View allAll Photos Tagged soilscience
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches).
Silt content is less than 20 percent.
Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL005/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Chilcott series consists of moderately deep to duripan, well drained soils with slow permeability that formed in a thin mantle of loess and silty alluvium from loess and weathered volcanic ash over loamy or sandy and gravelly alluvium from igneous materials. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent on plains and valleys. The average annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the average annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Abruptic Xeric Argidurids
Depth to calcium carbonates - 10 to 30 inches
Depth to duripan - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to bedrock - greater than 60 inches (see remarks)
Moisture control section - moist less than 90 consecutive days when the soil temperature is greater than 47 degrees F.
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 56 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chilcott soils are used mainly for irrigated cropland, hayland and pastureland at lower elevations and for rangeland and wildlife habitat at higher elevations. Crops grown include corn and small grains. The dominant natural vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon. MLRA 10, 11, and 25. Chilcott soils are extensive.
The original concept of this series is a soil with a duripan formed at a sand and gravel discontinuity. The expansion to include phases with duripans over basalt would not be allowed under new series criteria and should be considered outside the series concept.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHILCOTT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Siltigi-Ustic Cambosol and landscape. These soils are a group of Ustic Cambosols relating to irrigation and siltation . They are found in arid region where arid soils develop, such as major parts or Oases areas in Xinjiang and Ningxia Regions as well as Qinghai and Gansu Provinces. Similar to other dry farmland soils, Siltigi-Ustic Cambosols develop on the basis of arid soils or halomorphic soils, undergoing irrigation, desalination, siltation and ripening. However, this group of soil does not meet the standard set for Siltigi-Orthic Anthrosols. Anyway, Irrigation water is the major factor contributing to the formation of such soils, for large amount of irrigation water induce strong leaching to some soil materials. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/238
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Sutton soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials at elevations below about 300 m.0.D. Most are in agricultural use.
They are loamy or clayey with an ordinary clay-enriched subsoil. They formed in medium loamy material over calcareous gravel.
They are classified as Endoskeletic Luvisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
Tongues are lobe-shaped extensions of a horizon penetrating downward into the adjacent underlying horizon. Examples include penetrations of an albic horizon into an argillic or spodic horizon, a mollic epipedon into a cambic horizon, and a calcic horizon into the underlying C horizon. Although tongues are commonly described in soil profile descriptions for penetrations that are deeper than their width, there is no formal definition of what constitutes a tongue. The first edition of Soil Taxonomy included a diagnostic feature for a specific kind of tongue, i.e., tonguing of albic materials, that had a definition specifying width that varied by texture. This diagnostic featured was later dropped (Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 5th edition, 1992); that specific kind of tongue was included within the definition of interfingering of albic materials. Horizons that have more than just a few tongues are commonly described with an irregular topography class for the lower boundary.
Figure 116.—Examples of tongues of a horizon that penetrate downward into an underlying horizon.
Left photo: Fox soil (Typic Hapludalfs). The Fox series consists of very deep, well drained soils, moderately deep to stratified calcareous sandy outwash. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy alluvium overlying stratified calcareous sandy outwash.
Middle soil: OreliaOrelia soil (Typic Argiustolls). The Orelia series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of Pleistocene age.
Right photo: SanoSano soil (Glossic Fragiudults). The Sano series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils with a fragipan in the subsoil. The soil formed in a silty mantle 40 to 70 inches thick and the underlying residuum weathered from limestone or siltstone.
A soil profile of a red, clayey Kandiustox in Thailand. It has an ochric epipedon about 10 cm thick underlain by a kandic horizon that extends beyond the base of the photo. Although this soil has a high content of clay throughout, it has granular structure and so is porous. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Kandiustox have a clayey surface layer and a kandic (very low cation-exchange capacity) subsoil horizon that has its upper boundary within a depth of 150 cm. There is a noticeable increase in clay content from the surface to the subsoil. They have, in all subhorizons of the kandic horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface, an apparent ECEC of 1.50 or more cmol(+) per kg clay or a pH value (1N KCl) of less than 5.0. They also have base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 35% in some horizon within a depth of 125 cm. The subsoil has a moderate grade of blocky structure in most pedons. The epipedons are either dark- or light-colored. The subsoil shows evidence of translocated clay only in a few areas. In some pedons, it tends to have a weak or moderate grade of blocky structure. In most of the soils; however, there is a strong secondary structure that is fine granular. Supplemental irrigation is needed for continuous cropping.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A soil profile of a poorly drained Plinthaquult in Vietnam. Note the water table below a depth of 120 cm. During wet periods of the year, the water table is near the surface. The red material below a depth of about 50 centimeters is plinthite. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
These soils have plinthite (firm, iron oxide-rich concentration) that either forms a continuous phase or constitutes more than half the matrix of some subhorizon within a depth of 150 cm. These soils are mostly in intertropical areas and constitute a small area of Puerto Rico.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Dillard series. (Photo provided by Iowa State University)
The Dillard series consists of deep or very deep, moderately well drained soils that have moderately slow permeability. These soils formed in loamy alluvium of Holocene age. They are on narrow, nearly level to sloping stream terraces and toe slopes. Runoff is slow to medium. Slopes are dominantly 1 to 6 percent, but range from 0 to 10 percent near the base of steeper hillslopes.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to more than 60 inches. Unless limed, reaction ranges from strongly acid to moderately acid in the A horizon and from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the B and C horizons. Flakes of mica range from few to common throughout the solum and C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for corn, small grain, soybeans, vegetables, and pasture. Loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, yellow-poplar, northern red oak, and red maple are the principal native vegetation.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Blue Ridge Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and possibly South Carolina; mesic areas of the Southern Piedmont in North Carolina and Virginia.
For more information about ISU-Geospatial Laboratory for Soil Informatics, visit:
glsi.agron.iastate.edu/images/soil-profiles/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DILLARD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the moderately deep Pyle series with soft bedrock starting at about 60 centimeters,
The Pyle series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived from granodiorite, quartz monzonite, quartz diorite and other related rocks. These soils are on mountain slopes and ridges. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 750 mm, and the mean annual air temperature is about 4.0 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed Lamellic Cryopsamments
Note: Clay films as bridges between sand particles are in the lower part of the horizon in some pedons. More clayey bands or lamellae less than 0.3 inch thick are below depths of 50 cm. Neither clay films nor lamellae are sufficient to meet the requirements of an argillic horizon.
Mean annual soil temperature - 2.5 to 6.7 degrees C
Mean summer soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm - 12.8 to 15.0 degrees C (without an O horizon)
Soil Moisture - dry in all horizons between depths of 30 and 90 cm, or to bedrock if shallower, for 60 consecutive days in more than 7 out of 10 years.
Depth to a paralithic contact - ranges from 50 to 100 cm
Particle Size Control Section - loamy sand or coarser throughout
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for forestry, recreation, grazing, wildlife habitat and watershed. On northerly slopes, Douglas-fir, huckleberry, and ninebark are dominant. The south-facing slopes support ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, elk sedge, and pinegrass. Shrub species are snowbrush, ninebark, willow, bitter cherry, and chokecherry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western part of the Idaho batholith; moderate extent. MLRA 43B.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PYLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Hapli-Udic Cambosol and landscape. These soils mainly distribute in low mountains and hills in warm temperate zone, and vertical zones on middle mountains in north-subtropical zone. Parent materials are weathered materials, mostly residual-slope deposits, originated from sandstone, shale, granite, gneiss and andesite, etc. Native vegetation is deciduous broad leaf forest , or mixed deciduous broad leaf and coniferous forest. However, the present time vegetation is mostly secondary forest and shrubs. In addition, a few dry croplands or deciduous fruit trees are also found. Hapli-Udic Cambosols refer to a group of Udic Cambosols except Boric, Carbonatic,, purplic, Alic,Ferric, and Acidic groups. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/249
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ballywilliam series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with igneous and metamorphic stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=06...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Groundwater Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and humose topsoil.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Stretham series (Calcaric Cambisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Landscape: Stretham association on chalky till consists of calcareous, moderately to slowly permeable clayey soils. It covers 138 km² in Essex, west of Chelmsford, and 2 km² flank the river Nene near Wellingborough. The soils are mainly on flat or gently sloping high ground. Stretham series, typical brown calcareous earths, and Hanslope series, calcareous pelosols, are both clayey and calcareous and each covers more than one-third of the land. Stretham series is the main soil in Northamptonshire. The naturally non-calcareous Faulkbourne series, similar to the Hanslope series, is a minor component. In places the soils are fine loamy and Cannamore series occurs. The soils of this association are generally more permeable than those of neighbouring associations on chalky till. The component Hanslope soils are waterlogged for shorter periods than usual elsewhere. This is partly because the till overlies gravels and is very chalky and partly because the soils are siltier than usual from additions of aeolian silty drift. Subsoils are often browner than is common on chalky till, which may be partly due to incorporation of London Clay into the till matrix.
Soil Water Regime: Stretham soils are moderately permeable and are waterlogged for short periods in winter (Wetness Class II). Hanslope series is waterlogged for a rather longer period but because of the climate and good subsoil structure this does not exceed three months in a normal year (Wetness Class II). Stretham, Hanslope and Faulkbourne soils have moderate waterholding capacities so that they are slightly droughty for cereals, oilseed rape and sugar beet. They are moderately droughty for potatoes and very droughty for grass.
Cropping and Land Use: Although clayey, both Stretham and Hanslope series are relatively easily worked. There are ample days in most years for working the land in both autumn and spring and the soils are suited to minimum or reduced cultivation techniques. In wet springs, however, opportunities for landwork are limited. The cropping is dominated by winter cereals, primarily wheat which is sown on over half the arable land. There is some spring barley, small areas of oilseed rape and sugar beet, and some maincrop potatoes. The area under grass is very small. Nutrient status is generally good, that of phosphorus depending upon past management.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=51110
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of a Luvisol from Luxembourg. (Photos courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Luvisols have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil, as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation in the 50–100 cm depth. Many Luvisols are known as Texturally-differentiated soils and part of Metamorphic soils (Russia), Sols lessivés (France), Parabraunerden (Germany), Chromosols (Australia) and Luvissolos (Brazil). In the United States of America, they were formerly named Grey-brown podzolic soils and belong now to the Alfisols with high-activity clays.
Cutanic (from Latin cutis, skin): having an argic or natric horizon that meets diagnostic criterion 2b (evidence of illuvial clay) for the respective horizon.
An argic horizon (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:
• an illuvial accumulation of clay,
• predominant pedogenetic formation of clay in the subsoil,
• destruction of clay in the surface horizon,
• selective surface erosion of clay,
• upward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking,
• biological activity, or
• a combination of two or more of these different processes. (WRB)
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A Siltigi-Ustic Cambosol. These soils are a group of Ustic Cambosols relating to irrigation and siltation . They are found in arid region where arid soils develop, such as major parts or Oases areas in Xinjiang and Ningxia Regions as well as Qinghai and Gansu Provinces. Similar to other dry farmland soils, Siltigi-Ustic Cambosols develop on the basis of arid soils or halomorphic soils, undergoing irrigation, desalination, siltation and ripening. However, this group of soil does not meet the standard set for Siltigi-Orthic Anthrosols. Anyway, Irrigation water is the major factor contributing to the formation of such soils, for large amount of irrigation water induce strong leaching to some soil materials. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/238
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The Stuttgart soil series was adopted as the official state soil by the Eighty-first General Assembly of Arkansas in 1997. Named for the city of Stuttgart in southeast Arkansas, these soils occur in the Grand Prairie and are of similar age, on large upland terraces within the Lower Mississippi Valley. This region has silty and clayey alluvium parent material (transported/deposited by running water), an upland landscape position, prairie grasses as native vegetation, and high annual rainfall.
Soil is one the most precious natural resources in Arkansas as it is the foundation of our most important activity--agriculture. The primary crops grown on the Stuttgart soils are rice (the state grain symbol of Arkansas) and soybeans, and it is one of the most productive soils in the state, responsible for millions of dollars of crop harvest each year.
