that the ceiling was built by a Tudor monarch. The red and white rose of the house of Tudor as well as Margaret Beaufort’s portcullis—which Henry had chosen to take over after his grandmother’s death—have been carved out at the very top of the walls.
The East end of the chapel once contained a great double window filled with stained glass: Henry VIII’s patron saint—Saint Henry the Emperor—was joined by Saint Catherine, Saint Thomas Becket and Saint Anne. The royal family itself is also featured—Henry VIII, his wife Catherine of Aragon, and Cardinal Thomas Wolsey are kneeling in prayer. It was originally created for Wolsey by Erhard Schön of Nürnberg but he fell from favor before he could enjoy it. The glass was destroyed in the Commonwealth and the window eventually bricked up. It is now completely hidden by the large oak reredos carved by Grinling Gibbons for Queen Anne in the early 1700s. The monarch and his family would sit in the Royal Pew above the rest of the congregation.
The Chapel at Hampton Court Palace witnessed many important events during the Tudor time. Among other things, it was here that Archbishop Cranmer secretly handed Henry VIII a letter containing all the details of Katherine Howard’s affairs. Prince Edward was baptized here shortly after his birth in 1537.
A History of the Chapel Royal
One feature of Wolsey’s house, distinguishing it from the houses of other courtiers, was the Chapel and the grand procession route to it. In a king’s or cardinal’s household, the stately procession from his own chambers to Chapel to hear mass on feast days was an important ritual. Passing along the gallery, accompanied by his officers, the king or grandee could see and be seen by the throngs of courtiers and visitors. At Hampton Court, Wolsey constructed a magnificent double-height chapel, with an estoppel window at its east end filled with stained glass. Remains of this great double window survive behind Queen Anne’s eighteenth-century reredos, which dominates the east end of the chapel today. The stained-glass windows, designed by Erhard Schön from Nuremberg, included figures of a king and queen praying. Wolsey’s Chapel choir was excellent, so fine that in 1519, Henry VIII insisted that some of its members transferred to the King’s own singers; the choristers who still practice in the chapel today are their successors.
It is possible to work out that the Royal lodgings, Wolsey’s own lodgings, and the Chapel were built in one campaign because they share similar bricks. The soft red brick of Wolsey’s building was enhanced by patterns in “diaper-work”. Diamond -shaped designs picked out in black or over burnt bricks. This subtle decoration once covered most of the Palace, although later repairs have erased or spoiled much of it. However, on the external east wall of the chapel, one patch of what appears to be diaper-work survives in good condition because it has been sheltered from the elements by later buildings constructed against it. Here, the builders tried to deceive the eye by continuing the diaper pattern in black paint rather than by using actual blackened bricks.
On feast or holy days, the King would hear mass from the Holyday Closet, a room overlooking the Chapel. On other days, he was often keen to leave the palace early to reach the hunting field and would hear mass at seven o’clock in his Privy Closet within his own lodgings, sometimes reading state papers throughout the service. On feast-days, the Kingwood process in a stately manner to the Chapel, as Wolsey had done, along what is today known as the Haunted Gallery. The most important procession took place at Epiphany, the 12th day of Christmas, for which Henry would wear his crown and ropes. By 1535, the Holyday Closet and Chapel itself were now far superior to the simpler structure that Wolsey had built.
The Chapel, Henry’s last great building project at the Palace, was begun in 1535. The most important change was the addition of the fantastical ceiling, which still survives. The designer was probably William Clement, and its virtuosity clearly demonstrates his qualifications for his next task, which was to create another new Palace for Henry not far from Hampton Court: the largely wooden structure of Nonsuch. Although little remains Nonsuch Palace today, we can imagine its complexity and flamboyance from Hampton Court’s Chapel ceiling. Like the great Hall roof, the ceiling has many decorative flourishes on trusses, vaults, and pendants decorated with angels blasting their trumpets. The craftsman John Hethe and Henry Blankston added color and gilding.
At the same time, the Royal Pew was refitted to create the Holyday Closets at the west end of the chapel. Previously, there had been one large room for the King’s use; now two were created, with a painted screen incorporating stained-glass separating the King’s private pew from the Queen’s. Here it was that Henry first received the fateful news of Catherine Howard’s adultery. Henry VIII married his sixth and last wife in the Queen’s Closet. Catherine Parr was a good mother to Henry’s three children; she outlived her husband.
In 1643, the Parliamentarian forces seized Hampton Court. Motivated by the radical Puritanism that sought to strip the church of its frivolous trappings, they removed all the fine fittings from the Chapel: “the Altar was taken down … the Rails pulled down, the steps leveled; and the Popish pictures and superstitious Images that were in the glass windows were also demolished”. Only the elaborate ceiling remained above a white-painted room for preaching, with twelve long hard forms laid out for the congregation.
The greatest impact the Queen Anne had upon the fabric of the Palace was in the remodeling of the Chapel Royal is a firm upholder of the Anglican feet and royal tradition, she maintained a full complement of chapel musicians. As a sick woman who did not care for the elaborate etiquette of the Bedchamber, she saw her daily attendance at Chapel as her main opportunity to make a public appearance. In 1710, Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor successfully presented schemes for remodeling the body of the Chapel; these included a grand timber reredos at the east end with a painted scene by Sir James Thornhill above, the removal of the Tudor window tracery and the addition of paneling, box pews, an organ, and new sanctuary fittings. The Tudor windows were replaced with large casement windows. A trompe l’œil window painted by Thornhill on the south wall of the chapel, next to the organ, preserves the appearance of the eighteenth-century windows. A staircase was added leading down from the Royal Pew, where Thornhill also painted the central ceiling with a playful scene of cherubs in the heavens holding aloft a crown and a sword. The work was completed in 1712.
In the Grace and Favor Period, there was continuing rancor over the seating arrangements with the Chapel Royal. Seating for the worshipers was strictly by rank and social standing, policed by the resident housekeeper. There was sometimes unseemly behavior when elderly ladies tried to pull rank over their neighbors or over the visitors who tried to come into the Chapel. The problem seating had become so urgent that in 1866, the architect Anthony Salvin reordered the pews and added a block of box pews in the center. Even with these enhancements, the disputes continued, until the Lord Chamberlain decreed that no longer were those attending services in the Chapel to sit by rank.
Queen Anne’s casement windows were replaced with copies of the original Tudor windows in 1894.
During the Grace and Favor Period, famous Antarctic explorer Sir Robert falcon Scott was married in the Chapel Royal in 1908; his bride, Kathleen Bruce, a famous sculptor in her own right, was living in the grace-and-favor apartment at the time with her aunt, Mrs. Zoë Thomson.
Under the supervision of Edward Jesse, Itinerant Deputy Surveyor in the Office of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues, the ceiling of the Chapel Royal was repainted in its original rich blue coloring and gilded with gold stars. (The ceiling had been painted white in the reign of Queen Anne.) The design was further enhanced with mottos.
In the 1920s, the roof of the Chapel Royal was found to be in a decayed and dangerous state. Here new structural supports were introduced to bear the weight of the Tudor timber ceiling.
The Cloister
The cloister outside the main doors of the Chapel Royal has remained much as it was in Cardinal Wolsey’s time. He had the present Chapel built on the site of the thirteenth century chapel of the Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem. The traces of a doorway opposite the entrance to the Chapel suggest that there was access at one time to the courtyard on the west side. Wolsey’s Chapel was taken over as a Chapel Royal with the Palace by King Henry VIII, and has been much altered since the sixteenth century, but its dimensions are still those of the Chapel which Wolsey built. The coats-of-arms flanking the doors of the Chapel Royal contain the heraldic achievements of King Henry VIII and his third Queen, Jane Seymour. The supporters are angels, and it has been suggested because of their religious subject that they may have belonged to Wolsey’s coat-of-arms; but it is more likely that they were integral to the Royal Arms of King Henry VIII and his Queen.
New Delhi, India. March 2011. Karim piles his used books elegantly on the sidewalk in Nehru Place, one of New Delhi's largest shopping centers. Karim is actually an artist who will show you his work in a nearby gallery if you are interested. At his sidewalk book stall, sales seem secondary to artistic or metaphysical conversations.
Almost everything is for sale somewhere in Nehru Place, but the plazas have a reputation for cut-rate media and clothing. Nehru Place's buildings house big brand storefronts for computers and electronics, as well as countless shops offering supplies and repairs. On the balconies there is more variety in quieter stores, including high-end clothing and fabric boutiques. But the plazas are filled with open-air vendors offering huge discounts on DVDs, software, wallets, shoes, pants, you name it. Some of the best showman vendors work here.
Very convenient Metro station.
1:43 scale2014 West Yorkshire Police BMW 3 series touring made using the Minichamps model with a bespoke livery fitted and 2D models blue light and ANPR camera to match the real vehicle.
HDR. AEB +/-3 total of 7 exposures processed with Photomatix. Colors adjusted in PSE.
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.