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An area of rubbly soil (class 4).
Fragments on the Surface
This section discusses the description of rock fragments (especially stones and boulders) that are on the soil as opposed to in the soil. The description of gravel, cobbles, and channers (≥ 2mm but < 250 mm in diameter) differs from that for stones and boulders (≥ 250 mm in diameter) because an important aspect of gravel, cobbles, and channers is their areal percent cover on the ground surface. This cover provides some protection from wind and water erosion. It may also interfere with seed placement and emergence after germination. For stones and boulders, the percent of cover is not of itself as important as the interference with mechanical manipulation of the soil. For example, a very small areal percentage of large fragments, insignificant for erosion protection, may interfere with tillage, tree harvesting, and other operations involving machinery.
Class 4.—Stones or boulders cover 15 to less than 50 percent of the surface. The smallest stones are as little as 0.3 meter apart; the smallest boulders are as little as 0.5 meter apart. In most places it is possible to step from stone to stone or jump from boulder to boulder without touching the soil .
A representative soil profile of the Lugert soil series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lugert series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium of Recent age. These soils are on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 25 inches. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Fluventic Haplustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to more than 40 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 15 to 36 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to small grains, alfalfa, grain sorghum, cotton, and tame pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of Oklahoma and possibly Kansas and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUGERT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Taking the tour...
Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information about soil surveys in Brazil, visit:
acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2136/sh2013-54...
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A Cryi-Ustic Isohumosol and landscape. These soils mainly distribute in the vertical zones in mountain valleys of eastern Qilian Mountain in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and in the continental cool-temperate monsoon climate zone in the Greater Khingan Mountains, Heilongjiang Province. Parent materials are quite complicated, including slope deposits derived from sandstone, siliceous slate and granite, and also loess, red clay as well as diluvium, and alluvium. The annual precipitation is 350-650 mm. The vegetation is mainly meadow and shrub, and growing Kobrecia humilis, and Poa annua, etc. Those soils in northeast China are mostly cultivated as dry-farmland. A fairly thick humus horizon presents due to the accumulation of large amount of organic matters. Soil development is not affected by underground water. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Isohumosols have deep accumulation of humus under cool temperature. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are Mollisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/212
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The gleyed matrix begins at the surface and extends to a depth of about 14 cm.
These soils have a gleyed matrix that occupies 60 percent or more of a layer starting at a depth ≤30 cm (12 inches) from the soil surface.
User Notes: Gley colors are not synonymous with gray colors. They are the colors on the gley color pages of the Munsell color book (Xrite, 2006) that have hue of N, 10Y, 5GY, 10GY, 5G, 10G, 5BG, 10BG, 5B, 10B, or 5PB and value of 4 or more. The gleyed matrix only has to be present at a depth ≤30 cm (12 inches) from the surface. Soils with gleyed matrices are saturated for periods of a significant duration; as a result, there is no thickness requirement for the layer.
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States; A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils, Version 9.0, 2024.
A representative soil profile of the Scio series. (Photo provided by Rob Tunstead, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Scio series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in eolian, lacustrine, or alluvial sediments dominated by silt and very fine sand. They are on terraces, old alluvial fans, lake plains, outwash plains and lakebeds. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high to a depth of 100 centimeters and ranges from moderately low through very high below 100 centimeters. Slope ranges from 0 through 25 percent. Mean annual temperature is 9 degrees C., and mean annual precipitation is 940 millimeters.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 50 through 168 centimeters. Depth to material contrasting with solum texture is 100 centimeters or more. Depth to bedrock is greater than 1.5 meters. Depth to free carbonates is greater than 2 meters. Rock fragments, mainly gravel and cobbles, range from 0 through 5 percent above 100 centimeters and from 0 through 60 percent below 100 centimeters. Stones cover 0 through 10 percent of the surface in some areas.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil has been cleared and is used for growing hay, corn, vegetables, fruit, and small grain. Native vegetation is northern red oak, white ash, sugar maple, black cherry, eastern hemlock, and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. MLRAs 101, 139, 140, 143, 144A, 144B, 145, and 149B. The series is moderately extensive, over 100,00 acres.
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SCIO.html
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A soil profile of a Palehumult in Brazil. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 25 cm thick underlain by a thick argillic subsoil
horizon that extends to a depth of more than 150 cm. The argillic horizon has a relatively high content of organic carbon. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Palehumults are on old stable surfaces. In these soils, the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20% within a depth of 150 cm or the layer in which the clay percentage decreases has at least 5% of the volume consisting of skeletans (ped surfaces stripped of clay) and there is at least a 3% increase in clay content below this layer. These soils have an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon. They are moderately extensive and occur mostly in California, western Oregon and Washington, and Hawaii. Like other Humults in the United States, they formed mostly in material weathered from basic rocks or in alluvium derived from basic rocks. Most Palehumults have had forest vegetation, and many still have forest vegetation.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Hamilton series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Hamilton soils from 0 - 18 cm; Very dark greyish brown clay loam, medium polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Orthic Granular Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Haplohumults. The central concept of Haplohumults is fixed on relatively freely drained soils that have a udic moisture regime. Both the precipitation and the humidity are high. Redox depletions with low chroma and a fluctuating level of ground water are properties shared with Aquults and define the Aquic subgroup. An appreciable amount of plinthite is considered abnormal and is used to define the Plinthic subgroup. Ustic and xeric moisture regimes are considered abnormal but are highly significant to soil-plant relationships and define the Ustic and Xeric subgroups, respectively. A shallow lithic contact is the basis for definition of the Lithic subgroup. Soils that have a thin mantle or layer in the upper 75 cm that has both a low bulk density and a high content of weakly crystalline minerals are excluded because they are considered to be intergrades to Andisols.
Typic Haplohumults are gently sloping to very steep. In the U.S., they are moderately extensive in the Western United States. They are mostly in western Oregon, Puerto Rico, California, and Hawaii. Most of the soils are used as forest. Where slopes are suitable, some of the soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Kalkaska soil series was established in 1927 in Kalkaska County, which is the source of its name. In 1984, the Soil Classifiers Association of Michigan, with the support of the Michigan Chapter of the Soil and Water Conservation Society, appointed a committee to nominate one soil to represent the soil resources of Michigan. The members selected the Kalkaska soil based on factors such as distribution and extent, diversified use and economic importance. In 1990 a legislative effort was made to establish Kalkaska as the “Official Michigan State Soil.” On December 14, 1990 Public Act 302, the State Soil Bill, was signed by Governor James Blanchard.
Most areas of Kalkaska soils are in forestland and are well suited for timber production. Northern hardwoods are dominant. Minor uses include Christmas tree production, pasture, building sites, and specialty crops such as potatoes. The rapid permeability of the Kalkaska soil can cause the soil to be droughty at times. Seedling mortality is a major concern. Planting when the soil is moist or planting trees that can withstand dry conditions helps reduce the seedling mortality rate. In logging areas, loose sand can interfere with the traction wheeled equipment, especially during dry periods. Crop production on the Kalkaska soil typically requires irrigation.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
The Lynchburg soil series was selected as South Carolina’s state soil in 1991 by the South Carolina Professional Soil Classifiers. The soil profile used in the Smithsonian exhibit “Dig It! The Secret of Soil” was taken in Colleton County South Carolina near the town of Walterboro.
Lynchburg soils support forest of oak, blackgum, and slash pine. These forest are home to a huge variety of wildlife including the South Carolina state animal, the white-tailed deer, and the South Carolina state game bird, the wild turkey. When used for agricultural production farmers are able to grow corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, and wheat. Other uses for the Lynchburg soil are timber production, grazing and hay production for cattle,
and recreational uses such as hiking, biking, horseback riding, and atv/motocross trails.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
A representative soil profile of a Chromic Haplotorrert from New Mexico. (Photo provided by C. Monger.)
Chromic Haplotorrerts are the deep or very deep Haplotorrerts that have a color value, moist, of 4 or more; a color value, dry, of 6 or more; or chroma of 3 or more. These soils do not have significant amounts of salts or sodium. They occur in Idaho, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Most commonly, they are used for grazing.
Torrerts are the Vertisols of arid climates. Their cracks commonly stay open for most of the year but may close for at least a few days in most years. The cracks are closed for less than 60 days during the growing season. Many of these soils dot the landscape in closed depressions that may be ponded from time to time by runoff from the higher areas. Some Torrerts are more continuous and commonly are underlain by parent materials that tend to weather to smectictic clays, such as basalt. Torrerts are subdivided by the presence or absence of accumulations of salts, which are important to the use and management of the soils. Salitorrerts, Gypsitorrerts, and Calcitorrerts have a salic, gypsic, and calcic horizon, respectively. Haplotorrerts do not have significant accumulations of salts. The Torrerts in the United States occur mostly in the Southwest, although a few are in Hawaii. Most commonly, they are used as rangeland.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Pamunkey soil series was selected by the Virginia Association of Professional Soil Scientists (VAPSS) as Virginia’s state soil in 1999. Pamunkey soils are composed of sediments deposited by the James River, which crosses the entire state of Virginia and therefore the soil contains sediments from various regions of the state. The Pamunkey soils are very fertile and supported the Pamunkey Native American tribe as well as the settlers at the Jamestown settlement.
Pamunkey soils are some of the most productive soils in the state and most areas are cultivated. The remainder is used for pasture and forest. Crops include corn, small grain, cotton, soybeans, alfalfa, peanuts, and truck crops. Forested areas are in mixed hardwoods and pines. The Pamunkey soil has few management issues since it occurs in landscapes which do not accumulate water or have a high water table.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
A soil profile of a Calciustept in Texas. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 6 cm thick, a cambic horizon (grayish brown) between depths of about 6 cm and 60 cm, and a calcic horizon (white) below. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Calciustepts have a calcic (calcium carbonate accumulation) or petrocalcic (cemented by calcium carbonate) horizon and are either calcareous or have a sandy texture in all overlying horizons. Precipitation has been insufficient to remove the carbonates from the upper horizons, or there is a continual external source of carbonates in dust or water. Calciustepts formed mostly in Pleistocene or older materials. On the Calciustepts in the United States, the vegetation was dominantly grass before the soils were cultivated. The soils are most extensive on the Great Plains in the United States but also occur in the intermountain valleys of the western States.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
This photo accompanies Figure 19.—Indicator A14 (Alaska Redox). [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
To observe and document a hydric soil, first remove from the soil surface any woody material larger than 2 cm in cross section that cannot be crushed or shredded when rubbed. Do not remove the organic surface layers of the soil, which generally consist of plant remains in various stages of decomposition. Dig a hole and describe the soil profile. In general, the hole should be dug to the depth needed to document an indicator or to confirm the absence of indicators. For most soils, the recommended excavation depth is approximately 20 inches (50 cm) from the soil surface, although a shallower soil pit may suffice for some indicators (e.g., A2, Histic Epipedon). Digging may be difficult in some areas because of rocks or hardpans. Use the completed profile description to determine which hydric soil indicators have been met (USDA, NRCS, 2006a).
Whenever possible, excavate the soil deep enough to determine if there are layers or materials present that might restrict soil drainage. This determination will help to indicate why the soil may or may not be hydric. After a sufficient number of exploratory excavations have been made to determine the soil hydrologic relationships at the site, subsequent excavations can be limited to the depth needed to identify hydric soil indicators. Consider taking photographs of both the soil and the overall site, including a clearly marked measurement scale in pictures of soil profiles.
A representative soil profile of the Enfield series. (Photo provided by Jim Turenne, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Enfield series consists of very deep, well drained loamy soils formed in a silty mantle overlying glacial outwash. They are nearly level to sloping soils on outwash plains and terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the surface layer and subsoil and rapid or very rapid in the substratum. The mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 40 inches and typically corresponds to the depth of sand and gravel. Rock fragments range from 0 to 5 percent in the solum and from 0 to 70 percent in the substratum. The fragments are mainly rounded pebbles and typically make up 75 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, the soil is very strongly acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for cultivated crops, hay or pasture. Common crops are silage corn, vegetables, tobacco and nursery stock. Some areas are wooded or used for community development. Common trees are red, white and black oak, hickory, white ash, red maple, sugar maple, black birch, beech, hemlock and white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and southeastern New York. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/ENFIELD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Kimper series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy colluvium or colluvium and residuum weathered from sandstone, siltstone and shale. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid. These sloping to very steep soils are mostly on mountain sides. Slopes range from 5 to 95 percent, but are dominantly 30 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Humic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches and depth to bedrock ranges from 48 to 100 inches or more. Rock fragments, mostly sandstone channers, range from 5 to 60 percent in individual horizons, but the 10 to 40 inch particle-size control section averages less than 35 percent. Coverage of surface stones ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to neutral in the A horizon and from very strongly to moderately acid in the B and C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in secondary growth hardwood forests with mixed stands of yellow poplar, American basswood, white ash, cucumber tree, northern red oak, black walnut, black locust and umbrella magnolia. Less sloping areas are used as pasture and sites for houses and gardens.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kimper soils are in the Cumberland-Allegheny Plateau of eastern Kentucky with possible similar areas in Virginia, West Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. The area is estimated to be of large extent, about 150,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kentucky/KY195...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KIMPER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Sustainable Solutions for Professional AG Soil Management (www.ReduceFarmCosts.com) - Photo of Analaskans Soil Series Soilscape courtesy of Professional AG Soil Nutrition Products, Reduce Farm Costs and Sustainable Soil Management Solutions. (www.reducefarmcosts.com)
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A representative soil profile of the Ramiha series from New Zealand.(Note: The left side of the profile has been moistened. The right side is naturally dry.)
(Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Ramiha soils from 0 - 30 cm; Dark brown silt loam; very fine and fine polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Acidic Allophanic Brown Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Andic Dystrudepts. These soils have some andic soil properties in a layer in the upper part that is 18 cm or more thick. Some of the soils contain a significant amount of volcanic ash. Some (as Ramiha soils) have an umbric epipedon. Andic Dystrudepts are moderately extensive in the Northwestern United States. The native vegetation consists mostly of coniferous forest. Most of these soils support their native vegetation and are used as forest. A few of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
Dystrudepts are the acid Udepts of humid and perhumid regions. They developed mostly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some developed on older, steeply sloping surfaces. The parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. A few of the soils formed in saprolite derived from igneous rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous trees. Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States. They are mostly in the Eastern and Southern States.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Slake.—In Soil Taxonomy, slaking is the disaggregation of coherent soil material when placed in water or another chemical agent to test for cementation. Susceptibility (or resistance) to slaking is used as a criterion for some diagnostic horizons, such as a fragipan, duripan, petrocalcic horizon, or petrogypsic horizon, for densic and paralithic materials, and for others. Noncemented materials (such as a piece of a fragipan or densic material) will mostly slake, while cemented materials (such as a piece of a petrocalcic horizon, duripan, or paralithic material) will not slake in water. The agent specified in Soil Taxonomy for conducting the slake test varies by kind of cementing agent and includes water, dilute HCl, and hot KOH. Fragments that do not slake can be tested to determine their degree of cementation by the test procedures for rupture resistance described in chapter 3 of the Soil Survey Manual. Similar slake tests in water are also used with noncemented soil aggregates to measure their stability when wetted, especially in the context of assessing soil quality. Soil profile descriptions use the horizon suffix “m” to indicate cementation (e.g., Bqm). Refer to the Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual (pp. 148-162) for detailed instructions.
Figure 103a.—Field test of fragic soil properties.
Photo 1: A representative site of a Vaucluse soil (Fragic Kanhapludult) was tested to determine if any cemented materials were present in the Btx horizon.
Photo 2: Zoom in and you will notice this cross-section of a massive fragment that has very few pores and is very firm and brittle. Excavation difficulty was high or very high. Clay films were present (dark red areas) in the matrix.
Photo 3: Water has been added to fist-size dry aggregates to begin the slake process.
Photo 4: Soil fragments that slake will almost immediately start to break down, especially if dry.
Photo 5: Within a few minutes the sample completely disaggregated.
Photo 6: The water was poured off, leaving behind a completely slaked sample.
A representative soil profile of a Humic Lithic Eutrudept from Ralsko region, Czech Republic. (Photo provided by P. Samonil.)
Humic Lithic Eutrudepts have an umbric or mollic epipedon and a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface. They are of small extent in the United States. They are widely distributed. The largest concentration is in the Eastern States. The native vegetation consists mostly of mixed forest. Most of these soils are used as forest. A few of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as pasture.
Eutrodepts are the base-rich Udepts of humid regions. Many developed in Holocene or late-Pleistocene deposits. Some of the soils that have steep slopes formed in older deposits. The parent materials commonly are calcareous sediments or basic sedimentary rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous hardwoods, but the gently sloping soils are now cultivated and many of the steeply sloping soils are used as pasture. Eutrudepts are not extensive in the United States.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Lax soil series. (Soil Survey of Perry County, Tennessee; by Douglas F. Clendenon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lax series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on uplands. The soil formed in a silty mantle over gravelly alluvium and residuum of limestone. The soil has a dense fragipan in the lower subsoil. Slopes range from 2 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults
Solumn thickness is 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Depth to fragipan ranges from 18 to 36 inches. Reaction of the soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid except where lime has been added. Coarse fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in the A, Bt, and Btx horizons, and from 15 to 80 percent in the 2Btx and the 3Bt horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half of the acreage is cleared and used for growing corn, tobacco, small grains, soybeans, hay, and pasture. The remainder is in mixed hardwood forest consisting chiefly of oaks, hickories, and beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western part of Kentucky, the Highland Rim in Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and southeastern Missouri. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN13...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAX.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Penistaja soil series was established in Sante Fe County, NM in 1970. The soil was named after a small farming and stock raising community in northwest New Mexico. “Penistaja” is a Navajo word that means “forced to sit”. This soil is found in the Southwest landscape of sandstone mesas, snow-capped mountains and desert grasslands.
Penistaja soils are very productive rangeland soils and are excellent for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and recreation. Penistaja soils also provide habitat for Pronghorn antelope along with other wildlife. Almost all ranching operations in New Mexico are family business, and they are the socio-economic baseline for many communities in the state. Grazing management to achieve desired vegetation is the most common management on Penistaja soils. Best management practices for this include rest-rotations, adjusting stocking levels, and potentially range riding among many others. A rest-rotation system is a multi-pasture system where one pasture per year does not get grazed and grazing is rotated around the remaining pastures.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
This photo accompanies Figure 14.—Indicator A9, 1 cm Muck. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
John Gagnon, Resource Soil Scientist, Edenton, NC examines this Duckston soil for the presence of muck.
Soils that have a layer of muck 1 cm (0.5 inch) or more thick with value of 3 or less and chroma of 1 or less and starting at a depth ≤15 cm (6 inches) from the soil surface may qualify for Indicator A9 (1 cm Muck). Muck is sapric soil material with a minimum content of organic carbon that ranges from 12 to 18 percent, depending on the content of clay. Organic soil material is called muck if virtually all of the material has undergone sufficient decomposition to limit the recognition of plant parts. Mucky peat (hemic material) and/or peat (fibric material) do not qualify. Generally, muck is black and has a “greasy” feel; sand grains should not be evident.
The 2014 Crop Production Contest Winners were recognized at the 2015 Kentucky Commodity Conference Awards Banquet on Friday, January 16, 2015 at the University Plaza Holiday Inn in Bowling Green, Kentucky
Tools of Soil Survey. The efficient operation of a soil survey requires the use of certain kinds of equipment. The three major equipment needs are: (1) tools to examine the soil profile; (2) soil testing, measuring, and recording devices for mapping; and (3) transportation vehicles. While some of the equipment used in soil survey reflects new technology, such as tools for proximal sensing of soil properties, many of the basic tools for observing soils in the field have changed little in recent years. The 1993 Soil Survey Manual contains a detailed discussion and description of many of these items.
For additional information about the Soil Survey area, visit:
archive.org/details/usda-soil-surveys
For additional information about identifying soils within a geographic area, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Typic Kanhapludult in Boluo County, Guangdong Province, China (PRC-04).
Landscape: These soil are on gently sloping to moderately steep sideslopes and narrow lower ridges. Most are used for growing local crops or are in woodland.
The central concept of the Typic subgroup of Kanhapludults is fixed on freely drained, deep soils. They have a kandic soil horizon with an accumulation of iron and aluminium oxides and low-activity silicate clays.
Typic Kanhapludults are of large extent in the Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of the soils are used as cropland. The steeper soils are used as forest. Some of the soils are used as pasture or homesites.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of the Sawmill Creek series. Sawmill Creek soils are an example of a Haplocryept (coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic Haplocryepts). Sawmill Creek soils have moderately deep mixed loess and alluvium over outwash or till. (Soil Survey of Greater Nenana Area, Alaska; by Dennis Mulligan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: well drained
Parent material: loess over calcareous glacial outwash
Landform: alluvial fans
Slopes: 0 to 2 percent
Mean annual precipitation: about 12 inches, 305 mm
Mean annual temperature: about 29 degrees F., -1.6 C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic Haplocryepts
Particle-size control (section weighted average):
Percent clay in the control section: 3 to 7 percent
Total coarse fragments in the upper part of the control section: 0 to 5 percent
Total coarse fragments in the lower part of the control section: 60 to 90 percent
Soil moisture regime: Udic
Mean annual soil temperature: 30 degrees F, -1.1 C.
Thickness of organic materials: 0 to 3 inches, 0 to 8 cm
Depth to glacial till: 10 to 20 inches, 25 to 50 cm
Depth to carbonates: 16 to 30 inches, 41 to 76 cm
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for farmland, pasture, hay and small grains. The native vegetation includes white spruce, black spruce, birch and aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229, Interior Alaska Lowlands, Alaska. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alaska/AK655/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SAWMILL_CREEK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Plate 9: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Saruk Qufa series, saline phase (soil AD209).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Calcigypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic
The Saruk Qufa series saline phase is a very deep sandy soil. It is a phase of the Saruk Qufa series in that at least one soil horizon presents slightly elevated EC1:1 values suggesting some limited accumulation of secondary salts. The soils are typically moderately well to excessively drained. They occur on flats and gentle slopes within level to gently undulating deflation plains. They are formed from eolian sands and occur in older landscapes.
These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels though vegetation cover is frequently less than 5%. Common vegetation species recorded include Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp, together with occasional Stipagrostis plumosa.
This soil generally occurs in the northern part of the Ghayathi sub-area. A few sites have been described from the As Sila’ sub-area.
The main feature of this soil is the deep, sandy profile that contains both accumulations of gypsum and carbonates. The soil material shows evidence of slightly elevated EC1:1 levels. The sandy nature of the soil, giving rise to low nutrient storage and moisture holding capacities are the main management issues for this soil. The presence of gypsum and the slightly elevated EC readings also suggest that salinity might be a problem. Under irrigation the leaching of gypsum may give rise to subsidence. This soil is considered unsuitable for irrigated agriculture.
A representative soil profile of the Minidoka series.
The Minidoka series consists of moderately deep to a duripan, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loess and alluvium from mixed sources. They are on basalt plains and terraces, with slopes of 0 to 12 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Haplodurids
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 53 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to bedrock - 40 to more than 60 inches
Depth to calcic horizon - 7 to 16 inches and are calcareous to the soil surface.
Particle-size control section - 10 to 18 percent total clay, 5 to 15 percent carbonate free clay, 3 to 15 percent fine sand or coarser.
USE AND VEGETATION: Minidoka soils are used for irrigated cropland, pastureland and rangeland. The principal crops grown are wheat, barley, potatoes, alfalfa hay, sugar beets, corn, corn silage and dry beans. The native vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, and Thurber needlegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southcentral and southwestern Idaho. This series is extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MINIDOKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Papakauri series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Papakauri soils from 0 - 15 cm; Dark reddish brown silt loam. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Typic Orthic Allophanic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Acrudoxic Hapludands. These soils are like Typic Hapludands, but they have extractable bases plus 1N KCl extractable Al3+ totaling less than 2.0 cmol(+)/kg in the fine-earth fraction of one or more horizons with a total thickness of 30 cm or more at a depth between 25 and 100 cm either from the mineral soil surface or from the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is shallower. These soils are not known to occur in the United States. They are established for use in other countries.
Hapludands are the Udands that do not have a melanic epipedon or a layer that meets the depth, thickness, and organic-carbon requirements for a melanic epipedon. They have, on undried samples, a 1500 kPa water retention of less than 100 percent, by weighted average, throughout the major part of the andic materials. Commonly, Hapludands have a thin O horizon, an ochric or umbric epipedon, and a cambic horizon. Most of the Hapludands in the United States developed in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Most formed under coniferous forest vegetation.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Enborne soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are seasonally waterlogged soils affected by a shallow fluctuating groundwater-table. They are developed mainly within or over permeable material and have prominently mottled or greyish coloured horizons within 40 cm depth Most occupy low-lying or depressional sites.
They have distinct topsoil, in loamy or clayey recent alluvium more than 30 cm thick. They formed in medium loamy river alluvium.
They are classified as Fluvic Eutric Gleysols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
Soil scientists describing a soil profile in the United Arab Emirates. (Photo courtesy of Dr. Craig Ditzler)
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 1-6)
A complete and accurate soil profile description is essential for classifying the soil. A previously prepared standard form is useful because it will help you to record all of the important information. An example of a standard pedon description form can be found in the “Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils” (pages 2-93 and 2-94). Also, part 2 of this guide provides information on the standard nomenclature for describing soil horizons.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit the "Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" or "Chapter 3" of the Soil Survey Manual. From these sites the reference may be viewed or printed, and a pdf file may be created and saved.
For a video on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils", Click HERE.
A representative soil profile of a Epibasic (and Epihypersodic), Pedal, Hypercalcic, Calcarosol. Original notes and photos provided by the State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) with revision.
Calcarosols lack strong texture contrast between surface (A) and subsoil (B) horizons. These soils are also calcareous throughout and often have accumulations of calcium carbonate (lime) in the soil profile. These soils form on calcareous, aeolian sediments of variable texture
For more information about these soils, visit;
vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/malregn.nsf/pages/mall...
In soil taxonomy, these soils are commonly Alfisols or some Aridisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
A representative soil profile in a map unit of brown or red loams grading to clay. These soils are deep loamy duplexes and earths soils from Moora to Kojonup of the West Midlands of Australia. (Base photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia.)
Topsoil
Neutral pH
Firm to hard-setting surface soil
Subsoil
Neutral to alkaline
Sodic with moderate to low permeability
For more information about these soils including common management constraints, visit:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-sandy-earths-west-midlands
For more information about the soils of Western Australia, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-deep-loamy-duplexes-and...
In the Australian soil classification system, the soils in this unit include: Red or Yellow or Brown Chromosols, and Red or Yellow or Brown Sodosols, and Red or Brown Kandosols, and Red or Brown Dermosols.
Chromosols are soils that display a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons. The upper part of the subsoil ranges from slightly acid to alkaline (pH >5.5) but is not sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Chromosols can be grouped further (in to Suborders) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (i.e. Red, Brown, Yellow, Grey and Black). These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics (in to Great Groups) such as the nutrient level capacities and ratios and the presence of carbonate or lime.
Sodosols are soils which display a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons which are sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Sodosols can be grouped further based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil (ie. Red, Brown, Yellow and Grey). These can then be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics such as level of sodicity and presence of carbonate (lime).
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are primarily Alfisols, Ultisols, or some Mollisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
NOTE:
Original classification based on USDA-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th Edition, 2006:
Typic Petrogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic, shallow
Updated classification based on UAE-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2014:
Salidic Petrogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic
AD122 are shallow, sandy soils with gypsum occurring from the surface, are moderately to strongly saline in a layer 10 cm or more thick, and a petrogypsic layer within 50cm of the soil surface. They occupy the nearly level parts of inland gently undulating plain and higher parts of inland and coastal sabkha. They are well drained or moderately well drained soils and have moderately rapid or rapid permeability.
These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cornulaca arabica, Cyperus conglomeratus, Fagonia ovalfolia, Haloxylon persicum, Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
Plate 20: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Petrogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic, shallow (Soil AD122).
Joel Armistead of Logan County earned 1st place in the Irrigated Corn division of the 2011 Kentucky Corn Yield Contest. HIs yield was 264.11 buA using DeKalb C64-69 seed. Pictured with Armistead is Ray Allan Mackey (right), president of the Kentucky Corn Growers Association. KyCGA sponsors the yield contest.
The 2014 Crop Production Contest Winners were recognized at the 2015 Kentucky Commodity Conference Awards Banquet on Friday, January 16, 2015 at the University Plaza Holiday Inn in Bowling Green, Kentucky
This photo accompanies [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
Note: The soil profile face on the left has been picked to better show natural soil structure. The profile on the right has been smoothed to better reflect the contrast in color and/or special features.
John Kelley, Regional Soil Scientist, Raleigh, NC photographs a hydric Rains soil for the publication "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States".
In the fall of 2007, an effort was initiated by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTHCS) to photograph hydric soil features for the republication of the Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States. This publication is a joint project between the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service and the US-Army Corps of Engineers. It is a guide specifically designed to aid in the identification and delineation of hydric soils and wetlands.
The guide was developed by soil scientists of NRCS in cooperation with the USA-COE, the Environmental Protection Agency, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and many regional, state, and local agencies. The hydric soil indicators listed in the publication are those approved by the NTCHS for use in identifying, delineating, and verifying hydric soils in the field.
One way to ensure the guide is being used to its greatest potential is to have accurate and detailed photographs of the many and varied types of soil features associated with hydric soil conditions. Many of the indicators are strongly expressed and readily observable; however, others are more subtle and require close observation. The new images will help users of the guide to have a better understanding of both typical and atypical features or conditions reflected by differences in soil color.
John Kelley, regional soil scientist, USDA-NRCS was selected to photograph hydric soil profiles and individual soil features. With the support of the NTCHS and the sponsoring agencies, John travelled to several locations in the southeastern US, upper Midwest, and Alaska to photograph the commonplace as well as unique indicators. This project however, was not a one-man show. Many individuals contributed significantly to the process. Site leaders and participants in the photo project included:
John Gagnon, Resource Soil Scientist, Edenton, NC
Greg Hammer, Resource Soil Scientist, Smithfield, VA
Charlie Ogg, MLRA Soil Survey Office Leader, Bishopville, SC
Caleb Gulley, Soil Scientist, Bishopville, SC
Jackie Reed, Soil Scientist, Bishopville, SC
Alan Walters, Resource Soil Scientist, Salisbury, NC
Wade Hurt, Soil Scientist (ret.), Gainesville, FL
Joe Moore, MLRA Team Leader/State Soil Scientist, Palmer, AK
Joe White, COE, Anchorage, AK
Mike Holley, COE, Anchorage, AK,
Dave D’Amore, USFS, Juneau, AK
Nick Bonzey, USFS, Juneau, AK
Steve Sieler, State Soil Liaison, Bismarck, ND
Fred Aziz, Area Resource Soil Scientist, Jamestown, ND
Alan Gulsvig, Area Resource Soil Scientist, Devils Lake, ND
Kyle Thomson, Soil Scientist, Devils Lake, ND
All of the individuals identified (as well as many others) spent a great deal of time securing approval from land owners, selecting and preparing the sites, making travel arrangements, working closely to ensure the best possible product. Their efforts greatly contributed to the success of this project.
The surrounding landscape, a small hand dug pit, a shovel slice, and close-ups of individual features were routinely photographed at each of the sites. As many of the approved and test indicators were photographed as time and resources allowed. The images were captured using common objects for scale (photo tape, knife, hand, etc.). Once the images are formatted for publication, they will also be mounted in a template using a reference scale generated in Adobe Photoshop.
A database containing information for site location (UTM), landscape/landform, soil series, and a brief soil description is available for the sites. The republication of the guide for the Field Indicators was published in 2010. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States, 2010].
A representative soil profile of the Te Kopuru series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Te Kopuru soils from 0 - 15 cm; Grey loamy sand. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Humus-pan Densipan Podzols. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Duraquods. These Aquods have a cemented soil layer that in many areas is a combination of iron and/or aluminum and organic matter. In some of these soils, silica also is a cementing agent. Duraquods are seasonally saturated above the cemented soil layer but not necessarily below it.
In the United States, these soils occur mostly in the Northwest and in Michigan. In New Zealand, they occur under kauri pine. The cemented soil layer in Duraquods severely restricts plant rooting. Currently, few of these soils are recognized.
Aquods are the Spodosols of wet regions. They are characterized either by a shallow fluctuating water table or an extremely humid climate. If the soil temperature regime is mesic, isomesic, or warmer, most of the soils have a nearly white albic horizon thick enough to persist under cultivation. Aquods formed mainly in sandy materials of Pleistocene age. They may have any temperature regime. Water-loving plants of a very wide variety, ranging from sphagnum in cold areas to palms in the tropics, grow on these soils. In the United States, relatively few Aquods are cultivated, except in New Jersey and Florida.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Ballywilliam series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with igneous and metamorphic stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=06...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Groundwater Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and humose topsoil.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A representative soil profile of the Hepler soil series. (Soil Survey of Jasper County, Missouri; by Alan C. Peer, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hepler series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in silty alluvial sediments. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on flood plains in the Cherokee Prairies (MLRA 112) and Ozark Highlands (MLRA 116A). Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C (58 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Mollic Endoaqualfs
Depth to argillic horizon: 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches)
Depth to redox concentrations: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches)
Depth to endosaturation: 30 to 201 cm (12 to 79 inches) from January to May.
Particle-size control section: (weighted average) 18 to 35 percent clay, 4 to 15 percent sand
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3, 3 to 4 dry
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam
Clay content: 9 to 27 percent
Base saturation: 59 to 79 percent
Reaction: Neutral to strongly acid
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly cultivated. Principal crops are winter wheat, soybeans, grain sorghum, and corn. Native vegetation is hardwood forest with an understory of tall prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 112 and 116 in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and eastern Oklahoma. The type location is in MLRA 112. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/missouri/MO097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HEPLER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
An Endorusti-Ustic Cambosol and landscape. These soils mainly distribute in river terraces, high flood land, and piedmont dilluvial plains of watersheds of the Yellow River, Huaihe River, and Haihe River. Parent materials are mainly recent or older fluvial deposits, as a result, the original texture and stratification of the parent materials still remain unchanged at lower part of the profile. This group of soil develops under a condition of transition from aquaic moisture regime to an ustic one. The lower parts of the profile are affected by the underground water. As a result, redox feature or rust streaks and spots can be found in 50 to 125cm depth section under the mineral soil surface. Although original vegetation was generally meadow plants, these soils have been mostly cultivated into farmland so-far. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/240
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Cappacorcoge series in an area of native woodland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy material over non-calcareous gravels.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=04...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Lithosols. These are shallow (< 30 cm depth) non-calcareous soils, commonly overlying hard rock or skeletal and gravelly material made up of > 80% coarse material (> 2 mm).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...