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An area of very bouldery soil (class 2).
Fragments on the Surface
This section discusses the description of rock fragments (especially stones and boulders) that are on the soil as opposed to in the soil. The  description  of  gravel,  cobbles,  and  channers  (≥ 2mm  but  < 250 mm  in  diameter)  differs  from  that  for  stones  and  boulders  (≥ 250 mm  in  diameter) because an important aspect of gravel, cobbles, and channers is their areal percent cover on the ground surface. This cover provides some protection from wind and water erosion. It may also interfere with seed placement and emergence after germination. For stones and boulders, the percent of cover is not of itself as important as the interference with mechanical manipulation of the soil. For example, a very small areal percentage  of  large  fragments,  insignificant  for  erosion  protection,  may  interfere with tillage, tree harvesting, and other operations involving machinery.
Class 2.—Stones  or  boulders  cover  0.1  to  less  than  3  percent  of  the  surface. The smallest stones are not less than 1 meter apart; the smallest  boulders  are  not  less  than  3  meters  apart .
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Fyfield soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils have dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials. Most are in agricultural use.
They are classified as Chromic Luvisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
A Hapli-Udic Andosol and landscape. These soils cover very limited areas in China. They are distributed mostly in low latitude areas, but may be found in high latitude areas. Due to fairly abundant rainfall together with quite plentiful heat supply, volcanic materials are weathered, leading the formation of short-term minerals. This type of soil distributes mostly in Tengchong of Yunnan Province, Hainan Province, and Taiwan Province, and oddly in Yantai City of Shandong Province and Kuandian County of Liaoning Province. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Andosols have weathering and mineral transformation resulting in dominance of short-range order minerals or amorphous materials, e.g. allophane or imogolite; from volvanic–clastic materials. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are Andisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
Soil profile: Strong platy structure over prismatic structure.
Soils of the Colfax series are very deep and somewhat poorly drained. They are on uplands and formed in materials weathered from granitic rocks. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, subactive, thermic Aquic Fragiudults
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches or more. Depth to a fragipan is 16 to 36 inches. Depth to hard rock is more than 60 inches. Pedons may contain 0 to 15 percent gravel throughout the solum. Gravel is commonly quartz, granite, granite gneiss, or mica schist. Reaction ranges from extremely acid through strongly acid, unless limed.
They are used mainly for pasture and forest. A small acreage is used for crops. Native vegetation includes maple, oak, hickory, dogwood, sweet gum, yellow poplar, shortleaf, loblolly, and Virginia pine, and an understory of greenbriars, huckleberry, grasses, and reeds.
For more detailed information, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COLFAX.html
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Mike Wilson is a Research Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS-National Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, He has served in this position for more than 25 years conducting soil genesis research specifically in the area of soil geochemistry and mineralogy. He has contributed to numerous USDA soils-related research projects in both the US and around the world specializing in climate change and soil classification/interpretation.
Mahmoud Abdelfattah, served as mapping crew leader and deputy technical coordinator for the soil survey of Abu Dhabi Emirate and project manager for the Northern Emirates Soil Survey. He has over 25 years experience in teaching and research participating in numerous international conferences. He has authored over 50 published scientific papers and book chapters.
Chris Grose (Mapping Crew Leader) for Abu Dhabi Soil Survey. Chris is a soil scientist with over 30 years’ experience in soil mapping and land evaluation much of it in Tasmania. Originally from the UK, Chris arrived in Australia after spending several years investigating soils in Papua New Guinea. He has also worked in Kuwait, Israel, the Philippines and in the United Arab Emirates.
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
A representative soil profile of the Ashgrove series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Brown Earths (relatively young soils or soils with little profile development). These soils have humose topsoil.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Soil survey of the Northern Emirates. The soil survey of the Northern Emirates, United Arab Emirates (UAE) was conducted during 2010 – 2012. The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) in partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW) implemented the Soil Survey through GRM International. The project was funded by the Abu Dhabi Executive Council, and its objective was to develop a digital soil information repository to aid in broad land-use planning and agricultural expansion in the Northern Emirates.
The survey used Geographic Information Systems, satellite image processing, and field mapping to produce a Soil Information System. Scientific and technical standards, including the soil classification system and nomenclature, were based on those of the USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service. These standards have been used in other Gulf Cooperation Council countries, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Sultanate of Oman, State of Kuwait, State of Qatar, and more recently in the Abu Dhabi soil survey project in the UAE. The project was completed at scale of 1:50,000.
A number of thematic maps, including suitability for irrigated agriculture, salinity, and current land use, were generated as part of the project. The Abu Dhabi Soils Information System (ADSIS) was expanded and enhanced and renamed to United Arab Emirates Soils Information System (UAESIS), to assist in the storage, processing, retrieval, and management of the national soil-related information.
Information from the soil survey is expected to be used by various groups, including the agricultural farming community, decision makers, land-use planners, officials, engineers, and environmental impact assessors. Conservationists and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control will also use the soil information to help understand, protect and enhance the environment.
The report and maps provide a detailed assessment and account of soil in the Northern Emirates and are a fitting accompaniment to the Soil Survey of the Abu Dhabi Emirate. Finally, the project produced a national soil map of the United Arab Emirates, by compiling results from this survey, the soil survey of Abu Dhabi completed in 2010, and the soil map of Dubai developed in 2003.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50889995713/in/album-72157...
Old alluvial soils (formed from water deposited materials) occur on stable landscapes, commonly stream terraces, that have been in place over sufficient time to develop well defined soil horizons or diagnostic features including an argillic horizon with plinthite.
A representative soil profile of a Fluvisols from Russia. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)
Fluvisols accommodate genetically young soils in fluvial, lacustrine or marine deposits. Despite their name, Fluvisols are not restricted to river sediments (Latin fluvius, river); they also occur in lacustrine and marine deposits. Many Fluvisols correlate with Alluvial soils (Russia), Stratic Rudosols (Australia), Fluvents (United States of America), Auenböden (Germany), Neossolos (Brazil), and Sols minéraux bruts d’apport alluvial ou colluvial or Sols peu évolués non climatiques d’apport alluvial ou colluvial 158 World reference base for soil resources 2014 (France). The position of Fluvisols in the key was changed several times during history of FAO and WRB classification systems. The current 3rd edition of WRB puts them further down and shifts some former Fluvisols to other RSGs, especially to Solonchaksand Gleysols. (WRB)
Salic (from Latin sal, salt): having a salic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface. A salic horizon is a surface horizon or a subsurface horizon at a shallow depth that contains high amounts of readily soluble salts, i.e. salts more soluble than gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O).
For more information, visit;
wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm
For more information about Dr. Kuzyakov, visit;
www.uni-goettingen.de/de/212970.html
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Freni soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are seasonally waterlogged soils affected by a shallow fluctuating groundwater-table. They are developed mainly within or over permeable material and have prominently mottled or greyish coloured horizons within 40 cm depth Most occupy low-lying or depressional sites.
For more information about this soil, visit:
Solifluction - the freeze-thaw periglacial movement of soil. The ice crystals probably pushes soil clumps up perpendicular to the ground slope which consequently falls slightly further down the slope as the ice melts. You can also see how disruptive this event is on the soil structure at the surface making it quite vulnerable to other soil movement mechanisms.
The story:
In South Korea are areas adjacent to the DMZ referred to as the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) where public access is restricted. Most of these areas are heavily farmed.
www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/7/708#:~:text=As%20established%....
South Korean farmers see these area adjacent to the DMZ as valuable soil, frequently planting crops despite warnings to stay away, a typical example of how South Korea's population has encroached on once-rural training areas.
In 1996 and 1998, unexploded ordnance killed two Korean civilians who had entered the Story range to look for scrap metal. Unexploded munitions and live-fire exercises make the area very dangerous. Unexploded ordnance in that area presents a very real and significant danger to anyone walking in the area. This danger is greatly amplified if someone is planting or harvesting crops... or sampling soils!
The South Korean Army supervises farming. Farmers must have a pass to cross any of the three bridges, guarded by South Korean soldiers, leading to the CCZ. Normally, range control officials and Army explosive ordnance disposal teams would clear munitions from the area annually. But many of these areas are swampy, and teams can only look for duds on the surface.
Additionally, the entire area just south of the DMZ is rife with mines. Many are newer mines laid by the South Korean Army as part of the DMZ defense. But there are unmarked mine fields, and monsoon rains shift mines around. Korean contractors and 8th Army personnel have uncovered numerous mines while conducting maintenance and training.
A profile of Weswind fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The argillic horizon, at a depth of about 25 centimeters is sandy clay loam. The red colors are inherited from the Permian parent material. (Soil Survey of Young County, Texas; by Thomas E. Cyprian, Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Weswind series consists of very deep over claystone bedrock or dense clay, moderately well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils formed in residuum from interbedded claystone and sandstone. These gently sloping and strongly sloping are on plains and have slopes ranging from 1 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleustalfs
Solum thickness and depth to claystone bedrock or dense clay ranges from 60 to 80 inches. Coarse fragments of siliceous, ironstone, or sandstone pebbles range from a few to about 5 percent by volume. Base saturation ranges from 75 to 90 percent, by sum of cations, in some part of the Bt horizon. The average clay content of the control section ranges from 35 to 45 percent. The boundary between the A and Bt horizon is abrupt or clear and the texture change is abrupt.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland with some cultivated areas. Cultivated crops are mostly small grain, forage sorghum, and cotton. Native vegetation is mainly sideoats grama, little bluestem, Arizona cottontop, buffalograss, Texas wintergrass, blue grama, Wrights threeawn, silver bluestem, and sand dropseed. Mesquite, lotebush, and pricklypear have invaded most areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Central Prairies and Rolling Red Prairie of Texas and Oklahoma. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX503/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESWIND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Plate 6: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Al Babah series (soil AD206).
Taxonomic classification: Typic Haplocalcids, coarse-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic
The Al Babah series is a very deep sandy loam soil. At least one soil layer contains more than 15% gravels. The soils are typically moderately well drained. They occur on flats and gentle slopes within deflation plains and pediments associated with Jabal Hafit. They are formed from outwash and alluvial materials derived from Jabal Hafit and the nearby Hajar Mountains.
East of Jabal Hafit these soils are used intensively for camel camps and camel grazing. Elsewhere the soils are probably little used though they may experience some low intensity grazing. Acaciatortilis is commonly to the east of Jabal Hafit, together with Rhazya stricta. Elsewhere Haloxylon salicornicum is the dominant vegetation recorded.
This soil is relatively uncommon. It can be found on the pediments to the east of Jabal Hafit and in occasional deflation plains west of Al Ain. Occasional sites have been described from the Ghayathi sub-area.
The main feature of this soil is the deep, coarse loamy profile that contains accumulations of
carbonates. The soil also has a layer that contains a minimum of 15% gravels (diagnostic for this series) and frequently becomes sandier and gravellier with depth. The proportion of gravel and the thickness of the gravel layer are the main factors that affect the agricultural use of this land. While the coarse loamy texture would permit greater retention of moisture and nutrients the presence of gravels would adversely off-set this. This soil is considered moderately suitable for irrigated agriculture.
A representative soil profile of the Potomac soil series in Pike County, Kentucky.
The Potomac series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in coarse-textured alluvial material on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Udifluvents
Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Pebbles and cobblestones dominantly of sandstone range from 0 to 50 percent in the A horizon, and the weighted average by volume in the C horizon is dominantly greater than 50 percent, but ranges from 35 to 70 percent. Subhorizons of the C horizon in some pedons are nearly free of rock fragments and in others it ranges to 80 percent. Unlimed soils are mildly alkaline to very strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: More than one-half of the acreage is cleared and used mainly for pasture or hay. Many areas are idle and reverting to woody vegetation. Native vegetation was mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ridge and Valley and southern Appalachian Plateau areas of West Virginia, also Kentucky and North Carolina. The extent is moderate. These soils were previously mapped as Alluvial land and Alluvial land, cobbly. These soils as mapped are sandy-skeletal, but in some areas they are marginal to loamy-skeletal.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/POTOMAC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A profile of Colmena fine sandy loam, in an area of Colmena fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The white splotches at a depth of 140
centimeters (55 inches), are masses and concretions of calcium carbonate. (Soil Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas)
The Colmena series consists of very deep, moderately permeable, well drained soils that formed in loamy sediments over calcareous loamy alluvium of Quaternary age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on side slopes of Paleoterrace remnants. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 22.2 degrees C (72 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 660 mm (26 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Argiustolls
Soil Moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.3 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 74 to 165 cm (29 to 65 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are crop production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat. Grasses present include false rhodesgrass, Kleberg bluestem, plains bristlegrass, shortspike windmillgrass, prairie threeawn, and guineagrass. Woody vegetation consists of mesquite, catclaw, elbowbush, limepricklyash, pricklypear, granjeno, and tassajillo. Crops grown include grain sorghum, watermelons, and cotton with some minor areas used for truck crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83A. The series is of moderate extent. The series was previously included in the Runge series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COLMENA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Typical profile of a Joel soil. The mollic epipedon extends from the surface of the mineral soil material to a depth of about 40 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Joel series consists of very deep, well drained soils on hills and benches. They formed in loess. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Slopes are 1 to 60 percent. The average annual temperature is about 44 degrees F and the average annual precipitation is about 25 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Argixerolls
Mollic epipedon - 10 to 20 inches
Moisture control section - dry 45 to 60 consecutive days from late June to September. Average annual soil temperature - 41 to 47 degrees F
Average summer soil temperature (without an O horizon)- 59 to 64 degrees. Base saturation (some part of upper 30 inches) - 50 to 75 percent
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content - 24 to 34 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for crop production and timber production. The natural vegetation is mainly Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, mallow ninebark, common snowberry, and bluebunch wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North central Idaho. The series is moderately extensive. MLRAs 9 and 43A.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/J/JOEL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Freeboard series consists of deep moderately well drained soils that formed in andesite and volcanic rock residuum. Freeboard soils are on side slopes of interfluves of hills and mountains on islands. The mean annual precipitation is about 355 millimeters (14 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 21 degrees C (69 degrees F). Slopes range from 5 to 65 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Haploxeralfs
The mean annual soil temperature is 15 to 22 degrees C. (59 to 71 degrees F.) The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about mid-June to mid-November and is usually moist the rest of the time.
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation is perennial and annual grasses, sage, Lemonade bush, and cactus, Non-native Scrub and Coastal Sage Scrub.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California. The soil is not extensive. MLRA 20 Southern California Mountains.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FREEBOARD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Madison series consists of well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from felsic or intermediate, high-grade metamorphic or igneous rocks high in mica content. They are very deep to bedrock and moderately deep to saprolite. They are on gently sloping to steep uplands in the Piedmont.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
About half the total acreage is cultivated or used for pasture. Principal crops grown are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, soybeans, peaches, apples, and vegetables. Original forest species include white, black, post, and red oaks; hickories; dogwood, sourwood; maple and elm. Shortleaf and loblolly pine were present in places and are now common, along with Virginia pine, in abandoned fields.
The soils are extensive within the Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.
For a detailed description, please visit:
The Esseville series consist of soils that are moderately deep to claystone, well drained soils that formed in very slowly permeable, moderately saline clayey fluviomarine sediments overlying clayey residuum derived from mudstone of tertiary age. These soils are on sideslopes of interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 544 mm (22 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21 degrees C (72 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Sodic Gypsiusterts
Soil moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 23 degrees C (74 degrees F)
Solum thickness: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in) over noncemented claystone bedrock with texture of clay.
Depth to densic material/contact: 50 to 100 cm (20 to 40 in)
Depth to gypsic horizon: 30 to 89 cm (12 to 35 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for pasture and rangeland. Scattered areas are cultivated mainly to grain sorghum, small grain and introduced grasses. Native vegetation includes grasses such as alkali sacaton, sideoats grama, plains bristlegrass, twoflower trichloris, tobosagrass, vine-mesquite, pinhole bluestem, and buffalograss. Woody vegetation includes mesquite, agarita, and pricklypear cactus.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I, MLRA 83A; moderate extent. Esseville soils were formerly included with the Monteola series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/ESSEVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Profile of a soil in the Dothan series. A farm pond in an area of Dothan sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. This map unit is well suited to hay, pasture, and cultivated crops (Barbour County, Alabama by Johnny C. Trayvick, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
Landscape: Coastal Plain
Landform: Uplands
Landform position: Broad ridges; side slopes
Shape of areas: Rounded to irregular
Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres
Composition
Dothan and similar soils: 80 percent
Dissimilar soils: 20 percent
Typical Profile
Surface layer:
0 to 11 inches—brown fine sandy loam
Subsoil:
11 to 29 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has strong brown mottles
29 to 42 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has strong brown mottles
42 to 52 inches—light yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has pale brown, strong brown, and light brownish gray mottles
52 to 63 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that has pale brown, dark red, and light brownish gray mottles
63 to 80 inches—dark red sandy clay loam that has yellowish brown and gray mottles
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Well drained
Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to
5 feet from January through April
Permeability: Moderately slow
Available water capacity: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Flooding: None
Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low
Natural fertility: Low
Tilth: Good
Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid
Other distinctive properties: 5 percent or more plinthite at a depth of 24 to 60 inches
Minor Components
Dissimilar soils:
• Fuquay soils, which are in the slightly lower positions and have sandy surface and subsurface layers with a combined thickness of 20 to 40 inches
• Orangeburg soils, which are on the slightly higher knolls, have a reddish subsoil, and have less than 5 percent plinthite in the subsoil
• Bonifay soils, which are in the slightly lower positions and have sandy surface and subsurface layers with a combined thickness of 40 to 80 inches
Similar soils:
• Small areas of soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the Dothan soil
Land Use
Dominant uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland
Other uses: Woodland
Cropland
Suitability: Well suited
Commonly grown crops: Cotton, corn, and peanuts
Management concerns: Erosion
• Terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue management reduce the hazard of erosion, help to control surface runoff, and maximize rainfall infiltration.
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Commonly grown crops: Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass
Management concerns: Erosion
Management measures and considerations:
• Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the germination rate.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: 2e
Woodland ordination symbol: 9A for loblolly pine
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL005/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Triangle series.
Landscape: Triangle soils are in the basin rim and very low alluvial fans of valleys. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The soils have formed in mixed alluvium derived from granitic and sedimentary rocks. Most of the areas are flat smooth ponds or basins.
The Triangle series consists of deep, very poorly drained wide cracking soils with a high percentage of exchangeable sodium. They formed in mixed alluvium in basin rims and have slopes of less than 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Sodic Epiaquerts
Most years the entire profile is saturated from September through April by a water table and stagnant surface water. Cracks range from 2 to 8 cm wide at the surface and 1 to 2 cm at depths of 34 inches from May 1 to September 15. The depth from the surface to the unrelated lower C horizon ranges from 45 to 70 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are ponded and used for waterfowl hunting with some areas used for limited grazing (during spring and summer) between hunting seasons. The vegetation is swampgrass, Baltic rush, alkali bullrush, sour clover, and other salt tolerant wetland grasses and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: These soils are distributed along the basin rim of the central part of the San Joaqin Valley in California. They are not extensive. These soils were formerly included with and surveyed as the Willows series in the Los Banos Area, series 1939 report. They are being differentiated by characteristics that show a reducing environment (Aquic Moisture Regime) and by being ponded for six months which is not characteristic of the Willows series.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TRIANGLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Remorris series. (Soil Survey of Arches National Park, Utah; by Catherine E. Scott, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical landscape of Remorris loam, 5 to 45 percent slopes.
The Remorris series are very shallow to shallow, well drained soils that formed in alluvium, colluvium and local residuum derived from Morrison formation siltstone and shale. Remorris soils are on structural benches, escarpments and hillslopes on structural benches. Slopes range from 5 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime
Mean annual soil temperature: 47 to 55 degrees F.
Depth to paralithic contact: 4 to 20 inches to Morrison Formation and Chinle Formation shale and siltstone
Reaction: moderately to strongly alkaline
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent gravel and channers
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for rangeland, wildlife habitat and recreation. Potential native vegetation includes Utah juniper, roundleaf buffaloberry, Utah serviceberry, Indian ricegrass, two-needle pinyon, galleta, broom snakeweed, and singleleaf ash. These soils have been correlated to the Semidesert Steep Shallow Loam (Utah Juniper-Pinyon) 035XY240UT ecological site at the type location in Utah.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central Utah. MLRA is 35. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/utah/archesUT2...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/REMORRIS.html
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The Indianola series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in sandy glacial drift. Indianola soils are on hills, terraces, terrace escarpments, eskers, and kames of drift or outwash plains at elevations of near sea level to 1,000 feet. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 20 to 55 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Isotic, mesic Dystric Xeropsamments
Mean annual soil temperature - 47 to 52 degrees F.
Moisture control section - dry for 60 to 75 consecutive days following summer solstice
Reaction - neutral to strongly acid
Particle-size control section:
Rock fragments - 0 to 15 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Timber production, forage production, and pasture. Potential natural vegetation is Douglas-fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, red alder and bigleaf maple, with an understory of salal, Oregongrape, red huckleberry, western brackenfern, western swordfern, trailing blackberry, evergreen huckleberry, and vine maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Puget lowlands in Northwestern Washington, MLRA 2, northern part. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/INDIANOLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Tabecheding series. Tabecheding soils formed in marine terrace sediments. They have a high water table, which is indicated by reddish iron concentrations between depths of 30 and 50 centimeters. (Soil Survey of the Islands of Palau, Republic of Palau; by Jason L. Nemecek and Robert T. Gavenda, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tabecheding series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on dissected marine terraces. These soils formed in bedded marine clay deposits. Slope is 2 to 30 percent. The mean annual rainfall is about 145 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 81 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic Aquic Tropudults
The solum is 15 to 22 inches thick. A perched water table is at a depth of 15 to 35 inches throughout the year.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are in idle land which has reverted to an anthropic savannah and is used for watershed. Present vegetation is Ischaemum digitalum, Rhynchospora rubra, Dianella ensifolia, Hedyotis fruticulosa and Lindsaea ensifolia.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Airai Municipality, island of Babelthuap. This series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/pacific_basin/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TABECHEDING.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Orangeburg series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). They formed in loamy and clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Solum thickness typically is 72 to 96 inches and ranges from 60 to 120 inches. Ironstone nodules range from 0 to 10 percent, by volume, throughout the solum. Reaction of the A and Bt1 horizons is very strongly acid to moderately acid, and the Bt2 and underlying horizons are very strongly acid or strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Orangeburg soils are used for growing cotton, corn, tobacco and peanuts. Some areas are in pasture and woodland. Forest species include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, various oaks, hickory and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/ORANGEBURG.html
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A representative soil profile of the Ships soil series. (Soil Survey of Robertson County, Texas; By Harold W. Hyde, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Ships series consists of soils that are very deep to clayey alluvium derived from calcareous shale formed from Permian age red bed sediments. They are moderately well drained and very slowly permeable. These soils are nearly level to gently sloping and occur on flood plains of river valleys. The slope range is 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1006 mm (40.0 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 18.7 degrees C (66.0 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, mixed, active, thermic Chromic Hapluderts
Soil Moisture: Udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm. Soil is not dry in any part of the soil moisture control section for more than 90 cumulative days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 19.8 to 21.6 degrees C (65 to 71 degrees F)
Soil Depth: very deep, greater than 203 cm (80 in)
Thickness of ochric epipedon: 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 38 to 107 cm (15 to 42 in)
Vertic features: 5 to 50 percent slickensides starting at a depth of 15 to 61 cm (6 to 24 in); cracks at least 1 cm (0.4 in) wide extend from the surface to a depth of more than 20 inches when the soil is dry. Cracks are open for 60 to 90 cumulative days during most years.
COLE: 0.05 to 0.11
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 60 to 70 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 1 percent siliceous pebbles
Exchangeable sodium: 2 to 8 percent
Base Saturation: 100 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used as cropland. Crops include cotton, corn, grain sorghum, small grain, and some improved pastures of bermudagrass, johnsongrass, or small grain. Native vegetation includes big bluestem, little bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass, Virginia wildrye, and beaked panicum. Adjacent to stream channels ash, elm, and pecan are the dominant trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: General area: South Central Texas (mainly along the Colorado and Brazos Rivers) Land Resource Region: J - Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region Major Land Resource Area: 86A - Texas Blackland Prairie, Northern Part
Extent: moderate--these soils were formerly included in the Miller series.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bastrop County, Texas, 1973.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX395/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHIPS.html
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The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
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The Inez series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium of late Pleistocene age. These nearly level soils are on stream terraces on flat coastal plains. Slopes are typically less than 1 percent but range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 991 mm (39 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
Soil Moisture: Udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for less than 90 days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 22.8 degrees C (72 to 73 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 28 to 69 cm (11 to 1827 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 46 to 135 cm (18 to 53 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 55 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland and a few areas are used for growing rice. Native vegetation for these savannah soils includes grasses such as little bluestem, indiangrass, Florida paspalum, brownseed paspalum, and woody vegetation such as post oak, live oak, blackjack oak, yaupon, American beautyberry, and greenbriar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Upper to coastal prairie of Texas
Land Resource Region: T (Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region)
Major Land Resource Area: 150A (Gulf Coast Prairies)
Extent: moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/INEZ.html
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Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
The Carville series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in recent loamy alluvium. These soils are on nearly level to very gently sloping natural levee positions on flood plains, mainly along the Mississippi River and its distributaries. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic Fluventic Endoaquepts
St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana; located from the intersection of U.S. Highways 51 and 61 in LaPlace, Louisiana, 0.97 kilometers (0.6 mile) southeast on U.S. Highway 61, then 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) northeast on Oswald Avenue, then 137 meters (450 feet) northwest through tree line, then 402 meters (0.25 mile) southwest along tree line, and 76 meters (250 feet) due north into pasture; Latitude 30 degrees, 4 minutes, 7.25 seconds N.; Longitude 90 degrees, 27 minutes, 50.04 seconds W., Laplace, Louisiana USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, NAD-27.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared and are primarily used for sugarcane, small grain, soybeans, corn, truck crops, pasture, and hay crops. The native forest vegetation in uncultivated areas is predominantly oaks, cottonwood, hickories, and sweetgum with an undergrowth of vines and canes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Mississippi River Alluvium in south-central Louisiana. The series is of small extent. The series was proposed for the update of St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana in 2001. The series was established by an Amendment to the Correlation of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana in 8/2002. Carville soils were formerly included in the Convent series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CARVILLE.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Nicholson series. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Nicholson soils are on nearly level to rolling upland ridgetops and shoulder slopes. Nearly all areas are used for growing corn, burley tobacco, small grains, truck and fruit crops, hay, pasture, and for urban-suburban development.(Soil Survey of Christian County, Kentucky, by Ronald D. Froedge, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Nicholson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils with a slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil. The soils formed in a mantle of loess or silty material underlain by residuum of limestone, calcareous shale, and siltstone. The soil is on upland ridgetops. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Near the type location, the annual air temperature is 53.3 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is 41.3 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
Depth to limestone, calcareous shale, or siltstone is more than 60 inches. Depth to the fragipan is 16 to 30 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly to slightly acid above and in the fragipan; below the fragipan the reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly alkaline. Rock fragments range from 0 to 15 percent in the Ap, Bt, Btx, and 2Bt horizon and 0 to 35 percent in the 2C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are used for growing corn, burley tobacco, small grains, truck and fruit crops, hay, pasture, and for urban-suburban development. The original vegetation was hardwood, chiefly oaks, maples, black walnut, hickory, ash, beech, elm, hackberry, black locust, Kentucky coffee tree; eastern redcedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and possibly Virginia. The series is of moderate extent. When the classification of the Bedford soil series was changed from an Ultisol to an Alfisol, these soils became very similar. The Nicholson soils developed from loess (or silty material) over interbeded limestone, calcareous shale and siltstone of the Ordovician age.
The Bedford soils developed from loess (or silty material) over limestone of the Missippian and/or Silurian age. The structure in the substratum of the Nicholson soils is not as well developed as that of the Bedford soils because of the interbeded calcareous shale and siltstone. Therefore, the Ksat in the substratum of the Nicholson soils is slower than the Bedford soils. The colors of the substratum for the Nicholson soils tend to be yellower than the Bedford soils. The Nicholson soils are 7.5YR or yellower, and the Bedford soils are 5YR and redder.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NICHOLSON.html
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A representative soil profile of a Typic Umbraquult from North Carolina. (Photo provided by R. Schaetzl.)
Typic Umbraquults are moderately extensive on the low coastal plains along the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the soils have been drained and cleared and are used as cropland or pasture, but many are used as forest. Umbraquults are among the wettest of the Aquults, and their argillic horizon is not so strongly developed as that in most of the other Aquults. The natural vegetation consisted mostly of water-tolerant trees and herbs.
Aquults are the Ultisols in wet areas where ground water is very close to the surface during part of each year, usually in winter and spring in middle latitudes, and is deep at another time. These soils are mostly grayish or olive in the subsoil and formed mainly in alluvium and marine deposits that are of Pleistocene age or older. Aquults are extensive on the coastal plains in the United States, particularly along the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Their slopes are gentle. Most of the soils had and many still have a forest vegetation. Aquults have an ochric or umbric epipedon and an argillic or kandic horizon. Some have a fragipan, and others have plinthite in or below the argillic or kandic horizon.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
The Dosrios series consist of soils that are very deep to mudstone, well drained, very slowly permeable soils, that formed in moderately saline clayey marine sediments overlying clayey residuum derived from mudstone of Tertiary age. These soils are on summits and shoulders of interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 544 mm (22 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21 degrees C (72 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Sodic Haplusterts
Soil moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May. Mean annual soil temperature: 21 to 23 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to densic material: 160 to 190 cm (63 to 75 in)
Depth to gypsic materials: 112 to 184 cm (44 to 72 in)
Depth to lithologic discontinuity: 160 to 190 cm (63 to 75 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 52 to 83 cm (21 to 33 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for pasture and rangeland. Scattered areas are cultivated mainly to grain sorghum, small grain and introduced grasses. Native vegetation includes grasses such as alkali sacaton, sideoats grama, plains bristlegrass, twoflower trichloris, tobosagrass, vine-mesquite, pinhole bluestem, and buffalograss. Woody vegetation includes mesquite, agarita, and pricklypear cactus. The ecological site is Rolling Blackland 18-25 PZ (083BY632TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern and Western Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I, MLRA 83A and 83B; large extent. This series was formerly included in the Monteola series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOSRIOS.html
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A representative soil profile of the Fyfield series (Chromic Luvisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Fyfield soils occur mainly in broad shallow valleys or on other gently sloping land at the foot of the Hythe Beds dipslope but are on steeper scarp slopes between Reigate and Oxted. Most of the land is used for arable farming with some grass leys. Cereal crops, which are widely grown, rarely suffer from drought. The main soils are suitable for potatoes and field vegetables, though irrigation is necessary in most years for consistently large yields
Some of the most useful agricultural land in Surrey, east Hampshire and West Sussex is the loamy Fyfield series. These well drained typical argillic brown earths, cover most of the land. These soils pass to sand or sandstone at moderate depth, are easy to work and allow free rooting when well managed. The associated fine loamy Bursledon soils, stagnogleyic argillic brown earths with slowly permeable subsoils, are found locally on low hills or ridges formed in Sandgate Beds and in glauconitic Hythe Beds. The land is mostly below 100 m O.D. in Hampshire and Sussex, but rises to 200 m O.D. in Surrey.
There is much variation in water regime even among soils with the same gley morphology. Most soils show some evidence, in the form of grey and ochreous mottling, of periodic or prolonged waterlogging by groundwater. Field observations suggest that mottled soils with humose topsoils may be waterlogged for part of the growing season (Wetness Class IV or V) whilst non-humose alluvial gley soils are wet mainly in winter (Wetness Class III to IV). Where pump or arterial drainage schemes operate, waterlogging is reduced in winter (Wetness Class III). A modern border-dyke irrigation system has been installed at one site in Wiltshire on an experimental basis.
There are long periods in autumn and spring when Fyfield soils can be cultivated safely, though there are fewer days in West Sussex than elsewhere. Timing of cultivations is strongly influenced by the local distribution of Bursledon soils which take longer to drain after heavy rain than Fyfield and Dundale soils. With care, yields of direct drilled winter sown cereal crops are similar to those obtained with traditional cultivations. Heavy rain when the soils are already saturated causes sheet, rill and, in extreme cases, gully erosion on Fyfield soils. Erosion occurs particularly where there is a sandstone or closely-packed sand substrate. The risk is greatest where there is little topsoil organic matter, the soils are compacted by traffic and crop cover is sparse. Water erosion often occurs on slopes of only 3-7° but the risk is reduced if cultivations are carried out across the slope.
Most of the land is used for arable farming with some grass leys. Cereal crops, which are widely grown, rarely suffer from drought. The main soils are suitable for potatoes and field vegetables, though irrigation is necessary in most years for consistently large yields. Permanent grassland and long leys are rare and are chiefly found on farms keeping horses. Top and soft fruit are grown in West Sussex on predominantly south-facing slopes as around Nutbourne. Fyfield and Dundale soils are inherently acid, but with regular liming crop failures from acidity are rare. Waller (1973) studying these soils in Kent, where they were formerly mapped as Barming series, reported that phosphorus status is better than average, but that potassium and magnesium deficiencies occurred in potatoes, brassicas and top fruit. He also discusses trace elements and other aspects of soil fertility.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=57104
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
The geomorphology and geology of the Emirates, together with time and climate, are the main factors that influence the distribution of soils in Abu Dhabi. An understanding of geomorphology and past climates is therefore a useful prerequisite to understanding soil patterns.
While the current arid climate would suggest that wind erosion is the dominant force shaping the geomorphology of the Emirate, this has not always been the case. The extensive fold movements that created the Hajar Mountains, for example, have left outliers at Jabal Hafit that have been eroded by water during a wetter climate in the Pleistocene period. Such wetter periods have also led to the creation of extensive sand and gravel alluvial fans, remnants of which are still found around the mountain. Sea level changes associated with climate variations have led to the development of sabkha, coastal terraces and minor scarps.
However, it is the eolian processes of recent millennia that have dominated the evolution of today’s landscape. Indeed a number of dune forming periods are likely to have occurred, the oldest some 20-30,000 years ago and formed the now lithified core of sandstone, or miliolite, against which more recent dune building has developed. The Quaternary deposits consist of extensive eolian dune sands that form low lying sandy deserts extending southwards into the Rub al Khali and which pass eastwards into gently sloping fans composed of thick alluvial fan gravels (mainly of Pliocene age) bordering the Hajar Mountains. Along the coast there is a complex of islands and lagoons bordered by a flat plain sabkha.
In the United Arab Emirates throughout the Quaternary period, but particularly during glacial periods, the whole Arabian Gulf was almost dry and the sea retreated to the Straits of Hormuz. At this time the united Tigris and Euphrates rivers extended the entire length of the Gulf, with perhaps occasional lakes, and carried large loads of sediments that were deposited during periods of flood and then reworked by the dominant north-westerly Shamal winds. It is the Shamal that is primarily responsible for the creation and molding of the dune-fields seen in the Emirate today. However, these powerful winds have not only created extensive dune fields but have also deflated areas leaving extensive areas of plain between dune systems and sabkha flats where groundwater levels approach the surface. This deflation, together with changes in sea level, has eroded older sediments, leaving isolated, flattopped mesas and buttes jabals), and northwest to south-east ridges (yardangs), elongated parallel to the direction of the Shamal, as the only remnants of formerly extensive sheets of Miocene and Quaternary strata.
The current marine incursion into the Arabian Gulf limits the source of new material to continue feeding the dune fields of the Emirate. This shortage has led to the deflation of existing coastal fats to a level, predominantly reflecting the extent of the capillary fringe from the underlying saline water tables which stabilizes the soil.
The Shamal winds continue to blow sand south-eastwards however, and the sand sheets and dune systems thicken and get larger towards the south and south-east of the Emirate, culminating in the megabarchan dunes at the edge of the Rub al Khali.
In eastern and south-eastern areas the landscape is also affected by seasonal south-easterly winds that have led to the development of additional deflation areas and the creation of star dunes, the formation of which is influenced by winds from more than one direction. In the extreme south-east of the Emirate there is again a shortage of wind-blown sand and extensive deflation flats have been created separated by high linear dune ridges.
In some inland areas deflation has stripped the surface mantle of eolian sands, frequently creating inverted topographic geoforms. Former low areas, where fossil soils with flourishing vegetation, or playas lakes and interdunal sabkhas with calcite or gypsum crests had developed, are now found capping local flat-topped high-relief features while the uncemented dune sands that previously surrounded these original relative low areas have been removed by wind erosion.
In the west of the Emirate Sabkhat Matti is a low lying area that may be the remains of an old estuarine feature that drained paleo-lakes occurring within what is now Saudi Arabia.
During the extensive soil survey of Abu Dhabi Emirate 27 generalized soil-landscape regions were recognized. These regions have been identified on the basis of likely soils and characteristic landforms and are broadly consistent with major sub-divisions identified by other researchers.
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
Dr. Michael A. Wilson is a Research Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS-National Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, He has served in this position for more than 25 years conducting soil genesis research specifically in the area of soil geochemistry and mineralogy. He has contributed to numerous USDA soils-related research projects in both the US and around the world specializing in climate change and soil classification/interpretation.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Bonneau loamy sand. Bonneau soils have thick sandy surface layers underlain by a loamy moderately permeable subsoil. In the winter months (December through March) they have a seasonal high water table at a depth below 100 centimeters.
Landscape: Irrigated peanuts growing in an area of Bonneau loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Grady County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, and upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--growing cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, pasture grasses, and tobacco. Where wooded--mixed hardwood and pine, including longleaf and loblolly pine, white, red, turkey, and post oak, dogwood, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, with moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/GA131/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNEAU.html
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A representative soil profile of the Rains soil series in North Carolina.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow, persistent
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None, very rare, rare, occasional, frequent for brief to
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderate (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, upper coastal plain
Landform: Flats, depressions, Carolina bays
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleaquults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forest, cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--pond pine, loblolly pine, and hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large.
The central concept for the Rains series does not include a flooding hazard. However, the series has been correlated in flood plain positions. Additional research is needed to determine if areas of Rains soils that are subject to flooding have haplic or pale clay distribution.
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RAINS.html
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A Hapli-Orthic Spodosol and landscape. These soils distribute mostly in Natural Reserve at north slope of Changbai Mountain, Antu County of Jilin Province, Dabai Mountain in Huzhong District at the northern part of Greater Khingan Range. In addition, they are also found oddly in Chayu and Linzhi at southern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where climate appears a little dry in some branch valleys. These soils frequently develop at inclined basalt plateau or at middle-upper slopes of middle mountains, with parent materials of volcanic ash, residual-slope deposits derived from andesite, or slope-residual deposits derived from quartzsandstone and granite. Remarkable differences may be found among rainfall records of those distributing areas. Vegetation of those areas are mostly forest of Larix spp.-Ledum spp., or forest of Larix spp–Rhododendron-Ladum spp..Besides, dark coniferous forest composed of Abies spp. may be found in some locations. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Spodosols have illuvial accumulation of organic matter with or without associated accumulation of iron and aluminum in humid environments. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are Spodosols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/177
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A "sharp" boundary is used to describe redoximorphic features that grade sharply from one color to another. The color grade is less than 0.1 mm wide.
Commentary: The distances assigned to redoximorphic boundaries are too narrow and not practical:
Sharp: less than 0.1 mm (requires 10X magnification)
Clear: 0.1 to less than 2.0 mm
Diffuse: equal to or more than 2.0 mm
In the photo above are two examples with striking contrast with abrupt boundaries. Zoom in and you will see they are not sharp, but clear or diffuse ranging from about 1 to 2 mm. From an application standpoint, using the above criteria, very few features will have a sharp boundary.
The fulvic acid after dissolving in water appears as a dark solution. Foliar fertilization can accelerate the color change of the fruit. At the same time, it can increase photosynthesis, improve taste and sweetness.....
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In order to observe a pedon fully, including soil structure (size and kind), horizon boundary topography, and short-range variability in horizon thickness, a pit exposing a vertical face approximately 1 meter across to an appropriate depth is adequate for most soils. Excavations associated with roads, railways, gravel pits, and other soil disturbances provide easy access for studying soils.
Photographs should be taken after the layers have been identified but before the vertical section is disturbed in the description-writing process. An estimation of the volume of stones or other features also is done before the layers are disturbed.
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
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The Jolly series consists of shallow soils over sandstone bedrock. These well drained, moderately permeable soils that developed in residuum and colluvium from sandstone. These soils are on gently sloping to strongly sloping ridges on hills. Slopes range from 1 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 737mm (29 in) and the mean annual air temperature is 18.3 degrees C (65 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic, shallow Typic Haplustalfs
Depth to bedrock: 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 in)
Surface fragments: 0 to 10 percent; gravel, cobbles, or stones with a few outcrops of sandstone bedrock
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 20 to 30 percent
Coarse fragments: 0 to 30 percent; partially weathered sandstone gravel, cobbles, or flagstones
USE AND VEGETATION: The principal use is for rangeland. Small acreage has been cultivated in the past but most cultivated areas are now abandoned and returned to rangeland. Native vegetation is mainly little bluestem, sand bluestem, cane bluestem, sideoats grama, vine-mesquite, Arizona cottontop, Texas wintergrass, Wrights threeawn, blue grama and sand dropseed. Mesquite and prickly pear have invaded most areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North and North-central Texas; and possibly in southwestern Oklahoma. Most of these soils are across the Central Rolling Red prairies (MLRA 80A) and northeastern Texas North Central Prairies (MLRA 80B). Jolly soils are of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/J/JOLLY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Fox soil. The dark yellowish brown subsoil tongues into the sandy and gravelly substratum. (Soil Survey of Hancock County, Ohio; by Rick A. Robbins and Mark M. Feusner, Ohio Department of Natural Resources)
The Fox series consists of very deep, well drained soils which are moderately deep to stratified calcareous sandy outwash. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy alluvium or just in loamy alluvium overlying stratified calcareous sandy outwash on outwash plains, stream terraces, valley trains, kames, and glacial moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches) near the type location. Mean annual air temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Thickness of loess mantle: 0 to 61 cm (0 to 24 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages from 18 to 35 percent clay, 15 to 45 percent fine sand or coarser
Depth to free carbonates and stratified sandy outwash: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Volume of gravel: 0 to 35 percent in the loamy mantle, averages 3 to 70 percent in the stratified outwash and ranges from 0 to 95 percent in individual strata.
Volume of cobbles: 0 to 50 percent in individual strata in the outwash
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part of the solum, but it ranges to neutral in the upper parts of some pedons where the soil is limed and ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the in the lower subsoil and is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the outwash
Free calcium carbonates: in the sand and gravel outwash and in the lower part of the loamy mantle in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the less sloping areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland or woodland. Native vegetation is hardwood forest. Common trees are northern red oak, white oak, sugar maple, black cherry, and white ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, 108B, 110, 111A, 111B, 111C, 111D, 111E, 113, 114A, 114B, and 124 in southeastern Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, southern Michigan, western Ohio, and eastern Iowa. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/ohio/OH063/0/O...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FOX.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Depth Class: Moderately deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high
Landscape: Mountains and hills
Parent Material: Residuum weathered mainly from red inter-bedded siltstone and shale
Slope: 3 to 80 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly forested; some areas have been cleared and are used for pasture.
Dominant Vegetation: Northern hardwoods consisting of American beech, black birch, yellow birch, sugar maple, black cherry, white ash, northern red oak, and black locust.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: West Virginia and possibly Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
Extent: Large extent with estimated acreage exceeding 350,000 acres. Cateache soils were previously mapped as members of the Teas series (inactive) or as a high base substratum phase of the Calvin series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CATEACHE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile of Corazones very gravelly sandy loam in an area of Corazones very gravelly sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. Corazones soils formed in gravelly alluvium, and are on pediments. The gravels are readily observable at a depth of about 65 centimeters (Big Bend National Park Part of Brewster County, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Corazones series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in gravelly alluvium. These soils are on undulating to strongly rolling coalescent fan piedmonts and fan remnants. Slopes range from 1 to 50 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Ustic Haplocalcids
Solum thickness: greater than 80 inches
Depth to a calcic horizon: 4 to 25 inches
Desert pavement of igneous gravel covers from 75 to 95 percent of the surface
Total clay content: 7 to 18 percent
Rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent by volume
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic soil moisture regime. Receives precipitation in all months. Driest period is November through April with peak rainfall occurring during May through October.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is creosote bush, bush muhly and black grama.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Texas. MLRA 42. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CORAZONES.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: