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Using the Olympics as an excuse to “ temporarily” increase shop opening times on a Sunday, then make it permanent.
I was driving to Otterden, using John Vigar's book as a guide to the East Kent churches I had missed.
I was using the Sat Nav, at least to get me to the village, so I could concentrate on the roads and sights as I went along, just on the offchance I passed another church unexpectedly.
And so I came to Eastling, and across a walled field, I saw the church, so, finding there was a large car park, I pulled up.
To get into the church yeard, one could either climb over a wooden stile, one built into the wall, or through the gate a few metres further along. I chose the gate.
Through the churchyard, and under the shadow of a huge yew tree to find the porch door, and church door beyond both unlocked.
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A huge church entered across a meadow along a path which passes a huge Yew tree. The porch is high Victorian with the jazziest floor in Kent, no doubt the work of Richard Hussey who restored the church in the mid nineteenth century. This leads to a church with origins in the 12th century but owing more to the 13th and even more to the 19th century! The arcades are built in a much replaced Early English style but work well. In the centre alley is the lovely ledger slab of a man who put it there a few years before his death and inscribed lest someone else steal his pole position! In the south transept is a pretty monument showing kneeling children and a most colourful shield of arms displaying sea creatures. The chancel contains some rare blank arcading in the north wall which may have formed sedilia elsewhere or which may be part of a monument. Its arches are held up by four strong men with bulging shoulders. What a surprise it is! Next to it is one of the finest 14th century tomb recesses in the county, though the faces at either end are Victorian fantasies. This is a much-loved and rewarding Downland church, which is open daily.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Eastling
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It is widely accepted that there has been a place of worship on the site of the Parish Church of St Mary's at Eastling since Anglo-Saxon times.
The oldest surviving parts of the present building are the base of the south-west Tower, the Nave and the western part of the Chancel. All are thought to have been built by the 11th century, possibly on the foundations of an earlier church. The remainder of the Tower and the central part of the Chancel are Norman.
The North and South Aisles and the Arcades between the Aisles and the Nave were built in the 13th century. In the 14th century, the Chancel was extended eastwards to create a Sanctuary. Also in that century, the St Katherine Chapel and an Arcade was added to the south-east corner of the building.
In 1855-56, the Nave, North Aisle and the South Arcade were substantially rebuilt, the West Porch added and the Nave re-roofed.
The Nave - or central area of the church - dates from the 12th century and is notable for its unusually narrow original walls (later, the Arcade walls). Fractionally over 2ft thick, they are considered to be attributable to Saxon workmanship which favoured relatively "thin" solid walls against the Norman style of "thicker" walls comprising two leaves with a filled cavity.
The western end of the Nave is thought to be a late 12th-century extension.
The South Aisle was constructed in the early part of the 13th century and substantially rebuilt by Victorian architect R. C. Hussey in 1855. Some original 13th-century material was re-used, and the eastern respond located against the Chancel remains substantially untouched.
The North Aisle was also created in the 13th century and completely rebuilt by Hussey as part of his major "modernisation" of the building. The South Aisle incorporates a 14th-century window.
The Victorians' enthusiasm for remodelling churches also extended to the Nave which was rebuilt by Hussey in 1855-56. He also added the West Porch, constructed a Vestry and re-built the Chancel arch. It's worth comparing the ceilings of the South Aisle which is said to have escaped Hussey's attentions and that of the Nave where he left only the tie beams and principal trusses visible.
The box pews, pulpit, lectern, rector's stall and choir stalls all date from the Victorian era. The wooden wall benches pre-date the pews.
The alignment of the Tower and Chancel is considered attributable to Saxon, rather than Norman, workmanship. If you stand in front of the east window and look back to the west door you will see that the Nave and Chancel are out of alignment, and this suggests that the Chancel pre-dates the Nave.
Examples of Norman workmanship to be seen in St Mary today are:
• the upper part of the Tower;
• perhaps the belfry stage with its pairs of round-headed openings;
• the re-styling of the western part of the Chancel; and
• the west end of the Nave (possibly a late 12th century extension).
Early in the 13th century, the Chancel was re-styled and given Early English lancet windows.
A further period of rebuilding-took place during the 14th century. The Chancel was extended eastwards by a further 22ft, so creating the Sanctuary.
The stained glass in the Chancel windows are memorials to the Birch Reynardson family. The east window contains picture panels, the work of famous church glass artist Thomas Willement of Davington.
On the north wall of the Sanctuary at Eastling Church is a double Aumbry.
Built as a cupboard in the wall - usually with a wooden door - this would have been used to house the Church Plate.
A piscina is, in effect, a medieval stone bowl near the altar where a priest carried out ceremonial cleaning tasks.
The piscina in Eastling Church dates from the late 13th century and takes the form of a stone cill incorporating twin bowls - one for hand washing, the other for cleaning the chalice and other sacred vessels.
It was originally located in the Chancel. When this part of the building was extended during the 14th century, the piscina was moved to its present position on the south wall of the Sanctuary.
The sedilia at Eastling Church comprise three recessed stone seats with trefoiled canopies. By convention, sedilia were placed south of the altar and used by the priest, deacon and sub-deacon.
Created late in the 13th century, Eastling's sedilia were moved, during the 14th century, from the Chancel to their present position in the (then) new Sanctuary.
The Stone Stalls, on the north side of the Chancel, would have once served as choir stalls. These recessed seats have unusual carved stone canopies in the form of four trefoiled arches carried on caryatids (columns sculpted as female figures).
In his "Notes on the Church", Eastling Church historian Richard Hugh Perks says that a 19th century ecclesiologist, Francis Grayling, theorised that they were mural recesses. Mr Perks considers the church might once have been decorated extensively with murals - born out by the traces of wall paintings found in the 1960s when the Chancel was re-decorated. However, the paintings were in such very poor condition that they were covered over. Mr Perks also draws attention to the fragment of the former Chancel east wall which can be seen at the east end of the Stone Stalls.
The St Katherine Chapel was built around 1350. As part of the scheme, an arcade was formed on the south side of the Chancel. The fluted (concave-sided) pillars are an unusual design, also found in Faversham Parish Church and at Eastchurch, Sheppey. It is thought that the workmanship might be by masons from either Leeds Priory or Faversham Abbey.
The Chapel houses a 19th century organ, the Martin James monument and a fine oak chest with an inscription of "1664 H" carved inside. The "H" is the mark of a Michael Shilling, who was churchwarden at the time.
There is evidence that Eastling Church once had a Rood Screen, possibly extending across both the Chapel and the Chancel. On this would have stood a Cross with a carving representing a crucified Jesus. The Reformation saw the destruction of the Rood and no trace remains, apart from the base of a stairs turret at the south-east corner of the South Aisle.
The West Porch was built in 1855, by Victorian architect R.C. Hussey as part of his major alterations to the church.
However, the fine Norman west doorcase is much older, possibly dating from 1180. It is carved from chalk blocks; some of the internal wall faces are also chalk, a common feature of many Downland churches. It was partly restored by the Victorians.
The churchyard owes much to a generous bequest for its maintenance by Dorothy Long (d. 1968). It used to be part of the 'Gods Acre Project' setup by the Vicar of Eastling Parish Caroline Pinchbeck (who departed the parish in 2012) but from 2013 has been returned to previous landscaping regimes.
When the churchyard was being managed with wildlife in mind, it preserved the diversity of nature alongside well kempt areas. This means parts of the old graveyard were left to grow from springtime onwards and were cut in September. Many species of wild flowers grew in a spring meadow and were followed by grasses. This encouraged wildlife into the graveyard, owls, field mice, voles, multiple species of insects and birds. The uncut areas were managed, which means to say they were not left to grow out of control. Brambles, the majority of stinging nettles and other unwanted plants were removed by hand and the graves were always tended so that the vegetation did not disturb them.
Areas of the churchyard that were mown were done so with a petrol mower but the grass was not collected, It was left on the ground as a mulch. No pesticides were used, they damaged the graves, leaving contaminated black rings around them and killed any wild flowers or grass in the affected areas. The emphasis of the gods acre project management process, started in 2008, was balance. By maintaining the churchyard in this way it was both cost effective and beneficial to local wildlife and preservation. (N. Perkins/ Grounds man Eastling Church 2007-2012)
The original graveyard has a modern extension with spaces still available for burials and close to the entry gate is an area dedicated to the burial of ashes.
Several graves date from the 17th and 18th centuries and include memorial stones to Mary Tanner who was born in the year of the Battle of Naseby; to Christopher Giles born in 1674 and his wife Susannah born in 1691; and to Thomas Lake of Eastling Gent died February the 19th 1717.
Close to the West Porch is a 13th century stone coffin slab, in the form of a cross with a sword, a style sometimes referred to as a "Crusader Tomb".(original text) This is infact incorrect, an archaeologist has confirmed that the stone is a medieval headstone most likely from the back of the church which was once standing that has been moved and placed by the entrance for asthetic qualities. There is another stone to the left of the entrance from a sarcophagus which again has been moved and placed by the entrance.
There is a Yew Tree by the West Door and It is said to be an ancient which would put it's minimum age at 2000 years, predating the church. However dating methods for Yew Trees are inconclusive.. It is hard to reliably scientifically date a Yew Tree due to several factors.. Information on the dating process can be found here. (source: ancient-yew.org) Also Yew trees can grow fast and ages can be exaggerated, a large Yew is most likely the age of the Church but unlikely to be older than it's Anglo-Saxon predecessor. There is no firm evidence to link Yew trees to pagan religions or the theory that Church's were built on Pagan Ritual Sites. (source: Illustrated History of the Countryside, Oliver Rackham)
The circle of yews which continue around the church have been said to have sprouted from the ancient Yew Tree, however archeologists and Yew Tree Specialists have put forward that actually the Yew Trees have been landscaped to look like that. In the past Yew Trees were planted to ward of witches and evil spirits. It is clear if you measure out the trees and use dimensions for aging that the trees have been landscaped.
Work carried out on the tower in 2010 to install a compostable toilet has radically changed the dimensions and structure of the lower and middle of the tower.
The base of the south-west Tower is said to date from the early 11th century, possibly earlier. Much of the remainder of the Tower is Norman.
The Tower - five feet thick at its base - is of flint and chippings, with ragstone quoins, and is heavily buttressed. The external brick buttress to the tower is 18th century. Brick was also used in rebuilding sections of the north-west angle of the Tower, the belfry openings and the Tower doorcase. Today's slated spire would once have been clad with wooden shingles.
The door to the Tower is set in a large arch with "Articles" of the Ringing Chamber, on wooden boards above it.
Eastling has six bells, four of them made by Richard Phelps during the time he occupied the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Click here for more info. Unfortunately, the present condition of the timber bell frame with its elm headstocks (constructed around 1700) and the upper part of the Tower do not allow the bells to be rung safely.
www.eastlingvillage.co.uk/st-mary-s-church.html
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THE next parish south-eastward from Newnham, is Easling, written in old deeds likewise Esling, and Iseling.
It is situated among the hills, on very high ground, about five miles southward from Faversham, and a little more than a mile south-eastward from Newnham valley, in a healthy but cold and forlorn country, being much exposed to the north-east aspect. The village, with the church and parsonage in it, a near pretty dwelling, stands on the road leading from Otterden to Newnham valley; in it there is a large well-timbered house, called Gregories, formerly of some account, and rebuilt in 1616, it formerly belonged to Hoskins, and then to Parmeter, in which name it still continues.—Though there is some level land in the parish, yet it is mostly steep hill and dale, the soil in gen ral a red cludgy earth, poor, and much covered with flints. It is very woody, especially in the eastern parts of it.
A fair is held in the village on Sept. 14, yearly, for toys and pedlary ware. On Nov. 30, being St. Andrew's, there is yearly a diversion called squirrel bunting, in this and the neighbouring parishes, when the labourers and lower kind of people assembling together, form a lawless rabble, and being accoutred with guns, poles, clubs, and other such weapons, spend the greatest part of the day in parading through the woods and grounds, with loud shoutings, and under the pretence of demolishing the squirrels, some few of which they kill, they destroy numbers of hares, pheasants, partridges, and in short whatever comes in their way, breaking down the hedges, and doing much other mischief, and in the evening betaking themselves to the alehouses, finish their career there in drunkenness, as is usual with such sort of gentry.
THIS PLACE, at the time of the taking of the general survey of Domesday, was part of the extensive possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in that record:
Herbert held of the bishop of Baieux Nordeslinge. The arable land is one carucate. It was taxed at half a suling. There two borderers pay two shillings. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards, it was worth twenty shillings, now twenty-five shillings. Turgod held it in the time of king Edward the Confessor.
These two manors, (one of which was Throwley, described immediately before in this record) Herbert, the son of Ivo, Held of the bishop of Baieux.
And a little below,
Roger, son of Ansebitil, held of the bishop, Eslinges. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is one carucate. There is in demesne . . . . and one borderer has half a carucate. There is a church, and one mill of ten shillings, and two acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth sixty shillings, and afterwards twenty shillings, now forty shillings. Unlot held it of king Edward, and could go where he pleased with his land.
Fulbert held of the bishop, Eslinges. It was taxed at five suling, in the time of king Edward the Confessor, and now for two, and so it did after the bishop gave the manor to Hugh son of Fulbert. The arable land is six carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty villeins having three carucates. There is a church, and twenty-eight servants, and one mill of ten shilings. Wood for the pannage of thirty bogs In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth ten pounds, and when he received it six pounds, now four pounds, and yet the bishop had eight pounds. Sired held it of king Edward.
The three estates described before, included North Easting and its appendages, Huntingfield and Diven manors, with others estates in this parish, then esteemed as part of them.
On the bishop's disgrace four years afterwards, all his possessions were confiscated to the crown.
Fulbert de Dover, mentioned above as tenant to the bishop of Baieux for one of these estates, appears afterwards to have held all three of them of the king in capite by barony, the tenant of them being bound by tenure to maintain a certain number of soldiers from time to time, for the defence of Dover castle, in which there was a tower called Turris dei inimica, which he was bound by his tenure likewise to repair.
Of him and his heirs these estates were held by knight's service, of the honor of Chilham, which they had made the caput baroniæ, or chief of their barony. (fn. 1) That part of the above-mentioned estates, called in Domesday Nordeslinge, was afterwards known by the name of THE MANOR OF EASLING, alias NORTHCOURT, which latter name it had from its situation in respect to the others, being held of the lords paramount by a family of the name of Esling, one of whom, Ralph de Esling, died possessed of it in the 26th year of king Edward I. anno 1297, then holding it by knight's service of the honor of Chilham. He left an only daughter and heir Alice, who carried this manor, with that of Denton, alias Plumford, in marriage to Sir Fulk de Peyforer, who, with Sir William de Peyforer, of Otterden, accompanied king Edward. I. in his 28th year, at the siege of Carlaverock, where, with many other Kentish gentlemen, they were both knighted. They bore for their arms, Argent, six fleurs de lis, azure.
Sir Fulk de Peyforer, in the 32d year of the above reign, obtained a grant of a market weekly on a Friday, and one fair yearly on the feast of the exaltation of the Holy Cross at Esling, and free-warren for his lands there. Before the end of which reign, the property of these manors was transferred into the family of Leyborne, and it appears by an inquisition taken in the 1st year of Edward III. that Juliana, the widow of William de Leyborne, who died anno 2 Edward II. was possessed of these estates at her death, and that their grand-daughter Juliana, was heir both to her grandfather and father's possessions, from the greatness of which she was usually stiled the Infanta of Kent.
She was then the wife of John de Hastings, as she was afterwards of Sir William de Clinton, created earl of Huntingdon, who paid aid for the manor of Northcourt, alias Easling. She survived him, and afterwards died possessed of this estate in Easling, together with Denton, alias Plymford, in the 41st year of king Edward III. and leaving no issue by either of her husbands, these manors, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, for it appears by the inquisition taken that year, after her death, that there was no one who could make claim to her estates, either by direct or even by collateral alliance.
These manors remained in the crown till the beginning of king Richard the IId.'s reign, when they became vested in John, duke of Lancaster, and other seoffees, in trust for the performance of certain religious bequests in the will of Edward III. in consequence of which, the king Afterwards, in his 22d year, granted them, among other premises, to the dean and canons of St. Stephen's college, in Westminster, for ever. (fn. 2) In which situation they continued till the 1st year of king Edward VI. when, by the act passed that year, they were surrendered into the king's hands.
After which the king, by his letters patent, in his 3d year, granted these manors, among others lately belonging to the above-mentioned college, to Sir Thomas Cheney, privy counsellor and treasurer of his houshold, with all and singular their liberties and privileges whatsoever, in as ample a manner as the dean and canons held them, to hold in capite by knight's service. (fn. 3) whose son Henry, lord Cheney, of Tuddington, had possession granted to him of his inheritance anno 3 Elizabeth, and that year levied a fine of all his lands.
He passed these manors away by sale, in the 8th year of that reign, to Martin James, esq. prothonotary of the court of chancery, and afterwards a justice of the peace for this county, who levied a fine of them anno 17 Elizabeth, and died possessed of them in 1592, being buried in the south chancel of this church, under a monument, on which are the effigies of himself and his wife. He bore for his arms, Quarterly, first and fourth, vert, a dolphin naiant; second and third, Ermine, on a chief gules, three crosses, or. His great-grandson Walter James, esq. was possessed of them at the time of the restoration of king Charles II. whose heirs sold them in the latter end of that reign, to Mr. John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, who died possessed of them in 1678, after which they descended down to Richard Grove, esq. of Cambridge, but afterwards of the Temple, in London, who died unmarried in 1792, and by his will devised them to Mr. William Jemmet, of Ashford, and Mr. William Marshall, of London, who continue at this time the joint possessors of them.
THE MANOR OF HUNTINGFIELD, situated in the eastern part of this parish, was, at the time of the takeing of the general survey of Domesday, part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, as has been already taken notice of before, and on his disgrace came, with the rest of his estates, to the crown, about the year 1084.
After which, Fulbert de Dover appears to have held it, with others in this parish, of the king in capite by barony, by the tenure of ward to Dover castle for the defence of it. Of him and his heirs it was held by knight's service, of the honor of Chilham, the head or chief of their barony.
Simon de Chelsfield held it of them, as lords paramount, in the reign of Henry III. but at the latter end of that reign, this manor was come into the possession of that branch of the eminent family of Huntingfield settled in this county, descended from those of Suffolk, in which county and in Norfolk they had large possessions. Hence this manor assumed the name of Huntingfield-court, and it appears by the roll of knights fees, taken at the beginning of the reign of Edward I. that Peter de Huntingfield then held it. He resided at times both here and at West Wickham, of which manor he was likewise possessed, though it seems when he was sheriff in the 11th, 12th, and 13th years of that reign, he kept his shrievalty at Huntingfield-court. In the 9th year of it he obtained a charter of free-warren for his lands at Eslynge and Stalesfeld, and in the 28th year of it attended the king at the siege of Carlaverock, in Scotland, for which service he, with others, received the honor of knighthood. He died in the 7th year of Edward II. anno 1313, leaving by the lady Imayne his wise, who was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, London, Sir Walter de Huntingfield his son and heir, who having obtained several liberties for his manor of Wickham, and liberty to impark his grounds there, (fn. 4) seems to have deserted this place, which in the next reign of Edward III. was sold either by him or by his son, Sir John de Huntingfield, to one of the family of Sawfamere, and in the 20th year of that reign, the lady Sawfamere, Dna' de Sawsamero, as she is written in the book of aid, paid respective aid for it.
But before the end of that reign, it had passed into the name of Halden, for it appears by the escheat-rolls that William de Halden died in the 50th year of it, possessed of Easling manor, called Huntingfield, held of the castle of Chilham; soon after which it became the property of Sir Simon de Burleigh, who being attainted in the 12th year of Richard II. this manor, among the rest of his possessions, came to the crown. After which, anno 2 Henry IV. John, son and heir of Sir John de Burley, cousin and heir of Sir Simon de Burley, was, upon his petition, restored in blood, and the judgment against Sir Simon was revoked, and three years afterwards the king, with the assent of the lords, wholly restored him to all his hereditaments, except as to those excepted by him. (fn. 5) How long this manor remained in this name I have not found, but in the reign of Henry VI. it was in the possession of Sir James Fienes, who anno 25 of that reign, by reason of his mother's descent, was created Lord Say and Sele, and was afterwards made lord treasurer, but becoming unpopular, from his being so great a favorite, he was seized on in the insurrection raised by Jack Cade, and beheaded in the 29th year of that reign. He was at his death possessed of this manor, which by his will be devised to his son Sir William Fienes, who became likewise lord Say and Sele, but the unhappy contention which then subsisted between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which he risked not only his person, but his whole fortune, brought him soon afterwards into great distresses, and necessitated him to mortgage and sell the greatest part of his lands. How this manor was disposed of I have not found, but within a very few years afterwards it appears to have been in the hands of the crown, for king Richard III. in his first year, granted to John Water, alias Yorke Heraulde, an annuity out of the revenues of his lordship of Huntingfield, and afterwards by his writ, in the same year, on the resignation of John, garter, principal king at arms, and Thomas, clarencieux, king at arms, he committed to Richard Champeney, alias called Gloucestre, king of arms, the custody of this manor.
But the see of it seems to have remained in the crown till king Henry VIII. in his 35th year, granted it to John Guldford and Alured Randall, esqrs. to hold in capite by knight's service. John Guildford was the next year become the sole proprietor of it, and then alienated it to Sir Thomas Moyle; he sold it, in the 7th year of Edward VI. to John Wild, esq. of St. Martin's hill, Canterbury, with its members and appurtenances in Esling, Sheldwich, Whitstaple, Reculver, and Ulcombe. However, it appears that he was not possessed of the entire see of it at his death in 1554, for he by his will devised his two thirds of this manor, (besides the third part due to the queen, after his wife's death) to his son Thomas Wild, then an infant, whose son John Wild, esq. of St. Martin's hill, alienated his share, or two thirds of it, which included the courts, sines, amerciaments, and other privileges belonging to it, to Martin James, esq. prothonotary of the court of chancery, owner of the manor of North-court, alias Easling, as above-mentioned, whose great-grandson, Walter James, esq. possessed it at the restoration of Charles II. at the latter end of which reign his heirs sold it to Mr. John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, who died possessed of it in 1678, and his great-grandson Richard Grove, esq. of London, proprietor likewise of North-court above-described, died in 1792, having by his will devised these manors (which having been for many years united in the same owners, are now consolidated, one court being held for both, the stile of which is, the manor of Easling, alias North court, with that of Huntingfield annexed, in Easling, Ulcomb, and Sheldwich) among the rest of his estates, to Wm. Jemmet, gent. of Ashford, and William Marshall, of London, and they continue at this time the joint possessors of these manors.
BUT THE REMAINING THIRD PART of the manor of Hunting field, in the hands of the crown in the reign of Philip and Mary, as before-mentioned, in which was included the mansion of Huntingfield court, with the demesne lands adjoining to it, continued there till it was granted, in the beginning of the next reign of queen Elizabeth, to Mr. Robert Greenstreet, who died possessed of it in the 14th year of that reign, holding it in capite by knight's service. His descendant Mr. Mathew Greenstreet, of Preston, leaving an only daughter Anne, she carried this estate in marriage to Mr. Richard Tassell, of Linsted, and he alienated it in 1733 to Edward Hasted, esq. barrister-at law, of Hawley, near Dartford, whose father Mr. Joseph Hasted, gent. of Chatham, was before possessed of a small part of the adjoining demesne lands of Huntingfield manor, which had been in queen Elizabeth's reign become the property of Mr. Josias Clynch.
The family of Hasted, or as they were antiently written, both Halsted and Hausted, was of eminent note in very early times, as well from the offices they bore, as their several possessions in different counties, and bore for their arms, Gules, a chief chequy, or, and azure. William Hausted was keeper of the king's exchange, in London, in the 5th year of Edward II. from whom these of Kent hold themselves to be descended, one of whom, John Hausted, clerk, or as his descendants wrote themselves, Hasted, born in Hampshire, is recorded to have been chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and a person much in favor with her, whom he so far displeased by entering into the state of marriage, which he did with a daughter of George Clifford, esq. of Bobbing, and sister of Sir Coniers Clifford, governor of Connaught, in Ireland, that he retired to the Isle of Wight, where he was beneficed, and dying there about the year 1596, was buried in the church of Newport. His great grandson Joseph Hasted, gent. was of Chatham, and dying in 1732, was buried in Newington church, as was his only son Edward, who was of Hawley, esq. the purchaser of Huntingfield court as before-mentioned. He died in 1740, leaving by his wife Anne, who was descended from the antient and respectable family of the Dingleys, of Wolverton, in the isle of Wight, one son, Edward Hasted, esq. late of Canterbury, who has several children, of whom the eldest, the Rev. Edward Hasted, late of Oriel college, in Oxford, is now vicar of Hollingborne. He bears for his arms the antient coat of the family of Halsted, or Hausted, as mentioned before, with the addition in the field, of an eagle displayed,ermine,beaked and legged, or, with which he quarters those of Dingley, Argent, a fess azure, in chief, two mullets of the second between two burts, which colours Charles, the third son of Sir John Dingley, of Wolverton, in James the 1st.'s reign, changed from those borne by his ancestors and elder brothers, i.e. from sable to azure.
Edward Hasted, esq. of Canterbury, above-mentioned, succeeded his father in this estate, which he, at length, in 1787, alienated to John Montresor, esq. of Throwley, who continues the possessor of it.
The foundations of slint and stone, which have continually been dug up near this house, shew it to have been formerly much larger that it is at present. There was once a chapel and a mill belonging to it, the fields where they stood being still known by the name of chapel-field and mill-field, which answers the description of this estate given in Domesday.
DIVEN is A MANOR, situated almost adjoining to the church of Easting, which is so corruptly called for Dive-court, its more antient and proper name. This estate was likewise one of those described before in Domesday, as being part of the possessions of the bishop of Baieux, on whose disgrace it was, among, the rest of his estates, forfeited to the crown; after which, Fulbert de Dover appears to have held it, with others in this parish therein-mentioned, of the king in capite by barony, by the tenure of ward to Dover cattle, and of him and his heirs it was held, as half a knight's fee, of the honor of Chilham, the caput barouiæ, or head of their barony.
In the reign of Henry III. John Dive held this estate as before-mentioned, of that honor; and his descendant Andrew Dive, in the 20th year of king Edward III. paid aid for it as half a knight's fee, held of the above barony, when it paid ward annually to Dover castle. In this name the manor of Diven continued till the beginning of the next reign of king Richard II. when it was alienated to Sharp, of Ninplace, in Great Chart, in which it remained till the latter end of Henry VII. when it was conveyed to Thurston, of Challock, from which, some year after, it was passed by sale to John Wild, esq. who, before the reign of queen Elizabeth, sold it to Gates, and he alienated it to Norden, who conveyed it to Bunce, where it remained after the death of king Charles I. in 1648; soon after which this manor was sold to John Adye, esq of Down court, in Doddington, who died possessed of it in 1660, and his two sons, Edward and Nicholas, seem afterwards to have possessed it in undivided moieties.
Edward Adye, esq. was of Barham, and left seven daughters his coheirs, of whom Susanna, married to Ruishe Wentworth, esq. son and heir of Sir George Wentworth, a younger brother to Thomas, the noted but unfortunate earl of Strafford, entitled her husband to the possession of her father's moiety of this manor, with other lands in Doddington, upon the division of his estates among them. He left an only daughter and heir Mary, who married Thomas, lord Howard, of Essingham, who died possessed of this moiety of Diven-court in 1725, and leaving no male issue, he was succeeded in this estate by Francis his brother and heir, who was in 1731 created Earl of Essingham, and died in 1743. His son Thomas, earl of Effingham, afterwards alienated this moiety of Divencourt to Oliver Edwards, esq. of the six clerks office, as will be further mentioned hereafter.
The other moiety of this manor, which, on the death of his father, came into the possession of Nicholas Adye, esq. of Down-Court, in Doddington, was devised by him to his eldest son John Adye, esq. of Down court, who anno 23 Charles II. suffered a recovery of it. (fn. 6)
He left an only daughter and heir Mary, married to Henry Cullum, sergeant-at-law; but before that event, this estate seems to have been passed away by him to Thomas Diggs, esq. of Chilham castle, Whose descendant of the same name, in 1723, conveyed it, with Chilham-castle, and the rest of his estates in this county, to Mr. James Colebrook, citizen and mercer of London, who died possessed of this moiety of Diven-court in the year 1752, after which it passed in like manner with them, till it was at length sold by his descendants, under the same act of parliament, in the year 1775, to Thomas Heron, esq. of Newark upon Trent, afterwards of Chilham-castle, who about the year 1776, joined with Oliver Edwards, esq. the proprietor of the other moiety, as has been mentioned beforce, to Mr. Charles Chapman, of Faversham, who then became possessed of the whole of it, which, at his death in 1782, he devised by his will to his nephews and nieces, of the name of Leeze, two of whom are now entitled to the fee of it.
THE MANOR OF ARNOLDS, which is situated about a mile eastward from the church of Easling, was likewise part of the estates of the bishop of Baieux, mentioned before, and on his disgrace came with the rest of them, to the crown, of which it was held afterwards in capite by barony, by Fulbert de Dover, by the tenure of ward to Dover castle, and of him and his heirs it was again held, as half a knight's fee, as of the honor of Chilham, the head of their barony.
Of them it was held by Arnold de Bononia, whence it acquired the name of Arnolds, alias Esling. His son John Fitzarnold afterwards possessed it in the reign of Edward III. after which Peter de Huntingfield was owner of it, but in the 20th year of Edward III. the lady Champaine, or Champion, and the earl of Oxford paid aid for it, as half a knight's fee, held of the barony above-mentioned. How it passed afterwards I have not seen, but in the next reign of Richard II. it was become part of the endowment of the dean and canons of the collegiate free chapel of St. Stephen's, Westminster, with whom it remained till the suppression of it in the 1st year of Edward VI. when it came into the hands of the crown; after which it became the property of Gates, and after that of Terry, in which it continued several years, and by that acquired the name of Arnolds, alias Terrys, from which name it was sold, in the reign of queen Anne, one part to the Rev. William Wickens, rector of this parish, who bore for his arms, Party, per pale, or, and sable, a chevron coupee, between three trefoils, all counter changed, whose son Mr. William Wickens, succeeded to it on his death in 1718. He died without male issue, and by his will devised it to his two daughters, one of whom marrying Elvy, he bought the other sister's share in it, and his widow surviving him now possesses both of them; another part was sold to Chapman, and a third to Avery. Since which it has become more inconsiderable, by the two parts last-mentioned having been again parcelled out, so that now it is sunk into that obscurity, as hardly to be worthy of notice, but the manerial rights of the manor are claimed by John Wynne and Lydia his wife.
Charities.
EDWARD GRESWOLD, by his will in 1677, gave 20l. for the benefit of the poor not receiving alms, to be laid out in land or otherwise, by his executors, who in 1680 purchased a piece of land, called Pinkes-cross, in Easling, containing two acres, in trust, for this purpose, the rent of it is now 154. per annum, vested in the minister and parish officers.
The poor constantly relieved are about twelve, casually twenty-five.
EASLING is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Ospringe.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, consists of three isles and a south chancel, called St. Katherine's. The steeple, which is a low pointed one, stands at the west end; there are six bells in it.
Alicia de Esling, wife of Robert de Eschequer, and lady of the manor of Esling, with the consent of archbishop Theobald, in the reign of king Stephen, granted the church of Elinges, situated on her estate, to the priory of Ledes, in perpetual alms, together with the temporalities, or appropriation of it, to be possessed by them for ever after the death of Gervas then incumbent of it. Which gift was confirmed by archbishop Hubert, in the reign of Richard I.
Notwithstanding which, there was no vicarage endowed here, nor did the canons of Ledes ever enjoy the parsonage of it; but archbishop Stephen Langton, who succeeded archbishop Hubert, with the consent and approbation of William de Eslinges, patron of this church, granted to the canons of Ledes twenty shillings yearly, to be received from it in the name of a benefice; and he ordained, that beyond that sum, they should not claim any thing further from it, but that whenever it should become vacant, the said William de Esling should present to it. But it should seem that after this, they had not given up all pretensions to it, for they obtained, seventy years after this, viz. in 1278, of the prior, and the convent of Christchurch, Canterbury, a confirmation of the archbishops Theobald and Hubert's charters to them, in which this church is particularly mentioned. (fn. 7) How long it continued in the hands of the family of Esling I do not find, or in those of private patronage; but before the 22d year of Edward III. it was become part of the possessions of the college founded by Sir John Poultney, in the church of St. Laurence, Canon-street, London, with which it remained till the suppression of the college, in the reign of Edward VI. when it came, with the rest of the possessions of it, into the hands of the crown.
After which it seems to have been granted to Sir Thomas Moyle, of Eastwell, whose sole daughter and heir Catherine married Sir Thomas Finch, of that place, and afterwards Nicholas St. Leger, esq. who in her right presented to this rectory in 1574; after which Sir Moyle Finch, knight and baronet, the eldest son of Sir Thomas and lady Catherine, succeeded to it, in whose descendants, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, this advowson continued down to Daniel, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, who died possessed of it in 1769, without male issue, leaving his four daughters his coheirs. He was succeeded in titles by his nephew George Finch, esq. only son of his next brother William; but this advowson, with Eastwell, and the rest of his Kentish estates, he gave by his will to his nephew George Finch Hatton, esq. only son of his third brother the hon. Edward Finch Hatton, (fn. 8) who is the present owner of it.
The pension of twenty shillings payable from this church to the priory of Ledes, at its suppression in the reign of Henry VIII. came into the hands of the crown; after which it was settled, among other premises, by the King, in his 33d year, on his newerected dean and chapter of Rochester, who are now entitled to it.
¶This rectory is valued in the king's books at sixteen pounds, and the yearly tenths at 1l. 12s. In 1587 the communicants here were eighty-seven.
In 1640 it was valued at 120l. Communicants one hundred. It is now worth upwards of 200l. per annum.
I don't even use this lens cap- it's broken. I actually got all my lens from my dad who used a Canon Rebel Xs Film years before I was born. I got that camera too, but it's broken as of now and we really don't know what's wrong with it. :( But that's okay! My lens haven't been cleaned in years, though, so they look super, super grainy right now, which I hate. Oh well. I'm thinking about buying this lens. Does anyone have it? I would love to have a review before I buy it.Thanks guys.
Don't really like this, which I'd done it farther away, but I had to use my 75-300, and that's the as far away as it gets. I wish I had a zoom...oh well. I just really like the focus, though, so I uploaded it. <3
Tagged by Charmainee! She's awesome- go look at her stream!
Okay, here I go!
Ten Pet Peeves
1. Yelling
2. Loosing stuff you knew you just had
3. Arrogant people
4. Ignorant people
5. Being ordered around by people who shouldn't be able to order you around (such as your little brother).
6. Having a day where I hate all the photos I take
7. Being let down
8. Being so bored that I wished I was at school with homework to do (okay, maybe no homework...)
9. People who have a problem with anyone different than themselves
10. When people fight over stupid things
© Copyright 2012 Francisco Aragão
© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Use without permission is illegal.
© TODOS OS DIREITOS RESERVADOS. Usar sem permissão é ilegal.
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Universidade de Paris. Uma das mais antigas da Europa, a Universidade de Paris foi fundada ao redor de 1170, a partir da escola da catedral de Notre-Dame. Escolas semelhantes existiam junto às catedrais em toda França. Era o bispo que nomeava os professores e controlava o ensino por meio de seu Chanceler ou Secretário Geral do Bispado.
Quando o sempre crescente número de estudantes fez que a escola de Notre-Dame se tornasse insuficiente para abrigá-los, os professores particulares foram autorizados a abrir escolas ao redor da catedral. Estes mestres, para defender seus interesses e suas idéias, se reuniram e se associaram formando a sua "corporação", uma "Universitas", um modo de união à semelhança dos modernos sindicatos. Assim nasceu, por volta de 1.170, a Universidade de Paris.
Cada mestre, ou grupo de mestres, tinha sua própria escola; quando a corporação tinha que deliberar sobre algum assunto de interesse comum, eles em geral se reuniam em uma ou outra igreja. A organização dessas reuniões bem como a representação dos mestres perante a Igreja e o governo fez surgir o posto e a figura do Reitor. Os assuntos e as disciplinas e as necessidades práticas comuns a várias escolas terminaram por promover o agrupamento em escolas maiores, as faculdades.
No início do século XII, Abelardo, um dos grandes intelectuais da Idade Média, veio ensinar em Paris e sua fama atraiu milhares de estudantes para a Universidade, vindos de todos os países do mundo cristão. As escolas se expandiram para a outra margem do rio Sena, no monte Sainte Geniève, onde Abelardo ensinou. Lá se encontra ainda a famosa rue du Fouarre, no quartier Latin, onde os mestres da Faculdade das Artes tinham suas escolas; mais adiante encontra-se a igreja de Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre, onde muitas vezes se reuniu a velha corporação ou "Universidade" dos professores.
Com o apoio papal, a Universidade de Paris tornou-se o grande centro transalpino de ensino teológico cristão. Durante os anos 1220, as ordens mendicantes Dominicana e Franciscana dominaram o ensino na Universidade que, ao final do século XIII e durante o século XIV foi o maior centro de ensino de toda a cristandade, particularmente em Teologia. Entre seus professores mais famosos contam-se, além de Abelardo, Alexander de Hales, São Bonaventura, Santo Alberto Magno, e São Thomas de Aquino. A universidade ficou dividida em quatro faculdades: três "superiores" compreendendo a de Teologia, a de Direito Canônico, e a de Medicina, e uma "inferior", a Faculdade de Artes.
No decurso dos séculos XVI e XVII a universidade de Paris tornou-se um conglomerado de colégios, à semelhança das universidades inglesas. Os colégios foram inicialmente pensionatos de estudantes, aos quais se acrescentaram depois salas de aula onde os mestres vinham ensinar. Esta é a época em que os Jesuítas foram autorizados e abrir seus Colégios. Os padres da Sociedade de Jesus, hábeis e poderosos, atraíram os jovens para os seus colégios, esvaziando as universidades ou assumindo o seu controle.
Com a Revolução Francesa (1789-99) a universidade foi reorganizada para fins de aplicação do saber, deixando para traz o modelo jesuítico de debates teológicos e estudo de línguas mortas. Foram criadas escolas superiores especializadas e independentes. Surgiram, sucessivamente, o Museu de História Natural, a Escola politécnica, a Escola Normal, três escolas de Saúde e a escola de Línguas, e o ensino tornou-se secular, independente de doutrinas religiosas ou políticas, mas a faculdade de teologia somente foi fechada em 1886. Napoleão manteve as escolas criadas pelo governo revolucionário da Convenção.
Os principais prédios da universidade, apesar de não serem contíguos, têm por centro o edifício da Sorbonne. Esta, originária de uma escola fundada pelo teólogo Robert de Sorbon ao redor de 1257, foi o mais famoso colégio de Paris. Sua proximidade da faculdade de estudos teológicos, e o uso do seu auditório para grandes debates, fez o nome Sorbonne tornar-se a designação popular para a faculdade de teologia de Paris. Sua localização atual no Boulevard Saint-Michel, data de 1627 quando Richelieu a reconstruiu às suas custas. Desde o século XVI, devido a ser a faculdade mais importante, a Sorbonne acabou por ser considerada como o núcleo principal da Universidade. Sorbonne e Universidade de Paris passaram a ser sinônimos. Porém, os edifícios antigos da Sorbonne foram demolidos, com exceção da Igreja erguida por Richelieu e onde está seu túmulo, a qual foi incorporada à construção nova, que forma um retângulo de 21 000 metros quadrados, três vezes maior que a Sorbonne erguida pelo Cardeal. Alberga a faculdade de letras, e também a administração do distrito educacional com centro em Paris e os serviços administrativos da Universidade: gabinete do reitor, escritórios, o salão do conselho, e o grande anfiteatro para 3.000 pessoas.
Nos anos de 1960 a universidade de Paris, mediante uma política de tolerância acadêmica capaz de atrair o ingresso maciço de jovens estrangeiros vindos de países mais atrasados, tornou-se um centro mundial de difusão do socialismo, do marxismo, do comunismo, do anarquismo e do antiamericanismo, superando neste afã a própria Universidade Patrice Lumumba, que fora criada especificamente para esse fim em Moscou no início da mesma década. Resultou a própria França sofrer as conseqüências dessa política, quando suas estruturas se viram ameaçadas pelo levante estudantil de 1968, que também desencadeou uma onda de rebeldia estudantil ao redor do mundo. Nessa fase, o número de estudantes da Universidade havia subido a mais de 115.000.
Após a crise, o governo de direita procedeu a uma reforma geral profunda na organização do ensino superior francês, através do Ato de reforma da educação superior, do mesmo ano de 1968. Com base nesse ato, a partir de 1970 a Universidade de Paris passou a compreender uma série de 13 faculdades de altos estudos, autônomas e financiadas pelo Estado, localizadas principalmente em Paris (Paris I a XIII).
A faculdade ou universidade de Paris I inclui unidades de Economia, Direito, Línguas modernas, e Artes; Paris II, Direito, Tecnologia e Ciências econômicas; Paris III, Artes cênicas, e Língua e Civilização inglesa, latino americana e sul-asiáticas; Paris IV, Artes e Arqueologia, Língua e literatura latina, Musicologia, e Humanidades aplicadas; Paris V, Farmácia e Ciências biológicas; Paris VI, Matemática, Física, e Geociências; Paris VII, Medicina, Ciências físicas e biológicas, Inglês, e Estudos do Extremo Oriente; Paris VIII, Línguas Anglo-Arnericanas, Literatura e civilização francesa, inglesa e alemã, Sociologia, Artes, Economia política; Paris IX, Comércio e Economia aplicada, Informação comercial, e Matemática; Paris X (situada em Nanterre), Economia, História, Sociologia, e Línguas romances; Paris XI (em Sceaux), Matemática, Física, Química e Medicina; Paris XII (em Val-de-Marne), Medicina, Direito, e Letras; Paris XIII (em Saint-Denis), Tecnologia, Letras e Humanidades.
R.Q.Cobra
20/04/2003
Using a long exposure and camera motion to create an interesting lighting effect hand held in the Naples National Archaeological Museum.
Oops that is not the brush I used to get the bristles from. I pulled the old lashes out with tweezers and cleaned out the slot with a dental pick and forced any glue away from the slot. 1. wedge a T-pin in the slot where the eyelashes will go. WARNING slot is very delicate. 2. I cut off a tiny bunch of long bristles. 3. Lined up the bottoms of them while they were in between my thumb and finger. 4. Stuck them in the slot as far as they would go. The lashes are suppose to get glue on the underside but this doll's head is, too, complicated to take off. Taking off her head would be require removing the vinyl scalp.
Using a traffic light base as a backrest as he watches the street life near Boston Common. (You can see the State House in the distance.)
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I use several Arabic dictionaries on a regular basis, but Hans Wehr is the most basic stand-by for almost everyone doing Arabic. This is my second Hans Wehr, bought after I finished the CASA I program in 2000. CASA killed my first Hans Wehr (which I bought in 1995), and CASA II has finally killed this one. I'm just starting my third Hans Wehr in January 2007, and I'm told that when that one dies, I will know Arabic.
I received some doilies to craft with (thanks Dee). I used the Newspaper stamp for the background.
This is for A Blog named Hero challenge, which can be found here
ablognamedhero.blogspot.fr/2012/06/challenge-5-color-me-h...
I used to work on Wall Street.
For 5 years I took the 3 or 9 subway from the Upper West side downtown to my place in the equity derivatives pitts of the American Stock Exchange. Quite an interesting part of my life, with crazy stories, interesting characters and human dynamics worthy of a good hollywood screenplay (or a bad one).
I was in New York this past week on business and on the way out noticed these cool lights hanging from the trees. I don't think I ever noticed these lights before. And certainly I never photographed them.
* The fence in the background forms the outer perimeter to the construction site of the new construction that will replace the World Trade Center towers. No matter how many times I visit that site — the city — it still just strikes me as unreal and surreal with an almost nightmarish dreamy quality that the Trade Towers are not there anymore.
I worked with another tangler who is experienced in Calligraphy and using gold leaf and this was my first attempt. I liked the finish but not all the gold leaf stuck, this time!
Little Egret
© All Rights Reserved by Atik Rahman.
Please don't use this image anywhere without my explicit permission.Please do contact me if you wish to use any of my images.
Thank You for watching my Photograph.
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Problem Solving Using the Why Tree by xtremelean.us
* This presentation is on problem solving using the why tree and is designed to teach a standardized approach for your people at all levels of the organization. Good problem solving skills within your company will cause your business to thrive while making everyone's life easier in the process.
* While problem solving does not have to be difficult, there are many that like to make it sound that way.
* People are not born as natural problem solvers and you don't need a college degree to learn to be a good problem solver either.
* Good problem solving skills can be taught and that is what I am going to do. My goal is to teach you a simple standardized approach that can be used in your business or personal life. You can also use this training video to teach others at your business. When completed, you will fully understand and be ready to use the concepts taught here.
* When we become good at problem solving, we start eliminating the problems that cause our head to spin once and for all. Our life becomes much easier and we suddenly have more time and less frustration. You are probably watching this video because that is exactly the direction you want to go in your life.
* Let's first discuss what a problem is or is not.
* A problem is the difference between actual conditions and the desired conditions and you don't know how to solve it.
* Let's put this in simpler terms.
* Let's change desired condition with "Want" and change actual condition with "Have"
* So the difference between what we have and what we want is the problem.
* And it's only a problem if you don't already know what the solution is.
* Let me give you a simple illustration of what a problem is. Barney here wants a female companion, but he does not have one, and he doesn't know exactly what to do about it. That is Barneys problem. That seems pretty straightforward doesn't it?
* The biggest type of problem people face is when something suddenly goes wrong.
* Captain Jack here is flying 300 passengers across the continent when all of a sudden, the plane starts to go down.
* In this case, the pilot WANTS to have full control of the plane again.
* But what he has is a plane that is going down and he doesn't know what happened or what to do about it.
* Does the pilot have a problem? 100% affirmative.
* Everyone has problems in their life at one time or another, so we all have the responsibility and opportunity to solve problems many times in our lives. It is absolutely best when we solve a problem so it never ever returns again. When you solve problems this way, your life becomes easier.
* When it comes to problem solving, some people just start shooting from the hip. This can be a very costly, time consuming, and frustrating approach. Preferable to this would be to take some aim at our target. After all, if we take the time to aim carefully at our target we increase the chance of hitting the bulls eye.
* Let's use a hypothetical problem that everyone can relate to. You arrived to work late.
* By the way, always clearly define the problem in as few words as possible, while also making sure everyone can understand what the problem is.
* And the reason we arrived to work late is because our car would not start.
* Many people put a lot of emphasis on root cause analysis, which is finding out what exactly what caused the car not to start.
* This is a fish bone diagram which is another tool that can be used for determining the root cause of a problem.
* And while sometimes finding the root cause is important, finding the best solution that will prevent the problem from reoccurring is THE most important objective.
* In this case, let's say you were at the end of your ropes with this piece of junk anyway and had decided you were going to buy a new car.
* Do you really care what exactly caused your old car not to start? Not really.
* Will the new car be a proper solution to your problem and get you to work reliably for many years to come? Absolutely
* My point is, solutions are more important than causes and in my opinion, outweigh them greatly.
* All right, let's do a reality check. You have a crap car, you were late to work because it would not start, and you have no money to buy a new car.
* You now need to know what caused your car not to start so you will not be able to fix it.
* The Why Tree method is the focus of this presentation, but it relies on knowing the 5-Why root cause analysis method. The 5-Why method for determining root cause is one of the simplest methods to learn and to complete. You start with a clear problem statement, then ask why the problem happened and write the answer down. If that answer did not identify the root cause, continue asking why until it does.
* Let's go through an example.
* For example our problem is we woke up late.
* We would then ask "why did we wake up late?"
* The alarm did not go off.
* "why did the alarm not go off?"
* Because the time reset on the alarm clock?
* Why did the time reset on the alarm clock?
* Because the power went out.
* Why did the power go out?
* Because of the severe thunderstorms.
* Why were there severe thunderstorms?
* We don't know.
* Notice that solutions are out of our control when the power went out? We do not have control over the power or the weather. So the line of questioning should stop when we do not have any control over the cause.
* One of the problems with the 5-Why root cause analysis is it only allows for one line of questioning. Based on the answers you give, you can get off the trail to solutions very quickly.
* Let's back up and change the answer to "why did the time reset on the clock?" to:
* Because the clock lost power
* Then why did the clock lose power?
* Because the alarm clock did not have the backup battery installed.
* Why was the backup battery not installed?
* Because we did not have one at the time.
* Take notice that the answers you give will dramatically change the outcome. You must also ensure the answers are accurate or once again you will be on a wild goose chase.
* We now have a root cause that we have control over and an easy solution to the problem. Having a backup battery installed in the alarm clock allows it to continue working in the event of a power outage. This solution is very simple and effective with a very low cost. It is easy to implement and has no negative consequences.
* While you now have a good solution to this problem, let's not forget that batteries do not last forever. You will need to check the batteries in the alarm clock on a regular basis if your want to eliminate this particular problem forever.
* Even though this approach is called 5-Why, 5 is just a rule of thumb for the number of times to ask why. It could be more or less though depending on the problem. When you no longer know the answer to the question that is a good place to stop. Speculation will rarely serve you well.
* While the 5-Why root cause analysis is a good and simple tool, I find the Why Tree diagram is a much better tool for brainstorming multiple possible causes of the problem. Discovering multiple causes of the problem allows you to develop multiple potential solutions to the problem. You would use the same 5-why approach but the tree diagram allows you to list multiple potential causes to each why. There is no limit to the size or shape of your Why Tree. Let me share an example of using the Why Tree.
* Let's use a real life problem I experienced recently. We put in a new lawn at our house and it wasn't very long before I noticed the grass was dying is some areas. I was upset and wanted to know why and the solution to the problem.
* It did not take long to put two and two together. The dog peeing on the lawn was causing it to die. The reason I want to share this example with you is to show you there are almost always several solutions to any given problem.
* While you may have multiple solutions for any given problem, and even though all of the solutions may solve the problem, there are costs or consequences to consider. Your job in good problem solving is to come up with:
A: The simplest
B: Most effective solution
C: At the lowest cost
D: That is the easiest to implement
E: With no negative consequences.
* The description of my problem is very simple "my grass is dying in small sections". So the 1st question why is the grass dying? Because the dog is peeing on the grass, why is the dog peeing on the grass? Because he is not trained to go elsewhere.
* I must confess, when I first saw that the dog peeing on the grass was causing it to die, I jumped to my first solution and that was a well planned hunting accident where the dog had more to worry about than the bird.
* But that solution would end up in divorce court. Although this solution would be simple, 100% effective, relatively low cost, and easy to implement, the consequences of this solution would make it a very poor choice.
* Then I thought how can I train the dog to stay off the nice new lawn?
* Someone suggested setting up an electric fence and I thought that would be a perfect solution. So off to the pet store I went only to discover these fences aren't cheap. Although this solution would be very effective and there were no negative consequences I could foresee, the cost was high and not simple to install or implement. Still the best solution I have found up to this point.
* I realized I needed to dig deeper to find more causes and therefore more solutions so I asked myself again, "why is the grass dying?"
* Because of the dog pee. I don't have any control over the natural functions of the dog so there is no solution there.
* Why is the dog pee causing the grass to die?
* I had to do some research on the internet, but quickly found my answer. Because dog pee has high levels of Nitrogen.
* Why are there high levels of Nitrogen in the dog pee?
* I also found the answers on the internet that it could be related to their diet
* Or they are not drinking enough water.
* I investigated changing the diet for my dog and found that over the lifetime of the dog, you will probably spend more than the electric fence. I also found out there are health risks for the dog with this diet. I found this solution to be simple, but the effectiveness in my mind was questionable. The cost was again high and the negative consequences of the health of the dog were not exciting. Bordering again on the divorce court thing.
* The dog not drinking enough water was another cause looking for a solution.
* I also thought I could probably teach my dog to read before I could get her to drink more water. So while this solution may be effective at a low cost with no negative consequences, I did not feel this would be simple or easy to implement at all.
* We might not be able to get the dog to drink more water which would dilute the Nitrogen, but maybe we can dilute the Nitrogen another way. What if we adjusted the sprinklers to come on more frequently in the area the dog goes potty? Here is an extremely simple and easy to implement solution that should be totally effective with no cost or negative consequences. Guess what solution I chose to solve my problem?
* There is a simple way to cross check the solution you have chosen. Just read your Why Tree in reverse order and substitute the question why with the word because. Let's try this.
* We are going to adjust the sprinklers to come on more frequently because we need to dilute the high levels of Nitrogen because of the dog pee, because the dog pee is killing the grass. Make sure when you do the cross check that your solution makes sense all the way down the line.
* Root cause analysis is definitely a team effort. After all, two heads are better than one. Choose your team members wisely and keep the team size to a manageable group however.
* Don't worry about the repeatability of this problem solving process. In my mind, problem solving is a very creative process.
* If you give the same problem to three different teams, depending on the creativity of each team, you will most likely end up with three different solutions to the problem. This is absolutely normal. Just be creative and focus on the best solution to the problem you face and implement it.
* If this process does not give you a solution that is clearly correct, you may need to use a different problem solving tool.
* In the future, I will be posting videos on all of the problem solving tools including, Pareto charts, flow charts, fishbone diagrams, brainstorming tools, mind maps, failure mode and effects analysis, and TRIZ. So stay tuned.
This is the end of the presentation, but the beginning of your journey towards realizing the benefits of good problem solving at your own company. We have many years experience in the tools of Six Sigma with problem solving skills at the forefront. Let us know how we can help you.
If you need help in training or implementing problem solving, visit us at www.xtremelean.us
UPDATE: I found the missing day 22! I KNEW I did a Clutch song. Whew.
flickr.com/photos/asv/2055643119/
105 days into the 365: a year in songs and photos project, PJ made a suggestion that I list all the songs I have used.
I have the same passion for music that I have for photography. Thankfully, listening to music isn't as expensive a hobby as buying camera equipment. I love to share both my pictures and music and this project was a great way of combining my two loves and spreading the joy I get from both. But PJ was right - I was sharing the music I listen to, but just sharing the song titles or lyrics. Why not share the music as well? So I set about listing every song I've used, writing a line or two about the band or song, and linking to a video or somewhere you can listen to the tune. Hopefully, I'll give you some new music to listen to, or maybe an old favorite to enjoy again.
This took me HOURS! HOURS, I tell you. At least I finally found out where I'm missing days.
Day 1: Queens of the Stone Age - I Think I Lost My Headache
See live performance of song here
Day 2: White Stripes - Dead Leaves and Dirty Ground
Day 3: Supersuckers, Some Day I Will Kill You
You can listen to a sample here. If you want to hear the whole thing, email me. Great band.
Day 4:LL Cool J, Mama Said Knock You Out
Video here.
Day 5: Atmosphere, Shoes (my favorite picture of the project so far)
Listen here. Really good album.
Day 6: Radiohead, Lucky
Day 7: Our Lady Peace, Superman's Dead
Day 8: Nick Cave, There She Goes My Beautiful World
Live video (excellent performance, per usual)
Day 9: Queens of the Stone Age, In My Head (one of my favorite songs from my favorite band)
Day 10: Faith No More, Helpless (my second favorite band!)
Video here (it's one of those homemade videos, but you get to hear the song)
Day 11: Descendents, I Like Food
Listen here, with funny video. 15 second song!
Day 12: Pogues, Fairytale of New York
Day 13: Butthole Surfers, Whatever, I Had a Dream (one of my most listened to songs ever)
Another one of those homemade videos
Day 14: Bouncing Souls, Bullying the Jukebox
A really stupid homemade video for a good song.
Day 15: Accept, Balls to the Wall
Video (man, this brings back memories)
Day 16: Fugazi, Promises. Such an awesome song.
Day 17: Mr. Bungle, Retrovertigo
Day 18: Muse, Feeling Good
Really cool video. Great song.
Day 19: Anti-Flag, She's My Little Go Go Dancer
Day 20: Fran Zappa, Joe's Garage. Love this song!
Day 21: Deftones, Lucky You
Well, folks, it looks like my trouble with numbers will be my downfall yet again. This should have been day 22. But I called it Day 23. So my 100th day was actually my 99th day and....crap. I am NOT going back and numbering them all again. I'll just tack an extra photo on at 365 and call it even.
I found it!
Day 22: Clutch, Green Buckets. I knew I could not have gone this far without a Clutch song!
Day 23: Stormtroopers of Death, Milk. I love singing this song. And it's got such a cool bass line.
Day 24: Far, Mother Mary. My 2nd favorite photo of the set, and one in which the song really fit perfectly.
Video (the actual band's video!).
Day 25: MDC, I Hate Work. Awesome punk band from California via Texas. REAL punk.
Day 26: Mad Season, River of Deceit. I loved this band, which featured members of Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam and Screaming Trees. Depressing song, which I used in a tongue in cheek way on this photo.
Day 27: Guns n Roses, Night Train. There's a neat story behind this one.
Day 28: Reverend Horton Heat, Martini Time
Day 29: The Cramps, Creature From The Black Leather Lagoon. What a fun band.
Day 30: Black Flag, Jealous Again. Maybe my third favorite band. Maybe.
Live video from 1984. Those were the days.
Day 31: Drowning Pool, Break You
Day 32: Hum, Stars. One of my favorite songs.
Day 33: Aztec Camera, Soul's Migration. I still have this photo as my background at work. It's..peaceful.
I can't find anywhere you can hear this song. Email me if you want to.
Day 34: Master P, Converse B ball. The first appearance of our dog in 365!
Can't find this one either, but I have it.
Day 35: Nirvana, Pennyroyal Tea. Well, this could be my 3rd favorite band. I didn't really come to appreciate Nirvana until recently.
Live, unplugged. I love that album so much.
Day 36: Pink Floyd, Learning To Fly. Pink Floyd purists hate this album, but I love it, especially this song.
Day 37: Queens of the Stone Age, Lost Art of Keeping A Secret
Video. Go ahead and watch it. Such a great song.
Day 38: Animaniacs, I'm Cute. Hey, it fit.
Day 39: U2, Trip Through Your Wires. One of their only songs I can still tolerate (excluding the Boy album).
Day 40: Ben Folds Five, Mess. Mess of notes on this photo.
Day 41: Misfits, Teenagers From Mars. I used to adore this band and I just can't listen to them anymore. Still love me some Danzig, though.
Day 42: Made For TV, I'm Afraid of the Russians. 80's cold war music at its best.
Unfortunately, not to be found online.
Day 43: Social Distortion, Mommy's Little Monster. With a story about the adoption of my nephew.
Day 44: System of a Down, Patterns
Day 45: Everclear, Nervous and Weird. One of only two songs I like by this band.
Can't find this online.
Day 46: Cheap Trick, Surrender. With tacky KISS Christmas ornament.
Video. Brings me back.
Day 47: Fall Out Boy, Sugar We're Going Down. The most infectious songs on my iPod.
Video. Sort of. It's a video of someone intentionally misinterpreting the lyrics. I laughed.
Day 48: Glassjaw, Pretty Lush. Long Island screamo band. Hey, I don't make these labels up. I just listen.
Day 49: Captain Sensible, One Christmas Catalog Too Many. Love the captain. And this is my favorite color photo of the bunch.
Day 50: Machine Head, Take My Scars. A band I reserve for my "I need to kick something" days.
Day 51: Mojo Nixon, Elvis is Everywhere. Elvislution, baby.
Day 52: Strawberry Alarm Clock, Incense and Peppermint. Far out, man.
Day 53: Type O Negative, Black No. 1. I do have some metal goth chick in me. It only comes out at night.
Day 54: Perry Como, The Christmas Song.
I'm quite sure you know this.
Day 55: AFI, A Winter's Tale. I used to love this band before they went all Hot Topic on me. I would love to retake this photo. Good idea, not executed well.
Day 56: Vandals, Soup of the Day. Fun punk band.
Can't find online.
Day 57: Queens of the Stone Age, Sick, Sick, Sick. Mmmmm...Pepto soup!
Day 58: NoMeansNo, Cats, Sex, Nazis. No, wait, THIS is my third favorite band!
Unfortunately, there's no video for this song. Instead I will link you to an incredible, amazing, powerful live performance of their song The River.
Day 59: Supersuckers, Fisticuffs. Could THIS be my third favorite band? Heh.
Day 60: Del the Funky Homosapien, Proto Culture. Del rules.
Day 61: Death Cab For Cutie, The New Year. My daughter got me into this band.
Day 62: Donny Osmond, Puppy Love. It was the obvious choice.
Video, 1972. My god. The memories of being in love with him. Man, I'm old.
Day 63: Soundgarden, Blow Up The Outside World. Before Chris Cornell turned into a girl. He was only half girl here. He was all man on Badmotorfinger.
Day 64: Smashing Pumpkins, Blank Page. The midst of my muse crisis.
I'm linking to this instead of the song because it never fails to crack me up.
Day 65: GBH, Midnight Madness and Beyond. The best punk band you never listened to.
Can't find it, so here's a live version of City Baby Attacked By Rats
Day 66: Stephen "Tin Tin" Duffy, Kiss Me. In which I get my 80's new wave on.
Listen. Hold on while I dance for a little while.
Day 67: Fear, New York's Alright. Here's a story by Todd about a Fear show that turned into a riot.
Day 68: Queens of the Stone Age, Quick and to the Pointless. Yes, another QOTSA song.
Day 69: Queens of the Stone Age: Auto Pilot. Umm..yea. I get on kicks sometimes.
Video. In my top five favorite of theirs.
Day 70: Wu Tang Clan, C.R.E.A.M. Dolla dolla bill, y'all. One of the finest albums ever recorded.
Day 71: Adam Ant, Yin + Yang. I really reached for this one.
No video, so here's his best song.
Day 72: The Cure, A Forest. Guess I was in "Band from my wild years" mode.
Day 73: Suicidal Tendencies, Go Skate. I really love this picture. And I love skate punk.
Day 74: Youth Brigade, Sink With California. More skate punk. Complete with California shaped birthday cake.
Day 75: Atmosphere, Trying To Find A Balance. Go see out the album Seven's Travels right now. Complete awesomeness.
Video. Give it a listen. Great lyrics, great beats.
Day 76: Phantom Planet, California. You probably know this song from it being the them to The OC. So I'm going to link to another song by them that rocks. And there's zombies in the video!
Ok, here's where we get lost. This is when I went to California. I still haven't gone back and posted a photo from each day there. Guess I should do that. So don't mind the missing days.
Day 78: Descendents, Weinerschnitzel. Mmmm...chili dogs.
Video. The song is about 11 seconds long.
Day 79: Frank Zappa, Who Needs the Peace Corps. Tales of Haight Ashbury and the broken dreams of my childhood.
Can't find it, so here's a clip of Zappa on Letterman.
Day 81: The Who, Tattoo. Oh yea. Five hours watching someone get a tattoo. Actually, it was more interesting than it sounds.
Day 82: The Vandals, Rico. The best song about California ever written. With my love letter to Sacramento.
Sadly, I can't find this online. Email if you want to hear it. But here's another Vandals song for you, The Legend of Pat Brown.
Days 83 and 84 will have to be thrown in at the end.
Day 85: Faith No More, Last Cup of Sorrow
Neat video, with Jennifer Jason Leigh
Day 86: The Von Bondies, Broken Man. The best rock and roll band you are not listening to. Did I say that already?
Day 87: 50 Cent, Candy Shop. Sometimes listening to his stuff gives me the creeps.
Day 88: Meat Puppets, Fruit.
No Fruit video, but here they are doing Oh, Me, which Nirvana covered beautifully.
Day 89: Blind Melon, Three Is A Magic Number (Schoolhouse Rock). I heard Blind Melon is touring. I hate when bands replace singers. I mean yea, he's dead. But change the band name and move on. Replacing singers never turns out well. Except when Faith No More did it.
Day 90: Tom Chapin, Happy Birthday. Kids music that adults find more than tolerable.
No birthday video, but here's a cute song about the states.
Day 91: Indyanna, Go National. I wish this band got more recognition. Good stuff.
Here they are at Old Ironsides singing Stealing is Wrong.
Day 92: Dead Milkmen, I Hate Myself. In which I take a photo of a toilet bowl.
Struck out yet again on a video, but here's the band doing Stuart.
Day 93: Quicksand, Thorn in My Side. In my top 20 of favorite songs ever.
Video. Get your anger on.
Day 94: Adolescents, Wrecking Crew. My favorite picture of Lili.
A bad sound recent performance of the song. Didn't know they were still around til I saw a flyer for a show in Sacramento.
Day 95: Filter, One. Such a great cover. And I still haven't found my ring.
Day 96: Swingin Utters, Five Lessons Learned. I'll be using more from this punk band pretty soon.
Day 97: Hanson Brothers, The Hockey Song. Fun, fun Canadian punk by the guys from NoMeansNo. And a hockey bet lost.
Day 98: Stone Temple Pilots - Big Empty. I've been on an STP kick lately, after ignoring them for so many years.
Day 99: Bouncing Souls, Hopeless Romantic. Fun song, fun band
Day 100: The Fray, Hundred. I'll be honest. I only knew of this song from my daughter and I needed a song with 100 in the title. Then I listened, and liked. So I learned a little musically from this as well. Photo includes about 40 notes.
Day 101: The Who, In the Blue and Red and Gray. Finally got a copy of this song. Very sweet. Really like the words, which fit nicely on this photo.
Day 102: Judas Priest, All Guns Blazing. Rip-it-up metal, to go with a lame ass phot of some rip-it-up video games. Hey, I've been sick. I try.
Live video. Rob Halford rocks.
Day 103: The Von Bondies, C'mon, C'mon. I might have said this already, but if you don't own this album you are missing out. I've been playing it non stop in my car for about three weeks and I'm not even near sick of it.
Day 104: Meatloaf, Paradise By the Dashboard Light. Why, it feels like just yesterday when I wrote about my hatred of this song....oh, it was!
Hah! I found a video of a couple doing it at a wedding!
And that's it. From now on I will write a little about the band and link, if possible, to the song when I do my 365 photo each night.
When I first started this, the idea was to take a song from my library and take a photo to go with it. Somewhere down the line, I was taking photos and finding songs to go with them. I'd like to challenge myself more with the camera by going back to the other way of doing it.
Now that you sort of know my musical tastes, feel free to make requests for songs I could do for the rest of this project. It doesn't have to necessarily be the song title that is to go with the photo, it could be a specific lyric as well.
Using Tears For Fears' 80s classic for my final entry this month because - even after seventeen years - I'm still 'Head Over Heels' in love with this girl.
#funnyhowtimeflies
For Self Portrait Challenge - 'Favorite Songs'
Use this image without my permission is illegal. All Rights Reserved ste.t.©
Il silenzio ha il diritto di essere ascoltato | la gente parla troppo per quello che deve dire | parole senza significato, si dissolvono via e basta. | Il silenzio deve essere ascoltato | il rumore dovrebbe essere osservato | il tempo è giunto per imparare, che il silenzio... | il silenzio deve essere ascoltato. (Enigma)
Prop used in the movie Hellboy by Guillermo del Toro. This is the semi-dead body of the bad guy Kroenen.
This was taken at the exhibition "L'Art de l'engany" in the Palau Robert in Barcelona, mostly showcasing the work of David Martí and Montse Ribé.
To all that find that picture objectionable or feel the need to flag it: This exhibit was openly featured in a hallway in the building with no age check or something similar beforehand. This is just a movie prop.
Taken during a trip to Barcelona in May 2009. Please visit the whole set.
The Hope Diamond
•Catalog Number: NMNH G3551-00
•Locality: India
•Weight: 45.52 ct
Gift of Harry Winston, Inc in 1958.
Over 100 million visitors have experienced the beauty of the Hope Diamond since Harry Winston donated it to the Smithsonian Institution in 1958. Learn more about this remarkable gem using the tiles below.
Timeline
The French Kings: 1668-1792
1668-1669: Tavernier’s Diamond
King Louis XIV was fond of beautiful and rare gems, especially diamonds. In December of 1668, the explorer Jean-Baptiste Tavernier met with the king to share a collection of diamonds collected on his recently completed trip to India. In February of 1669, King Louis XIV purchased the lot of diamonds, including a large blue diamond weighing 112 3⁄16 old French carats (approximately 115 modern metric carats) for 220,000 livres (Bapst 1889). In recognition of this transaction, the king honored Tavernier with the rank of nobleman (Morel 1988).
It is commonly assumed that Tavernier acquired the diamond on his last journey to India (1664-1668) and that it came from the Kollur Mine of the Golconda region. However, evidence for both source and timing is circumstantial, as Tavernier makes no mention of the acquisition of the diamond in the published accounts of his journeys. The Kollur Mine is considered a likely source because it was known for producing large and colored diamonds (Post and Farges 2014), but there were several diamond mines throughout India during the time of Tavernier’s voyages, and the diamond could have come from any one of them. The diamond must at least have originated in India, as India was the only commercial source of diamonds in Tavernier’s time.
1669-1672: Creating the French Blue
King Louis XIV ordered one of his court jewelers, Jean Pittan the Younger, to supervise the recutting of the 115-carat blue diamond. The king likely ordered the stone recut because of differences between Indian and European tastes in diamonds: Indian gems were cut to retain size and weight, while Europeans prized luster, symmetry and brilliance. It is not known who actually cut the diamond, but the job took about two years to complete. The result was an approximately 69-carat heart-shaped diamond referred to as “the great violet diamond of His Majesty” in the historic royal archives. At that time, “violet” meant a shade of blue. Today, the diamond is most commonly known as the “French Blue” (Post and Farges 2014).
An inventory of the French Crown Jewels from 1691 reveals that the French Blue was “set into gold and mounted on a stick.” In 2012, a computer simulation revealed that eight central facets on the pavilion of the French Blue were cut so as to be visible when one looked through the face of the gem (Farges et al. 2012). When the stone was set in gold, the effect would be the appearance of a gold sun in the center of the blue diamond. Post and Farges (2014) proposed that the stone was cut this way to show the colors of the French monarchy, blue and gold, symbolizing the divine standing and power of King Louis XIV, the Sun King. The diamond was not worn as a piece of jewelry or kept with the French Crown Jewels, but rather was stored in the King’s cabinet of curiosities at Versailles, where he could show it to special guests.
1749: The Order of the Golden Fleece
Louis XIV’s great-grandson, Louis XV, inherited the royal jewels when he ascended to the throne. Around 1749, King Louis XV tasked the Parisian jeweler Pierre-André Jacqumin with creating an emblem of knighthood of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The finished emblem featured a number of spectacular gems, including the French Blue Diamond, the 107-carat Côte de Bretagne spinel (carved into the shape of a dragon and originally thought to be a ruby), and several other diamonds. It was rarely worn, functioning instead as a symbol of the king’s power (Post and Farges 2014).
1791: The Capture of Louis XVI
Amidst the turmoil of the French Revolution, King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to escape France, but were apprehended and returned to Paris. The French Crown Jewels, including the French Blue Diamond in the Order of the Golden Fleece, were turned over to the revolutionary government and moved to the Garde-Meuble, the Royal Storehouse, where they were put on view for the public once a week until 1792. On visiting days, the doors of the armoires would be opened and a selection of mounted and unmounted jewels could be viewed in special display cases.
1792: The Theft of the French Crown Jewels
On the night of September 11th, 1792, a group of thieves climbed through the first-floor windows of the Garde-Meuble into the room where the French Crown Jewels were stored and escaped with some of the jewels. At the time, no one in the storehouse even realized that a theft had taken place: The seal on the door to the room had not been broken, and no guards were stationed inside of the room. The thieves returned over the following nights to steal more of the jewels. By the evening of September 17th, the group of thieves had grown to about fifty. Acting loudly and carelessly, they attracted the attention of the patrol, putting an end to one of the most curious thefts in history (Morel 1988).
By then, the Order of the Golden Fleece was gone. The French Blue Diamond has not been seen since.
From Europe to America: 1812-1958
1812: A Blue Diamond Appears in London
It is now clear that the French Blue resurfaced in London nearly 20 years later, although no one seems to have recognized it at the time. It had by then been recut to a smaller (though still spectacular) gem, which we know today as the Hope Diamond.
The first reference to this diamond is a sketch and description made in 1812 by the London jeweler John Francillon:
The above drawing is the exact size and shape of a very curious superfine deep blue Diamond. Brilliant cut, and equal to a fine deep blue Sapphire. It is beauty full and all perfection without specks or flaws, and the color even and perfect all over the Diamond. I traced it round the diamond with a pencil by leave of Mr. Daniel Eliason and it is as finely cut as I have ever seen in a Diamond. The color of the Drawing is as near the color of the Diamond as possible.
Francillon does not mention where the diamond came from or who had cut it, nor does he connect it to the French Blue.
Intriguingly, the Francillon Memo is dated just two days after the twenty-year statute of limitations for crimes committed during the French Revolution had passed. The diamond may have resurfaced at this time because the possibility of prosecution and of France reclaiming the diamond was eliminated, making the owner comfortable enough to share the diamond with others (Winters and White 1991).
1813-1823: Mr. Eliason’s Diamond
Several other British naturalists and gem experts made note of a large blue diamond in London in the years following Francillon’s memo. In the 1813 and 1815 editions of his book, A Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones, mineralogist and gem connoisseur John Mawe writes that “there is at this time a superlatively fine blue diamond, of above 44 carats, in possession of an individual in London, which may be considered as matchless, and of course of arbitrary value.” Similarly, James Sowerby, a naturalist known for his illustrations of minerals and other objects, wrote that “Daniel Eliason, Esq. has in London, a nearly perfect blue Brilliant, of 44½ carats, that is superior to any other coloured diamond known” (Sowerby 1817).
By 1823, the diamond was no longer in Eliason’s possession. Mawe returned to the subject of the blue diamond in the 1823 edition of his book, writing that:
“A superlatively fine blue diamond weighing 44 carats and valued at £30,000, formerly the property of Mr. Eliason, an eminent diamond merchant, is now said to be in the possession of our most gracious sovereign… The unrivaled gem is of a deep sapphire blue, and from its rarity and color, might have been estimated at a higher sum. It has found its most worthy destination in passing into the possession of a monarch, whose refined taste has ever been conspicuous in the highest degree” (Mawe 1823)
According to Mawe, then, Eliason had parted with the diamond and it had come into the possession of George IV, the King of England. However, no evidence linking the Hope Diamond to the king has been found in the British royal archives, and we do not know whether George IV ever possessed it as either owner or borrower (Post and Farges 2014).
1839: Henry Philip Hope’s Gem Collection
Henry Philip Hope (1774-1839) was a wealthy British banker with an affinity for fine art and precious gems. An 1839 catalogue of his gem collection mentions a large blue diamond weighing 45.5 carats. The diamond would take his name, becoming known as “Hope’s Diamond” or the “Hope Diamond.” The catalogue describes the diamond as “a most magnificent and rare brilliant, of a deep sapphire blue, of the greatest purity, and most beautifully cut” (Hertz 1839). It was set in a medallion with smaller, rose-cut, colorless diamonds surrounding it and a pearl that dropped from the bottom of the medallion as a pendant. Unfortunately, Hope does not record when or where he acquired the diamond in his 1839 catalogue.
Henry Philip Hope died in 1839, leaving his possessions to his three nephews: Henry Thomas, Adrian, and Alexander. In his will, Henry Philip Hope divided his money and property amongst the brothers, but did not leave instructions for the division of his gem collection. Given the immense value of his collection, the Hope brothers argued for years over who would inherit it. In 1849, after ten years of dispute, the brothers reached an agreement: the property went to Adrian, the Hope Pearl and around 700 precious gemstones went to Alexander, and the Hope Diamond and seven other gems went to Henry Thomas (Kurin 2006).
1851: The Great London Exhibition
Henry Thomas Hope loaned the Hope Diamond for display at the Crystal Palace during the Great London Exhibition. According to a catalogue from the exhibition, 28 diamonds from the Henry Philip Hope Collection were exhibited. This suggests that the brother of Henry Thomas, Alexander, must have contributed diamonds to the display effort since Henry Thomas had only inherited eight gems from his uncle and Alexander had inherited the rest (Kurin 2006).
1858: The French Blue Connection
Today, we are certain that the Hope Diamond is the recut French Blue. However, it took 46 years after Francillon described the modern Hope for someone to connect the two diamonds. The French gemologist Charles Barbot was first, speculating in his 1858 book, Traité Complet de Pierres Précieuses, that the Hope Diamond was cut from the French Blue (Post and Farges 2014).
Later authors continued in this track. In 1870, Charles W. King wrote about a likely connection between the two blue diamonds in his book, The Natural History of the Precious Stones and of the Precious Metals. On the subject of “Hope’s Blue Diamond” King writes “suspected to be that of the French Regalia (stolen in 1792), and then weighing 67 car., and afterwards re-cut as a brilliant to its present weight of 44½ carat.”
In 1882, Edwin Streeter wrote about the diamond’s provenance in his book, The Great Diamonds of the World: Their History and Romance:
The disappearance of Tavernier’s rough blue from the French regalia, followed by the unexplained appearance of a cut gem of precisely the same delicate blue tint, and answering in size to the original after due allowance made for loss in cutting, leaves little or no room for doubting the identity of the two stones… It thus appears that the rough un-cut Tavernier, the French “Blue,” lost in 1792, and the “Hope,” are one and the same stone. (Streeter 1882, p. 214).
1887: The Extravagant Life of Lord Francis Hope
Henry Thomas Hope left his possessions, including the Hope Diamond, to his wife Anne Adéle Hope when he passed away in 1862. Anne, in turn, decided to leave the family treasures not to her daughter, Henrietta (whose husband was careless with money and often on the verge of bankruptcy) but to her grandson, Francis Hope. In her 1876 will, Anne named Francis as heir to the family treasures, stipulating that the estates and heirlooms were to be used during his lifetime and then passed on to another Hope descendant. Anne passed away in 1884, and Francis Hope claimed his inheritance when he turned 21, three years later (Kurin 2006).
Lord Francis Hope was less prudent than his grandmother might have hoped. He lived extravagantly, quickly spending his inheritance on traveling, entertainment, and gambling and sinking into tremendous debt. In 1892, he met a showgirl in New York City named May Yohé, a glamorous and charming actress from Pennsylvania. Hope and Yohé married in 1894 and continued to live well beyond their means. To avoid bankruptcy, Hope appealed to his relatives for permission to sell a portion of the family art collection, claiming that he could no longer afford to care for the paintings. After years of litigation, the family finally agreed to allow Hope to sell a selection of the paintings, but the sale was not enough to save him from financial crisis. In 1901, after more litigation with his family, Lord Francis offered the Hope Diamond for sale (Patch 1999).
1901-1907: Crossing the Atlantic
In 1901, Lord Francis Hope sold the Hope Diamond to London diamond merchant Adolf Weil, who sold the diamond to Joseph Frankel’s Sons & Co. of New York shortly thereafter. Simon Frankel sailed to London from New York to finalize the purchase. One source reported that Frankel paid $250,000 (~6.7 million 2014 dollars) for the diamond (Patch 1999).
Frankel brought the Hope Diamond back to New York to try to sell it in America, but received no reasonable offers. By 1907, the market for diamonds had sharply declined due to a slow economy, and Frankel’s company faced the possibility of bankruptcy (Kurin 2006). The Hope Diamond sat locked away in a New York safe deposit box while Frankel tried to find a buyer.
1908-1909: Selim Habib and Rumors of a Curse
Joseph Frankel’s Sons & Co. finally found a buyer for the Hope Diamond in 1908: Selim Habib, a Turkish diamond collector and merchant who purchased the Hope Diamond for a reported $200,000 (~5 million 2014 dollars). According to the New York Times, Selim Habib soon had financial troubles, and in 1909, he sold his gem collection, including the Hope Diamond (Kurin, 2006). His financial difficulties and a later, incorrect report of his death at sea contributed to the growing myth of a curse on the Hope Diamond.
Habib’s collection was put up for auction at the Hotel Drouot in Paris, France on June 24, 1909. Jeweler and gem expert Louis Aucoc oversaw the auction, withdrawing the Hope Diamond from the sale before selling it to jeweler C. N. Rosenau for 400,000 francs (Kurin 2006).
1910: Cartier acquired the Hope Diamond
Cartier, a French jewelry house, purchased the Hope Diamond from jeweler C.N. Rosenau in 1910. The Hope Diamond arrived in the U.S. on November 23, 1910, where it was valued at $110,000 for customs plus the $10,000 duty for an unmounted gem (Patch 1999).
Pierre Cartier took on the responsibility of selling the Hope Diamond. Pierre was a talented salesman: Charming, smooth-talking, and sophisticated, he was experienced in the art of selling to wealthy customers, Americans in particular, having worked at Cartier’s New York office.
By this time, the art of developing colorful narratives for famous gems was already well established. Intriguing histories helped with gem sales, and in turn, gave the purchaser an interesting tale to tell admirers at various events. Cartier thus began to fabricate a fanciful story around the Hope Diamond that included a curse, which he would pitch to potential buyers (Kurin 2006).
1912: The McLeans buy the Hope Diamond
In 1912, Pierre Cartier sold the Hope Diamond to an American couple, Ned and Evalyn Walsh McLean. The sale was the result of two years of work.
Pierre identified the McLeans as potential buyers shortly after Cartier purchased the Hope Diamond. Both Evalyn and Ned were heirs to American fortunes, Evalyn’s from mining and Ned’s from newspapers. They were previous, big-spending clients of Cartier, having purchased the 94.8-carat Star of the East Diamond from Cartier in 1908 while they were on their honeymoon. Pierre arranged to meet with them in 1910 while they were on vacation in Paris. He presented his embellished tale of the Hope Diamond’s extraordinary provenance to the McLeans, including the curse that brought bad luck to all who owned it. Evalyn was fascinated with the story and told Pierre that she believed objects that brought bad luck to others would bring good luck to her. Despite her interest, she initially declined to purchase the blue diamond because she did not like its setting (McLean 1936).
Pierre, a persistent man, did not let an old-fashioned setting prevent him from securing the sale. He took the Hope Diamond to New York, where he had it reset into a contemporary mounting. In the new mounting (essentially the same mounting it is in today), the Hope was framed by 16 colorless diamonds and could be worn as part of a head ornament or a diamond necklace. Pierre returned to Washington and left the newly set Hope with Evalyn and Ned over a weekend.
Pierre’s strategy was successful—Evalyn adored the Hope Diamond, and several months later agreed to purchase it from Cartier, settling on a price of $180,000 (Patch 1999) plus the return of an emerald and pearl pendant with diamond necklace that she no longer wanted (McLean 1936). The Hope Diamond became Evalyn Walsh McLean’s signature in the high society of Washington, D.C. She wore it frequently, layered with her other important gems and jewelry, to events and the lavish parties she hosted. Evalyn would even let her Great Dane, Mike, wear the Hope Diamond on his collar.
1947-1949: Evalyn Walsh McLean Passes Away
Evalyn Walsh McLean died from pneumonia on April 26, 1947. She dictated in her will that all of her jewelry be held in trust until her youngest grandchild turned twenty-five, at which point her jewels were to be divided equally by all of her grandchildren. Two years after her death, however, the court ordered the sale of her jewelry collection to pay off debts and claims against her estate (Patch 1999). The Hope Diamond, the Star of the East Diamond, and the rest of her jewelry collection were purchased by jeweler Harry Winston of New York.
1949-1958: Winston and the Court of Jewels
In 1949, Harry Winston purchased the Hope Diamond along with the rest of the Evalyn Walsh McLean’s jewelry collection. Winston incoporated McLean’s jewelry into the Court of Jewels, a traveling exhibition of gems supplemented by a jewelry fashion show. Large and famous diamonds, including the Hope Diamond, the Star of the East Diamond, and the 127-carat Portuguese Diamond (now also part of the Smithsonian’s collection), were featured as part of the show. The exhibit travelled throughout America from 1949 to 1953 to teach the public about precious gems and raise money for civic and charitable organizations (Harry Winston, Inc.). Harry Winston once stated: “I want the public to know more about precious gems. With so much expensive junk jewelry around these days, people forget that a good diamond, ruby, or emerald, however small, is a possession to be prized for generations” (Tupper and Tupper 1947).
At the Smithsonian: 1958-Present
1958: The Hope Diamond comes to the Smithsonian
In 1958, Harry Winston donated the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution. On November 10th, the Hope arrived at the Smithsonian in a plain brown package shipped by registered mail (and insured for a sum of one million dollars). Mrs. Harry Winston presented the Hope Diamond to Dr. Leonard Carmichael, Secretary of the Smithsonian, and Dr. George S. Switzer, Curator of Mineralogy. The Hope Diamond was exhibited in the Gem Hall at the National Museum of Natural History and almost immediately became its premier attraction.
1962: A Visit to France
With the encouragement of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, the Hope Diamond was loaned for a month to the Louvre Museum for the exhibition “Ten Centuries of French Jewels.” It was displayed with two famous diamonds, the Regent (a 140.50-carat brilliant cushion cut diamond) and the Sancy (a pale yellow 55.23-carat pear-shaped diamond). Also on display was the Côte de Bretagne, a red spinel carved in the shape of a dragon that, along with the French Blue Diamond, had been part of Louis XV’s elaborate emblem of the Order of the Golden Fleece. This exhibition marked the reunion of these two gems after 170 years. In return, the Louvre’s masterpiece, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, was loaned to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. from January 8 to February 3, 1963.
1965: At the Rand Easter Show in South Africa
The Hope Diamond was loaned to DeBeers and traveled to Johannesburg, South Africa for the Rand Easter Show, one of the largest consumer exhibitions in the world. The Hope Diamond was the main attraction in the jewel box in the Diamond Pavilion. Surrounded by a cluster of diamonds, it was exhibited on a finely woven spider’s web supported by the bare branches of a rose bush and illuminated from above.
1982: At the Metropolitan Museum of Art
In November 1982, Ronald Winston, son of Harry Winston, hosted 1,200 guests in the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Engelhard Court. (Kurin 2006) For the glittering gala, the Hope Diamond was reunited with the Star of the East (a 94.80-carat pear-shaped diamond previously owned by Evalyn Walsh McLean) and the Idol’s Eye (a 70.21-carat rounded pear-shape diamond exhibited at the Rand Easter Show in 1965).
1997: The New Harry Winston Gallery
The Hope Diamond was put on display in the Harry Winston Gallery of the newly completed Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals in the National Museum of Natural History. The diamond is mounted on a rotating pedestal so that it can be viewed from all four sides of the vault.
2009-2010: Celebrating 50 years at the Smithsonian
In September 2009, the Hope Diamond was removed from its setting and exhibited unmounted for the first time ever. To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Hope Diamond at the Smithsonian, an online contest was used to select a commemorative necklace from one of three designs submitted by Harry Winston, Inc. The winning entry, “Embracing Hope”, was designed by Maurice Galli. This modern design consisted of three-dimensional ribbons set with baguette-cut diamonds wrapping the Hope Diamond in an exquisite embrace. The Hope Diamond was set in the Embracing Hope necklace and displayed for over a year before being returned to its original Cartier mounting.
2017: The Hope Diamond Today
Today, the Hope Diamond remains one of the most popular objects at the Smithsonian, attracting millions of visitors every year. Even now, the Hope retains much of its mystery, and Smithsonain scientists continue to study it to better understand its eventful history and rare beauty.
Grading the Hope
For many years, the weight of the Hope Diamond was not precisely known, with reports of its weight ranging from 44 carats to 45.5 carats. On November 13, 1975, the Hope Diamond was removed from its setting and found to weigh 45.52 carats.
Gemologists from the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) visited the Smithsonian in 1988 to grade the Hope Diamond. They observed that the gem showed evidence of wear, that it had a remarkably strong phosphorescence, and that its clarity was slightly affected by a whitish graining that is common to blue diamonds. They described its color as fancy dark grayish-blue and its clarity as VS1 (Crowningshield 1989).
In 1996, the Hope Diamond necklace was sent to Harry Winston, Inc. for cleaning and minor restoration work. The diamond was removed from its setting and re-examined by the GIA. In this report, the Hope’s color was described as a a natural fancy deep grayish-blue (reflecting a change in GIA’s nomenclature for grading, not a change in the assessment of the diamond).
How much is the Hope Diamond worth?
We at the Smithsonian like to say that the Hope Diamond is priceless. Its size, color, and eventful history, as well as its long tenure at the heart of the Smithsonian’s gem collection, make it a true American treasure. In any case, it’s not for sale!
What can we say about the value of a gem like the Hope, if we’re not going to commit to a specific number? A large part of a gem’s value comes from its physical properties: color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. But other, less tangible factors can also increase the value of a gem. For example, as Pierre Cartier recognized a hundred years ago, an eventful, well-documented history is important, as are the tastes and means of an individual buyer. The price of an individual stone reflects the confluence of these and other factors.
Blue diamonds like the Hope are very rare, and the money being spent to purchase them is enormous. Several large blue diamonds have fetched tens of millions of dollars at auction in recent years:
•The 9.75 carat, Fancy Vivid Blue Zoe sold at Sotheby’s in 2014 for $32.6 million
•The 13.22 carat, Fancy Vivid Blue Winston Blue sold at Christie’s in 2014 for $24.2 million
•The 35.56 carat, Fancy Deep Grayish Blue Wittelsbach-Graff sold at Christie’s in 2008 for $24.3 million
Less well-documented are private sales, where famous stones such as the Heart of Eternity and the Wittelsbach-Graff may have fetched even higher prices.
Computer Modeling
A computer modeling study of the Tavernier, French Blue and Hope diamonds was conducted. The results support the long-held theory that the diamonds are in fact the same stone, concluding that the Hope Diamond is likely the only surviving piece of the diamond originally sold to King Louis XIV–the rest having been ground away during the various recuttings. This research, conducted by Jeffrey Post, Smithsonian curator of the National Gem Collection, Steven Attaway, engineer and gem cutter, and Scott Sucher and Nancy Attaway, gem cutting experts, was featured on the Discovery Channel. The film, “Unsolved History: Hope Diamond,” premiered Feb 10, 2005.
In 2007, a lead cast of the French Blue diamond was discovered in the mineral collection of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, permitting additional refinements to the modeling study.
Boron in Blue Diamonds
The blue color in the Hope Diamond and others like it is caused by trace amounts of boron. The Hope Diamond was tested to measure its chemical composition and determine the concentration of boron. This study used various spectroscopic methods and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy to analyze for boron in natural type IIb blue diamonds, including the Hope Diamond and the Blue Heart Diamond (also a part of the Smithsonian’s National Gem Collection). The study found that, on average, the Hope Diamond contains about 0.6 parts per million boron.
Phosphoresence of the Hope Diamond
Curator Dr. Jeffrey Post led a team from the Smithsonian and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory to investigate the intense, red-orange phosphorescence exhibited by the Hope Diamond after exposure to ultra-violet light. They discovered that all type IIB blue diamonds exhibit similar phosphorescence behaviors and that the specific phosphorescence spectral properties might be unique to each individual blue diamond, enabling the researchers to essentially “fingerprint” each stone.
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Originally this was the Schoharie County Alms House and Poor Farm. About 1949, it became A Franciscan Seminary. It was they who built the chapel wing. Sometime in the 70's 80's It became an Eldercare facility named Mountainside Manor. That closed in 2006 and the property sat abandoned until recently when it was purchased by the Russian Orthodox Church who are using it as a church regional HQ and an organic farm. They placed the "Onion Dome" on the chapel steeple replacing a spire.
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