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The Imjin River or Rimjin River is the 7th largest river in Korea. It flows from north to south, crossing the Demilitarized Zone and joining the Han River downstream of Seoul, near the Yellow Sea. The river is not the namesake of the Imjin Waeran Japanese invasions of Korea in the late 16th century.
The South Korean Army supervises farming in this area. Farmers must have a pass to cross any of the three bridges, guarded by South Korean soldiers, leading to the CCZ. Normally, range control officials and Army explosive ordnance disposal teams would clear munitions from the area annually. But many of these areas are swampy, and teams can only look for duds on the surface.
Additionally, the entire area just south of the DMZ is rife with mines. Many are newer mines laid by the South Korean Army as part of the DMZ defense. But there are unmarked mine fields, and monsoon rains shift mines around. Korean contractors and 8th Army personnel have uncovered numerous mines while conducting maintenance and training.
Macropores are too large to have any significant capillary force. Unless impeded, water will drain from these pores, and they are generally air-filled at field capacity. Macropores can be caused by cracking, division of peds and aggregates, as well as plant roots, and zoological exploration.
The macropores may be completed filled with soil material or they be open (areas that once contained live roots, but are currently void of roots due to decomposition), allowing for the transmission of air and water within the channel.
Note the accumulation of iron (redox feature) along vertical area surrounding the pore. Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual. Some of the dark red seams circumventing the pore contained sufficient iron accumulation to be cemented.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A soil profile of a Endoaqualf in Wyoming. The dark surface layer is an umbric epipedon. The subsoil has the characteristic gray and red mottled color pattern that indicates the presence of aquic conditions. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Endoaqualfs are saturated throughout the profile for some time during the year. The ground water fluctuates from a level near the soil surface to below the argillic subsoil horizon and is sometimes below a depth of 200 cm. Before cultivation, most Endoaqualfs supported either deciduous broadleaf or coniferous forest. They are generally nearly level, and their parent materials are typically late-Pleistocene sediments.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A soil profile of a Hapludand in Japan. This soil formed in several ash deposits and contains a series of paleosols. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Hapludands commonly have a thin O horizon, an ochric (typically thin and/or light-colored) or umbric (humus-rich with low base saturation) epipedon, and a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. Most of the Hapludands in the United States developed in late Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Most formed under coniferous forest vegetation.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Depth class: very deep
Drainage class: somewhat poorly
Parent material: stratified silty and sandy alluvium overlying sand and gravel
Landform: floodplains
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid Aquic Cryofluvents
Depth to sand and gravel ranges from 20 to 40 inches (50 to 102 cm). Organic carbon content decreases irregularly with depth. The texture of the upper part of the control section is stratified silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam and very fine sand with a weighted average of more than 15 percent fine sand or coarser and less than 18 percent clay. This material contains significant amounts of mica but less than 25 percent. Texture of the lower part of the control section is sand or loamy sand with coarse fragments ranging from 0 to 70 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in native forest consisting of white spruce, cottonwood and quaking aspen with alder shrubs. A water table is present at a depth of 3 to 6 feet for some period in most summers, allowing capillary rise of water into the soil profile.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229 Interior Alaska Lowlands. The series is of minor extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PILEDRIVER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Vay series. The Vay series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed in material derived from granite, gneiss, or schist with a thick mantle of volcanic ash.
The Vay series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils on mountains and ridgetops. They formed in material derived from granite, gneiss, or schist with a thick mantle of volcanic ash. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately rapid to rapid in the substratum. Slopes are 15 to 75 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 40 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial over loamy-skeletal, amorphic over isotic Vitric Haplocryands
Soil moisture - usually dry for 25 to 45 consecutive days late July to mid-September, moist in the fall through early summer
Average annual soil temperature - 39 to 43 degrees F
Average summer soil temperature - 44 to 46 degrees F with an O horizon Depth to soft bedrock - 40 to 60 inches or more
Volcanic ash mantle - 14 to 24 inches thick
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 25 to 65 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al + 1/2 Fe - 2.0 to 4.0 percent
Phosphate retention - 80 to 100 percent
15-bar water retention on air dried samples - 15 to 18 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, recreation, and watershed. Potential natural vegetation is mainly western redcedar, grand fir, Douglas-fir, western white pine, western larch, and western hemlock, with an understory of myrtle pachystima, northern twinflower, goldthread, and queencup beadlily. At higher elevations, the potential natural vegetation is subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, and mountain larch, with an understory of rustyleaf menziesia, big blueberry, western thimbleberry, Utah honeysuckle, Scouler willow, Sitka mountain ash, elk sedge, and common beargrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and eastern Washington. This soil is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VAY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Grant soil series. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Grant series consist of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. They formed in material weathered predominantly from siltstone or silty shale of Permian age. These nearly level to moderately steep soils are on treads and risers of paleoterraces in the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). Slope ranges from 0 to 20 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 813 mm (32 in) and mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Udic Argiustolls
Depth to paralithic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 in) to siltstone or silty shale
Depth to secondary carbonates: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 in)
Particle-size control section:
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Sand content: 0 to 15 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for cropland. Some areas are in native grassland. Cultivated crops are wheat and other small grains. Native vegetation is tall and mid grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Oklahoma and south-central Kansas
Land Resource Region: H-Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range
MLRA 80A-Central Rolling Red Prairies
Extent: large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRANT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Tonka series.
Landscape: Tonka soils are in plane or slightly concave, closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. The soils formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits.
The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 20 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
Depth to carbonates commonly is 28 to 40 inches but ranges from 20 to more than 60 inches. The depth to the Bt horizon ranges from 12 to 28 inches. The soil commonly is free of rock fragments, but in some pedons the lower part of the solum and the substratum contain pebbles. Some pedons have surface stones.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses, sedges and rushes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Widely distributed on the glaciated plains of North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. The series is extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TONKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Mike and John visiting Soil Museum and lecturing at Beijing Forestry University. Beijing Forestry University is the national key University directly under the Ministry of education and the Ministry of education and the State Forestry administration. School history can be traced back to the 1902 Peking University Agricultural Science and forestry.
Soil profile of Nona very fine sandy loam in an area of Nona-Dallardsville complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes. The gray colors are because of wetness. (Soil Survey of Tyler County, Texas; by Levi Steptoe, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Nona series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid-Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.5 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1295 mm (51 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, active, thermic Natric Vermaqualfs
Soil Moisture: An aquic soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 deegrees C (69 to 71 degrees F).
Aluminum saturation: 50 to 80 percent
Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP): 7 to 11
Reaction: extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout.
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 20 to 35 percent
Sands larger than very fine sand content: 5 to 15 percent
Depth to barite: 114 to 152 cm (45 to 60 in)
CEC/clay ratio: 0.45 to 0.55
Crawfish bioturbation: 10 to 50 percent; amount decreases with depth
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily as wildlife habitat. Some areas are used as woodland. Native vegetation is slash pine, black gum, sweet bay, sedges, rushes, panicums, and paspalums.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods of southeast Texas and possibly Louisiana; LRR T; MLRA 152B; small extent.
Vermic feature: 8 to 48 cm (3 to 19 in), 50 percent or more or crawfish bioturbation (Bg horizons)
Aquic conditions: These soils remain saturated and have aquic conditions from November to April from the surface to 30 cm (1 ft) in most years.
Additional Comments: The classification was changed in April 2000 from Typic Vermaqualfs to Natric Vermaqualfs due to lab data from the series type location from Hardin County, Texas. A study of salinity levels was conducted on this and other soils to determine the amount of seasonal variability. During the wetter time of year, ESP levels are typically 1 to 3 points lower than the drier time.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX457/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NONA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Birome series consists of moderately deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in iron enriched loamy
and clayey sediments. These gently sloping to moderately steep soils are on low hills and ridges. Slopes range from 2 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs
The solum thickness and depth to sandstone ranges 20 to 40 inches. Ironstone and sandstone pebbles and sandstone fragments less than an inch to 3 inches thick and 3 to about 10 inches across the long axis cover 0 to 20 percent of the soil surface. Pebbles and fragments comprise 0 to 35 percent of the epipedon and 0 to 10 percent in the argillic horizon.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; rapid runoff; slow permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly in wooded pasture. Native vegetation consists of little bluestem, purpletop, and shrubs with an overstory of post oak and blackjack oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Texas mainly in the East Cross Timbers land resource area. The soils are of moderate
extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX439/0/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BIROME.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Uchee loamy sand. This soil has thick, dark gray and light yellowish brown sandy surface horizons and a brownish yellow loamy subsoil. (Soil Survey Charles City County, Virginia; by Robert L. Hodges and Pamela J. Thomas, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
The Uchee series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments. They are on smooth ridgetops and dissected side slopes of the Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is 65 degrees F. and average annual precipitation is about 54 inches.
CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where lime has been added. Content of rock fragments, mostly quartz gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons and from 0 to 15 percent in the B and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Much of the acreage is cleared and is used for cultivated crops, mainly cotton and corn and for pasture. Common trees growing in wooded areas are longleaf pine, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, southern red oak, bluejack oak and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. It is moderately extensive. The Uchee series was formerly mapped in the Wagram series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA036...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/U/UCHEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Gritney soil series. (Soil Survey of Screven County, Georgia; by Gary C. Hankins, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Gritney series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in fine-textured sediments on Coastal Plain uplands. Permeability is slow. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 50 inches and mean annual temperature is about 65 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 35 to 60 inches or more. The soil ranges from extremely acid through strongly acid unless limed. Quartz and ironstone pebbles range from 0 to 10 percent throughout the soil. COLE is estimated to be less than 0.09 throughout the soil. Silt content of the control section is less than 30 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Gritney soils are used for crops, pasture and forest land. Principal crops grown are corn, soybeans, small grain, cotton, peanuts and hay and pasture. Wooded areas are mixed hardwood and pine. Tree species include white oak, post oak, southern red oak, red maple, sweetgum, hickory, elm, ash, American sycamore, beech, and loblolly pine. Common understory plants are American holly, dogwood, sassafras, sourwood, and waxmyrtle. Threeawn is a common native grass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Virginia, and possibly South Carolina.
Responsibility for Gritney series was transferred to North Carolina in l986. The classification of this series was changed with the 12/86 revision - from clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults to clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults. This is based on selected water table studies.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/screve...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRITNEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Organic soils have organic matter as the primary parent material. They occur when conditions allow organic matter to accumulate at a faster rate than it can be decomposed. This is usually under wet conditions such as a wetland. Fibric soil materials are slightly decomposed organic soil materials that contain three-fourths or more plant fiber material after rubbing.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A profile of a Dolason soil. These soils are in prairies of the Bald Hills area. The thick, dark surface layer is the dominant feature of soils that form under grasses and forbs. (Soil Survey of Redwood National and State Parks, California; by Joseph P. Seney and Alaina C. Frazier, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and James H. Popenoe, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Retired)
The Dolason series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from siltstone, mudstone, and sandstone. Dolason soils are on mountains and have slopes of 9 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 2290 millimeters (90 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Humixerepts
Soil Moisture: The soil is dry in all parts in the moisture control section from about July 10 to September 20, and is moist in all parts from about October 1 to June 1. The soils have a xeric moisture regime.
Soil Temperature: The mean annual soil temperature is 10 to 15 degrees C (50 to 59 degrees F). The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperature is 6 to 10 degrees C. The soils have a mesic soil temperature regime.
Umbric epipedon: 50 to 100 centimeters thick
Reaction: very strongly through moderately acid, and base saturation, by ammonium acetate, is less than 60 percent.
Surface fragments: 0 to 12 percent gravel and 0 to 3 percent cobble
Particle-Size Control Section (weighted average):
Rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles.
Clay content: 18 to 25 percent clay.
This soil has been used for livestock grazing, recreation, wildlife habitat, and watershed. In a few areas it has been planted to commercial timber. Naturalized annual and perennial grasses and forbs include tall oatgrass, annual vernal grass, bentgrass, California oatgrass, blue wildrye, bristly dogstail grass, soft brome, wild oat, slender oat, western brackenfern, hairy catsear, common sheep sorrel, miniature lupine, pale flax, common yarrow, and California poppy. In the southern part of the range, scattered coyote brush can be present.Invasion by Douglas fir and succession to forest is in progress in many areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Redwood Belt; MLRA 4B. The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOLASON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
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A representative soil profile of a Solonchak from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
SOLONCHAKS: Strongly saline soil (from the Russian, sol, meaning salt and chak, meaning salty area). Solonchaks are a strongly saline soil type with high concentration of soluble salts. They occur where saline groundwater comes near to the surface or where the evapo-transpiration is considerably higher than precipitation, at least during a large part of the year. Salts dissolved in the soil moisture remain behind after evaporation of the water and accumulate at or near the surface. Their morphology, characteristics and limitations to plant growth depend on the amount, depth and composition of the salts. Common international names for Solonchaks are saline soil and salt-affected soil. They are dominant in very small areas but can be very important locally.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
Korean chili peppers or Korean hot peppers, also known as Korean red, Korean dark green, or Korean long green peppers according to color (ripening stages), are medium-sized chili peppers of the species Capsicum annuum. The chili pepper is long, slim and mild. Green (unripe) chili peppers measure around 1,500 Scoville heat units.
In South Korea are areas adjacent to the DMZ referred to as the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) where public access is restricted. Most of these areas are heavily farmed.
South Korean farmers see these area adjacent to the DMZ as valuable soil, frequently planting crops despite warnings to stay away, a typical example of how South Korea's population has encroached on once-rural training areas.
The Polkton series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils on uplands of the Triassic Basins in the Southern Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from Triassic siltstone, mudstone, shale, and sandstone. Slope ranges from 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES:
Ochric epipedon - the zone from the soil surface to a depth of 7 inches (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon - the zone from 7 to 28 inches below the surface (Btss1 and Btss2 horizons)
Slickensides - presence of slickensides in the zone from 7 to 28 inches (Btss1 and Btss2 horizons)
Paralithic contact - the occurrence of weathered bedrock at a depth of 28 inches (upper boundary of the Cr horizon).
Vertic feature: cracks within 50 inches of the soil surface that are 5 mm or more wide through a thickness of 12 inches or more for some time in normal years, and slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates in a layer 6 inches or more thick that has its upper boundary within 50 inches of the soil surface; or a linear extensibility of 2.5 inches or more between the surface and either a depth of 40 inches or a paralithic contact, whichever is shallower
Oxyaquic feature: Saturation with water in one or more layers within 40 inches of the surface in normal years for either or both 20 or more consecutive days or 30 or more cumulative days.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is 40 to 60 inches or more. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 10 percent by volume. Linear extensibility totals 6.0 cm or more between the surface and paralithic contact. Nonintersecting slickensides range from few to common in the Btss horizon. Base saturation by sum of cations increases with depth and ranges from 35 to 60 percent immediately above the paralithic contact. Exchangeable aluminum content of the Btss horizon is high (10 to 25 me/100g). The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid in the B and C horizons.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/POLKTON.html
For geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Brickfield soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy and fine silty soils, some with wet peaty surface horizons.
They are classified as Dystric Stagnosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
Soils of the Masada series are very deep and well drained. They formed in old alluvium on terraces in the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TYPICAL PEDON: Masada fine sandy loam - uncultivated. (Colors are for moist soil.)
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 72 inches. Clay content ranges from 35 to 55 percent in the particle-size control section, and silt content is less than 30 percent. Rounded or waterworn rock fragments of quartz, quartzite, gneiss, or schist range from 0 to 50 percent in the A and E horizons and from 0 to 35 percent in the B and C horizons. Stone lines consisting of waterworn stones are present in the lower part of the solum and C horizons in some pedons. Flakes of mica and black minerals are commonly in the B horizon. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are cleared and used for crops and pasture. Crops are corn, wheat, oats, mixed hay, vegetables, peach and apple orchards, and plant nurseries. Native vegetation consists of red oak, white oak, hickory, cedar, dogwood, maple, shortleaf, loblolly and Virginia pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia; possibly Maryland and North Carolina. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MASADA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Mountview series.
The Mountview series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained, soils that formed in 2 to 3 feet of a silty mantle, presumably loess, and underlying residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Near the type location, average annual air temperature is about 59 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 54 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to rock exceeds 60 inches. The upper solum formed in a silty mantle, presumably loess, and commonly is about 30 inches thick but ranges from about 22 to 36 inches. This overlies a lower solum developed in residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Coarse fragments, commonly fragments of chert, range from 0 to about 5 percent in the upper 30 inches and from about 5 to 35 percent below that depth. Transition horizons have characteristics similar to adjacent horizons. Reaction of each horizon is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except the surface layer is less acid where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Some areas are in woodland consisting chiefly of oak, hickory, gum, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee, northern Alabama, Pennyroyal of Kentucky, and possibly southern Missouri. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOUNTVIEW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This photo accompanies Figure 8.—Indicator A1, Histosol or Histel. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
These are very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in partially decomposed organic material (Typic Cryohemists). See Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff) for a complete definition.
They are on depressional bench-like areas associated with drumlinoid hills and the toeslope, lower backslopes, and floors of valleys. They have moderately rapid permeability and slow runoff. The water table is near or at the surface year-round. Mean annual temperature is about 45 degrees F, and the mean annual precipitation is about 100 to 130 inches.
The thickness of the organic material is greater than 52 inches. The surface tier is dominantly hemic material (mucky peat) with the uppermost layer typically fibric material (peat).
Vegetation is dominantly sedges, Sphagnum sp., and hydrophytic forbs, along with stunted lodgepole pine, western hemlock, and Alaska yellow cedar. These soils are used primarily for wildlife habitat, recreation, and watershed protection. The soils are extensive in Southeast Alaska.
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A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
A description of the soils is essential in any soil survey. Standard technical terms and their definitions for soil properties and features are necessary for accurate soil descriptions. For some soils, standard terms are not adequate and must be supplemented by a narrative. Some soil properties change through time. Many properties must be observed over time and summarized if one is to fully understand the soil being described and its response to short-term environmental changes. Examples are the length of time that cracks remain open, the patterns of soil temperature and moisture, and the variations in size, shape, and hardness of clods in the surface layer of tilled soils.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
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The Hiwassee series consists of very deep, well drained soils on high stream terraces in the Southern Piedmont. They formed in old alluvium derived from felsic and mafic rocks. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments of gravel and cobbles of quartz and crystalline rock range from 0 to 35 percent in A or Ap horizons, from 0 to 15 percent in the Bt and BC horizons, though subhorizons of the Bt and BC may range to 35 percent, and from 0 to 55 percent in the substratum. Dark concretions of iron and manganese range from none to common. Flakes of mica are few to common in many pedons. Lithologic discontinuities, noted by stone lines, are beneath the solum in some pedons. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid, except where limed.
Cleared areas are used for crops or pasture. Principal crops are corn, small grain, and hay. Common trees in woodland areas are loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, northern red oak, southern red oak, and hickory. Understory plants include dogwood, eastern redbud, and sassafras.
These soils are moderately extensive in the Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
The December 1996 revision restricts the Hiwassee series to Typic Rhodudults on high terraces. The Hiwassee series was reclassified to Rhodic Kanhapludults in 1988, and to Typic Kanhapludults in 1993. The soil had been consistently mapped as Typic Rhodudults on stream terraces in Virginia. The 2003 revision moved the type location from the mesic piedmont to the thermic piedmont. The classification changed to Rhodic Kanhapludults. The particle size control section was changed to very-fine based on lab data.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HIWASSEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Talbott soil series. (Soil Survey of Cannon County, Tennessee; by Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 20 percent slopes. This map unit has common outcrops of limestone. Vegetation is mostly red cedar and hickory. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Talbott series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in clayey residuum weathered from limestone. These soils have moderately slow permeability. The slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludalfs
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments in this soil are normally less than 5 percent, but range from 0 to 10 percent in all horizons. It ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid except the horizons near bedrock ranges to mildly alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Originally hardwoods, chiefly oak, hickory, elm, maple, and redcedar. Most of the areas are cleared. About 70 percent of the cleared areas are in pasture and hay. Crops include corn, small grain, tobacco, and soybeans. Many areas are idle.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Appalachian Ridge and Valley, Highland Rim and Nashville Basin in Tennessee, northern Georgia, and Alabama, and possibly Kentucky. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/cann...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN13...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TALBOTT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Caneyville series consists of moderately deep, well-drained soils formed in a thin silty mantle over fine textured residuum of limestone. The soils are on ridges and hillsides. Slopes range from 2 to 120 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
The solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral in the A and Ap horizons and the upper part of the Bt horizon, and from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the Bt horizon. Fragments of limestone, chert, or sandstone (surface layer only) range from 0 to 10 percent in the A and upper Bt horizon, and 0 to 35 percent immediately above limestone bedrock.For a detailed description, visit:
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in hay, pasture, or forest, and few are used for corn and small grain. Native forests are oaks, hickory, elm, hackberry, and redbud as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky and southern Indiana. Extent is large.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CANEYVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
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A representative soil profile of a Leptosol from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
LEPTOSOLS: Shallow soil over hard rock or gravelly material (from the Greek, leptos, meaning thin). Leptosols are shallow over hard rock and comprise of very gravelly or highly calcareous material.They are found mainly in mountainous regions and in areas where the soil has been eroded to the extent that hard rock comes near to the surface. Because of limited pedogenic development, Leptosols do not have much structure. On a global scale, Leptosols are very extensive. Leptosols on limestone are called Rendzinas while those on acid rocks, such as granite, are called Rankers. They cover 9 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
A representative soil profile of a Calcisols from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
CALCISOLS: Soil with significant accumulation of secondary calcium carbonates, generally developed in dry areas (from the Latin, calcarius, meaning calcareous or lime-rich).Calcisols have substantial movement and accumulation of calcium-carbonate within the soil profile. The precipitation may occur as pseudomycelium (root channels filled with fine calcite), nodules or even in continuous layers of soft or hard lime (calcrete). Calcisols are common on calcareous parent material in regions with distinct dry seasons, as well as in dry areas where carbonate-rich groundwater comes near the surface. Formerly Calcisols were internationally known as Desert soil and Takyrs. They cover 5 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Cambidic Haplodurid. (Soil Survey of Wupatki National Monument, Arizona; by James M. Harrigan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Cambidic Haplodurids in an area of Miburn-Cambidic Haplodurids complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes. These soils occur on rises in relict terrace deposits. They formed in alluvium derived from igneous and sedimentary rock.
These are the Haplodurids that have a duripan that is strongly cemented or less cemented. They occur in Arizona, Nevada and California. These soils formed in materials that have a pyroclastic influence. Most Haplodurids are used for grazing.
Durids are the Aridisols that have a duripan that has an upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. In many areas the duripan is within 50 cm of the soil surface. These soils occur dominantly on gentle slopes and formed in sediments that contain pyroclastics. The duripan is cemented partly with opal or chalcedony. The soils commonly have calcium carbonate. The duripan is a barrier to both roots and water. Most of these soils are used for grazing. The amount of forage is low where the duripan is shallow. These soils occur in the western part of the United States, particularly in Nevada. They are not known to occur outside the United States.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/wupatk...
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of the Ipstones series (Dystric Histic Albic Planosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Ipstones soils are mapped in association Onecote and Wilcocks soils. Ipstones soils are loamy over clayey.
Planosols soils have surface horizons that show signs of periodic water stagnation and that abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay. The name Planosols was coined in 1938 in the United States of America, where now most of them are included in the Great Groups of the Albaqualfs, Albaquults and Argialbolls. The name has been adopted in Brazil (Planossolos).
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Owyhee series.
Landscape: Owyhee soils are used mostly for irrigated cropland. The principal crops are corn, small grains, sugar beets, potatoes, hops, alfalfa, pasture grasses, and onions.
The Owyhee series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in lacustrine material or old alluvium on level to sloping terraces. The permeability is slow or moderately slow. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 230 millimeters, and the average annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Haplocalcids
Average annual soil temperature -- 10.5 to 12 degrees C.
Average summer soil temperature - 20.5 to 22 degrees C.
Depth to Laminae - 50 to 89 centimeters
Depth to carbonates - 30 to 61 centimeters
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly irrigated cropland. The principal crops are corn, small grains, sugar beets, potatoes, hops, alfalfa, pasture grasses, and onions. The vegetation on uncultivated areas is big sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, cheatgrass, basin wildrye, and annual weeds and grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Valleys in southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon. The series is of moderate extent
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OWYHEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Chewacla soils are very deep somewhat poorly drained loamy soils formed in mixed alluvial that is subject to seasonal flooding
Landscape: These soils are on floodplains that drain out of Piedmont and Coastal Plain river valleys.
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 24 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Less than 5 percent, by volume, in the A and upper B horizons. In some pedons, gravel content ranges to 15 percent by volume in the lower B horizons.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches, very strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 40 inches, except where limed
Other Features: Few to many mica flakes throughout and none to common
concretions
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Pasture, cropland, some forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain. Where wooded--yellow poplar, sweetgum, water oak, eastern cottonwood, green ash, blackgum, red maple, willow oak, and American sycamore. Loblolly pines are in some areas that are not subject to frequent flooding. Common understory plants include river birch, winged elm, hackberry, greenbrier, American holly, black willow, sourwood, eastern and hophornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
Extent: Large (over 1.2 million acres)
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHEWACLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Alisol from Belgium. (Photo courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Alisols have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil, as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Alisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a low base saturation in the 50–100 cm depth. They occur predominantly in humid tropical, humid subtropical and humid temperate regions. Many Alisols correlate with Parabraunerden (Germany), Argissolos (Brazil), Ultisols with high-activity clays (United States of America), Kurosols (Australia), and Fersialsols and Sols fersiallitiques très lessivés (France). (WRB)
Cutanic (ct) (from Latin cutis, skin): having an argic or natric horizon that meets diagnostic criterion 2b for the respective horizon.
An "argic horizon" (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:
• an illuvial accumulation of clay,
• predominant pedogenetic formation of clay in the subsoil,
• destruction of clay in the surface horizon,
• selective surface erosion of clay,
• upward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking,
• biological activity, or
• a combination of two or more of these different processes.
Siltic (from English silt): having a texture class of silt or silt loam in a layer ≥ 30 cm thick, within ≤ 100 cm of the mineral soil surface or in the major part between the mineral soil surface and continuous rock, technic hard material or a cemented or indurated layer starting < 60 cm from the mineral soil surface (2; no subqualifier if continuous rock or technic hard material starts < 60 cm from the mineral soil surface).
Abruptic (from Latin abruptus, broken away): having an abrupt textural difference within ≤ 100 cm of the mineral soil surface.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system (World Reference Base for Soil Resources), visit WRB
A representative soil profile of a grey, yellow or brown Sodosol in a map unit of shallow sandy duplexes (Moora to Kojonup). These grey, red or yellow/brown sands are over clay at <30 centimeters (cm) depth. (Notes and photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia with revision.)
For more information about these soils, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-shallow-sandy-duplexes-...
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Monteola soil series.
Landscape: A stand of haygrazer growing on an area of Monteola clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld)
The Monteola series consists of very deep, well drained, very slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in clays and clays interbedded with sandstone and claystone of the Oakville and Fleming Formation. These gently to moderately sloping soils occur on hillslopes on inland dissected coastal plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 787 mm (31in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21.7 degrees C (71 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplusterts
Soil Moisture: A typic ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 24 degrees C (72 to 75 degrees F).
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Electrical Conductivity: ranges from nonsaline in the upper part to moderately saline in the lower part.
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 3 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Monteola soils are in cropland and are used for cotton and grain sorghums. Principal native plants are mesquite, spiny hackberry, catclaw, and agarito. Native grasses are buffalograss, curlymesquite grass, and alkali sacaton.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern, Central, and Western Rio Grande Plains (MLRA 83A); LRR I. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MONTEOLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ballylanders series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy material over shale and slate bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Brown Earths. These soils have distinct topsoil, without any distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A Loess-Orthicl Primosol and landscape. These soils are formed on the basis of loess parent materials. They distribute in locations on Loess Plateau area with severe water and soil loss. They are found mainly in Shanxi and Shaanxi , and oddly in Qinghai, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia. They are resulted from the exposure of loess parent materials due to erosion and slope pediment deposit. Natural vegetation includes trees,shrubs and grasses,such asQuercus spp., Betula spp., Populus tremula, Lespedeza spp., Stipa capillata,and Potentilla chinensis. Most of these soils are used for infertility and drought-resistant cereal crop cultivation. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Primosols are recent soils with no diagnostic horizons or only an ochric epipedon. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are mostly Entisols or some Gelisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/197
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Soil profile: The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep, excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from gray and brown acid sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. (Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Soil Survey of Bland County, Virginia; by By Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Flat, subangular or angular, sandstone fragments, 1 to 10 inches across increase with depth and range from 10 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 50 to 90 percent or more in the C horizon. The amount of rock fragments typically increases with depth. Weighted average rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 75 percent in the particle-size control section. Cobbly, channery, and very stony phases are common. Reaction ranges from extremely through strongly acid where unlimed. Illite, kaolinite, and vermiculite are common clay minerals.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Dekalb soils are in forests of mixed oaks, maple, and some white pine and hemlock. Smaller areas have been cleared for cultivation and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEKALB.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Lopeno fine sand, in an area of Potrero-Lopeno-Noria complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Lopeno soils contain buried surface and subsoil horizons at depth below 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas; by Nathan I. Haile, and Dennis N. Brezina, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lopeno series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, rapid permeable soils on convex mounds or dunes in deflation flats of active or recently active dune complexes. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils formed in sandy eolian sediments of Holocene age overlying loamy eolian deposits of Quaternary age. Slope ranges from 1 to 5 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 23 degrees C (73 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 686 mm (27 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Ustipsamments
Soil Moisture: An ustic moisture regime. The Soil Moisture Control Section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90, but less than 150 cumulative days in normal years. The SMCS is also either moist in some or all parts for 180 cumulative days or more, or moist for 90 or more consecutive days in normal years. A water table occurs in most pedons at a depth of 91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 in) for at least two months in most years. November through April are the driest months, with a second dry period in July. September is the wettest month.
Mean annual soil temperature: 23 to 24 degrees C (74 to 76 degrees F)
Depth to masses of iron accumulations: 0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 in)
Depth to iron depletions or depleted matrix: 107 to 191 cm (42 to 75 in)
Depth to endosaturation: 91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 in) for at least two months in most years
Depth to lithologic discontinuity: 86 to 137 cm (34 to 54 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is dominantly seacoast bluestem. Other vegetation consists of gulfdune paspalum, balsamscale, gulf muhly and partridge pea. The ecological site is Low Coastal Sand, PE 31-44 (150BY650TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Gulf Coast Saline Prairies (MLRA 150B in LRR T) of the coast areas of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/kenedykl...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LOPENO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Typical profile of Hard Labor soil. The Hard Labor soils have a perched water table typically at a depth of 75 to 100 centimeters (gray iron depletions are visible in the photo). These soils commonly occur on toeslopes. (Soil Survey of Greene County, Georgia; by Dee C. Pederson and Gregory H. Clark, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hard Labor series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in material weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rock, primarily granite and granite gneiss. The Hard Labor soils are on summits and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. There is a perched water table in late winter and early spring. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is 60 degrees F, and the mean annual precipitation is 45 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is more than 5 feet. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, unless limed. Limed soils typically are slightly acid or neutral in the upper part of the profile. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A and E horizons, and from 0 to 10 percent by volume in the B and C horizons. Fragments are dominantly pebbles in size. Most pedons have none to common flakes of mica in the A, E, and Bt horizons, and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons. Content of plinthite nodules ranges from 0 to 5 percent in the lower Bt and BC horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is in cultivation or pasture and the remainder is in forests of mixed hardwoods and pine. Common crops are cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Piedmont of Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly Virginia. The series is currently of small extent, but is anticipated to become of large extent with future examinations of areas in the Piedmont mapped as Appling, Durham, Vance, or Wedowee soils.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/greene...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HARD_LABOR.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Claypani-Udic Argosol. These soils distribute mainly in north subtropical zone. Topographically, those distributing areas are gentle mounds. Parent materials of this group of soil are Xiashu loess and the like. Upper parts and top of hills concerned are covered with thick and clayey original loess accumulated for long. Usually, these soils have a firm clay pan with very poor drainage. On the other hand, lower parts of hills as well as valleys are covered by secondary loess with fairly homogeneous texture and better drainage. Most natural vegetation has been destroyed , and dry farmland , smaller amount of secondary forest, grass wasteland and vegetable field are major land-use types at the present time. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Argosols have illuvial accumulation of clay in soils with medium activity of clay. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Alfisols, Ultisols, or Mollisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/226
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Salwick soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials at elevations below about 300 m.0.D. Most are in agricultural use.
They are loamy or clayey with an ordinary clay-enriched subsoil. They formed in reddish medium loamy drift with siliceous stones.
They are classified as Chromic Endostagnic Luvisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
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A soil profile of a well drained, cobbly Hapludult in Thailand. It has a humus-rich ochric epipedon about 20 cm thick underlain by an argillic horizon that extends to a depth of about 50 cm. Note the many rounded cobbles and gravel in the alluvial parent material below the argillic horizon. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Hapludults have an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon and a clay distribution that decreases significantly within a depth of 150 cm. They have a thin or moderately thick zone of maximum clay content. Most of the soils formed in areas of acid rocks or sediments on surfaces that are at least Pleistocene in age. Where the soils are not cultivated, the vegetation consists of hardwood trees or conifers. Hapludults are extensive in the southeastern United States, in the mid Atlantic States, and on the Coastal Plain along the Gulf of Mexico in the southern States east of the Mississippi River. Slopes generally are gently sloping to steep, but a few of the soils on the lowest part of the Coastal Plain are nearly level.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Tate series. The average content of semi-rounded rock fragments is as much as 35 percent in the solum and s much as 60 percent in the substratum. Depth to bedrock is more than 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Grayson County, Virginia; Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tate series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on benches, fans, and toe slopes in coves in the Blue Ridge (MLRA 130). They formed in colluvium weathered from felsic to mafic high-grade metamorphic rocks. Mean annual temperature is 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation about 52 inches near the type location. Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Content of rock fragments is less than 35 percent by volume in the A and Bt horizons, and less than 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid unless limed. Content of mica flakes is few or common.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half is cleared and used for growing corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, and pasture. Common trees in forested areas are scarlet oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, eastern white pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, and northern red oak. Understory plants include mountain-laurel, rhododendron, blueberry, greenbrier, flowering dogwood, black locust, honeysuckle, sourwood, and flame azalea.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Blue Ridge (MLRA 130) of North Carolina, Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and possibly Georgia and South Carolina. The series has large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA077...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TATE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Denchworth series (Eutric Vertic Stagnosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The Denchworth soils are extensive on Jurassic and Cretaceous clays and clay shales in the Midlands, South West and South East England. It consists mainly of wet clayey pelo-stagnogley soils. Some are mottled above 40 cm depth and in some places they cover up to a tenth of the land. Denchworth are slowly or moderately permeable in the topsoil, slowly permeable at depth and are waterlogged for prolonged periods in the growing season (Wetness Class IV to V).
With efficient underdrainage and careful management, the soils yield moderately good crops of grass, cereals and oilseed rape. Autumn sown crops are favoured as, even with drainage improvements, there is little opportunity to work the land in spring. The timing of cultivations is critical because topsoils are slow to dry and the use of cage wheels is desirable to reduce ground pressure and protect against structural damage. Direct drilling enables more land to be sown in a short period in autumn when soil conditions are optimum. Denchworth soils however have a narrow range of conditions suitable for direct drilling so they are not well suited to the technique. When too wet the slit cut by the disc is smeared and the soil is compacted causing poor germination; when too dry the soil is too hard for good drill penetration. On grassland, surface wetness and weak soil bearing strength limit stocking density and grazing period, although moderately good yields of grass are possible. The soils poach easily particularly in the troughs of ridge and furrow so, where grazing is ill-timed, yields are reduced. Denchworth soils are acid in the surface where unlimed, but pH increases gradually with depth and the soil is often neutral or alkaline within 1 metre. The potassium status is usually good but phosphorus is commonly held in forms not readily available to plants.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=71202
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit: