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A representative soil profile of an Entic Haplorthod from the Ralsko region, Czech Republic. (Photo provided by P. Samonil.)
Entic Haplorthods are the Haplorthods that have within the upper 7.5 cm, either or both a moist color value or chroma of 4 or more (crushed and smoothed sample); or a texture of loamy fine sand, fine sand, or coarser and either or both a moist color value or chroma of 4 or more (crushed and smoothed sample) in the upper 2.5 cm. These soils do not have an argillic or kandic horizon, a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, saturation with water for extended periods within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, andic soil properties in a layer 25 cm or more thick within 75 cm of the soil surface, fragic properties, or lamellae. The soils occur in the Pacific Northwest, in the Northeast, and in Michigan, Wisconsin, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia. Commonly, these soils are wooded, but some have been cleared and are used for hay, corn, oats, potatoes, or fruit crops.
Haplorthods are the relatively freely drained Orthods that either have an albic horizon and a spodic horizon or, under cultivation, commonly have only a spodic horizon below an Ap horizon. The spodic horizon may rest on a lower sequum with an argillic or kandic horizon, on relatively unaltered unconsolidated materials, or on rock. The soil temperature regime is frigid or warmer, and the moisture regime is predominantly udic. Most Haplorthods have, or used to have, forest vegetation, mainly conifers but also hardwoods in some areas. A majority of these soils formed in sandy deposits or in materials weathered from sandstone or quartzite.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Soil profile and landscape:
This album provides nearly 900 formatted soil profiles joined with a typical landscape. Most are from the U.S. but more than 50 countries are represented. A brief description of the soil and landscape is provided as well as a link to the original source.
Thickness of the Underlying Material: Greater than 203 centimeters (80 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 203 centimeters (80 inches)
Depth to the Mineral Soil Material: 40 to 130 centimeters (16 to 51 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 30 centimeters (0 to 12 inches), January to December
Rock Fragments: 0 to 5 percent, by volume throughout the profile, mostly rounded quartz gravels
Electrical Conductivity: Greater than 16 mmhos/cm in organic layers and 4 to more than 16 mmhos/cm in mineral layers
Soil Reaction: Slightly acid to neutral in the natural state and extremely acid to strongly acid upon drying
Sulfur Content: 0.75 percent to 3.0 percent in organic layers and 0.05 to 0.50 percent in mineral layers
Other Features: Mineral horizons have n-value less than 1.0, typically less than 0.7
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Sulfihemists
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly as wetland wildlife habitat. Dominant vegetation is black needlerush (Juncus roemerianus), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), marsh-elder (Iva frutescens), and groundsel-tree (Baccharis halimifolia).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Coastal Plain of Maryland, Delaware and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HONGA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This photo accompanies Figure 8.—Indicator A1, Histosol or Histel. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
This soil is in the Icknuun soil series. The Icknuun series (Fluvaquentic Cryohemists) consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in organic material interlayered with thin strata of mineral material. Icknuun soils are in depressions on till plains.
In a Histosol, typically 40 cm (16 inches) or more of the upper 80 cm (32 inches) is organic soil material (fig. 7). Organic soil materials have organic carbon contents (by weight) of 12 to 18 percent or more, depending on the clay content of the soil. These materials include muck (sapric soil material), mucky peat (hemic soil material), and peat (fibric soil material). See Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff) for a complete definition.
In this pedon, the soil starting at a depth of 30 was stratified with thin intermittent seams of silt loam mineral material to a depth of about 45 cm.
This soil is in the Icknuun soil series. The Icknuun series (Fluvaquentic Cryohemists) consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in organic material interlayered with thin strata of mineral material. Icknuun soils are in depressions on till plains.
Agricultural development in Liwa Oasis area of the UAE.
Most of the UAE's cultivated land is taken up by date palms, which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million. They are cultivated in the arc of small oases that constitute the Al Liwa Oasis. Both federal and amirate governments provide incentives to farmers. For example, the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. It also provides loans for machinery and technical assistance. The amirates have forty-one agricultural extension units as well as several experimental farms and agricultural research stations. The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988.
Lack of arable land, intense heat, periodic locust swarms, and limited water supplies are the main obstacles to agriculture. The drive to increase the area under cultivation has resulted in the rapid depletion of underground aquifers, resulting in precipitous drops in water tables and serious increases in soil and water salinity in some areas.
Concretions are strongly or more cemented bodies that do not disaggregate in water and are similar to nodules except for the presence of visible concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane. The terms "nodule" and "concretion" are not interchangeable.
The distinction between cemented materials is important for engineering applications. Materials that are very strongly or more cemented are considered suitable as road base or construction materials, whereas lesser cemented materials disintegrate as strong pressure is applied.
A simple test is to place the material on a solid surface and apply full body weight. Very strongly or more cemented materials will remain intact without crushing.
Note: The materials below a lithic contact (rock) must be in a strongly or more cemented Rupture Resistance Class. The hard fragments (e.g., rock) have a Rupture Resistance Cementation Class that is strongly or more cemented. If the soil has paralithic contact, the softer fragments (e.g., pararock) are cemented, but less than strongly cemented. Should these same naming conventions be applied to cemented pedogenic materials?
As a general rule, this has been done, e.g., a soil with 25 percent, by volume, plinthite nodules described as having a "paragravelly" texture modifier or a soil with 25 percent, by volume, ironstone concretions described as having a "gravelly" texture modifier.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about the major principles and practices needed for making and using soil surveys and for assembling and using related soils data, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Alluvial Soil landscapes formed by deposition along rivers and streams. Soil parent material is usually deep, sorted and often stratified or previously stratified alluvium. Alluvial soil landscapes include current floodplains and alluvial deposits.
Camp Stanley is a U.S. Army military camp located just east of the city of Uijeongbu, South Korea. The camp is part of the Red Cloud Garrison which is composed of Army installations near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
Camp Stanley began as a tent city in 1955. The first U.S. Army helicopters moved to the base in 1954 and aviation units were stationed there until 2nd ID's relocation in August 2005. Various 2nd ID units operated out of the camp from 1971 through 2005. The camp was home to both 2nd ID's Division Artillery and Aviation units until base realignment handed command of the installation to the 501st Corps Support Group.
Camp Stanley provides logistical support to Area I through its 501st SBDE units. The camp maintains its helipads and a refueling station for helicopters in support of 2nd Infantry Division operations, USFK and ROK.
A representative soil profile of the Decatur series.
The Decatur series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum derived from limestone. These soils are on level to strongly sloping uplands in valleys. Slopes are dominantly 1 to 10 percent but range up to 25 percent. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is more than 49 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults
Solum thickness is more than 72 inches. The upper 50 inches of the soil contains less than 10 percent weatherable minerals in the 20 to 200 micron size. The solum ranges from medium to very strongly acid. Any horizon may contain up to 10 percent fragments of chert and quartzite pebbles 2 mm to 3 inches in size and up to 3 percent fragments over 3 inches. Dark brown to black concretions range from few to many in each horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil is cleared and cropped to soybeans, cotton, hay, corn, small grain, and tobacco. Some is in pasture and a small amount in pine plantations.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and possibly Arkansas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DECATUR.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ballylanders series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy material over shale and slate bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Brown Earths. These soils have distinct topsoil, without any distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A representative soil profile of the Ballylusky series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy drift with limestones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Gleyic Brown Earths. These soils display gleyic features due to the presence of a shallow fluctuating groundwater table.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
I wonder how it taste? It was very sweet and gritty. Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
A plinthic horizon contains a significant amount of plinthite. If the horizon constitutes a "continuous phase", zones that roots can enter are more than 10cm apart or plinthite makes up 50 percent or more of the volume of the horizon (proposed). Plinthite (Gr. plinthos, brick) is an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of clay with quartz and other highly weathered minerals.
It commonly occurs as reddish redox concentrations in a layer that has a polygonal (irregular), platy (lenticular), or reticulate (blocky) pattern. Plinthite irreversibly hardens upon exposure to repeated wetting and drying, especially if exposed to heat from the sun. Other morphologically similar iron-rich materials that do not progressively harden upon repeated wetting and drying are not considered plinthite. The horizon in which plinthite occurs commonly has 2.5 percent (by mass) or more citrate dithionite extractable iron in the fine-earth fraction and a ratio between acid oxalate extractable Fe and citrate-dithionite extractable Fe of less than 0.10.
Soils that classify as Plinthudults have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
Melanudand, Costa Rica — This soil is formed in layers of volcanic ash from the Volcan Turrialba. The upper part of this soil provides a good example of a melanic epipedon, which is a dark, organic matter-rich surface layer that has andic properties. In this profile, it extends to depth of approximately 75 cm. The A1 horizon contains 16.4 percent organic matter by weight. The water content at 1500 kPa ranges from 147 percent in the A1 horizon to 226 percent in the Bw horizon. These are excellent agricultural soils and are used locally for production of cilantro, peppers, coffee and other specialty crops. (Image from University of Idaho) (Notes and photo downloaded from: www.uidaho.edu/cals/soil-orders/andisols)
Melanudands are the other Udands that have a melanic epipedon. They can have a lithic contact but do not have, in 75 percent or more of each pedon, a placic horizon or any other cemented horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface or of the upper boundary of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is shallower. Characteristically, Melanudands have a melanic epipedon and a cambic horizon. The Melanudands in the United States generally developed in late-Pleistocene deposits. Most formed under forest or savanna vegetation.
Udands are the more or less well drained Andisols of moist regions. These soils are moderately extensive. They are mostly on the Pacific rim, mainly in the western part of North America and in Japan, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Most of the Udands in the United States are in Washington and Oregon, but some are in Hawaii. Most Udands formed under forest vegetation.
Characteristically, Udands have an ochric or umbric epipedon and a cambic horizon. Some have a duripan. Most of the Udands in the United States developed in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
In 1928, the Scobey soil series was established in the Milk River Area, located in the northern plains of Montana. Named after the northeastern Montana town of Scobey, the series represents dark grayish-brown farming soils. In 2015, Scobey soil was designated the official Montana state soil.
Scobey soils are the most extensive in northern Montana. They support native grasslands that are part of the largest remaining prairie in the northern Great Plains. These mixed prairies are home to various wildlife, including the black-tailed prairie dog, swift fox, burrowing owl, pronghorn antelope, and endangered black-footed ferret. Scobey soil is also crucial for agriculture, Montana’s largest industry. Wheat, Montana’s number one, thrives in Scobey soil located in Montana’s Golden Triangle, producing a larger annual non-irrigated harvest than any other soil in the state.
This very deep, well-drained soil developed from glacial till. The Laurentide Ice Sheet flowed from Canada into northern Montana depositing till rich in clay. As the glaciers melted, the till deposits became soil as they weathered and plants, animals and microorganisms began to add organic matter to the top layer over thousands of years producing this highly productive soil. Scobey soils are high in organic matter and clay compared to many other soils found in Montana. The soil is therefore able to hold onto water from precipitation that comes during the wet spring season. This allows for productive dry-land farming on these upland soils.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
A representative soil profile of Ririe silt loam in an area of Iphil-Lostine-Ririe complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Ririe series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed in loess and silty alluvium derived from loess. Ririe soils are on hills, mountain slopes and terraces. Slopes are 0 to 80 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 430 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 3.9 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Haploxerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 18 to 40 cm (when less than 25 cm, the mollic thickness is one-third or more of the thickness between the soil surface and the upper boundary of the calcic horizon.)
Particle size control section total clay: 4 to 25 percent
Particle size control section carbonate clay: 0 to 9 percent
Particle size control section non-carbonate clay: 4 to 18 percent
Depth to calcic horizon: 18 to 40 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent in the calcic horizon (weighted average is less than 25 percent)
Mean annual soil temperature: 4.4 to 8.0 degrees C. (frigid soil temperature regime)
Mean summer soil temperature: 15 to 18.9 degrees C.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: dryland wheat, barley, hay, and grazing; irrigated wheat, barley, seed potatoes, and range
Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern and eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, MLRA 13, 25 and 11
Extent: these soils are extensive
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Teton County, Idaho, 1975; Teton Area, Idaho-Wyoming Soil Survey
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RIRIE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Worcester series (Chromic Vertic Luvisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Worcester soils are on rolling hills and sideslopes and under permanent grassland and dairy cattle are widespread although locally beef cattle and sheep predominate. Worcester soils are reddish clayey soils developed in Permo-Triassic mudstone and clay shale. They are extensive throughout the Midlands and South West England on moderate to steep slopes between 15 and 150 m O.D. Small areas are also mapped in Northern England.
Worcester soils, typical argillic pelosols, are normally seasonally waterlogged (Wetness Class III) but on slopes greater than 11 degrees and in localities with less than 150 field capacity days, both soils can have better water regimes (Wetness Class II). The dominantly slowly permeable subsoils of most of the constituent series give rise to rapid winter run-off, though in the drier districts where the soils are better drained (Wetness Class II) the winter rain acceptance potential is larger. All these soils benefit from drainage measures, but they compact easily so careful management is needed if improvements in soil water regime are to be maintained.
Much of the land is under permanent grassland and dairy cattle are widespread although locally beef cattle and sheep predominate. Poaching risk is appreciable everywhere though it is least in Nottinghamshire and Worcestershire where rainfall is lower. Some cereals are grown, particularly in the east and south and are normally restricted to slopes of less than 8 degrees. The very slowly permeable subsoil horizons and water retentive topsoils of the constituent series give rise to surface wetness. Winter cereals, particularly wheat, are the most suitable arable crops, because there are very few good machinery work days in spring except in the driest parts. Ploughing is best completed by the end of October to avoid structural damage. Harvesting difficulties and patchy germination preclude the successful cultivation of root crops on a regular basis. Much of the land north of Gainsborough is under woodland though some cereals are grown. Elsewhere land fringing urban areas is often under grass.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=43100
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A representative soil profile of Haploxerolls. The pedon was correlated as a shallow, Lithic Ultic Haploxerolls to the Santa Lucia series. Santa Lucia soils are moderately deep, Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These Haploxerolls consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in residuum derived from acid shale. These soils are on hills. Slopes range from 30 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters), and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTA_LUCIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Casa Grande soil series was established in Pinal County in 1936 and named after the city of Casa Grande and the nearby national monument. The Casa Grande National Monument preserves a 1,000 year old Hohokam Indian building. Casa Grande is Spanish for Big House which is an apt name for this earthen structure. Because of the high salt content of Casa Grande soils, the Hohokam employed irrigation to leach out the excess salt to make conditions right for growing cotton, vegetables, and grain. This soil is still very productive.
What makes the Casa Grande soil important to the state of Arizona is its tie to the past and the lessons it can teach us in the
present. Over 1,000 years ago the Hohokam Indians had a thriving civilization and were very dependent on the soil. The
Hohokam realized that with irrigation the salts could be leached out and the soils could be very productive. They built a huge
network of canals to bring water out from the Gila and Salt rivers into the desert. However, that practice also caused problems for
the soil as climate conditions changed. Temperatures increased, precipitation decreased, and the quality of the irrigation water got worse, which at the time meant there were a lot of minerals in it. Over time salts accumulated again and agriculture suffered.
This is one of the theories for why the Hohokam disappeared from that part of Arizona and it is lesson for us in modern times
on the importance of proper soil health management.
For more information about this and other State Soils, visit the Soil Science Society of America "Around the World-State Soils" website.
Soil profile: Guanajibo gravelly sandy clay loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes. Guanajibo soils are characterized by a surface layer of gravelly sandy clay loam, clayey subsurface layers, and a content of plinthite of 5 percent or more. They are in the udic soil moisture regime. (Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico; by Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Guanajibo series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on coastal terraces and alluvial fans on humid coastal plains. They formed in fine textured sediments of mixed origin. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 77 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 68 inches. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, mixed, isohyperthermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Depth to the horizons having more than 5 percent plinthite ranges from 30 to 54 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to strongly acid throughout, except where the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Guanajibo soils are in naturalized pastureland. The vegetation consists of native and introduced grasses, shrubs, and trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Humid coastal plains of Puerto Rico. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/puerto_rico/PR...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GUANAJIBO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Colluvianation is the process where sheet erosion, water erosion, downward creep, or a combination of all transport loose unconsolidated debris from upslope to the base of the slope depositing different types of heterogeneous rocks and debris of varying sizes, and forming what is called “colluvium”.
Colluvium consists of poorly sorted angular fragments of various sizes from silt to rock debris, and sometimes slabs of bedrock, facing up the slope as if indicating its original location.
Distinguishing between colluvium and alluvium may not be easy, especially at valley edges where colluvial and alluvial materials may mix and become indistinguishable. (Note the rounded edges of the large boulder to the right.)
As a general rule... if the material has been transported downslope by water it is designated as alluvium; local alluvium if poorly sorted or graded. If transported primarily by gravity, it is designated as colluvium.
For additional information, visit:
www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-colluvium-and-how-is-...
NOTE:
Original classification based on USDA-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th Edition, 2006:
Typic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase
Updated classification based on UAE-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2014:
Salidic Haplogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic, petrogypsic
AD118 are deep or very deep, sands with accumulation of gypsum associated with salinity in the subsoil and a petrogypsic layer occurring below 100cm. They occur on undulating to rolling plains or undulating sand sheets mostly in north-eastern parts of Abu Dhabi Emirate. They are typically well drained or somewhat excessively drained and have rapid or moderately rapid permeability.
Commonly these soils remain as barren land but are sometimes used for farming or grazing activities. In unfarmed areas they typically have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cornulaca monacantha, Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
Plate 16: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Haplogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase (Soil AD118).
A representative soil profile of a non-hydric Leon soil in Florida.
The Leon series consists of very deep, poorly and very poorly drained, moderately rapid to moderately slowly permeable soils on upland flats, depressions, stream terraces and tidal areas. They formed in sandy marine sediments of the Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A), the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A) and to a lesser extent in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and the North-Central Florida Ridge (MLRA 138). Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Alaquods
The Bh horizon is within 30 inches of the soil surface. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. In tidal areas, the soil reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately alkaline throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Leon soils are used for forestry, rangeland and pasture. Areas with adequate water control are used for cropland and vegetables. The natural vegetation consists of longleaf pine, slash pine, water oak, myrtle, with a thick undergrowth of sawpalmetto, running oak, fetterbush and other lyionia, inkberry (gallberry), wax myrtle, goldenrod, ligustrina, dog fennel, chalky bluestem, lowbush blueberry, creeping bluestem and pineland threeawn (wiregrass). In depressions, the vegetation is dominated by brackenfern, smooth sumac and swamp cyrilla are common. Vegetation in the tidal marshes includes bushy seaoxeye, marshhay cordgrass, seashore saltgrass, batis, and smooth cordgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain from Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland. The series is of large extent.
The water table is at depths of 6 to 18 inches for 1 to 4 months during most years. In low flats or sloughs it is at a depth of 0 to 6 for periods of more than 3 weeks during most years. It is between depths of 18 and 36 inches for 2 to 10 months during most years. It is below 60 inches during the dry periods of most years. Depressional areas are covered with standing water for periods of 6 months or more in most years.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LEON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Newbiggin soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials. Most are in agricultural use. They are non-alluvial, with non-calcareous loamy or clayey subsoils without significant clay enrichment. They formed in reddish medium loamy drift with siliceous stones.
They are classified as Eutric Chromic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ardmoelode series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=09...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic-stagnic Brown Podzolics (soils affected by Fe/Al chemistry increase). These soils have humose topsoil and display stagnic properties as a result of the presence of a slowly
permeable sub-surface horizon.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
An individual organic body generally is about 1 to 3 cm in size but could be smaller than 1 cm.
These soils have 2 percent or more organic bodies of muck or a mucky modified mineral texture starting at a depth ≤15 cm (6 inches) from the soil surface.
User Notes: Organic bodies typically occur at the tips of fine roots. In order to meet the Organic Bodies indicator, the organic carbon content in organic bodies must meet the requirements of muck or mucky modified textures. The size of the organic body is not specifically defined, but the bodies are commonly 1 to 3 cm (0.5 to 1 inch) in diameter (figs. 11 and 12). Many organic bodies do not have the required content of organic carbon and as a result do not meet this indicator. For example, organic bodies of mucky peat (hemic material) and/or peat (fibric material) do not meet the requirements of this indicator, nor does material consisting of partially decomposed root tissue. The Organic Bodies indicator includes the indicator previously named “accretions” (Florida Soil Survey Staff, 1992).
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States; A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils, Version 9.0, 2024.
Soil scientists describing soil... staying low out of the wind.
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A representative soil profile of a Calcareous loamy earth (Stirlings to Ravensthorpe). These soils are calcareous grey or red brown loams grading to calcareous clay. (Notes and photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia with revision.)
For more information about these soils, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-calcareous-loamy-earth-...
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of Great Bend silt loam. This soil is dark to a depth of about 30 centimeters; calcium carbonate is below this depth. (Soil Survey of Spink County, South Dakota; by James B. Millar, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Great Bend series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in glaciolacustrine sediments on lake plains. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate to slow in the underlying material. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 19 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludolls
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches and extends into the Bw horizon in most pedons. Depth to carbonate ranges from 10 to 32 inches thick. The particle size control section contains a uniform fine sand distribution and less than 15 percent fine sand or coarser.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas cropped to corn, small grains, and alfalfa. Small areas are in native range of blue grama, big bluestem, green needlegrass, western wheatgrass, sideoats grama, needleandthread, little bluestem, porcupinegrass, bearded wheatgrass, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern South Dakota and southeastern North Dakota. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_dakota/S...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREAT_BEND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Park Gate soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are seasonally waterlogged soils affected by a shallow fluctuating groundwater-table. They are developed mainly within or over permeable material and have prominently mottled or greyish coloured horizons within 40 cm depth Most occupy low-lying or depressional sites.
They have a distinct loamy topsoil and a clay-enriched subsoil. They formed in silty stoneless drift.
They are classified as Siltic Luvic Gleysols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
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●Water soluability—100%
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●Potassium (K2O dry basis)—10.0%
●pH—8.0—10.0
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Profile of Zanesville silt loam in an area of Apalona-Zanesville silt loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes. This soil has a darker surface layer overlying a brown argillic horizon over a fragipan starting at a depth of about 80 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Harrison County, Indiana by Steven W. Neyhouse, Sr., Byron G. Nagel, Gary R. Struben, and Steven Blanford, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: upland
Landform: hillslope, interfluve, ridge and saddle
MLRA(s): 113, 114A, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 124, and 126
Geomorphic component: hills
Hillslope Profile Position: summit, shoulders and backslopes
Parent Material: loess over residuum derived from sandstone, siltstone, and shale
Slope: 0 to 30 percent
Elevation: 110 to 415 meters (360 to 1360 feet)
Frost-free period: 147 to 214 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 11.5 to 14.9 degrees C. (52.7 to 58.9 degrees F)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 98.4 to 136.1 centimeters (38.7 to 53.6 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
Depth to the top of the Argillic: ranges from 7 to 28 centimeters (3 to 11 inches)
Depth to the top of the Fragipan: ranges from 60 to 99 centimeters (24 to 39 inches) except where eroded
Solum Thickness: ranges from 50 to 177 centimeters (20 to 70 inches).
Depth to bedrock: ranges from 100 to 203 centimeters (40 to 80 inches).
Depth Class: Deep and Very Deep
Reaction Class: moderately to very strongly acid, except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: row crop, pasture and woodland
Dominant Vegetation:
Where cultivated-- Corn, soybeans, wheat, tobacco.
Where wooded-- white oak, black oak, post oak, shagbark hickory, sugar maple, tulip poplar, dogwood, and sassafras.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio
Extent: Extent is large.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN061/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/Z/ZANESVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Like skin covers and protects our human body, so does soil cover and protect the earth's surface. Without vibrant and healthy soil, plants and animals cannot flourish. Therefore, it is vital that we have a deep understanding of soil so we may conserve and protect this very valuable natural resource. The Soils Atlas of the Abu Dhabi Emirate provides a new and unique perspective of the recently published Soil Survey. The Atlas is designed to be used by students, naturalists, or anyone interested in a better understanding of the natural world we live in. The soils atlas provides an overview of the process of making and using soil surveys through a series of soil map sheets and thematic maps for both the Extensive and Intensive Soil Survey. These materials will assist the reader to deepen their knowledge about soil as a natural, evolving feature of the earth's surface and its critical role in sustaining life.
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
Hydric soil indicators are formed predominantly by the accumulation or loss of iron, manganese, sulfur, or carbon compounds under saturated and anaerobic conditions.
In an anaerobic environment, soil microbes reduce iron from the ferric (Fe3+) to the ferrous (Fe2+) form and manganese from the manganic (Mn4+) to the manganous (Mn2+) form. Of the two, evidence of iron reduction is more commonly observed in soils characteristic bluish gray or greenish gray colors known as gley colors with value of 4 or more. Ferric iron is insoluble, but ferrous iron enters the soil solution, where it may be moved or translocated to other areas of the soil. Areas that have lost iron typically develop characteristic gray or reddish gray colors and are known as redox depletions. If a soil reverts to an aerobic state, iron that is in solution will oxidize and become concentrated in patches as soft masses and along root channels or other pores. These areas of oxidized iron are called redox concentrations.
Since water movement in these saturated or inundated soils can be multidirectional, redox depletions and concentrations can occur anywhere in the soil and have irregular shapes and sizes. Soils that are saturated and contain ferrous iron at the time of sampling may change color upon exposure to the air, as ferrous iron is rapidly converted to ferric iron in the presence of oxygen. Such soils are said to have a reduced matrix (Vepraskas, 1994).
Redox concentrations, depletions, and reduced matrixes are collectively referred to as redoximorphic features. While indicators related to iron or manganese depletions and/or concentrations are most common in hydric soils, they cannot form in soils with parent materials that are low in Fe or Mn content. Soils that formed in such materials may have low-chroma colors that are not related to saturation and reduction. Such soils may have hydric soil morphological features that formed through accumulation of organic matter.
FIELD INDICATORS OF HYDRIC SOILS
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the U.S.
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
Left: An horizonated and scaled Dothan pedon from Lee County, SC
Center: Typical landscape of Dothan soil from the Soil Survey of Lee County, South Carolina.
Right: Closeup of a plinthic horizon from the Dothan soil.
For additional information about Plinthic and non-plinthic Upper Coastal Plain soils, visit Polygenesis and Cementation Pathways...
For more information about describing, sampling, classifying, and/or mapping soils, please refer to the following references: "Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils", "Keys to Soil Taxonomy", and the "Soil Survey Manual".
A hydric soil is defined by federal law to mean "soil that, in its undrained condition, is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during a growing season to develop an anerobic condition that supports the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation". This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198).
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A representative soil profile of Typic Argixerolls. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Argixerolls are the Xerolls that have a relatively thin argillic horizon or one in which the percentage of clay decreases rapidly with increasing depth. Generally, the mollic epipedon is very dark brown and the argillic horizon is dark brown. Argixerolls formed mostly in mid-Pleistocene or earlier deposits or on surfaces of Tertiary age. Slopes range from nearly level to very steep. The natural vegetation is mostly grasses and shrubs, but some of the soils support coniferous forest vegetation with a grass and shrub understory and some have an open forest or savanna.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
For background information about this soil, visit.
www.blogs.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/nj/soils/?...
The Paulins Kill series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in Wisconsinan glaciofluvial deposits. They are nearly level to very steep soils on outwash deltas and valley trains associated with extinct proglacial lake basins. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C, and the mean annual precipitation is about 1205 mm.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Humudepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 33 to 75 cm. Depth to bedrock is greater than 160 cm. Rock fragments include stones, cobbles, and gravel, and range from 2 to 40 percent by volume in the A horizon, 15 to 65 percent in the B horizon, 40 to 80 percent in the BC horizon, and 5 to 85 percent in the individual 2C horizons. Soil reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the solum and from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the substratum. Reaction increases to slightly alkaline below 2 meters in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared and are used to grow hay, corn, small grains, vegetable crops and deciduous fruit, or are idle. Other areas are intensively managed for wildlife habitat. Woodlots contain sugar maple, white ash, pin oak, hickory, ironwood, and in the coolest areas, American beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciofluvial landforms in northwestern New Jersey; MLRAs 140 and 144A. These soils are moderately extensive with about 72,000 acres of the series mapped. The Paulins Kill series replaces a taxadjunct to the Hoosic series in Sussex and Warren Counties in New Jersey.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PAULINS_KILL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Opolis soil series. (Soil Survey of Jasper County, Missouri; by Alan C. Peer, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Opolis series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in a thin mantle of silty loess over residuum on plains in the Cherokee Prairies (MLRA 112). Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is 57 degrees F and mean annual precipitation is 40 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Albaquic Hapludalfs
Soil moisture: The soil moisture control section is udic
Depth to abrupt textural change: 12 to 20 inches
Depth to argillic horizon: 12 to 20 inches
Depth to redox concentrations: 9 to 27 inches
Depth to redox depletions: 13 to 80 inches
Depth to episaturation: 13 to 24 inches in February
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Sand content: 3 to 20 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in cropland. A few areas are in native hayland or pasture. Principal crops are wheat, corn, milo, and soybeans. Native vegetation is prairie grasses, mainly big and little bluestem.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Missouri and possibly Southeast Kansas and Northeast Oklahoma. The soils are of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/missouri/MO097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OPOLIS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This photo accompanies Figure 9.—Indicators A2, Histic Epipedon and A3, Black Histic. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
Typical landscape of the Mosquito soil series (foreground). The Mosquito series (Ruptic Histoturbel) consists of very poorly drained, very shallow to moderately deep soils over permafrost. They formed in silty alluvium or organic matter over alluvium in regions of groundwater discharge on alluvial plains in broad valleys and flats. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 9 to 14 inches, approximately one third of which falls as snow.
Groundwater discharge neutralizes organic acids in the organic horizon, and results in a higher pH of these horizons than in most other Ruptic Histoturbels in this region. Because permafrost is relatively impermeable, groundwater must be discharged through associated unfrozen soils.
Mosquito soils are used for wildlife habitat and watershed protection. Soil drainage is not improved sufficiently by clearing to allow agricultural use. The soils support forest of tamarack and black spruce, with shrub birch and cottonsedge in the understory.
These soil are of moderate extent in the Interior Alaska Lowlands.
A representative soil profile of the Hochstetter series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Hochstetter soils from 0 - 15 cm; Dark red brown slightly gravelly fine sandy loam, fine polyhedral structure. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are Acidic-mafic Allophanic Brown Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Typic Dystrudepts. Dystrudepts are the acid Udepts of humid and perhumid regions. They developed mostly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some developed on older, steeply sloping surfaces. The parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. A few of the soils formed in saprolite derived from igneous rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous trees. Most of the Dystrudepts that formed in alluvium are now cultivated, and many of the other Dystrudepts are used as pasture. The normal horizon sequence in Dystrudepts is an ochric epipedon over a cambic horizon. Some of the steeper Dystrudepts have a shallow densic, lithic, or paralithic contact. Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States. They are mostly in the Eastern and Southern States.
Udepts are mainly the more or less freely drained Inceptisols that have a udic or perudic moisture regime. They formed on nearly level to steep surfaces, mostly of late-Pleistocene or Holocene age. Some of the soils, in areas where the soil moisture regime is perudic, formed in older deposits. Most of the soils had or now have a forest vegetation, but some support shrubs or grasses. A few formed from Mollisols by truncation of the mollic epipedon, mostly under cultivation. Most of the soils have an ochric or umbric epipedon and a cambic horizon. Some also have a sulfuric horizon, a fragipan, or a duripan. The Udepts in the United States are most extensive in the Appalachian Mountains, on the Allegheny Plateau, and on the west coast.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Greenville consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in clayey marine sediments of the Coastal Plain. Slopes are dominantly less than 8 percent but range up to 18 percent. Near the type location, the average annual air temperature is about 65 degrees F. and the average annual precipitation is about 59 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout except for surface layers that have been limed. Few quartz pebbles are in some pedons. Content of ferro-manganese masses and concretions ranges from none to common throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and are used for the production of cotton, corn, small grain, soybeans, truck crops, orchards, and pasture. Wooded areas are in pine, oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. This soil is extensive.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREENVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Fig. 5.33 Salidic Torripsamments (AD246) UAE
Salidic Torripsamments are the Torripsamments that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m-1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Torripsamments are the Psamments that have an aridic (or torric) moisture regime. They are the cool to hot Psamments of arid climates.
Psamments are the Entisols that have less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in all layers (sandy loam lamellae are permitted) within the particle-size control section.
Many of these soils are on stable surfaces, some are on dunes, some are stabilized, and some are moving. These soils consist of quartz, mixed sands, volcanic glass, or even gypsum and may have any color. Generally, they are neutral or calcareous and are nearly level to steep. The vegetation consists mostly of xerophytic shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Some of the soils on dunes support a few ephemeral plants or have a partial cover of xerophytic and ephemeral plants. The shifting dunes may be devoid of plants in normal years.
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 20 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TONKA.html
Prairie potholes are depressional wetlands (primarily freshwater marshes) found most often in the Upper Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. These potholes are the result of glacier activity in the Wisconsin glaciation, which ended about 10,000 years ago. The decaying ice sheet left behind depressions formed by the uneven deposition of till in ground moraines. These depressions are called potholes, glacial potholes, kettles, or kettle lakes. They fill with water in the spring, creating wetlands, which range in duration from temporary to semi-permanent.
A hydric soil is defined by federal law to mean "soil that, in its undrained condition, is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during a growing season to develop an anerobic condition that supports the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation". This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198).
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
Dr Fernando Bertolani sampling soil. A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The STEFF series consists of deep, moderately well drained, moderately permeable soils, formed in mixed acid alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 56 degrees F, and the mean annual precipitation is about 46 inches. (Deanefield, Kentucky area)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 50 inches. Thickness of the alluvial deposit ranges from about 60 to 200 inches. Soil reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid except where limed. The content of sandstone or siltstone pebbles ranges from 0 to about 5 percent to a depth of about 40 inches, and up to 50 percent below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, soybeans, hay, and pasture. The native vegetation is mixed hardwoods, such as river birch, sycamore, willow, water-tolerant oaks, poplar, shagbark hickory, and red maple; canebrakes in places.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, southern Indiana, Tennessee, and possibly Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Extent is large.
Visit the published soil survey for more detailed information about the soils of Ohio County, Kentucky.
Steff silt loam, occasionally flooded. This deep, moderately well drained, nearly level soil is on flood plains. Slopes are mostly 0 to 2 percent, but range up to 4 percent. This soil formed in alluvium that washed from adjacent uplands. Most areas of this soil are near the base of hills, in narrow valleys in hilly areas, or in narrow strips near large streams. Individual areas are 200 to 400 feet wide, 500 to 2,000 feet long, and contain about 10 to 30 acres.
Typically, the surface layer is yellowish brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 20 inches is brown silt loam that has light gray mottles. To a depth of 50 inches, it is mottled light brownish gray and brown silt loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is mottled light gray and brown silt loam.
This soil has a deep root zone. The available water capacity is high. The organic matter content is low, and natural fertility is medium. This soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid except in areas that have been limed. It has moderate permeability. Runoff is slow. This soil has a seasonal high water table and is subject to occasional flooding.
Included with this soil in mapping are a few areas of Stendal, Clifty, and Cuba soils. Also included are small areas of soils similar to Steff soil; some have more sand throughout the profile, some have more clay in the subsoil, and others have less acid in the subsoil. The included soils make up about 15 to 25 percent of the map unit.
Most of this Steff soil is used for cultivated crops. Important crops are corn and soybeans. Some areas are in hay or pasture, and a few areas are in woodland. A few buildings are constructed on this soil.
This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The erosion hazard is slight, and this soil can be cultivated in short rotations without loss of soil. This soil is subject to occasional flooding. Generally flooding is in winter or spring when row crops are not growing and is of short duration. Most crops respond to lime and fertilizer. Drainage improves the suitability for some crops. The plow layer is easy to till and can be worked over a wide range of moisture content. Cover crops and return of crop residue increase the content of organic matter and improve the tilth.
This soil is well suited to hay and pasture. It is suited to most grasses and legumes that are grown in the survey area; however, in some years perennials are damaged by winter floods. Management needs include proper seeding mixtures and rates, lime and fertilizer, control of weeds, and control of grazing.
This soil is well suited to woodland, and the potential! productivity is very high. Preferred trees include yellow-poplar, eastern white pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, and cherrybark oak. There is competition from undesirable trees. Most harvesting is done in summer and fall because the soil is wet in winter.
This soil is poorly suited to many urban uses because of the hazard of flooding and the seasonal high water table. In most years, this soil is flooded in winter and spring. Permanent structures can be protected from floods by dikes and levees, but this is expensive. In some places, the hazard of flooding is slight, and the cost of protection is small. Generally, the lower part of the subsoil is saturated for several weeks in winter.
Surplus water can be removed by ditches and tile drains.
This Steff soil is in capability subclass Ilw and in woodland suitability group 10.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Madison soil. This deep, well drained soil is characterized by a high content of mica, which is a result of weathering from mica gneiss and mica schist. (Soil Survey of Monroe County, Georgia; by Dee C. Pederson and Sherry E. Carlson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Blueberries in an area of Madison fine sandy loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. (Soil Survey of Coosa County, Alabama; by John L. Burns, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Madison series consists of well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from felsic or intermediate, high-grade metamorphic or igneous rocks high in mica content. They are very deep to bedrock and moderately deep to saprolite. They are on gently sloping to steep uplands in the Piedmont. Slopes are mostly between 4 and 15 percent, but range from 2 to 60 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 60 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 50 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 6 feet. Content of coarse fragments, mainly gravel, ranges from 0 to 25 percent in the A and E horizons and is 0 to 15 percent in the lower horizons. Content of mica ranges from few to many in the A, E, BE, and BA horizons; common or many in the Bt horizon; and many in the BC and C horizons. The soil is moderately acid to very strongly acid throughout, except where the surface has been limed. Limed soils are moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half the total acreage is cultivated or used for pasture. Principal crops grown are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, soybeans, peaches, apples, and vegetables. Original forest species include white, black, post, and red oaks; hickories; dogwood, sourwood; maple and elm. Shortleaf and loblolly pine were present in places and are now common, along with Virginia pine, in abandoned fields.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/monroe...
and
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL037/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MADISON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Newport series (Eutric Arenosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The Newport soils consists mainly of well drained medium sandy soils formed in glaciofluvial and river terrace deposits and, in a few places, stoneless, aeolian sand. Although widely distributed in England and Wales the association is rarely extensive but in many wetter districts it provides the only well drained, easily-worked soils suitable for arable use. The principal soil is the Newport series, which belongs to the typical brown sands. Other main soils include the well drained, coarse loamy Wick series (typical brown earths) and the sandy Blackwood series (typical sandy gley soils) which is affected by seasonal groundwater where undrained.
Free drainage and summer droughtiness are the outstanding features of most of this land. Only the wettest areas are free of drought in most summers. Newport soils are well drained (Wetness Class I). Most component soils are very permeable and absorb winter rainwater without run-off and their soil water reserves are small, often less than the crop-adjusted soil moisture deficit, particularly in the drier districts. In north Nottinghamshire in an average year, for example, the Newport seriesis moderately droughty for most arable crops and very droughty under grassland.
The land is easily worked but productivity is limited, except in the wettest districts, by droughtiness. Good yields are possible where irrigation is available and fertilizer applied. Crops include cereals, potatoes and sugar beet, with grass in the traditional livestock areas. Oilseed rape is also grown as a break crop, especially in Nottinghamshire. In most years soils can be cultivated until the end of December in Nottinghamshire but only to the end of November in Cheshire, although there are opportunities for land work on these light sandy soils throughout the winter. Spring working periods are adequate except in Cheshire and Lancashire in wet seasons when the land may be inaccessible until the end of April. The topsoil commonly has a weak structure, and is subject to slaking and wind erosion where continuous arable crops are grown and the soil is low in organic matter). Compaction and subsequent surface wetness result if the ground is worked under unsuitable conditions, although these can readily be corrected by subsoiling. Surface capping can occur after heavy rain, especially if seedbeds are too fine. Grass yields vary widely.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=55104
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit: