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Author: Andreas Nierhaus, Curator of Architecture/Wien Museum
Last updated January 2014
Architecture in Vienna
Vienna's 2,000-year history is present in a unique density in the cityscape. The layout of the center dates back to the Roman city and medieval road network. Romanesque and Gothic churches characterize the streets and squares as well as palaces and mansions of the baroque city of residence. The ring road is an expression of the modern city of the 19th century, in the 20th century extensive housing developments set accents in the outer districts. Currently, large-scale urban development measures are implemented; distinctive buildings of international star architects complement the silhouette of the city.
Due to its function as residence of the emperor and European power center, Vienna for centuries stood in the focus of international attention, but it was well aware of that too. As a result, developed an outstanding building culture, and still today on a worldwide scale only a few cities can come up with a comparable density of high-quality architecture. For several years now, Vienna has increased its efforts to connect with its historical highlights and is drawing attention to itself with some spectacular new buildings. The fastest growing city in the German-speaking world today most of all in residential construction is setting standards. Constants of the Viennese architecture are respect for existing structures, the palpability of historical layers and the dialogue between old and new.
Culmination of medieval architecture: the Stephansdom
The oldest architectural landmark of the city is St. Stephen's Cathedral. Under the rule of the Habsburgs, defining the face of the city from the late 13th century until 1918 in a decisive way, the cathedral was upgraded into the sacral monument of the political ambitions of the ruling house. The 1433 completed, 137 meters high southern tower, by the Viennese people affectionately named "Steffl", is a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture in Europe. For decades he was the tallest stone structure in Europe, until today he is the undisputed center of the city.
The baroque residence
Vienna's ascension into the ranks of the great European capitals began in Baroque. Among the most important architects are Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt. Outside the city walls arose a chain of summer palaces, including the garden Palais Schwarzenberg (1697-1704) as well as the Upper and Lower Belvedere of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1714-22). Among the most important city palaces are the Winter Palace of Prince Eugene (1695-1724, now a branch of the Belvedere) and the Palais Daun-Kinsky (auction house in Kinsky 1713-19). The emperor himself the Hofburg had complemented by buildings such as the Imperial Library (1722-26) and the Winter Riding School (1729-34). More important, however, for the Habsburgs was the foundation of churches and monasteries. Thus arose before the city walls Fischer von Erlach's Karlskirche (1714-39), which with its formal and thematic complex show façade belongs to the major works of European Baroque. In colored interior rooms like that of St. Peter's Church (1701-22), the contemporary efforts for the synthesis of architecture, painting and sculpture becomes visible.
Upgrading into metropolis: the ring road time (Ringstraßenzeit)
Since the Baroque, reflections on extension of the hopelessly overcrowed city were made, but only Emperor Franz Joseph ordered in 1857 the demolition of the fortifications and the connection of the inner city with the suburbs. 1865, the Ring Road was opened. It is as the most important boulevard of Europe an architectural and in terms of urban development achievement of the highest rank. The original building structure is almost completely preserved and thus conveys the authentic image of a metropolis of the 19th century. The public representational buildings speak, reflecting accurately the historicism, by their style: The Greek Antique forms of Theophil Hansen's Parliament (1871-83) stood for democracy, the Renaissance of the by Heinrich Ferstel built University (1873-84) for the flourishing of humanism, the Gothic of the Town Hall (1872-83) by Friedrich Schmidt for the medieval civic pride.
Dominating remained the buildings of the imperial family: Eduard van der Nüll's and August Sicardsburg's Opera House (1863-69), Gottfried Semper's and Carl Hasenauer's Burgtheater (1874-88), their Museum of Art History and Museum of Natural History (1871-91) and the Neue (New) Hofburg (1881-1918 ). At the same time the ring road was the preferred residential area of mostly Jewish haute bourgeoisie. With luxurious palaces the families Ephrussi, Epstein or Todesco made it clear that they had taken over the cultural leadership role in Viennese society. In the framework of the World Exhibition of 1873, the new Vienna presented itself an international audience. At the ring road many hotels were opened, among them the Hotel Imperial and today's Palais Hansen Kempinski.
Laboratory of modernity: Vienna around 1900
Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06) was one of the last buildings in the Ring road area Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06), which with it façade, liberated of ornament, and only decorated with "functional" aluminum buttons and the glass banking hall now is one of the icons of modern architecture. Like no other stood Otto Wagner for the dawn into the 20th century: His Metropolitan Railway buildings made the public transport of the city a topic of architecture, the church of the Psychiatric hospital at Steinhofgründe (1904-07) is considered the first modern church.
With his consistent focus on the function of a building ("Something impractical can not be beautiful"), Wagner marked a whole generation of architects and made Vienna the laboratory of modernity: in addition to Joseph Maria Olbrich, the builder of the Secession (1897-98) and Josef Hoffmann, the architect of the at the western outskirts located Purkersdorf Sanatorium (1904) and founder of the Vienna Workshop (Wiener Werkstätte, 1903) is mainly to mention Adolf Loos, with the Loos House at the square Michaelerplatz (1909-11) making architectural history. The extravagant marble cladding of the business zone stands in maximal contrast, derived from the building function, to the unadorned facade above, whereby its "nudity" became even more obvious - a provocation, as well as his culture-critical texts ("Ornament and Crime"), with which he had greatest impact on the architecture of the 20th century. Public contracts Loos remained denied. His major works therefore include villas, apartment facilities and premises as the still in original state preserved Tailor salon Knize at Graben (1910-13) and the restored Loos Bar (1908-09) near the Kärntner Straße (passageway Kärntner Durchgang).
Between the Wars: International Modern Age and social housing
After the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, Vienna became capital of the newly formed small country of Austria. In the heart of the city, the architects Theiss & Jaksch built 1931-32 the first skyscraper in Vienna as an exclusive residential address (Herrengasse - alley 6-8). To combat the housing shortage for the general population, the social democratic city government in a globally unique building program within a few years 60,000 apartments in hundreds of apartment buildings throughout the city area had built, including the famous Karl Marx-Hof by Karl Ehn (1925-30). An alternative to the multi-storey buildings with the 1932 opened International Werkbundsiedlung was presented, which was attended by 31 architects from Austria, Germany, France, Holland and the USA and showed models for affordable housing in greenfield areas. With buildings of Adolf Loos, André Lurçat, Richard Neutra, Gerrit Rietveld, the Werkbundsiedlung, which currently is being restored at great expense, is one of the most important documents of modern architecture in Austria.
Modernism was also expressed in significant Villa buildings: The House Beer (1929-31) by Josef Frank exemplifies the refined Wiener living culture of the interwar period, while the house Stonborough-Wittgenstein (1926-28, today Bulgarian Cultural Institute), built by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein together with the architect Paul Engelmann for his sister Margarete, by its aesthetic radicalism and mathematical rigor represents a special case within contemporary architecture.
Expulsion, war and reconstruction
After the "Anschluss (Annexation)" to the German Reich in 1938, numerous Jewish builders, architects (female and male ones), who had been largely responsible for the high level of Viennese architecture, have been expelled from Austria. During the Nazi era, Vienna remained largely unaffected by structural transformations, apart from the six flak towers built for air defense of Friedrich Tamms (1942-45), made of solid reinforced concrete which today are present as memorials in the cityscape.
The years after the end of World War II were characterized by the reconstruction of the by bombs heavily damaged city. The architecture of those times was marked by aesthetic pragmatism, but also by the attempt to connect with the period before 1938 and pick up on current international trends. Among the most important buildings of the 1950s are Roland Rainer's City Hall (1952-58), the by Oswald Haerdtl erected Wien Museum at Karlsplatz (1954-59) and the 21er Haus of Karl Schwanzer (1958-62).
The youngsters come
Since the 1960s, a young generation was looking for alternatives to the moderate modernism of the reconstruction years. With visionary designs, conceptual, experimental and above all temporary architectures, interventions and installations, Raimund Abraham, Günther Domenig, Eilfried Huth, Hans Hollein, Walter Pichler and the groups Coop Himmelb(l)au, Haus-Rucker-Co and Missing Link rapidly got international attention. Although for the time being it was more designed than built, was the influence on the postmodern and deconstructivist trends of the 1970s and 1980s also outside Austria great. Hollein's futuristic "Retti" candle shop at Charcoal Market/Kohlmarkt (1964-65) and Domenig's biomorphic building of the Central Savings Bank in Favoriten (10th district of Vienna - 1975-79) are among the earliest examples, later Hollein's Haas-Haus (1985-90), the loft conversion Falkestraße (1987/88) by Coop Himmelb(l)au or Domenig's T Center (2002-04) were added. Especially Domenig, Hollein, Coop Himmelb(l)au and the architects Ortner & Ortner (ancient members of Haus-Rucker-Co) by orders from abroad the new Austrian and Viennese architecture made a fixed international concept.
MuseumQuarter and Gasometer
Since the 1980s, the focus of building in Vienna lies on the compaction of the historic urban fabric that now as urban habitat of high quality no longer is put in question. Among the internationally best known projects is the by Ortner & Ortner planned MuseumsQuartier in the former imperial stables (competition 1987, 1998-2001), which with institutions such as the MUMOK - Museum of Modern Art Foundation Ludwig, the Leopold Museum, the Kunsthalle Wien, the Architecture Center Vienna and the Zoom Children's Museum on a wordwide scale is under the largest cultural complexes. After controversies in the planning phase, here an architectural compromise between old and new has been achieved at the end, whose success as an urban stage with four million visitors (2012) is overwhelming.
The dialogue between old and new, which has to stand on the agenda of building culture of a city that is so strongly influenced by history, also features the reconstruction of the Gasometer in Simmering by Coop Himmelb(l)au, Wilhelm Holzbauer, Jean Nouvel and Manfred Wehdorn (1999-2001). Here was not only created new housing, but also a historical industrial monument reinterpreted into a signal in the urban development area.
New Neighborhood
In recent years, the major railway stations and their surroundings moved into the focus of planning. Here not only necessary infrastructural measures were taken, but at the same time opened up spacious inner-city residential areas and business districts. Among the prestigious projects are included the construction of the new Vienna Central Station, started in 2010 with the surrounding office towers of the Quartier Belvedere and the residential and school buildings of the Midsummer quarter (Sonnwendviertel). Europe's largest wooden tower invites here for a spectacular view to the construction site and the entire city. On the site of the former North Station are currently being built 10,000 homes and 20,000 jobs, on that of the Aspangbahn station is being built at Europe's greatest Passive House settlement "Euro Gate", the area of the North Western Railway Station is expected to be developed from 2020 for living and working. The largest currently under construction residential project but can be found in the north-eastern outskirts, where in Seaside Town Aspern till 2028 living and working space for 40,000 people will be created.
In one of the "green lungs" of Vienna, the Prater, 2013, the WU campus was opened for the largest University of Economics of Europe. Around the central square spectacular buildings of an international architect team from Great Britain, Japan, Spain and Austria are gathered that seem to lead a sometimes very loud conversation about the status quo of contemporary architecture (Hitoshi Abe, BUSarchitektur, Peter Cook, Zaha Hadid, NO MAD Arquitectos, Carme Pinós).
Flying high
International is also the number of architects who have inscribed themselves in the last few years with high-rise buildings in the skyline of Vienna and make St. Stephen's a not always unproblematic competition. Visible from afar is Massimiliano Fuksas' 138 and 127 meters high elegant Twin Tower at Wienerberg (1999-2001). The monolithic, 75-meter-high tower of the Hotel Sofitel at the Danube Canal by Jean Nouvel (2007-10), on the other hand, reacts to the particular urban situation and stages in its top floor new perspectives to the historical center on the other side.
Also at the water stands Dominique Perrault's DC Tower (2010-13) in the Danube City - those high-rise city, in which since the start of construction in 1996, the expansion of the city north of the Danube is condensed symbolically. Even in this environment, the slim and at the same time striking vertically folded tower of Perrault is beyond all known dimensions; from its Sky Bar, from spring 2014 on you are able to enjoy the highest view of Vienna. With 250 meters, the tower is the tallest building of Austria and almost twice as high as the St. Stephen's Cathedral. Vienna, thus, has acquired a new architectural landmark which cannot be overlooked - whether it also has the potential to become a landmark of the new Vienna, only time will tell. The architectural history of Vienna, where European history is presence and new buildings enter into an exciting and not always conflict-free dialogue with a great and outstanding architectural heritage, in any case has yet to offer exciting chapters.
Info: The folder "Architecture: From Art Nouveau to the Presence" is available at the Vienna Tourist Board and can be downloaded on www.wien.info/media/files/guide-architecture-in-wien.pdf.
Plešivec is an ancient seat of the Bubek family. The Ákoš family, the ancestors of the Bubeks, received it from King Belo IV. in 1243, after the battle on the Slaná River, where the ancestor of the Bubeks, Detrik, allegedly saved the king’s life. After stabilizing his position in 1320, Dominik Bubek built a water castle in Plešivec. In its vicinity, he built a monumental church, which also served as a burial place for the representatives of the family. It was constructed on the site of an older church built by his ancestors. The church, originally nearly twice as long as it is now, was a two-nave Gothic building with a polygonal ending of the chancel, originally vaulted on the central pillars.
From 1349, we have a record of the request of Juraj Bubek to the Pope for the possibility of collecting the indulgences to finance its construction. In the middle of the 14th century, the interior of the church was completed with fresco paintings of very high quality, carried out by Italian masters. In the first quarter of the 15th century, the church was completed with the north-facing funeral chapel of the Bubeks, built according to the pattern of the Spiš funeral chapels. We enter into the chapel through an impressive portal, the architecture of which is associated with the works of the Cathedral of St. Elizabeth in Košice. In its interior, we find three three-part late Gothic windows with an original tracery in the ogive arch shape and corbels of the former vaults.
In 1558, at the time of the Turkish threat, the church was severely damaged, the vault collapsed and the building remained as a ruin until its reconstruction in 1617. By that time, the church was taken over by the reformed believers who reduced its layout to its current length of 19 meters; they covered the nave with a flat ceiling and closed the entrance to the unused chapel. At that stage, the entrance to the church was established from the south and three window openings were made on the south wall. From that period comes a valuable matroneum with painted decorations from 1627. In 1807, a bell-tower was built, a beautiful example of the so-called Gemer classicism.
This was the first mosque built in Malmö, at first I used to see it at a distance often when my family drove from rural Hofterup where we lived, to the Urban Malmoe to shop or similar…
the minarets were added later, at first it was only the main building…
later on a would visit it several times, both as part of my education but also later with muslim friends I had…
Peace and Noise MushroomBrain exploring religious architecture
Today's edition of "armchair traveling during the Coronavirus lockdown" takes me back, one year ago today, to our Rhine River Cruise. We visited Heidelberg Castle on top of the hill overlooking the town which is located along the Neckar River. The Church of the Holy Spirit, aka Heidelberg Cathedral. In 1398, the foundations of the current late Gothic church were laid on the site of a late Romanesque basilica which, in turn, had been erected in the place of an even older church. Thus the current church is the third sacral building on the site.
Amalfi Cathedral is a 9th-century Roman Catholic cathedral in Amalfi, Italy. Predominantly of Arab-Norman Romanesque architectural style, it has been remodeled several times, adding Romanesque, Byzantine, Gothic, and Baroque elements.
Many thanks for your visits / comments / faves!
The monastery of the Benedictine Order at Pannonhalma was founded in 996 in Western Hungary and had a major role in the diffusion of Christianity in medieval Central Europe. The monastery shows a stratification of different architectural styles and various buildings.
Among these buildings: a school (the first ever school founded in the country), the monastic complex – home to the monks whose life is still based on St. Benedict’s Rule ‘Ora et labora’ -, the tourist welcome points and hospitality facilities, the Chapel of Our Lady, the Millennium Chapel and the botanical and herbal gardens.
www.comece.eu/christian-artworks-benedictine-archabbey-of...
World Tour 2013 - 2014 - day 150
My first day in Lhassa started by the visit of the Jokhang, Palace which was, like the Potala Palace, built in the 7'th century under king Songtsen Gampo reign.
Sawing the inconsistency of a woman phoning while prosterning at the gate of this sacral palace I could not resist to the peasure of photographing the action.
The HD video of the journey can be seen here
www.dailymotion.com/video/x19l2t6_le-tibet-en-solo-vers-l...
Statues of Christian saint with angels, inside the Church of St Peter and St Paul, the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Đakovo-Osijek, a neo-Gothic sacral structure built in 1898, located in Osijek, Osijek-Baranja county, Slavonia region of Croatia.
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New project.
In my region are a lot of puplic and sacral buildings made out of concrete. Most of them are from the 70s. Some are built by famous architects like Alvar Aalto.
I will try to collect them all.
Built: 1976
Architect: Hans-Victor Schönfeld
Church of St. John of Dukla and Monastery of Bernadine monks - the church with two towers was built between 1761 and 1764 in the late baroque style. The temple was extended from 1890 to 1902 when a chapel of St. John of Dukla was built and the main nave was enlarged. Also monastery building was added. The interior dates back to the turn of the 19th century. The paintings of Tadeusz Popiel present scenes from life of St. John of Dukla. There is a silver coffin with relics of St. John. Pope John Paul II came to Dukla on 9th of August, a day before the canonization event and he spent a night in the monastery
Dominikuszentrum - Munich
The "Dominikuszentrum" forms the cultural and intellectual focus for the newly developed Nordheide district of Munich. The chapel and the various social and cultural facilities are grouped around a central inner courtyard. The chapel, which can be extended into the inner courtyard, is the centrepiece of the complex. The dominant material used for the building is a red peat-fired brick. The interior of the chapel features a lining of blue-glazed brick. The figure of the Virgin Mary is made of translucent alabaster lit from behind. The other spaces are all notably restrained in their design: plain white walls, cast industrial floorings and built-in fittings made from packing-case plywood are the dominant design elements.
Kościół św. Stanisława, ul. Jana III Sobieskiego, Frydman, 23 sierpnia 2012 r.
Wybudowany w stylu gotyckim kościół jest najstarszym zabytkiem architektury sakralnej na Podtatrzu. Kościół otacza mur z dwiema bramami i dzwonnicą. Wieżę zwieńcza attyka z końca XVIII w.
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Church of St. Stanislaus, Jana III Sobieskiego str., Frydman, August 23, 2012
Built as Gothic, the church is the oldest example of sacral architecture in the region. The church is surrounded by a wall with two gates and a belltower. The church tower is topped by a late-18th-century attic.
Triangle is one of the most inspiring geometrical figures. I often draw it on the sheets of paper while thinking. I choose this particular figure in that notorious test where a person needs to choose a geometrical figure and then find out what kind of person he is.
Everything is beautiful about triangle. It possesses ideal symmetry – three angles and three lines. It can be drawn under different angles and as a result undergo different modifications. A triangle is strongly connected with the number three, that has sacral meaning. People are as well as triangles have three components: body, soul and spirit.
Triangle pointed with its top up means fire element. It is the symbol of male beginning. Triangle pointed with its top down means womb. It is the symbol of female beginning.
Everything in life longs for harmony. A person, in my perception, is like a mythological Androgyne, unites both male and female beginnings. There is no talking about primary sexual characters that traditionally distinguish people into males and females. I’m writing about male beginning in a woman and female beginning in a man.
When people start to discuss this theme they start to use the same phrase all over again – ‘But in our times….’ (at least they say so in Russia). And here come millions of conclusions why the generic behavior has been changed so much in the past decades. To my mind, people haven’t changed that much. The conditions of our lives become better, discoveries have been made, inventions have been created, we become more estrange from the nature. But in essence, we are those former individuals. The same questions have been bothering us from the very beginning of humanity: who are we, where did we come from and where do we go. In this sense, people are only different in the degree of male or female beginning domination in them.
I am not trying to glorify women with their new society statues and with the creation of the new woman type – manwoman. As well as I’m not trying to abuse men and blame them for the unmanly. I only try to give a hint that the presence of both beginnings in the individual contributes to his spiritual enrichment and helps him to move to the further level of life perception. A person should only find the harmony in these two components.
A woman favors with good. She is merciful and hearty. She is the guardian of the family, loving wife and caring mother. A woman can have o lot of male beginning in her. A male beginning can even dominate her, but nevertheless, she stays compassionate and gracious. It is my way. A way to the harmony. A way to the full understanding of me as a woman and acceptance of my male beginning.
Dear all, if you have any ideas toward the male and female beginnings in us, I would love to read them. Thank you very much for reading this. I wish you all harmony!
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Church of Our Lady Bruges - Belgium
- Van nekem egy életreszóló, óriási szerelmem. Úgy hívják őt, hogy Michelangelo Buonarroti. 1501-1504 között kifaragta a Bruggei Madonna című remekművét, melyet Belgiumban, Brugge-ben, a Church of Our Lady Bruges-ben lehet megtekinteni. Jobban mondva, lehetne... A templom felújítás alatt áll, az oldalhajót lezárták a látogatók elől. Egy bizonyos szögben lehet 2 Euróért megközelíteni egy oszlopot, ami mögül épphogy lehet oldalról látni. A látványt még rontja az üvegdoboz, amivel védik a szobrot a felújítás alatt (bár, azt mondják a helyiek, hogy amikor Rómában egy őrült megtámadta a szobrász Pieta c. alkotását, akkor került fel ez a védőüveg. Azt gondoltam, hogy nem jöhetek addig el onnan, amíg legalább valamennyire szemtől-szemben nem álltam csodálatom tárgyával. Bemásztam félig hason csúszva pár pad és cementes zsák mögé, egy oszlop takarásában elővettem a 200-as telét, és fél kézzel, hason fekve rajta a fotóstáskán igyekeztem megörökíteni. Kifele láttam, hogy a templomőr bácsi fulladozva nevet rajtam.
New project.
In my region are a lot of puplic and sacral buildings made out of concrete. Most of them are from the 70s. Some are built by famous architects like Alvar Aalto.
I will try to collect them all.
Built: 1969 - 1972
Architects: Friedrich Berndt, Werner Benecken
Il secondo chakra, chiamato anche "Chrakra Sacrale", è situato nella parte anteriore del corpo, 2 dita sotto l'ombelico, mentre nella parte posteriore si trova vicino all'osso sacro. Questo è il primo dei 5 chakra bipolari ed orientati orizzontalmente.
Sul piano fisico esercita la sua influenza sulla digestione e l'assorbimento delle sostanze nutritive a livello dell'intestino, la secrezione dei succhi gastrici, gli ormoni le funzioni riproduttive, ed è quindi legato a tutti i problemi di carattere sessuale, l'apparato urinario, sul sistema circolatorio e su quello linfatico.
E' il chakra legato all'espressione della sessualità, al senso del piacere e del dolore fisico, al senso del tatto come sensazione del proprio corpo, alla creatività, alla conoscenza non di tipo mentale, ma come percezione diretta della realtà, all'attenzione, alla concentrazione, al bisogno di socializzare e di esprimere le propria personalità.
Il suo simbolo è formato da una falce di luna racchiusa in un cerchio, rappresentazione dell'elemento acqua.
Quando il chakra è attivo e armonioso l'individuo si prende cura di se e riesce ad individuare le cose giuste per il suo corpo, manifesta liberamente i proprio desideri e passioni, e riesce a mettere e fuoco la realtà che lo circonda.
Quando il chakra è semi bloccato o poco attivo si avrà stress in ambito sessuale e mentale, problemi legati alla libido, blocco delle emozioni, l'individuo sarà a terra energeticamente, senza passioni e desideri e con scarso interesse per il sesso, stati ansiosi, di timore e paura ingiustificata. I soggetti che tendono a pensare troppo, rischiano di svuotare energeticamente questo chakra
Tra le patologie che si possono presentare troviamo: eiaculazione precoce o impotenza nell'uomo, frigidità nella donna, disturbi dei reni e della vescica, del sistema circolatorio, del flusso mestruale e della produzione di sperma.
Nel caso invece che il chakra sia iper-attivo l'individuo sarà estremamente emotivo, con tendenza a drammatizzare le situazioni, ed in alcuni casi può verificarsi una ricerca del sesso quasi ossessiva.
Two churches and a fallen veterans memorial in Sošice village, in Žumberak area mountain-range. The village has 77 inhabitants, while the churches are Sts Peter and Paul's Greek Catholic Church from the 18th century and Virgin Mary's Assumption Roman Catholic chapel from the beginning of the 19th century. The Fallen veterans memorial is for local veterans fallen during World War II.
Taken with Panasonic GX7 camera and Olympus Zuiko Digital 50–200mm F2.8–3.5 tele-lens via no-name knock off FourThirds–microFourThirds adapter.
Taken in late November 2017., we managed to catch excellent weather.