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A representative soil profile of Pullback sandy loam. Pullback soils are shallow to unweathered, hard bedrock and have thick, dark surface layers. They occur on high mountains in the western and southern parts of the county. (Soil Survey of Graham County, North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A high mountain grassy bald on Huckleberry Knob in an area of Breakneck-Pullback complex, windswept, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very rocky. Areas such as this are highly desirable for wildlife and were once used as summer pasture.
The Pullback series consists of shallow, well drained soils on strongly sloping to very steep summits and side slopes in the high elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, and weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks, primarily metasandstone. Slope ranges from 8 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, isotic, frigid Lithic Humudepts
Note: Although Pullback soils may exhibit some of the characteristics of andic soil properties, they lack the volcanic glass found in soils of similar taxa in the Western United States.
Solum thickness and depth to lithic contact is less than 20 inches. The content of rock fragments is less than 35 percent by volume throughout. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.
Most of the acreage is in public ownership and is used for watershed protection, recreation, and wildlife habitat. In areas higher than about 5400 feet, red spruce and fraser fir are the dominant trees. At the lower elevations, northern red oak, black oak, American beech, yellow birch, black cherry, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and yellow buckeye are common trees. Common understory plants are serviceberry, striped maple, American chestnut sprouts, silverbell, pin cherry, rhododendron, flame azalea, and blueberry. Common forbs are hay-scented fern, woodfern, New York fern, Solomons seal, yellow mandarin, and trillium. A small acreage is covered by heath balds. These balds are vegetated with rhododendron, mountain laurel, blueberry, flame azalea, hawthorn, and mountain ash. Vegetation ranges for spruce/fur to northern hard woods, heath and grass balds.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PULLBACK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The petrogypsic horizon is a surface or subsurface soil horizon cemented by gypsum so strongly that dry fragments will not slake in water.
Rob Fitzpatrick is a soil scientist whose career has focused on the interface of soil science (pedology), regolith science, mineralogy, biogeochemistry, forensic science, mineral exploration and climate change as applied to landscape processes andadvanced techniques to characterize, map, monitor and manage soil-regolith systems and criminal and environmental forensic techniques for soils and regolith. He has over 40 years experience in leading major multi-disciplinary research projects; conducted over 500 specialised soil-regolith investigations and surveys, covering a wide range of regions and climates worldwide.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep to deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: medium to high
Permeability: moderately slow to slow
Landscape: Coastal Plain
Landform: Upland
Geomorphic Component: flat
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: commonly 1 to 6 percent, but range from 0 to 50 percent
Elevation (type location): 20 to 150 feet
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 72 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 54 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Gravel size rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the solum and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: very strongly acid through moderately acid, except where limed
Other Features: Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity generally below 40 inches
Other Features: Exchangeable aluminum is less than 6 meq/100 grams of soil in the solum
Other Features: Some part of the Bt or BC horizon of most pedons commonly has firm or very firm consistence in place
Other Features: Mica flakes range from none to common, and are present only in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: crops, some forestry
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- peanuts, soybeans, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Where wooded-- loblolly pine, Virginia pine, oaks, hickory, sweet gum, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly in Alabama and Georgia
Extent: large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA036...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EMPORIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
(Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Knute series consist of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in calcareous loamy glacial till. These soils are typically on convex positions on ground and end moraines. The permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is about 22 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Argiudolls
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon typically ranges from 14 to 24 inches. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches in thickness. The depth to the calcic horizon ranges from 16 to 30 inches. A thick solum phase is recognized where the depth to carbonates is 28 to 60 inches and the depth to the base of the argillic is more than 24 inches. Rock fragments of mixed lithology make up 2 to 10 percent by volume of the profile. The soil moisture control section is not dry in any part for as long as 45 consecutive days during the 120 days following the summer solstice. It is also not dry in any part for as long as 90 cumulative days per year in 6 out of 10 years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped to small grain, corn, soybeans, and hay.Some areas are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Inextensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KNUTE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Albert Peterson of Marion County earned 2nd place in the Irrigated Corn division of the 2011 Kentucky Corn Yield Contest. HIs yield was 258.90 buA using Pioneer 31P41 seed and no-till. Pictured with Peterson is Ray Allan Mackey (right), president of the Kentucky Corn Growers Association. KyCGA sponsors the yield contest.
A representative soil profile of Tornillo loam in an area of Tornillo loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Tornillo soils are stratified from depositional events. They are very deep soils. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tornillo series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvial materials. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on broad valley floors and flood plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 70 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Ustifluventic Haplocambids
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime. Intermittently moist in the soil moisture control section during July through September.
Mean annual soil temperature: 72 to 78 degrees F.
Reaction: neutral to slightly alkaline
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent igneous and sedimentary gravel
Calcium carbonate equivalent: less than 10 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for livestock grazing. Present vegetation is creosotebush, mesquite, fluffgrass, slim tridens, tobosa, and threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Texas in Major Land Resource Area 42. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TORNILLO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Toposequence.—A hillslope sequence of adjacent, related soils that formed in the same parent material. The characteristics of the soils differ primarily due to their topographic position.
Figure 117.—A soil toposequence from the Outer Bluegrass region of central Kentucky. These soils formed in residuum from interbedded limestone, siltstone, and shale. They occur in a similar repeating pattern with Lowell or Culleoka soils on ridges and Eden and Culleoka soils on sideslopes.
A representative soil profile of the Borris series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with igneous and metamorphic stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Brown Earths. These soils have distinct topsoil, without any distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
●Water-solubility (dry basis)—98.0%
●Humic acid (dry basis)—60.0%-70.0%min
●Fulvic Acid (Dry Basis)—5.0%-10.0%
●Potassium (K2O dry basis)—10.0%
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The left portion of this ped shows moist soil colors, and the right portion shows dry soil colors. Moist colors are to be used when hydric soils are identified. The moist colors in this picture would meet the requirements for indicator F6 (Redox Dark Surface), but the dry colors would not meet these requirements.
All colors noted in this guide refer to moist Munsell colors (X-Rite, 2009). Dry soils should be moistened until the color no longer changes, and wet soils should be allowed to dry until they no longer glisten (fig. 3). Care should be taken to avoid over moistening dry soil.
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States; A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils, Version 9.0, 2024.
A representative soil profile of a Calcarosol in a map unit of Calcareous loamy earth (Southern Wheatbelt)/ These soils are
calcareous loam that may grade to calcareous clays. (Notes and photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia with revision.)
For more information about these soils, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-calcareous-loamy-earth-...
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
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A soil profile of a well drained Paleustoll in a semiarid area of the southern Great Plains. It has a mollic epipedon about 26 cm thick. Below this epipdon is an argillic horizon that extends to a depth of about 110 cm. Below 110 cm is a calcic horizon. The left side of the scale is in 20-cm increments. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Paleustolls are the Ustolls on old stable surfaces, as evidenced by the development of a thick, reddish argillic horizon, a clayey argillic horizon that has an abrupt upper boundary, or a petrocalcic (cemented by calcium carbonate) horizon. These soils commonly have been partly or completely calcified during the Holocene, and calcium carbonate has accumulated in the previously formed argillic horizon. The Paleustolls in the United States are mainly in the central and southern parts of the Great Plains. At the time of settlement, they had mostly grass vegetation. Their history during the Pleistocene has had little study. The petrocalcic horizon, where it occurs, may be complex, suggesting a number of alternating cycles of humidity and aridity and slow accretion of dust and sediment from the arid regions to the west.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Marton series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
When photographing soil profiles, a soil scientist will commonly use a knife to pick the face to show natural soil structure (left side of profile). Or they may use a knife or shovel to smooth the surface (right side of the profile) which helps show change in color or pedogenic features, or horizonation.
Marton soils from 0 - 25 cm; Dark greyish brown to very dark greyish brown silt loam, fine polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Argillic-fragic Perch-gley Pallic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Aeric Kandiaqualfs. Aeric Kandiaqualfs below the A or Ap horizon, chroma that is too high for the Typic subgroup, but they are otherwise like Typic Kandiaqualfs in their defined properties and in most other properties. Aeric Kandiaqualfs are not known to occur in the United States.
Kandiaqualfs are the wet Alfisols that have a frigid, mesic, isomesic, or warmer temperature regime and a kandic horizon. The soils are allowed, but not required, to have a glossic horizon. Characteristically, they have the most warm and humid climates of the Aqualfs and the most water passing through the profile and have a relatively low base saturation for soils of this order. The vegetation is mostly tropical or subtropical hardwood forest. Slopes are nearly level or concave. Kandiaqualfs are mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. They are rare in the United States.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Brosna series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy over sandstone bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Gleyic Brown Earths. These soils display gleyic features due to the presence of a shallow fluctuating groundwater table.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of very deep, excessively drained, disturbed soils in Korea.
Landscape: These Udorthents are in valleys. They formed from cut and fill materials from the surrounding uplands.
Udorthents are the Orthents of cool to hot, moist regions. They have a udic moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Generally, they are acid to neutral. Slopes generally are moderate to steep but are gentle in a few areas. Udorthents commonly occur in areas of very recently exposed regolith, in areas of weakly cemented rocks, or in areas of thin regolith over hard rocks.
Many of the gently sloping soils are the result of earth-moving activities. The vegetation is commonly a deciduous forest, or the soils are used as pasture. Udorthents are extensive soils on steep slopes in the humid parts of the United States.
Orthents are primarily Entisols on recent erosional surfaces. The erosion may be geologic or may have been induced by cultivation, mining, or other factors. Any former soil that was on the landscape has been completely removed or so truncated that the diagnostic horizons for all other orders do not occur. A few Orthents are in areas of recent loamy or fine eolian deposits, Orthents occur in any climate and under any vegetation. They are do not occur in areas that have aquic conditions or a high water table or on shifting or stabilized sand dunes.
For more information about soils in Korea, visit:
A profile of Westmoreland silt loam. The volume of weathered shale fragments increases as depth increases. (Soil survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Physiographic province: Valley and Ridge
Landform: Hills and mountains
Parent material: Fine-loamy residuum weathered from limestone and shale
Drainage class: Well drained
Slowest saturated hydraulic conductivity: Moderately high
Depth class: Deep
Slope range: 15 to 35 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Crops, woodland and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--mainly corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--chiefly mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia
Extent: Large, approximately 1,000,000 acres
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESTMORELAND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This soil has a petrogypsic horizon beginning at a depth of about 85 cm and extending below the base of the photo. It is on an old geomorphic surface (high stream terrace). The petrogypsic horizon is a strong expression of pedogenic development. Scale is in 10-cm increments.
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 4-128)
A soil profile of a Palexeralf in Victoria, Australia. Clay has been leached from the upper 15 to 25 cm, resulting in a loamy, predominantly gray horizon with a wavy lower boundary. Below this is a thick, reddish, clay-enriched argillic horizon that extends below the base of the photo. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Palexeralfs have a petrocalcic (cemented by calcium carbonate) subsoil horizon or an argillic (clay accumulation) or kandic (very low cation-exchange capacity) subsoil horizon that is thick or that has, at its upper boundary, both a clayey texture and a large increase in clay content. Many of these soils have some plinthite (firm, iron oxide-rich concentration that irreversibly hardens after exposure to repeated wet-dry cycles) in their lower horizons, but this feature is rare in the United States. Palexeralfs are in relatively stable landscape positions on gentle slopes, and most began their genesis before the late Pleistocene. During pluvial periods of the Pleistocene, carbonates appear to have been almost completely removed from the argillic or kandic horizon of most of these soils, but some of the soils appear to have been recalcified later. Most Palexeralfs formed in acid or in moderately basic parent materials, but some formed in materials as basic as basalt. The native vegetation on the warmest Palexeralfs in the United States was a mixture of annual grasses, forbs, and woody shrubs. The native vegetation on the coolest Palexeralfs was mostly a coniferous forest. Palexeralfs are moderately extensive in the United States as well as in other parts of the world.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Magic series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from basalt. Magic soils are on lava plains and have slopes of 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Haploxerepts
Depth to bedrock and thickness of the solum are 25 to 40 inches. The soil between depths of 4 and 12 inches is moist in some part in October or early November and remains moist until July. Mean annual temperature is 41 to 45 degrees F., and the mean summer soil temperature is 60 degrees to 65 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly rangeland, some irrigated and dry-farmed hay and small grain. Vegetation is alkali sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Idaho. The series is inextensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MAGIC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Lugert soil series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Rangeland and cropland are the major uses of Lugert soils. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
The Lugert series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium of Recent age. These soils are on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 25 inches. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Fluventic Haplustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to more than 40 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 15 to 36 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to small grains, alfalfa, grain sorghum, cotton, and tame pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of Oklahoma and possibly Kansas and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUGERT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#lugert
The Lugert series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium of Recent age. These soils are on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 25 inches. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Fluventic Haplustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to more than 40 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 15 to 36 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to small grains, alfalfa, grain sorghum, cotton, and tame pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of Oklahoma and possibly Kansas and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUGERT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Mountviews soil series. (Soil Survey of Cannon County, Tennessee; by By Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mountview series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained, soils that formed in 2 to 3 feet of a silty mantle, presumably loess, and underlying residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Near the type location, average annual air temperature is about 59 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 54 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to rock exceeds 60 inches. The upper solum formed in a silty mantle, presumably loess, and commonly is about 30 inches thick but ranges from about 22 to 36 inches. This overlies a lower solum developed in residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Coarse fragments, commonly fragments of chert, range from 0 to about 5 percent in the upper 30 inches and from about 5 to 35 percent below that depth. Transition horizons have characteristics similar to adjacent horizons. Reaction of each horizon is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except the surface layer is less acid where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Some areas are in woodland consisting chiefly of oak, hickory, gum, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee, northern Alabama, Pennyroyal of Kentucky, and possibly southern Missouri. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/cann...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOUNTVIEW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Windsor soil series was established in the Connecticut Valley Area in 1899. On May 3, 1899 with an appropriation of $16,000, Milton Whitney, the Chief of the Division of Agricultural Soils, began four soil survey field operations. One of surveys was located in Connecticut and concentrated on tobacco lands in the Connecticut Valley. The soils of the Connecticut Valley were classified and mapped according to any condition which might influence the character of the vegetation, especially the character of the tobacco, the kind of crops adapted to the land, as well as the quality and quantity of the crops. Windsor was one of the soils classified and mapped this way.
Windsor sand it was called, represented the original bottom of the old glacial Lake Hitchcock in its shallowest parts. Initial lab data found the soil to be composed of yellowish-red or brown sand, containing less than 5 percent clay. In favorable seasons, very fine quality thin-leaved silky tobacco was produced on these soils. The Windsor soil was named after the town of Windsor. Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut and was the first English settlement in the state.
Windsor soils throughout its range can be used for agriculture (growing food for humans and animals); engineering (roads, buildings, tunnels); ecology (wetlands); recreation (ball fields, playgrounds, camp areas), and more. Common trees are
white, black, and northern red oak, eastern white pine, pitch pine, gray birch, poplar, red maple, and sugar maple.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
Soil profile: A soil profile of Marbleyard very cobbly sandy loam. Rock fragment content averages 35 percent or more in the subsoil. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Marbleyard series consists of moderately deep, well drained or somewhat excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from low-grade metasedimentary quartzite and metasandstone. Slopes are dominantly between 35 and 80 percent but range from 3 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments, dominantly quartzite and metasandstone, range from 15 to 60 percent in the A, E, BE or BA horizons, 20 to 75 percent in the Bw horizon and 50 to 90 percent in the C horizon. Weighted average rock fragment content is 35 percent or more in the particle-size control section. Average clay content typically is between 6 to 15 percent but ranges up to 18 percent in the particle-size control section.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Marbleyard soils are in forests of mixed oaks, mainly Chestnut Oak, Scarlet Oak, Blackjack Oak, and Pitch Pine, Virginia Pine, and Table Mountain Pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Areas of Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee within MLRA 130. The series is of moderate extent. Marbleyard soils replace areas within MLRA 130 previously mapped as Dekalb. The CEC activity class is semiactive, but includes some areas of active.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/rockb...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MARBLEYARD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Hurunui series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Hurunui soils from 0 -18 cm; Very dark greyish brown, silt loam, fine and very fine polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Acidic Orthic Brown Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Dystrudepts. Dystrudepts are the acid Udepts of humid and perhumid regions. They developed mostly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some developed on older, steeply sloping surfaces. The parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. A few of the soils formed in saprolite derived from igneous rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous trees. Most of the Dystrudepts that formed in alluvium are now cultivated, and many of the other Dystrudepts are used as pasture. The normal horizon sequence in Dystrudepts is an ochric epipedon over a cambic horizon. Some of the steeper Dystrudepts have a shallow densic, lithic, or paralithic contact. Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States. They are mostly in the Eastern and Southern States.
Udepts are mainly the more or less freely drained Inceptisols that have a udic or perudic moisture regime. They formed on nearly level to steep surfaces, mostly of late-Pleistocene or Holocene age. Some of the soils, in areas where the soil moisture regime is perudic, formed in older deposits. Most of the soils had or now have a forest vegetation, but some support shrubs or grasses. A few formed from Mollisols by truncation of the mollic epipedon, mostly under cultivation. Most of the soils have an ochric or umbric epipedon and a cambic horizon. Some also have a sulfuric horizon, a fragipan, or a duripan. The Udepts in the United States are most extensive in the Appalachian Mountains, on the Allegheny Plateau, and on the west coast.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
An Aquic Cumulic Hapludoll from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains formed in loess. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.).
These soils have an overthickened mollic epipedon. They also have lower chroma than Typic Hapludolls, commonly have faint redoximorphic features, and either have shallow ground water at some time during the year or have been artificially drained. They are at the base of slopes or on flood plains, where they receive fresh sediments at a rate slow enough for the material to become incorporated into the mollic epipedon. Some of the soils are calcareous throughout their thickness. Aquic Cumulic Hapludolls are of small extent and are mostly in Iowa. Slopes are gentle and are mostly plane or concave. These soils supported mostly tall grasses and commonly are used as cropland.
These soils are classified as a Haplic Chernozems (Aric, Endogleyic, Pachic, Siltic, Bathycalcic) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
For more information about this soil, visit:
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Czarnoziemne.html
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Devol series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils formed in loamy and sandy eolian sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep dunes and wind reworked sandsheets on terraces of the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78B, 78C). Slope ranges from 0 to 20 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 635 mm (25 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haplustalfs
Solum thickness: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 in)
Depth to carbonates: greater than 76 cm (30 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 8 to 18 percent
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderately rapid
Runoff: negligible on 0 to 1 percent slopes, very low on slopes of 1 to 5 percent, and low on 5 to 20 percent slopes
USE AND VEGETATION: The undulating slopes are used mainly for growing wheat, sorghums and cotton. The hummocky slopes are used for native range. The native vegetation includes tall grasses such as sand bluestem, Indiangrass, little bluestem and shrubs such as sand sagebrush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR H-Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region; Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78B, 78C) of Oklahoma and Texas. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEVOL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Palouse series consists of deep, well drained soils formed in loess on hills. Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 21 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls
The mean annual soil temperature ranges from 47 to 52 degrees F. These soils are usually moist but are dry in all parts between 4 and 12 inches from 60 to 75 consecutive days in the summer and fall. Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 40 inches or more thick. The control section is silt loam or silty clay loam with 20 to 35 percent clay.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for dryland cropland. Small grains, peas, lentils, alfalfa, and grasses for hay and pasture are common crops. Native vegetation is Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, arrowleaf balsamroot, common snowberry, and wild rose.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and northern Idaho. Series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PALOUSE.html
For a detailed soil description, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ballymacool series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy over gneiss and schist bedrock .
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Brown Earths. These soils have distinct topsoil, without any distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
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Chris Kummer (3rd from left) earned 1st place in the White Corn division of the 2011 Kentucky Corn Yield Contest. His yield was 237.77 buA using Pioneer 32B11 seed. Pictured with Kummer are representatives of Pioneer (left) and Ray Allan Mackey (right), president of the Kentucky Corn Growers Association. KyCGA sponsors the yield contest.
Soil profile: Profile of Watahala gravelly silt loam. Yellowish red clay begins at a depth of about 70 Centimeters and extends to below a depth 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Watahala series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum from chert or cherty limestone over residuum from purer limestone on low hills and ridges in limestone valleys. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid. Slope ranges from 2 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 44 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 57 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over clayey, siliceous over mixed, subactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock are more than 60 inches. Depth to the 2Bt horizon ranges from 20 to 50 inches. Coarse fragments are mostly chert, but may include limestone and sandstone and are mostly gravel or cobble size. Percent coarse fragments range from 10 to 45 in individual horizons above the 2Bt, but the control section averages less than 35 percent. Percent coarse fragments range from 0 to 35 in the 2Bt horizon. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in the upper part of the solum, and very strongly acid to strongly acid in the 2Bt horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: The soils are used for the production of timber and related natural resources. Some areas are used for pasture or have been developed for homesites. Some less sloping areas are used for row crops. The overstory in most areas consists of white oak, red oak, eastern white pine, black locust, chestnut oak, yellow-poplar, red maple, black birch, white ash, and black cherry. The understory contains mountain laurel, huckleberry, azalea, flowering dogwood, sassafras, black locust, black gum, wild grape, red maple, multi-flora rose, Virginia creeper, black birch, black berry and ferns.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 128 and 147, Appalachian Ridge and Valley areas of Virginia and northern Tennessee. Series is of moderate extent. Soils now within the range of the Watahala series were correlated as Frederick, gravelly phase in several published soil surveys.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WATAHALA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Rhodic soils are dark red, high in iron, and are common in parts of the Piedmont of North Carolina. (Original images courtesy of D. Lindbo, NCSU)
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The Lloyd series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands in the Southern Piedmont. The soils formed in residuum derived from intermediate and mafic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults
Most areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops or pasture. Principal crops are corn, small grain, hay and pasture grasses. Common trees in forested areas are loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, northern red oak, southern red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, and red maple. Understory plants include dogwood, winged elm, eastern hophornbeam, eastern redbud, eastern red cedar, and sassafras.
These soils are of large extent in the Southern Piedmont in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, and possibly Alabama, and Virginia.
These soils were combined with Hiwassee in 1969. Hiwassee series was originally established on high stream terraces. This revision separates the soils formed in residuum as Lloyd on the basis of parent material and depth of Rhodic colors. Terrace Hiwassee soils are dominantly value 3 or less throughout. A proposal to amend the 1996 Keys to Soil Taxonomy involves changing the thickness of the part of the kandic horizon with value of 3 or less to include more soils in the Rhodic subgroup.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LLOYD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Whangaripo series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Whangaripo soils from 0 - 10 cm; Very dark grey clay, fine polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Mottled Yellow Ultic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Hapludults. Many of the soils have a thin argillic horizon. The color of the argillic horizon is not both dark and reddish throughout the upper 100 cm. Most of the soils formed in areas of acid rocks or sediments on surfaces that are at least of Pleistocene age. Where the soils are not cultivated, the vegetation consists almost exclusively of forest plants, either hardwood trees or conifers. Hapludults are extensive in the Southeastern United States, in the Middle Atlantic States, and on the coastal plain along the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern States east of the Mississippi River. Slopes generally are gently sloping to steep, but a few of the soils on the lowest part of the coastal plain are nearly level.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Ballynabreen series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with igneous and metamorphic stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=07...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Surface-water Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and humose topsoil.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
The Ras Al Khaimah series is a very deep soil formed in loamy alluvial deposits. (NE019).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Haplocambids, coarse-silty, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: Cambic horizon 10 to 200 cm.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.3 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1 dS/m in all horizons, but ranges to 3.0. EC (1:1) may be higher in some areas that have been irrigated. Most pedons have a deflation gravel lag on the surface covering 2 to 10% of the area. Gravel content is mostly 0 to 5% throughout the profile, but some pedons have layers with up to 65% gravel below depths of 100 cm.
The A horizon ranges from about 10 to 20 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or loam.
The B horizon commonly extends to more than 200 cm in most pedons, but may be underlain by a C horizon at depths of between 100 and 200 cm. Hue is 10YR, value is 4 to 6, and chroma is 3 to 6. Texture is very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam.
Where encountered, the C horizon has hue of 10YR, value 5 or 6, and chroma 3 or 4. It is gravelly to extremely gravelly loamy sand or sandy loam.
A representative soil profile in a map unit of clays and shallow loamy duplex. These soils are from the Stirlings to Ravensthorpe area of Australia. (Base photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia with revision.)
Topsoil:
Surface soils are hard loams
Subsoil:
Dense poorly drained loamy to light clay subsoils
Subsoils can range from mildly acidic to highly alkaline with carbonate at depth
Saline and sodic subsoils common.
For more information about these soils including common management constraints, visit:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-clays-and-shallow-loamy...
In the Australian soil classification system, the soils in this unit include: Yellow or Brown Chromosols, Yellow or Brown Sodosols, Grey or Yellow Dermosols, and Grey or Yellow Kandosols.
Chromosols are soils that display a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons. The upper part of the subsoil ranges from slightly acid to alkaline (pH >5.5) but is not sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Chromosols can be grouped further (in to Suborders) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (i.e. Red, Brown, Yellow, Grey and Black). These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics (in to Great Groups) such as the nutrient level capacities and ratios and the presence of carbonate or lime.
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are primarily Alfisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The Iberia series consists of very deep, poorly drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in alkaline clayey alluvium. They are on backswamp positions flanking natural levees on older deta plains of the Mississippi River. Slope is dominantly less than 0.5 percent but ranges up to 1 percent. (Soil Survey of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana; by Donald R. McDaniel and Gerald J. Trahan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Epiaquerts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Cracks up to 1 inch wide develop to a depth of 20 inches or more during normal years and remain open for about 10 to 30 days.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for growing sugarcane and soybeans. A few areas are used for pasture and hardwood timber production.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Mississippi River delta plain of Louisiana, Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium (MLRA 131). This series is of moderate extent. Series established in Iberia Parish, Louisiana; 1911.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/louisiana/LA10...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IBERIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
A representative soil profile of the Bree series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift igenous and metamorphic stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=06...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Undifferentiated Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and humose topsoil
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A Typic Haplorthod from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains. These soils formed in materials weathered from Upper Cretaceous sandstone. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.)
In the US, Typic Haplorthods occur mostly in the northeastern and northwestern parts of the United States as well as Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, West Virginia, and Maryland. They generally support forest vegetation, but some have been cleared for pasture or crop production. The most common crops are small grain, corn for silage, and in Maine potatoes.
These are the relatively freely drained Spodosols that either have an albic horizon and a spodic horizon or, under cultivation, commonly have only a spodic horizon below an Ap horizon. The spodic horizon may rest on a lower sequum with an argillic or kandic horizon, on relatively unaltered unconsolidated materials, or on rock. The soil temperature regime is frigid or warmer, and the moisture regime is predominantly udic. Most Haplorthods have, or used to have, forest vegetation, mainly conifers but also hardwoods in some areas. A majority of these soils formed in sandy deposits or in materials weathered from sandstone or quartzite.
These soils are classified as Albic Podzols (Arenic, Endoskeletic) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
For more information about this soil, visit:
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Bielice.html
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
State Soil of Maine
The Chesuncook series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on till plains, hills, ridges, and mountains. These soils formed in dense glacial till. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the solum, and low to moderately high in the dense substratum. Slope ranges from 3 to 45 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 4 degrees C, and mean annual precipitation is about 1092 mm at the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, frigid Aquic Haplorthods
Thickness of the mineral solum ranges from 50 to 70 centimeters. Depth to bedrock is more than 165 centimeters. The weighted average of clay in the particle-size control section is 10 to 18 percent. Rock fragment content ranges from 5 to 25 percent in the A, E and B horizons, from 10 to 35 percent in the BC horizon, and from 10 to 35 percent in the Cd layer. Rock fragments are mainly gravel, with stones and cobbles ranging from 0 to 20 percent throughout the mineral soil. Stones and boulders cover from 0 to 15 percent of the surface. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid in the solum and from very strongly acid to neutral in the substratum. Redoximorphic features are deeper than 41 centimeters from the mineral soil surface.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly forest. Common tree species include red maple, sugar maple, American beech, paper birch, yellow birch, red and white spruce, and balsam fir.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Maine and Vermont. MLRA's 143, 144B, and 146. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHESUNCOOK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: