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This photo accompanies Figure 13.—Indicator A7, 5 cm Mucky Mineral. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
These soils have a layer of mucky modified mineral soil material 5 cm (2 inches) or more thick, starting at a depth ≤15 cm (6 inches) from the soil surface. The mucky sand in this photo extends from the soil surface to a depth of about 9 cm.
User Notes: “Mucky” is a USDA texture modifier for mineral soils. The content of organic carbon is at least 5 percent and ranges to as high as 18 percent. The percentage required depends on the clay content of the soil; the higher the clay content, the higher the content of organic carbon required. For example, a mucky fine sand soil contains between 5 and 12 percent organic carbon. When the amount of clay is increased as in a mucky sandy loam, the organic carbon content increases to between 7 and 14 percent.
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
A representative soil profile of the Hedman soil series. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hedman series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained, moderately permeable soils on ground moraines, end moraines and lake plains. They formed in calcareous, loamy glacial till. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 41 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is 22 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calciaquolls
The thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches. Depth to free carbonates is 16 inches or less with carbonates at the surface in many pedons. The content of rock fragments ranges from 1 to 10 percent. Total clay content of the series control section can be over 18 percent but is less than 18 percent after subtracting clay size carbonates.
USE AND VEGETATION: Much of this soil is cropped to wheat, barley, corn, oats and sunflowers. Some areas are used for hay and pasture. A few areas are not cropped and support a scattered growth of quaking aspen and brush. Original vegetation was tall grass prairie with some encroachment of trees, principally quaking aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Minnesota on the till plain of the Wadena lobe. Moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HEDMAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile of Bigriver soil. (Soil Survey of Redwood National and State Parks, California; by Joseph P. Seney and Alaina C. Frazier, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and James H. Popenoe, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Retired)
The Bigriver series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed from alluvium derived from mixed sources. Bigriver soils are on lower alluvial flats and floodplains and have slopes of 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 1400 millimeters (55 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 12 degrees C (53 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, isomesic Typic Udifluvents
Soil moisture: The soil between the depths of 27 and 56 centimeters (11 to 22 inches) is moist in all parts from November 1 to August 15 and is dry in some part from September 1 to October 15 in most years. The soils have a udic moisture regime.
Soil temperature: The mean annual soil temperature is 10 degrees to 12 degrees C (50 to 53 degrees F) but ranges to 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) on the southern Oregon coast. The difference between mean summer and winter temperature is 2 to 4 degrees C (35 to 40 degrees F).
The Organic carbon decreases irregularly with increasing depth.
Reaction is neutral to strongly acid and base saturation is 50 to 80 percent throughout.
Particle-Size Control Section (weighted average):
Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent gravel.
Clay content: 5 to 18 percent.
Some pedons have an Oi horizon (0 to 5 centimeters thick).
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for timber production, wildlife habitat, recreation and watershed. Vegetation consists of redwood, tanoak, swordfern, huckleberry and oxalis.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: California Coastal Redwood Belt and southwestern Oregon; MLRA 4B. The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BIGRIVER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of the Spickert series. (Soil Survey of Clark County, Indiana; by Byron G. Nagel and Dena L. Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Spickert series consists of deep or very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loess and the underlying residuum from siltstone on hills. They are moderately deep to a fragipan. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 1092 mm (43 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Fragiudults
The classification of this series is placed in the Fragiudult great group, and the subgroup would be Oxyaquic if it was recognized in Soil Taxonomy. Base saturation lab data runs between 24 and 46 percent. Base saturation determined by field kits also shows the base status goes above and below 35 percent, but is dominantly below 35 percent at the critical depth.
Depth to a fragipan: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches), except severely eroded
Thickness of the loess: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
pedons range from 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 203 cm (40 to 80 inches)
Depth to bedrock (lithic contact): dominantly from 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches), but ranges from 127 to 229 cm (50 to 90 inches)
Rock fragments are dominantly strongly cemented or very strongly cemented siltstone channers.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forest or are used for hay and pasture. A few areas are used for growing cultivated crops, mainly corn and soybeans. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Indiana. The series is of moderate extent in the east part of MLRA 120C in Indiana.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN019/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SPICKERT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Victory soil series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on summits and side slopes of volcanic hills and mountains. They formed in material fine-textured residuum from weathered extrusive volcanic bedrock. Slopes range from 2 to 70 percent.
Victory soils are used mainly as rangeland, pasture, and small areas have been subdivided for residential developments. The name "Victory" is derived from a local Estate, Mount Victory, in northwest St. Croix.
A typical Victory soil profile consists of a 15 cm topsoil of brown loam and a dark yellowish brown, brown and very pale brown loam to very gravelly loam subsoil to a depth of 84 cm. The underlying parent material consists of weathered and unweathered igneous bedrock. The Victory soils are formed in material weathered from extrusive igneous bedrock, mixed origin. These soils have a low to medium fertility and reaction ranges from slightly acidic to neutral throughout the profile, and are unsuited to cultivated crops.
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Banbury soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are well drained brashy fine and coarse loamy ferruginous soils over ironstone. Some deep fine loamy over clayey soils with slowly permeable subsoils and slight seasonal waterlogging.
They are classified as Eutric Chromic Endoleptic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
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Belhaven soils consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils with moderately slow to moderately rapid permeability, The surface runoff is very slow.
They formed under very poorly drained conditions from the remains of marsh vegetation now dominated by tupelo, cypress, Atlantic white-cedar, and related non-woody fibrous hydrophytic plants over loamy marine and fluvial sediments The organic matter in these soils consists of very finely decomposed sapric material.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, dysic, thermic Terric Haplosaprists
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--plant communities that reflect past history of treatment. Areas with a history of severe burning have scattered pond pine and a dense undergrowth of both large holly and small gallberry and huckleberry, fetterbush lyonia, swamp cyrilla, loblollybay gordonia, greenbrier and southern bayberry, as well as scattered red maple, red bay, sweetbay magnolia, and reeds. Similar areas may have a smaller population of these species and contain large amounts of broomsedge. Areas without severe burning have red maple, Southern bald cypress, pond pine, Atlantic white-cedar, red bay, sweet bay, and other hydrophytic species. Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, small grain, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina and Virginia with moderate extent, over 200,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Washington County, North Carolina; 1979.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BELHAVEN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#belhaven
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A profile of Bojac soils. (Charles City County, Virginia; by Robert L. Hodges and Pamela J. Thomas, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderately rapid
Surface Runoff: Slow to medium
Parent Material: Loamy and sandy fluvial and marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 10 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum Thickness: 30 to 65 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 48 to 72 inches, November to April
Soil Reaction: extremely acid to slightly acid except where the surface has been limed
Gravel Content: Quartz gravel make up 0 to 5 percent of the solum and 0 to 15 percent of the C horizon in the non-flooded phase; 0 to 35 percent in the solum and 0 to 50 percent of the C horizon in the flooded phase
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cultivated
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--peanuts, soybeans, and corn. Where wooded--loblolly pine, sweet gum, oak, hickory, and maple
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Atlantic Coastal Plain of Virginia, North Carolina, and possibly Georgia, Florida, and Alabama
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA036...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BOJAC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A profile of a Dolason soil in prairies of the Bald Hills area. The thick, dark surface layer is the dominant feature of soils that form under grasses and forbs. (Soil Survey of Redwood National and State Parks, California; by Joseph P. Seney and Alaina C. Frazier, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and James H. Popenoe, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Retired)
Landscape: Coastal fog in the Redwood Creek watershed. Pictured are areas of Dolason-Countshill-Airstrip complex, 9 to 30 percent slopes, in areas dominated by prairie.
The Dolason series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from siltstone, mudstone, and sandstone. Dolason soils are on mountains and have slopes of 9 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 2290 millimeters (90 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Humixerepts
Soil Moisture: The soil is dry in all parts in the moisture control section from about July 10 to September 20, and is moist in all parts from about October 1 to June 1. The soils have a xeric moisture regime.
Soil Temperature: The mean annual soil temperature is 10 to 15 degrees C (50 to 59 degrees F). The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperature is 6 to 10 degrees C. The soils have a mesic soil temperature regime.
Umbric epipedon: 50 to 100 centimeters thick
Reaction: very strongly through moderately acid, and base saturation, by ammonium acetate, is less than 60 percent.
Surface fragments: 0 to 12 percent gravel and 0 to 3 percent cobble
Particle-Size Control Section (weighted average):
Rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.
Clay content: 18 to 25 percent clay.
This soil has been used for livestock grazing, recreation, wildlife habitat, and watershed. In a few areas it has been planted to commercial timber. Naturalized annual and perennial grasses and forbs include tall oatgrass, annual vernal grass, bentgrass, California oatgrass, blue wildrye, bristly dogstail grass, soft brome, wild oat, slender oat, western brackenfern, hairy catsear, common sheep sorrel, miniature lupine, pale flax, common yarrow, and California poppy. In the southern part of the range, scattered coyote brush can be present.Invasion by Douglas fir and succession to forest is in progress in many areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Redwood Belt; MLRA 4B. The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOLASON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Original image by: Bruce Kunze
The Harmony series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in lacustrine sediments on lake plains. Permeability is moderately slow in the solum and slow to moderate in the underlying material. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 19 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Pachic Argiudolls
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 16 to 30 inches and extends into the Bt horizon. Depth to carbonates ranges from 16 to 38 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: The majority of the Harmony soils are cropped to small grain, corn, and alfalfa. Native vegetation is western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, big bluestem, blue grama, sideoats grama, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern South Dakota. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HARMONY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Gowen series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy Holocene alluvium. These soils are on nearly level flood plains. Slopes are dominantly less than 1 percent, but range up to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Cumulic Haplustolls
Solum thickness is greater than 80 inches. Surface horizons having moist color values of less than 3.5 and evident structure, range in thickness from 24 to about 60 inches. Clay content of the 10- to 40-inch particle-size control section ranges from 20 and 35 percent, and more than 15 percent is coarser than very fine sand. Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. The soil is noncalcareous above 50 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil is farmed to peanuts, sorghums, cotton, and pecan orchards. Areas that flood frequently are used mainly for bermudagrass pastures and pecan orchards. Scattered hackberry, elm, and pecan trees occur in most areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The soil is mainly in the mixed post oak and prairie areas of central Texas and in adjoining areas of Oklahoma. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GOWEN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Clementsville series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum weatherd from rhyolite a with loess influence. Clementsville soils are on mountain slopes and have slopes of 4 to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 530 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 3.3 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Calcic Pachic Haplocryolls
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Most areas are cultivated. Wheat, oats, and barley are the major crops.
Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, tapertip hawksbeard, slender wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLEMENTSVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
Most hydric soil occur in non-sloping wetlands (swamps, marshes, depressions, etc.). This hydric soil occurs on a moderately steep seepy hillside in Alaska developed by very high rainfall.
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
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The typical pedon of Songjeong soil (fine-loamy, Typic Hapludult) from the Oklahoma training area along the Civilian Control Zone in South Korea. The image is illustration 3.2 from the Planning Level Survey, 8th US Army Korea (1998). The primary purpose of planning level surveys are to ensure Army activities and natural resources conservation measures on mission land are integrated and consistent with federal stewardship requirements and host nation agreements.
Songjeong soils are on low undulating hills. Elevation ranges from about 5 to 50 meters. The native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest. The soils formed in material weathered from granite. The land is primarily forested or cultivated.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Hapludults is fixed on freely drained soils that are moderately deep or deeper to hard rock. Typic Hapludults are of very large extent in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of these soils are used as cropland. Many of the soils, particularly those that are steep, are used as forest. Some are used as pasture or homesites.
The Cookport series consists of deep and very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in residuum weathered primarily from sandstone but includes some materials from shale and siltstone. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow in the fragipan. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Fragiudults
The thickness of the solum ranges from 28 to 48 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 16 to 30 inches. Depth to bedrock is 40 to 72 inches. Rock fragments range from 0 to 30 percent in the solum and from 10 to 65 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is strongly acid through extremely acid in all horizons below an Ap horizon. The surface 2 to 8 inches in some pedons has a sequence of horizons similar to Spodosols.
USE AND VEGETATION: Much of the soil remains in forest; mainly oaks, cherry, maple. Cleared areas are cropped to corn, small grain, hay and buckwheat or are in pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA's 127, 126, and 124. The unglaciated Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania, western Maryland and West Virginia. The extent is large.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COOKPORT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
A description of the soils is essential in any soil survey. Standard technical terms and their definitions for soil properties and features are necessary for accurate soil descriptions. For some soils, standard terms are not adequate and must be supplemented by a narrative. Some soil properties change through time. Many properties must be observed over time and summarized if one is to fully understand the soil being described and its response to short-term environmental changes. Examples are the length of time that cracks remain open, the patterns of soil temperature and moisture, and the variations in size, shape, and hardness of clods in the surface layer of tilled soils.
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
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A representative soil profile of a Podzol from Russia. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)
Podzols have an illuvial horizon with accumulation of black organic matter and/or reddish Fe oxides. This illuvial horizon is typically overlain by an ash-grey eluvial horizon. Podzols occur in humid areas in the boreal and temperate zones and locally also in the tropics. The name Podzol is used in most national soil classification systems; other names for many of these soils are Spodosols (China and United States of America), Espodossolos (Brazil) and Podosols (Australia).
Albic (from Latin albus, white): having a layer of albic material ≥ 1 cm thick, and starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not consist of tephric material, does not contain carbonates, and does not contain gypsum; and that overlies a diagnostic horizon or forms part of a layer with stagnic properties. Albic material is predominantly light-coloured fine earth, from which organic matter and/or free iron oxides have been removed, or in which the oxides have been segregated to the extent that the colour of the horizon is determined by the colour of the sand and silt particles rather than by coatings on these particles. It generally has a weakly expressed soil structure or lacks structural development altogether. (WRB)
For more information, visit;
wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Castlewood series from South Dakota. (USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Castlewood series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in clayey alluvium on floodplains. Permeability is slow. Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 23 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 46 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Cumulic Vertic Endoaquolls
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 24 to over 60 inches. The depth to free calcium carbonate ranges from 15 to over 60 inches. The control section has from 35 to 50 percent clay. Total sand in the 10 to 40 inch particle-size control section ranges from 15 to 30 percent. It also has less than 15 percent fine sand or coarser. Buried horizons are present in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains, alfalfa, and tame grass are the principal crops. Major native species are prairie cordgrass, reedgrasses, reed canarygrass, sand bluestem, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern South Dakota; possibly adjacent parts of North Dakota and Minnesota. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CASTLEWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Crewe series (Clayic Chromic Eutric Stagnosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The Crewe series, is mainly on flat land with slopes rarely greater than 1 degree. They are mainly in permanent pasture; but some fields are cropped for cereals. They are clayey soils in reddish, stoneless till or lacustrine clay. They have been mapped extensively in North Yorkshire, Cleveland, Durham, and from Cheshire to Warwickshire, with small areas in Gwent. The Crewe series, pelo-stagnogley soils, occupies two-thirds of the area, mainly on flat land with slopes rarely greater than 1 degree.
In most years, Crewe soils are waterlogged to the surface throughout the winter and into the growing season; effective drainage measures can restrict this to winter (Wetness Class IV), but both topsoils and subsoils are slowly permeable and not easily improved. These clayey soils hold only moderate amounts of water available to plants, even though the retained water capacity is large. They can, therefore, be slightly droughty for most arable crops and moderately droughty for grass. Winter run-off is rapid because of prolonged waterlogging at shallow depth.
They are mainly under permanent pasture; some fields are cropped for cereals, though these tend to be autumn sown because there are few good machinery work days in spring. Cultivations must be carefully timed to avoid severe damage to soil structure and these soils are generally very difficult to work. There is great risk of poaching by stock when the surface soil is wet, because of its large retained water capacity. This risk is greatest in winter although summer poaching is possible on intensively stocked farms during wet years. Forestry is limited by wetness and shallow rooting depth. There are some small wooded areas, including Wynyard Forest north of Stockton-on-Tees with hybrid larch and Corsican pine; the latter has been planted because of its resistance to air pollution from Teesside industry. Oak, ash and sycamore have also been planted, particularly for amenity purposes.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=71206
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Solifluction - the freeze-thaw periglacial movement of soil. The ice crystals probably pushes soil clumps up perpendicular to the ground slope which consequently falls slightly further down the slope as the ice melts. You can also see how disruptive this event is on the soil structure at the surface making it quite vulnerable to other soil movement mechanisms.
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Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
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Anhydrite is a mineral composed of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4. Distinctly developed crystals are somewhat rare, the mineral usually presenting the form of cleavage masses. The hardness is 3.5 and the specific gravity 2.9. The color is white, sometimes greyish, bluish, or purple. When exposed to water, anhydrite readily transforms to the more commonly occurring gypsum, (CaSO4·2H2O) by the absorption of water. This transformation is reversible, with gypsum or calcium sulfate hemihydrate forming anhydrite by heating to ~200°C under normal atmospheric conditions. Anhydrite is commonly associated with calcite and halite.
www.researchgate.net/publication/259338144_Proposal_for_A...
The anhydritic horizon is a horizon in which anhydrite has accumulated through neoformation or transformation to a significant extent. It typically occurs as a subsurface horizon. It commonly occurs in conjunction with a salic horizon.
Identification of anhydrite is important when determining soil strength. Soils high in anhydrite exhibit fluidity and lack soil strength and load bearing capacity. Moisture content strongly influences soil’s consistence and a water table is commonly within the soil profile. The manner in which specimens of soil fail under increasing force ranges widely and usually is highly dependent on water state. To test for fluidity, a handful of soil material is squeezed in the hand. For moderately fluid materials after exerting full pressure, most flows through the fingers; a small residue remains in the palm of the hand.
For example, if some of the soil flows between the fingers with difficulty, the nvalue is between 0.7 and less than 1.0 (slightly fluid manner of failure class); if the soil flows easily between the fingers, the nvalue is 1 or more (moderately fluid or very fluid manner of failure class) depending on what remains in the palm of the hand.
Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual; or a soil matrix color controlled by the presence of iron. The composition and responsible formation processes for a soil color or color pattern must be known or inferred before it can be described as an RMF. Typically the zones with red color are areas of iron accumulation whereas the gray zones are areas where iron has been reduced or removed.
Iron that has been chemically reduced can be identified with the use of alpha,alpha-dipyridyl in neutral, 1-normal ammonium-acetate solution. A positive reaction to the alpha,alpha-dipyridyl yields the appearance of a strong red color on the freshly broken surface.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
A representative soil profile of an Aquic Glossudalf from Clark County, central Wisconsin. (Photo provided by R. Schaetzl.)
Aquic Glossudalfs have redox depletions with low chroma and also aquic conditions at a shallow depth for some time in normal years. In addition, they are permitted to have fragic soil properties. These soils are permitted, but not required, to have a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class throughout a layer extending from the mineral soil surface to the top of an argillic horizon at a depth of 50 cm or more. In the United States, these soils are moderately extensive on the lower coastal plain along the Gulf of Mexico and are known to occur elsewhere. Many of them are in forests, but much of the acreage of these soils has been cleared and is used as cropland or pasture.
Glossudalfs do not have a fragipan, a kandic horizon, or a natric horizon. They have an argillic horizon that shows evidence of destruction in the form of a glossic horizon, but they do not have discrete iron-cemented nodules 2.5 to 30 cm in diameter. The glossic horizon extends through the argillic horizon in some of these soils. Glossudalfs do not have very dark red colors throughout the argillic horizon. They are more extensive in Europe than in the United States.
Udalfs are the more or less freely drained Alfisols that have a udic moisture regime and a frigid, mesic, isomesic, or warmer temperature regime. These soils are principally but not entirely in areas of late-Pleistocene deposits and erosional surfaces of about the same age. Some of the Udalfs that are on the older surfaces are underlain by limestone or other calcareous sediments. Udalfs are very extensive in the United States and in Western Europe. All of them are believed to have supported forest vegetation at some time during development. Most Udalfs with a mesic or warmer temperature regime have or had deciduous forest vegetation, and many with a frigid temperature regime have or had mixed coniferous and deciduous forest vegetation. Many Udalfs have been cleared of trees and are intensively farmed. As a result of erosion, many now have only an argillic or kandic horizon below an Ap horizon that is mostly material once part of the argillic or kandic horizon. Other Udalfs are on stable surfaces and retain most of their eluvial horizons above the argillic or kandic horizon. Normally, the undisturbed soils have a thin A horizon darkened by humus. A few Udalfs have a natric horizon. Others have a fragipan in or below the argillic or kandic horizon.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Narragansett series; the State Soil of Rhode Island.
The Narragansett soil series was first established in Kent and Washington Counties, Rhode Island in 1934. The soil series is named for the town where the soil was first mapped and classified. The town of Narragansett was named for the indigenous Narragansett Tribe. Narragansett is an English alteration of Nanhigganeuck, their actual name meaning “people of the small point.” In 1979 an Act to designate the Narragansett Silt Loam as the Official State Soil of Rhode Island was enacted by the General Assembly, the Act did not pass the legislative process so the series is not officially considered the Rhode Island State Soil.
The Narragansett series consists of very deep, well drained loamy soils formed in a mantle of medium-textured deposits overlying till. They are nearly level to moderately steep soils on till plains, low ridges and hills. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and subsoil and moderately rapid or rapid in the substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is about 47 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Thickness of the solum and depth to the lithologic discontinuity range from 18 to 38 inches. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 6 feet. Rock fragments range from 0 to 25 percent in the solum and from 10 to 50 percent in the substratum. Except where the surface layer is stony, the fragments are mostly subrounded pebbles and typically make up 60 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, the soil is extremely acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops, hay or pasture. Common crops are silage corn, tobacco and vegetables. Some areas are wooded and scattered areas are used for community development. Common trees are red, white and black oak, hickory, white ash, sugar maple, red maple, gray birch, white pine and hemlock.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated uplands in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; MLRAs 144A and 145. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the the soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ri-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NARRAGANSETT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Ramsey series consists of shallow and very shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in residuum or colluvium weathered from sandstone or quartzite. They are dominantly on plateaus and upper slopes of mountains. Runoff is medium to rapid and permeability is rapid. Slopes range from 3 to 70 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, mesic Lithic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to sandstone or quartzite bedrock range from 7 to 20 inches. Each horizon contains about 5 percent to 35 percent fragments of sandstone or quartzite except the surface layer can have less. Fragments are mostly less than 3 inches in size in the upper part of the solum but some in the lower part are as much as 10 inches in size. Reaction in each horizon is very strongly acid to slightly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forest but a few are cleared and used chiefly for growing pasture. Forests are of mixed hardwood and pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Cumberland Plateau and mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Virginia, and possibly West Virginia, and the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent, probably more than 500,000 acres.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RAMSEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Landscape: River valley
Landform: Terrace
Geomorphic Component: Tread and risers
Hillslope Profile Position: Toelsope
Parent Material Origin: Sandstone and siltstone
Parent Material Kind: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 55 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, cropland, and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, wheat, soybeans. Where wooded--Oaks, hickories, birch, beech, maple, elm, yellow poplar, sycamore, gums, pines, hemlock
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: MLRAs 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, and 147 in Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania
Extent: Moderate, about 51,000 acres at the time of this revision
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHAVIES.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Whitetop series. (Soil Survey of Bear Lake County Area, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Whitetop series consists of shallow, well drained soils formed in residuum from weakly consolidated ash. These soils are on shoulders, summits, and upper backslopes of hills. Permeability is moderately rapid. Slopes range from 8 to 45 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 16 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy, glassy, frigid, shallow Vitrandic Haploxerolls
Soil moisture control section usually moist, dry in all parts for 45 consecutive days or more in the four months following the summer solstice. Xeric moisture regime.
Thickness of mollic epipedon 14 to 20 inches
Depth to paralithic contact 10 to 20 inches
Average annual soil temperature 41 to 44 degrees F. Frigid soil temperature regime.
Particle-size control section
Clay content 8 to 12 percent
Pararock fragments 0 to 20 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for wildlife habitat and rangeland. The dominant native vegetation is mountain big sagebrush, serviceberry, mountain snowberry, buckwheat, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sanberg bluegrass, and prairie junegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Idaho. The series is not extensive. MLRA 43B.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/bearlake...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WHITETOP.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The United States Department of Agriculture (Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) has been using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology to study subsurface soil features since 1979. GPR is a broad band, impulse radar system that has been designed to penetrate earthen materials.
Using GPR to Characterize Plinthite and Ironstone Layers in Ultisols. Available from: www.researchgate.net/publication/282805887_Using_GPR_to_C... [accessed Dec 09 2020].
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: The Sherless series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum of interbedded shale and sandstone of Mississippian age. Water runs off the surface at a medium to rapid rate. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Sherless-Littlefir complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes, which is well suited to pasture and hayland. These gently sloping to moderately steep soils are on the tops and sides of low ridges in the valleys of the Ouachita Mountains. Slopes are 1 to 35 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of solum is 20 to 40 inches. Gravel ranges from 5 to 20 percent by volume throughout the solum. Cobbles range from 0 to 20 percent by volume in the A horizon, and from 0 to 15 percent by volume in the B horizon. Total volume of coarse fragments is less than 35 percent in the B horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for woodland and pastureland. Forest of white oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, blackgum, hickory, and shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. Sherless soils were formerly included with the Sherwood series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHERLESS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Histic Podzol by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
Stagnic Histic Albic Podzol developed from Cretaceous sandstone regolith, Stolowe Mts, SW Poland, 900 m ASL
Credit: Cezary Kabala (distributed via imaggeo.egu.eu)
Podzols are one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Podzols form under forested landscapes on coarse parent material that is high in quartz. They have a characteristic subsurface layer known as the spodic horizon made up of accumulated humus and metal oxides, usually iron and aluminum. Above the spodic horizon there is often a bleached-out layer from which clay and iron oxides have been leached, leaving a layer of coarse-textured material containing primary minerals and little organic matter.
Podzols usually defy cultivation because of their acidity and climatic environment. Occupying almost 4 percent of the total continental land area on Earth, they range from Scandinavia to Russia and Canada in the Northern Hemisphere, to The Guianas near the Equator, to Australia and Indonesia in the Southern Hemisphere.
Podzols are closely similar to the Spodosol order of the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. Albeluvisols are a related FAO soil group also exhibiting a bleached-out layer.
Histic Podzols have a histic horizon starting at the soil
surface. The histic horizon (from Greek histos, tissue) is a surface horizon, or a subsurface horizon occurring at a shallow depth, that consists of poorly aerated organic material.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pembroke series.
Landscape: Pembroke soils are on nearly level uplands and gently rolling karst areas. Slopes commonly range from 0 to 2 percent, but the range allows slopes from 0 to 12 percent. Most areas have been cleared and are used for growing corn, small grains, tobacco, hay, truck crops, fruits, and pasture and hay.
The Pembroke series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in a thin silty mantle of loess mixed with or underlain by older alluvium or residuum of limestone or both.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Paleudalfs
The solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to more than 120 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid, and commonly is neutral in the surface horizons. Fragments of chert commonly range from 0 to 5 percent by volume in the solum, and can range from 0 to 15 percent in the lower part of the solum in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil has been cleared. Chief uses are for growing corn, small grains, tobacco, hay, truck crops, fruits, and pasture. The original forest was mixed hardwoods: chiefly oaks, hickory, maple, ash, elm, hackberry, and poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs: 116A, 121, 122. The Pennyroyal and Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky, the Highland Rim of Tennessee, northwest Arkansas, and southwest Missouri. The series is of large extent, about 375,000 acres in size.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PEMBROKE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Lithic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD153) are very similar to the previous profile that has a carbonatic mineralogy but contain less sand sized shell fragments and, therefore, have a mixed mineralogy. They are shallow sandy soils associated with a lithic contact within 50cm from the surface. They occur on eroded lithified sand dunes or level to gently undulating inland plains or sometimes in the terraced parts of inland deflation plains in the dune fields. They are typically excessively drained and have rapid permeability.
These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry/irrigated cultivation or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. The vegetation cover is often diverse and can include any of Acacia tortilis, Calligirum comsum, Cornulaca arabica, Cornulaca aucheri, Corunlaca monacanths, Cornulaca spp, Cyperus conglomeratus, Dipterygium glaucum, Fagonia ovalfolia, Haloxylon persicum, Haloxylon salicornicum, Helitropium digynum, Panicum turgidum, Stipagrostis plumosa, Tribulus arabicus, Tribulus spp, and Zygophyllum spp. However, the total vDistribution
The soils are common in areas where dune sands are formed over lithified sandstone or miliolite. They occur throughout the Emirate. The soil has been used to define two map units in the north-east of the Emirate.
Plate 51: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Lithic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD153).
Profile of Ditney soil series near Chinquapin Knob in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. (Soil Survey of Great Smoky Mountains
National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina; by Doug Thomas and Anthony Khiel, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Ditney soils have a limited water storage capacity due to the texture and the limited depth to bedrock. These soils occur in locations with high amounts of rainfall. During periods of prolonged rain or snowmelt, they have temporary water tables above the bedrock. These temporary water tables may last for a few hours or occasionally for a few days. The water tables are temporary because when the flow of water into the soils ends, the water tables drain in a short period of time. The water moves laterally over the bedrock downslope. At some point downslope, the water reaches the soil surface and forms seeps.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
These Ditney soils have a dominant vegetative cover of oak, hickory, and yellow pine. Oak, hickory, and yellow pine refer to such trees as black oak, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, bitternut hickory, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, and pitch pine. Stands on north- and east-facing head slopes are mixed with cooler trees species such as yellow-poplar, black birch, and/or hemlock. This area of Ditney soils is among the poorest for producing wildlife food. The limited vigor of trees in this map unit sets an upper limit on the food supply, which is very low when compared to that of more desirable map units. The understory vegetation is often sparse, except where laurel forms small thickets. The diversity of tree species is limited when compared to that of more desirable map units. The rock outcrops provide rare/unique habitats. These rock outcrops are in a microclimate which is commonly very wet part of the time and dry other times. This map unit has a high number of downed trees due to the shallower soils.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DITNEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Lynn Haven series consists of very deep, poorly and very poorly drained, moderate or moderately rapid permeable soils in low areas and depressions the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Flatwoods. They formed in thick deposits of sandy marine sediments.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Typic Alaquods
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Lynn Haven soils remain in their natural state. A few small areas are used for truck crops and pasture land. The native vegetation consists of slash pine, longleaf pine, or cypress and bay trees with an undergrowth of sawpalmetto, gallberry, fedderbush, huckleberry, and pineland threeawn. In depressions, cypress and bay trees are denser along with blackgum, red maple, and Ogeechee lime. The shrubs include fetterbush, Virginia willow, buttonbush, and waxmyrtle. Common herbaceous plants and vines include muscadine grape, greenbriars, and poison-ivy, along with maidencane grass, cinnamon fern and sphagnum.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LYNN_HAVEN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Ultisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Ultisols, commonly known as red clay soils, are one of twelve soil orders in the United States Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy. The word "Ultisol" is derived from "ultimate", because Ultisols were seen as the ultimate product of continuous weathering of minerals in a humid, temperate climate without new soil formation via glaciation. Ultisols occur in humid temperate or tropical regions. While the term is usually applied to the red clay soils of the Southern United States, Ultisols are also found in regions of Africa, Asia, and South America.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these soils are Argissolos. They are identified by a noticeable clay content and clay films increase in lower horizons and the degree of structural development. They have a low nutrient capacity and are very like Latossolos in low natural fertility characteristics. Argissolos occupy approximately 20% of Brazil's soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A Calcic, Luvic Kastanozem from Hungary--the Gödöllö-Monori hilly region, which is part of the "Northern Hungarian Mountain Range". The Miocene sandstone and gravel in the northern part and the sandy, clayey deposits in the southern part are covered by loess and by sand near the edges of the area. (Notes and photos provided by Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Schuler; ulrichschuler.net/index.html )
For more information about this site, visit;
ulrichschuler.net/excursions_hungary.html
The surface is highly dissected by erosion and abrasion that occurred mostly in the Pleistocene and partly in the Holocene. The natural vegetation was (is) oak forest (Quercus cerris and Quercus robur), although the territory of forest is decreasing to the south as the area of pastures, farmland and urban settlements increases.
Climate: the mean annual temperature is 9.5 - 10.0 °C. The annual precipitation is about 600 mm. The number of days with snow cover is about 36-40, and the average depth of snow is about 22 cm. The water table is about 5-6 m in the valleys and 100 m on the top of the hills.
These Kastanozems formed in a mixture of fluvial gravel, sand, loess. Kastanozems are humus-rich soils that were originally covered with early-maturing native grassland vegetation, which produces a characteristic brown surface layer. They are found in relatively dry climatic zones (200–400 mm [8–16 inches] of rainfall per year), usually bordering arid regions such as southern and central Asia, northern Argentina, the western United States, and Mexico. The chestnut-brown colour of the surface soil is reflected in the name Kastanozem. Common names for many Kastanozems are (Dark) Chestnut soils (Russia), Kalktschernoseme (Germany), (Dark) Brown soils (Canada), Ustolls and Xerolls (United States of America) and Chernossolos (Brazil).
For more information about the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit;
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
The UAE is historically known for its attachment to camels which are of social and economic value in the region. The animal is famously known as the ship of the desert because of its walk, which is much like the motion of a ship at sea. Patience is one of its most observable features and camels are generally useful animal.
Historically, camels in the UAE were a dependable source of not only transport but also food and milk. Arabs were proud of the number of camels they possessed. The camels were given as a bride's dowry among the Bedouin tribes. Not to mention its use as payment of Zakat — the annual portion of a Muslim's personal fortune that is given as charity to people in need — as which was at times paid in camels instead of money.
The population of camels in the UAE in 2003 was estimated at over 178,000, according to the Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage.
A Grumic, Mollic, Calcic Vertosol (Pellic) from Australia formed in alluvial deposits on a backplain on alluvial plain used for vegetable production. (Notes and photos provided by Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Schuler; ulrichschuler.net/index.html )
For more information about this site, visit;
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Vertisols are heavy clay soils with a high proportion of swelling clays. These soils form deep wide cracks from the surface downward when they dry out, which happens in most years. The name Vertisols (from Latin vertere, to turn) refers to the constant internal turnover (churning) of soil material. Common local names for Vertisols are Black cotton soils and Regur (India), Black turf soils (South Africa) or Margalites (Indonesia). In national soil classification systems they are called Slitozems or Dark vertic soils (Russia), Vertosols (Australia), Vertissolos (Brazil) and Vertisols (United States of America).
Grumic--a soil surface layer ≥ 1 cm thick, with a strong granular structure, coarse (10 mm) or finer, i.e. ‘self-mulching’.
Mollic--having a mollic horizon.
Calcic--having a calcic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface.
Pellic--having in the upper 30 cm of the soil a Munsell color value of ≤ 3 and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist (in Vertisols only).
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Vertisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A profile of a Sumter soil. Sumter soils formed in silty and clayey residuum weathered from chalk. These well drained, alkaline soils have chalk bedrock that can be dug by light machinery at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters. The landscape is an area of general soil map unit Sumter-Demopolis-Faunsdale. Areas of this map unit cover about 21,200 acres in the southern part of Hale County, Alabama. The dominant soils formed in materials weathered from chalk and are alkaline throughout. Most areas are used for pasture or hayland. (Soil Survey of Hale County, Alabama by Christopher Z. Ford and MacArthur C. Harris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These are dominantly nearly level to moderately sloping, well drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on uplands.
Setting
Location in the survey area: Southern part
Landform: Hillslopes and ridges
Landform position: Sumter and Demopolis—summits, shoulder slopes, side slopes,
and knolls; Faunsdale—concave slopes and toeslopes
Slope: Dominantly 1 to 8 percent, but ranges from 1 to 12 percent
Percent of the survey area: 5
Sumter soils: 40 percent
Demopolis soils: 20 percent
Faunsdale and similar soils: 20 percent
Minor soils: 20 percent, including Kipling, Okolona, Oktibbeha, Sucarnoochee,
Vaiden, and Watsonia soils
Soil Characteristics
Sumter
Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam
Subsurface layer: Grayish brown silty clay
Subsoil: Upper part—pale olive silty clay that has many soft masses of calcium
carbonate; lower part—light yellowish brown silty clay that has many soft masses
of calcium carbonate
Substratum: Light yellowish brown chalk
Depth class: Moderately deep
Drainage class: Well drained
Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet
Slope: 1 to 12 percent
Parent material: Silty and clayey residuum weathered from chalk
Use and Management
Major uses: Aquaculture, cropland, pasture, hayland, and woodland
Cropland
Management concerns: Sumter and Demopolis—erodibility, restricted use of equipment, rooting depth, and tilth; Faunsdale—erodibility, restricted use of equipment, wetness, and tilth
Pasture and hayland
Management concerns: Sumter and Demopolis—restricted use of equipment, rooting depth, and tilth; Faunsdale—restricted use of equipment, wetness, and tilth
Woodland
Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment, seedling survival, and
competition from undesirable plants
Urban development
Management concerns: Sumter—depth to rock, restricted permeability, shrink-swell potential, and low strength; Demopolis—restricted permeability, low strength, and depth to rock; Faunsdale—restricted permeability, wetness, shrink-swell potential,
and low strength
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont uplands
Landform: Hill, interfluve
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, nose slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from felsic crystalline rock such as mica schist, gneiss, granite gneiss, mica gneiss, granodiorite, and granite
Slope: 2 to 60 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--small grains, corn, soybeans, hay, tobacco, and orchards. Where forested--Eastern white pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, red maple, yellow poplar, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia and North Carolina with moderate extent
An Matti-Gelic Cambosol and landscape. These soils distribute in alpine zone above forest line or plateau surface without forest. The large and continuous distributive area is in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which belongs to the alpine zone. They are formed in semi-humid environment with low temperature and vegetation of alpine meadow or alpine shrub meadow ,where there is intensive accumulation of mattress-like organic soil materials, leading to the formation of a mattic epipedon. There are various types of parent materials. The frozen period of soil is long, and there appear a clear seasonal and daily freezing and thawing alternation. The vegetation is mainly alpine meadow, alpine shrub meadow and grasses, such as Artemisia spp. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/232
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Chernozem from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
CHERNOZEMS: Soil with a deep, dark surface horizon that is rich in organic matter and secondary calcium carbonate concentrations in the deeper horizons (from the Russian for chern, black, and zemlja, earth). Soil having a very dark brown or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter, a high pH and having calcium carbonate deposits within 50 cm of the lower limit of the humus rich horizon. Chernozems show high biological activity and are typically found in the long-grass steppe regions of the world, especially in Eastern Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Canada and the USA. Chernozems are amongst the most productive soil types in the world. They cover 9 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
A representative soil profile of Hollister silty clay loam. (Soil Survey of Jackson County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Clay Salisbury, and Scott Keenan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hollister series consists of very deep, well drained, very slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in calcareous alluvial clays of Pleistocene age. These nearly level and very gently sloping soils are on broad plain terraces of the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78C, MLRA-78B). Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F) and the mean annual precipitation is 635 mm (25 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Typic Haplusterts
Solum thickness: 152 to 203 cm (60 to more than 80 in) over dense clay or clay loam, or claystone
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 50 to 122 cm (20 to 48 in), and usually extends into the argillic horizon
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 in)
Depth to slickensides: 20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in)
Depth of cracks: more than 76 cm (30 in) deep, cracks remain open for 150 or more cumulative days during most years
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 35 to 55 percent
Coarse fragments: amount-0 to 5 percent; size- 2 to 5 mm; kind-quartzite and granite
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used as cropland. Crops are mostly wheat, cotton, and grain sorghum. Native vegetation is mainly buffalograss, vine mesquite, grama species, tall dropseed, and Texas wintergrass. Mesquite trees and prickly pear cactus are common invaders.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR H; Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78B, 78C) of Texas and Oklahoma. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK065...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOLLISTER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pacolet series. Pacolet soils are well drained and have a clayey subsoil. They are extensive in the southern part of Iredell County, especially on strongly sloping to moderately steep side slopes. (Soil Survey of Iredell County, North Carolina; by Robert H. Ranson, Jr., and Roger J. Leab, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Fescue growing in a pasture in an area of Pacolet sandy loam, 10 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. (Soil Survey of Paulding County, Georgia; by Curtis G. Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered mostly from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes commonly are 15 to 25 percent but range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 10 to 24 inches thick and extends to a depth of 18 to 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon, and very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments, dominantly gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 15 percent in the Bt horizon. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the solum, and few to many in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent. Pacolet soils were formerly mapped as a thin solum phase of the Cecil series.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/pauldi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PACOLET.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
An Umbri-Gelic Cambosol and landscape. These soils are in cool temperate zone, and humid cool-temperate regions within mountain vertical zones. They distribute extensively under cool-temperate coniferous forest in mountain vertical zones in south-eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, northern Greater Khingan Mountains, Changbai Mountain, and Altai Mountain. Parent materials are mainly residual, slope, and moraine deposits derived from granite, sandstone and other rocks. The climate is cold and humid. Those areas have a cold and long winter as well as a short and humid summer. During the summer time, heat and moisture are both in sufficient supply, and solar radiation is long. The primary vegetation is mainly coniferous trees of pinaceae and taxodiaceae. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/233
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Fragipans prevent the downward movement of water and roots into the soil. The very dense, brittle, prisms block movement while coarser material surrounding the prisms serves as a preferential flow path. Limited rooting depth caused by fragipans has been found to significantly decrease crop productivity.