There are few limitations that restrict the use of Stuttgart soils for crop production; urban development, such as houses, buildings, and roads; and wildlife habitats and recreational uses including parks, trails, and golfing facilities. Major limitations are seasonal wet
ness and high sodium content for crop production; planting and managing the appropriate vegetation and maintaining existing
plant cover for wildlife; and in urban development, structural damage caused by flooding and erosion, and in some locations these clayey soils have shrink-swell effect.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
Soil profile: A soil profile of Vanella cobbly fine sandy loam. The lower part of the argillic horizon starting at approximately 80 centimeters is red, cobbly clay loam. These soils formed in old colluvium derived from sandstone, shale, siltstone, limestone, dolomitic limestone, quartzite, metasandstone, and phyllite. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Hills and mountains
Landform: Debris flows, hillslopes and mountain slopes
MLRA(s): 130A, 147
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, backslopes and footslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, crest, nose slope, side slope, base slope and mountainflank
Parent Material: Old colluvium derived from sandstone, shale, limestone, quartzite, metasandstone and phyllite.
Slope: 3 to 35 percent.
Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet
Frost-free period: 130 to 205 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 53 to 56 degrees F
Mean Annual Precipitation: 38 to 42 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Thickness of the Ochric epipedon: 0 to 60 cm (0 to 24 inches) (A, E and BE horizons)
Depth of the Argillic horizon: 60 to 165 cm (24 to 65 inches) (Bt horizons). The weighted average of clay is 18 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section.
Solum thickness: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches)
Depth to bedrock: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches)
Depth Class: Very Deep
Rock fragment content: 0 to 35 percent in the upper horizons and particle-size control section. Rock fragments can range from 0 to 60 percent below the control section. They consist of a mixture of subrounded and subangular fragments of sandstone, shale, quartzite, metasandstone and phyllite.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Most areas are in forest. Some areas are used for pasture and cultivated crops.
Dominant Vegetation: Chestnut oak, scarlet oak, post oak, Virginia pine, eastern white pine, and pitch pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: The Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys (MLRA 147) and the metasedimentary areas along the western flank of the Northern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130A).
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/rockb...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VANELLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Glacistel from the Yukon Territory with a glacic layer beginning at a depth of about 50 cm.
Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, (p. 76).
Differential weathering in grus from a soil in South Africa. The paralithic contact is highly irregular in this pedon.
Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, (p. 78).
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Kenn soil series. (Soil Survey of Sevier County, Arkansas; by Alex L. Winfrey, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Kenn series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy alluvium. These level to gently sloping soils are on flood plains of the Ouachita Mountains and the Arkansas Valley and Ridges. Slopes are 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 1168 cm (46 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness is 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 in). Depth to the gravelly 2BC ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in). Depth to bedrock is greater than 152 cm (60 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for tame pasture and woodland. The vegetation is primarily post oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, and shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Flood plains of the Ouachita Mountains and the Arkansas Valley and Ridges of Arkansas and Oklahoma. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR133...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KENN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Pullback sandy loam. Pullback soils are shallow to unweathered, hard bedrock and have thick, dark surface layers. They occur on high mountains in the western and southern parts of the county. (Soil Survey of Graham County, North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A high mountain grassy bald on Huckleberry Knob in an area of Breakneck-Pullback complex, windswept, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very rocky. Areas such as this are highly desirable for wildlife and were once used as summer pasture.
The Pullback series consists of shallow, well drained soils on strongly sloping to very steep summits and side slopes in the high elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, and weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks, primarily metasandstone. Slope ranges from 8 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, isotic, frigid Lithic Humudepts
Note: Although Pullback soils may exhibit some of the characteristics of andic soil properties, they lack the volcanic glass found in soils of similar taxa in the Western United States.
Solum thickness and depth to lithic contact is less than 20 inches. The content of rock fragments is less than 35 percent by volume throughout. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.
Most of the acreage is in public ownership and is used for watershed protection, recreation, and wildlife habitat. In areas higher than about 5400 feet, red spruce and fraser fir are the dominant trees. At the lower elevations, northern red oak, black oak, American beech, yellow birch, black cherry, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and yellow buckeye are common trees. Common understory plants are serviceberry, striped maple, American chestnut sprouts, silverbell, pin cherry, rhododendron, flame azalea, and blueberry. Common forbs are hay-scented fern, woodfern, New York fern, Solomons seal, yellow mandarin, and trillium. A small acreage is covered by heath balds. These balds are vegetated with rhododendron, mountain laurel, blueberry, flame azalea, hawthorn, and mountain ash. Vegetation ranges for spruce/fur to northern hard woods, heath and grass balds.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PULLBACK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The petrogypsic horizon is a surface or subsurface soil horizon cemented by gypsum so strongly that dry fragments will not slake in water.
Rob Fitzpatrick is a soil scientist whose career has focused on the interface of soil science (pedology), regolith science, mineralogy, biogeochemistry, forensic science, mineral exploration and climate change as applied to landscape processes andadvanced techniques to characterize, map, monitor and manage soil-regolith systems and criminal and environmental forensic techniques for soils and regolith. He has over 40 years experience in leading major multi-disciplinary research projects; conducted over 500 specialised soil-regolith investigations and surveys, covering a wide range of regions and climates worldwide.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep to deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: medium to high
Permeability: moderately slow to slow
Landscape: Coastal Plain
Landform: Upland
Geomorphic Component: flat
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: commonly 1 to 6 percent, but range from 0 to 50 percent
Elevation (type location): 20 to 150 feet
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 72 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 54 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Gravel size rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the solum and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: very strongly acid through moderately acid, except where limed
Other Features: Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity generally below 40 inches
Other Features: Exchangeable aluminum is less than 6 meq/100 grams of soil in the solum
Other Features: Some part of the Bt or BC horizon of most pedons commonly has firm or very firm consistence in place
Other Features: Mica flakes range from none to common, and are present only in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: crops, some forestry
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- peanuts, soybeans, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Where wooded-- loblolly pine, Virginia pine, oaks, hickory, sweet gum, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly in Alabama and Georgia
Extent: large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA036...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EMPORIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
(Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Knute series consist of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in calcareous loamy glacial till. These soils are typically on convex positions on ground and end moraines. The permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is about 22 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Argiudolls
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon typically ranges from 14 to 24 inches. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches in thickness. The depth to the calcic horizon ranges from 16 to 30 inches. A thick solum phase is recognized where the depth to carbonates is 28 to 60 inches and the depth to the base of the argillic is more than 24 inches. Rock fragments of mixed lithology make up 2 to 10 percent by volume of the profile. The soil moisture control section is not dry in any part for as long as 45 consecutive days during the 120 days following the summer solstice. It is also not dry in any part for as long as 90 cumulative days per year in 6 out of 10 years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped to small grain, corn, soybeans, and hay.Some areas are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Inextensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KNUTE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Albert Peterson of Marion County earned 2nd place in the Irrigated Corn division of the 2011 Kentucky Corn Yield Contest. HIs yield was 258.90 buA using Pioneer 31P41 seed and no-till. Pictured with Peterson is Ray Allan Mackey (right), president of the Kentucky Corn Growers Association. KyCGA sponsors the yield contest.
A representative soil profile of Tornillo loam in an area of Tornillo loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded. Tornillo soils are stratified from depositional events. They are very deep soils. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tornillo series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvial materials. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on broad valley floors and flood plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 70 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Ustifluventic Haplocambids
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime. Intermittently moist in the soil moisture control section during July through September.
Mean annual soil temperature: 72 to 78 degrees F.
Reaction: neutral to slightly alkaline
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent igneous and sedimentary gravel
Calcium carbonate equivalent: less than 10 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for livestock grazing. Present vegetation is creosotebush, mesquite, fluffgrass, slim tridens, tobosa, and threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Texas in Major Land Resource Area 42. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TORNILLO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Toposequence.—A hillslope sequence of adjacent, related soils that formed in the same parent material. The characteristics of the soils differ primarily due to their topographic position.
Figure 117.—A soil toposequence from the Outer Bluegrass region of central Kentucky. These soils formed in residuum from interbedded limestone, siltstone, and shale. They occur in a similar repeating pattern with Lowell or Culleoka soils on ridges and Eden and Culleoka soils on sideslopes.
A representative soil profile of the Borris series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with igneous and metamorphic stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Brown Earths. These soils have distinct topsoil, without any distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
●Water-solubility (dry basis)—98.0%
●Humic acid (dry basis)—60.0%-70.0%min
●Fulvic Acid (Dry Basis)—5.0%-10.0%
●Potassium (K2O dry basis)—10.0%
Zhengzhou Shengda Khumic Biotechnology Co.,Ltd The Largest Humic & Fulvic Products Manufacturer In China.
Email:melisa@khumic.com|Whatsapp:008618503872723|Website: www.khumic.com
Phone:+86-371-60992820
Office:Juyimogen Business Center,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
Main products:Humic Acid, Potassium Humate, Fulvic Acid, Potassium Fulvate,Seaweed Extract,Amino Acid,etc.
The left portion of this ped shows moist soil colors, and the right portion shows dry soil colors. Moist colors are to be used when hydric soils are identified. The moist colors in this picture would meet the requirements for indicator F6 (Redox Dark Surface), but the dry colors would not meet these requirements.
All colors noted in this guide refer to moist Munsell colors (X-Rite, 2009). Dry soils should be moistened until the color no longer changes, and wet soils should be allowed to dry until they no longer glisten (fig. 3). Care should be taken to avoid over moistening dry soil.
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States; A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils, Version 9.0, 2024.
A representative soil profile of a Calcarosol in a map unit of Calcareous loamy earth (Southern Wheatbelt)/ These soils are
calcareous loam that may grade to calcareous clays. (Notes and photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia with revision.)
For more information about these soils, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-calcareous-loamy-earth-...
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
A soil profile of a well drained Paleustoll in a semiarid area of the southern Great Plains. It has a mollic epipedon about 26 cm thick. Below this epipdon is an argillic horizon that extends to a depth of about 110 cm. Below 110 cm is a calcic horizon. The left side of the scale is in 20-cm increments. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Paleustolls are the Ustolls on old stable surfaces, as evidenced by the development of a thick, reddish argillic horizon, a clayey argillic horizon that has an abrupt upper boundary, or a petrocalcic (cemented by calcium carbonate) horizon. These soils commonly have been partly or completely calcified during the Holocene, and calcium carbonate has accumulated in the previously formed argillic horizon. The Paleustolls in the United States are mainly in the central and southern parts of the Great Plains. At the time of settlement, they had mostly grass vegetation. Their history during the Pleistocene has had little study. The petrocalcic horizon, where it occurs, may be complex, suggesting a number of alternating cycles of humidity and aridity and slow accretion of dust and sediment from the arid regions to the west.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Marton series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
When photographing soil profiles, a soil scientist will commonly use a knife to pick the face to show natural soil structure (left side of profile). Or they may use a knife or shovel to smooth the surface (right side of the profile) which helps show change in color or pedogenic features, or horizonation.
Marton soils from 0 - 25 cm; Dark greyish brown to very dark greyish brown silt loam, fine polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Argillic-fragic Perch-gley Pallic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Aeric Kandiaqualfs. Aeric Kandiaqualfs below the A or Ap horizon, chroma that is too high for the Typic subgroup, but they are otherwise like Typic Kandiaqualfs in their defined properties and in most other properties. Aeric Kandiaqualfs are not known to occur in the United States.
Kandiaqualfs are the wet Alfisols that have a frigid, mesic, isomesic, or warmer temperature regime and a kandic horizon. The soils are allowed, but not required, to have a glossic horizon. Characteristically, they have the most warm and humid climates of the Aqualfs and the most water passing through the profile and have a relatively low base saturation for soils of this order. The vegetation is mostly tropical or subtropical hardwood forest. Slopes are nearly level or concave. Kandiaqualfs are mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. They are rare in the United States.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Brosna series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy over sandstone bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Gleyic Brown Earths. These soils display gleyic features due to the presence of a shallow fluctuating groundwater table.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of very deep, excessively drained, disturbed soils in Korea.
Landscape: These Udorthents are in valleys. They formed from cut and fill materials from the surrounding uplands.
Udorthents are the Orthents of cool to hot, moist regions. They have a udic moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Generally, they are acid to neutral. Slopes generally are moderate to steep but are gentle in a few areas. Udorthents commonly occur in areas of very recently exposed regolith, in areas of weakly cemented rocks, or in areas of thin regolith over hard rocks.
Many of the gently sloping soils are the result of earth-moving activities. The vegetation is commonly a deciduous forest, or the soils are used as pasture. Udorthents are extensive soils on steep slopes in the humid parts of the United States.
Orthents are primarily Entisols on recent erosional surfaces. The erosion may be geologic or may have been induced by cultivation, mining, or other factors. Any former soil that was on the landscape has been completely removed or so truncated that the diagnostic horizons for all other orders do not occur. A few Orthents are in areas of recent loamy or fine eolian deposits, Orthents occur in any climate and under any vegetation. They are do not occur in areas that have aquic conditions or a high water table or on shifting or stabilized sand dunes.
For more information about soils in Korea, visit:
A profile of Westmoreland silt loam. The volume of weathered shale fragments increases as depth increases. (Soil survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Physiographic province: Valley and Ridge
Landform: Hills and mountains
Parent material: Fine-loamy residuum weathered from limestone and shale
Drainage class: Well drained
Slowest saturated hydraulic conductivity: Moderately high
Depth class: Deep
Slope range: 15 to 35 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Crops, woodland and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--mainly corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--chiefly mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia
Extent: Large, approximately 1,000,000 acres
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESTMORELAND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This soil has a petrogypsic horizon beginning at a depth of about 85 cm and extending below the base of the photo. It is on an old geomorphic surface (high stream terrace). The petrogypsic horizon is a strong expression of pedogenic development. Scale is in 10-cm increments.
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 4-128)
A soil profile of a Palexeralf in Victoria, Australia. Clay has been leached from the upper 15 to 25 cm, resulting in a loamy, predominantly gray horizon with a wavy lower boundary. Below this is a thick, reddish, clay-enriched argillic horizon that extends below the base of the photo. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Palexeralfs have a petrocalcic (cemented by calcium carbonate) subsoil horizon or an argillic (clay accumulation) or kandic (very low cation-exchange capacity) subsoil horizon that is thick or that has, at its upper boundary, both a clayey texture and a large increase in clay content. Many of these soils have some plinthite (firm, iron oxide-rich concentration that irreversibly hardens after exposure to repeated wet-dry cycles) in their lower horizons, but this feature is rare in the United States. Palexeralfs are in relatively stable landscape positions on gentle slopes, and most began their genesis before the late Pleistocene. During pluvial periods of the Pleistocene, carbonates appear to have been almost completely removed from the argillic or kandic horizon of most of these soils, but some of the soils appear to have been recalcified later. Most Palexeralfs formed in acid or in moderately basic parent materials, but some formed in materials as basic as basalt. The native vegetation on the warmest Palexeralfs in the United States was a mixture of annual grasses, forbs, and woody shrubs. The native vegetation on the coolest Palexeralfs was mostly a coniferous forest. Palexeralfs are moderately extensive in the United States as well as in other parts of the world.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Magic series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from basalt. Magic soils are on lava plains and have slopes of 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Haploxerepts
Depth to bedrock and thickness of the solum are 25 to 40 inches. The soil between depths of 4 and 12 inches is moist in some part in October or early November and remains moist until July. Mean annual temperature is 41 to 45 degrees F., and the mean summer soil temperature is 60 degrees to 65 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly rangeland, some irrigated and dry-farmed hay and small grain. Vegetation is alkali sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Idaho. The series is inextensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MAGIC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Lugert soil series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Rangeland and cropland are the major uses of Lugert soils. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
The Lugert series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium of Recent age. These soils are on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 25 inches. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Fluventic Haplustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to more than 40 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 15 to 36 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to small grains, alfalfa, grain sorghum, cotton, and tame pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of Oklahoma and possibly Kansas and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUGERT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#lugert
The Lugert series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium of Recent age. These soils are on nearly level flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 25 inches. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Fluventic Haplustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to more than 40 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 15 to 36 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to small grains, alfalfa, grain sorghum, cotton, and tame pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses with some scattered hardwood bottomland trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of Oklahoma and possibly Kansas and Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUGERT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: