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A mini running day using 9 Bristol REs and an AEC Merlin took place in Winchester in early November 2019 ably organised by the Hampshire Bus Preservation Group. Four routes were operated from The Broadway running to Bishops Sutton via Alresford Station (X71), to Alresford Station via Itchen Abbas (71), a Winchester circular via Pitt (45) and a run down to Otterbourne (47). There was also an Alresford to Cheriton shuttle (67). It was a great day with some lovely autumnal countryside views and a wonderful soundtrack!
Buses used on the day were:
HDL23E - 1967 Bristol RESL6G / ECW B43F, Southern Vectis 808;
HDL25E - 1967 Bristol RESL6G / ECW B43F, Southern Vectis 810;
LDV467F - 1968 Bristol RELH6G / ECW C45F Royal Blue 1457;
UFM53F - 1968 Bristol RELL6G / ECW DP50F Crosville ERG53;
TRU947J - 1971 Bristol RELL6G / ECW DP50F Wilts & Dorset 846;
DAE511K - 1972 Bristol RELL6L / ECW B44D, Bristol OC 1257;
SJA352K - 1971 Bristol RELL6L / Marshall B49F Trent 352;
TDL563K - 1971 Bristol RELL6G / ECW B53F Southern Vectis 863;
XLJ726K - 1972 Bristol RELL6G / ECW DP50F, Hants & Dorset 1651;
SMM90F - 1968 AEC Merlin / MCW B45D London Transport MB90.
I just got my hands on another camera, and no, I don’t know really know how to use it. I hope there is some great light tomorrow.
Here's ten megapixels of Toby.
Chloroquine la coquine :
Salam ce slam
Ta vie ruse
Sur ce virus
De nous, il s’amuse
Dans l’action diffuse
Sa selection est confuse
L’attente vaine nous use!!!
Alors!!! Mais encore..
Il dort ton anticorps ???
La rumeur enrôle ton esprit
Paye la peur, est-ce le prix?
Mais non,non,non,non,
Elle n’as pas de nom.
C’est une phobie de groupe
Google en chef de troupes
Amazon pour livrer l’angoisse
Facebook publie cette poisse
Avec Apple t’payes l’essentiel
Microsoft te fourni le logiciel.
GAFAM tu nous affames ?
Ce virus nous alarme ......
On oublie le libraire du coin
Fini les réunions au loin....
Vive le nouveau système
GAFAM on vous aime
Gaffes zzzz âmes
C quoi s’vacarme ?
Copie/colle avec charme
Toute l’info est une arme?
Copie / colle comme relai
T l’antenne du mauvais ?
Hua veille pour la paix?
Huawei au grand jamais,
Ne transfère tes données ?
Baidu recherche tes amis
Bail du télétravail ennemi ?
Nous sommes en guerre »
GHAFBAM possède le nerf
Le nerf de laaa guerre
Si tu crois qu’j’exagère ?
GHAFBAM un terroriste ?
Nous on est les touristes ?
GHAFBAM tes usines
Travaillent en Chine ?
Payement d’un fil invisible
Pays ment ? C’est possible
La monnaie officielle
L’âme nie ? oh fit l’ Ciel !
La monaie disparaît
À ce qu’il parait hèè!
Avec GHAFBAM ou t’ai ?
Paradis fiscal ou t’étais ?
Faut kon est tes qualités
Pour comprendre ki t’es ?
GHAFBAM t l’gran-frére
GHAFBAM t Notre-Père .
Un drôle de serpent Vert s'enroule avec son frère ennemi le serpent d'Or, d'ors et déjà de l'histoire ancienne des Upanishads. Il semble que des forces opposées s'affrontent depuis un moment déjà, le confinement actuel nous livre par la voix de l'akasha ces quelques pensées paranoïaques ou complotante et à la solde des patrons qui payent nos journalistes et ou qui contribuent à faire des villes contagieuses. Merci aux architectes soumis à Saint Le Corbousillié ou à la symptomatique pseudo-hauteur de nos invétérés penseur officiels.Un courant positif plane sur un tronc de certitudes trop floues pour être pressé de les annoncer en Procuration sur Google pour ceux qui sont à l’Ouest puis de lesncommander Amazon ensuite publier sur Facebook, enfin de payer avec Applepay et son logiciel Microsoft .
Faire un don pour les GAFAM afin de relancer le nouveau système 😇et détruire l’ancien régime des golden boys. Nous puissions rajouter Huawei car faudrait-il une antenne 5G et Baidu si vous voulez être à l’Est . Du coup les GHAFBAM sont en train de devenir plus fort que Rothschild et JP Morgan. La troisième guerre mondiale n’est plus une guerre de nations mais possède les mêmes caractéristiques que les 2 premières : établir un nouvel ordre mondial. Avant c’était la SDN à Genève puis l’ONU à NY et maintenant ??? J’hésite entre San Francisco ou ??? Beijing-Shangai ?
Vu que j'utilise un Apple comme appel à la résistance et que je publie en Français, je ne suis qu'un colon comme aime a nous dépeindre nos amis de Hollywood. En quoi le colonisateur pourrait-il être crédible? Critiquer le nouvel ordre Mondial? Celui de la SDN était mieux? L'ONU c'est une réunion de philanthropes? Bin mes frères ...si mon clavier peut rencontrer des frères? Non pas des enfants INDIGOS comme Hughes!!! Ni des Pléiadiens comme SONGE.... ou des Aryens comme Bernawy de Aldébaran. Mais juste des frères qui rêvent de tordre le coup aux imposteurs des Serpents Verts ou de retrouver les vrais prêtres des Serpents dOr. Au cours des trois derniers siècles, les sociétés secrètes du monde ont caché à l'humanité de nombreux secrets de l'univers et de l'histoire qui fonctionnent comme une force opposée à l'action de DIEU, comme Lucifer. Elles jouent un rôle majeur pour maintenir l'humanité dans l'ignorance et la dualité.Le centre de gravité de la terre augmente en raison de la réduction du centre de gravité de l'univers qui est situé au sommet de l'étoile polaire. Alors que l'univers est en expansion, la vitesse de l'univers en rotation continue d’augmenter.
La giration entraîne un mouvement de l'étoile polaire vers la terre selon un schéma en chaîne. L'étoile polaire sera le moyen de diffuser l'énergie de l'éther dans le monde physique et, à l'avenir, elle se rapprochera de la terre. L'élément éther se répandra dans les 5 éléments de la nature ; il y aura donc une purification complète de ceux-ci. En raison de la présence de l'élément éther, le silicium présent sous forme de semi-conducteur sera converti en mauvais conducteur, ce qui entraînera l'arrêt de tous les ordinateurs et équipements électroniques et perturbera l'humanité tout entière et son mode de vie. En même temps, il y aura une décentralisation de l'uranium et d'autres éléments radioactifs contenus dans les armes nucléaires, ce qui entraînera l'explosion automatique d'armes nucléaires comme les bombes atomiques, les bombes à hydrogène, etc. Cet événement jouera un rôle majeur dans le lancement du processus de transformation. La température de la terre atteindra 10lakhs degrés Celsius, ce qui lui permettra d'agir comme si un petit soleil était apparu sur la terre.
En raison de l'énorme température de la terre, tous les éléments, les êtres humains, les animaux, les objets, les roches, les montagnes et même les terres des différents continents commenceront à fondre.
De plus, le silicium présent tout autour du noyau de la terre sera converti en mercure par l'énergie des explosions nucléaires.
Ce processus s'effectuera à travers deux régions triangulaires présentes sur la terre, à savoir les triangles des Bermudes et de Formose. Ces deux régions triangulaires s'ouvrent directement sur le noyau de la terre et ne sont recouvertes que d'eau. La force gravitationnelle dans ces régions est très élevée, ce qui fait que les avions et les navires qui y entrent sont attirés à l'intérieur de la terre. Lorsque le mercure sera présent tout autour du noyau, le noyau de la terre commencera à absorber l'énergie de l'éther et se chargera d'une puissance énorme qui peut faire avancer le noyau jusqu'au prochain cycle de 5000 ans. En outre, le mauvais conducteur présent au centre du noyau fondra sous l'effet de l'éther, ce qui transformera le dipôle du Serpent Vert et du Serpent d'Or en monopole GHAFBAM....Probablement que cela entraînera des changements majeurs dans la force gravitationnelle et favorisera l'apparition de pandémie par osmose sur les cellules humaine. Le virus qui aura la même fréquence que celle de la Terre, pourra se developer avec une rapidité foudroyant les individus anxiogènes et aux fréquence rabaissées par le GHAFBAM. Si ? vous souhaitez augmenter votre taux fréquenciel ; faites cet exercice durant 9 jours consécutifs à partir du jour de Pacques le 29 mars.
• Mettez vous en état pour méditer et faites 3 respirations profondes.
• Mentalement formulez :
Hiérarchies célestes, Maîtres ascensionnés, Flamme planétaire, permettez qu'une étincelle humaine se révèle et apporte la solution parfaite pour éliminer le Corona-Virus.
• Faites une profonde respiration
• Puis dites 21 fois : j'active le code N.O.D 151-135 (dire les lettres une à une)
• Visualisez la planète où descend et se répand la lumière bleue.
• Faites 3 respirations profondes.
• Dites le code 21 fois : j'active le code D.H 720 F
• Faites 3 respirations profondes.
• Méditez en ressentant du bonheur de vivre dans le partage, les personnes allant bien,
la sécurité, etc...
EXERCICE KARMA NATIONAL DU JAPON SUR SITUATION PARTICULIERE
Le Japon a lancé un appel discret à qui veut l'entendre, qu'ils ne peuvent plus cumuler les stocks d'eau irradiées de Fukushima. Ils se proposent de les vider à la mer. Dans ces temps où tout le monde est occupé, il y a possibilité que ce soit fait sans autre avertissement. Ils sont au pied du mur, mais il nous faut savoir que si cela se faisait alors les conséquences seraient importantes et pas que sur 15 jours !
Il faut créer par la loi d'attraction une aide qui leur permettra de ne pas arriver à cet extrême.
• Mettez vous en état pour méditer et faites 3 respirations profondes. • Mentalement formulez :
Maîtres, permettez qu'une étincelle humaine se révèle et apporte la solution parfaite pour éliminer toute radioactivité de l'eau contaminée à Fukushima.
• Faites une profonde respiration.
• Puis dites 21 fois : j'active le code 333 444 791 • Faites 3 respirations profondes.
• Continuez par une méditation de 5 à 10 minutes.
Nous donnons un rendez-vous les 7 pour faire cela en 2 temps : - le 29 mars entre 19h et 21h durant 7 jours consécutifs.
- le 12 avril entre 19h et 21h durant 7 jours consécutifs.
Non! vous ne devez plus lire Le Meilleurs des Mondes de Adlous Huxley parce que ce n'est plus de la science-fiction....
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Gears I use:
[If you are interested in photography gears that I use to create these images, please check them out in my affiliate links below, any view helps, any purchase helps a ton]
.
Camera (personal) Sony A7III amzn.to/2X8XoVJ
Camera (workplace) Sony A7RIV amzn.to/3dSeCNd
Actioncam: Gopro Hero 8 Black
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Lens: Sony 24mm f1.4 G-Master amzn.to/2XbY4JQ
Lens: Sony FE 35mm f1.8 amzn.to/2xGvF4f
Lens: Sony 100-400mm f4.5-5.6 G-Master amzn.to/2wdf2g4
Lens: Sony FE 55mm f1.8 Zeiss [US version: amzn.to/2wWHGlO]
------------------------------------- Or [Discounted version - which I use: amzn.to/2x0LimR]
Lens: Laowa 10-18mm f4.5-5.6 C-Dreamer FE amzn.to/2wWHR0s
Lens: Sony FE 90mm G macro OSS amzn.to/2UH7TOB
Lens: Sigma 24-70mm DG DN Art amzn.to/2xItL2T
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Gimbal: Zhiyun Webill S amzn.to/2JMJ7GB
Tripod: Benro Velocity ($80) amzn.to/3bPtkCu
One day I started filling a spreadsheet with all the languages I've used over the years (and with percentages of focus on each one) with the intention of creating a chart.
It got bigger than I expected. I guess never counted how many platforms I had actually used.
The original chart (created in LibreOffice) didn't look exactly good, so I decided to write custom code to plot the chart the exact way I wanted it to look like. This is the result. It was created with some messy JS code that rendered the data to a canvas object. I tweaked the colors a little bit and added the titles in Photoshop.
I think it's an interesting visualization of the platforms I've used. There are many different solutions to the problem, I think, but so far I'm pretty happy with this result.
Please view in the original size.
The source code can be found here. It was never meant to be released nor too flexible so it's a little bit too linear and hard-coded, but what the hell.
Using Paper Smooches stamps and sketch from Sketch N Scrap. heartforhandmade.wordpress.com/2016/09/25/washi-and-color...
You cannot use this picture without my permission. If you want to use this picture, please ask me first, it´s very simple. If you want this picture for anti-captivity purposes, then, don´t waste your time trying to convince me because I won´t give you authorization. If I let you use my content, you need to give me FULL credits (DFN it´s ok).
If I see this picture posted in another social media without credits and used for complaining about captivity, then I´ll report you and block you.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Francisco Aragão © 2015. All Rights Reserved.
Use without permission is illegal.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
A cidade de Caxambu, ao sul de Minas Gerais, possui um dos maiores recursos hidrominerais do mundo.
Portuguese
Atrativo máximo de Caxambu é o Parque das águas "Dr. Lisandro Carneiro Guimarães", tombado pelo Instituto Estadual do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico (Iepha). São 210 mil m2 de área totalmente estruturada para o bem-estar do turista. Estar no parque é uma celebração aos prazeres que a água, e todo o conjunto da natureza, podem proporcionar.
A natureza encanta nos belos jardins, bosques e alamedas que compõem um lindo cenário. O homem soube retribuir, erguendo belos conjuntos arquitetônicos de estilo neoclássico. Bastante admirada também é a obra do português Francisco da Silva Reis, o popular "Chico Cascateiro". Os quiosques, as graciosas pontes e as cascatas artificiais que construiu, no início do século XX, marcaram uma época.
Os dois ingredientes, natural e humano, fazem do parque um lugar muito especial, que agrada a pessoas de todas as idades. Opções não faltam: pista para cooper; parquinhos com brinquedos educativos; passeio de pedalinhos num lago de 51 mil m2; piscinas com água mineral e toboáguas; quadras de tênis, vôlei e bocha; rink de patinação e o imperdível teleférico, que leva ao cume do morro Caxambu.
O bem-estar tem sua apoteose no Balneário (ou Centro) Hidroterápico, suntuoso prédio e verdadeiro cartão-postal da cidade. Construído no início do século XX, tem um imenso portal em vitral francês, confeccionado em 1912. O interior não deixa a desejar: o hall de entrada é recoberto com azulejos e pisos portugueses e ingleses, formando mosaicos. Oferece em suas instalações variados banhos (perolado, espumante perolado, espumante simples, turco, sulfuroso com pérola de ar e sulfuroso simples), que atendem às mais diferentes terapias e aplicações. Duchas (circular e escocesa), saunas e sessões de massagem completam a tradução mais precisa da palavra "relaxamento".
http://www.idasbrasil.com.br/idasbrasil/cidades/Caxambu/port/parque.asp
Quando usei o Sapphire, a Andi perguntou se era parecido com o Tanzanite.
E eu achei muito parecido com o FC - quando coloquei os vidrinhos juntos, aí resolvi comparar os três :P
2x Picture Polish - Freya's Cats + 1x TC Impala
2x Whatcha - Sapphite + 1x TC Impala
2x Cirque Colors - Tanzanite + 1x TC Impala
Acho que o Cirque tem um tiquinho de roxo e os outros dois são mais parecidos... Porém, acho válido ter todos!!
Use this image without my permission is illegal. All Rights Reserved ste.t.©
foto: io
modella: la dottoressa
make up: la dottoressa
L’ultima volta che sono andato dal dottore mi ha dato tante medicine che, una volta guarito, sono stato male per un mese intero.
Groucho Marx
***Please, feel free to use my Textures, Backgrounds, Stock, etc., in your Artwork.
If you do use them, I would love it if you would please post your work in my group, Ruby's Treasures
...Please DO NOT redistribute as your own...
See all my Texture Frames ~Here
Used ND graduated filter with long exposure taken using a tripod, remote release and 17-40mm wide angle lens. I wanted to capture the quality of the light in this image. The clouds were throwing a dappled light on the scene especially in the foreground. The way the grass has been captured with a luminous quality caught my eye and has been successfully reproduced in this image. Very little work in Photoshop.
This image is free to use in your creative works.
Please do not redistribute or make small changes and claim it as your own.
Please provide credit via a link under your work back to this image or to my account where possible, thank you .
I love to see how you use my image, so please leave me a link or a small copy in my comment box below.
Thank you,
Brenda.
I belong to this set ~Skies~
If you are looking for more stock images or texture please check out my group pool at
Another use for christmas lights, these are very thin 5m led lights. Really had to fight to find the best settings, combination of trying to keep Lily still (1/400) and letting how much light to illuminate the shot.
I like the composition in this photo, letting the right amount of light shine on my daughter and keeping everything else in the dark.
Used to carry explosives to Stirlinghill Quarry where convicts sentenced to hard labour toiled, watched at times by armed guards on the quarry rim. A prison with a ferocious reputation for the hard men it incarcerated. Whether any of them seized opportunities of cover afforded by the haar (thick, chilling sea fog) rolling in I cannot say.
Using the latest firmware update from Panasonic this shot using Post Focus to get all the images for the stack via Zerene Stacker. I stacked 113 (out of 247 images) for this render.
Photo Copyright 2012, dynamo.photography.
All rights reserved, no use without license
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hong kong)
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.
Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.
Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]
Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[36][37][38]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial China
2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–45
2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status
3 Governance
3.1 Structure of government
3.2 Electoral and political reforms
3.3 Legal system and judiciary
3.4 Foreign relations
3.5 Human rights
3.6 Regions and districts
3.7 Military
4 Geography and climate
5 Economy
5.1 Financial centre
5.2 International trading
5.3 Tourism and expatriation
5.4 Policy
5.5 Infrastructure
6 Demographics
6.1 Languages
6.2 Religion
6.3 Personal income
6.4 Education
6.5 Health
7 Culture
7.1 Sports
7.2 Architecture
7.3 Cityscape
7.4 Symbols
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology
Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]
The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]
Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]
Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]
Imperial China
Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]
After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]
From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.
European discovery
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.
Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]
British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London
Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.
File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media
Hong Kong filmed in 1937
In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
Japanese occupation: 1941–45
Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]
Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.
Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953
In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.
Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.
A sky view of Hong Kong Island
An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986
To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]
In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]
The Hong Kong question
In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.
The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.
It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.
Handover and Special Administrative Region status
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Transfer of sovereignty
Golden Bauhinia Square
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.
Structure of government
Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]
Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.
Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]
The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]
In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.
Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]
Reconstruction using our artificial intelligence model of 2 photos captured by Perseverance at SOL 607 (November 4, 2022) between 15:04:56 and 15:07:50 LMST using the SHERLOC WATSON Camera. The file is available at 272.76 millions of pixels for download at a resolution of 20000x13638 pixels.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/PipploIMP
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Sao Paulo, June 10, 2022 - Using special lamps that favor the growth of plants, the agro startup Pink Farm produces vegetables a few meters from the marginal Tiete freeway, in the heart of Sao Paulo. Keeping a lower cost than organic, according to the company, and much less water and fertilizers, can grow plants near consumer markets anywhere in the world, reducing the pressure on polluting logistics and advancing on preserved areas
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Sao Paulo, 10.jun.2022 - Com o uso de lampadas especiais que favorecem o crescimento das plantas, a startup do agro Pink Farm produz hortalicas a poucos metros da marginal Tiete do Ceagesp, no coracao de Sao Paulo. Mantendo um custo menor que o de organicos, segundo a empresa, e muito menos e agua e fertilizantes, consegue cultivar plantas perto dos mercados con© All Rights Reserved - Please don't copy and/or use without authorization. Flickrmail is there for this kind of situation (I read it quite often), so is my e-mail, available at the profile
sumidores em qualquer lugar do mundo, diminuindo a pressao sobre logistica poluente e avanco sobre areas preservadas
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Texture by adamned.age / H.Adam:
www.flickr.com/photos/hanne_exurban/sets/72157622112724335/
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Books in Gondola
Acqua Alta Bookshop
I've heard of this very original bookshop a few times...but never had the chance to go and find it and explore it....but finally i did....and not only is a place to explore...it is a magical place, especially for all the ones who love books....a place where to get lost in!
It's a bookshop that sell mostly old and used books....some are VERY old!...but what makes it unique is the way they displayed the enormous amount of books....inside an old Gondola that in all its elegance welcome you in the middle of the main room, or inside very old and decadent baths or boats ...all around the other rooms!
How to find that old book you were looking for....no idea...but if you ask the owners they will help you for sure.....they are the only ones to be able to move in that maze of books and go straight in the right place to find what you are looking for!
....but probably the best way to enjoy this place is just wondering around sniffing the smell of the old books....the dampness....exploring the different books all around and see if you find a very special one that catch your eyes and mind and go out of it with a very magical sensation and a gift, to realise it wasn't a dream but a real place!!!!