View allAll Photos Tagged sacral
a niche and stained glass window within St. Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh. I liked this one especially with its warm tones and the additional altar in the foreground. A beautiful sight for certain.
Happy Windows Wednesday!
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Dienstag, der 09.02.2021
Bei herrlichem Sonnenschein und minus 4 Grad lohnte sich ein kleiner Spaziergang um das Quirinus Münster und runter zum Hafen.
Interior of the beautiful St. Giles Cathedral in the Scottish capital. Its stained glass windows are a sight to behold.
Happy Windows Wednesday!
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©Andreas Dlugosch
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Info hier:
www.klostergars.de/geschichte.html
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Dieses Foto ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Ohne meine vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung darf das Foto weder ganz, noch auszugsweise kopiert, verändert, vervielfältigt oder veröffentlicht werden.
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©Andreas Dlugosch
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Info hier:
www.puerten.com/index.php/35-kirche-puerten
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The Monastery at Lébény was established between 1199 and 1203, by a nobleman, for private worship. The complex was dedicated to the Apostle Saint James the Great. Though the existing charter for approving the donations and construction was signed by Andreas II (1208), one of the walls of the church had “1206” engraved in them, which may indicate that the church was already built at that time. It is also mentioned in the RegestrumVaradiense (an important language memorial), which was made in the late cathedral chapter of the present Oradea (Nagyvárad) in the 13th century. The monastery of Lébény was attacked and burnt down several times; the first by Mongols, then the second by King Ottokar I of Bohemia; and thereafter by the Turks, which was probably in 1529 and definitely in 1683. The monastery was taken back from the Turks by the arch-abbot of Pannonhalma in 1540. He named a new abbot, though the title only existed on paper for a little bit longer than two decades. In 1563 the monastery was burnt down again for the third time and was left devoured. Presently, the only part of the complex that is still standing is the iconic three-nave Romanesque church in the middle of Lébény village. This church is one of the most important Romanesque style buildings of Hungary, which was most probably restored in the 17th century by the Jesuits, and it was the first ever Hungarian monument that was restored in the second half of the 19th century. In addition, the Romanesque church is also operating as a parish of the village.
The church in Lidzbark Warmiński, under the invocation of Saints Peter and Paul, is a late Gothic, oriented brick building. The church’s rectangular-plan body holds a nave, two aisles and five bays.
The building adjoins a multi-storey chancel to the south and a five-storey tower to the east, whose exterior is decorated with manifold cavities. The church is accessed via a two-story baroque gate, dating from 1760 and topped with a lantern. Twelve terracotta figures of the apostles, made in Munich, are placed on the wall separating the church from the presbytery. The interior of the building is covered with star vaults supported by eight pillars and four pilasters.
(funduszfilmowy.warmia.mazury.pl/en/lokacje-filmowe/lidzba...)
Dieses Foto entstand im Sommer 2018, aufgenommen habe ich es mit meiner Olympus E-M10 Mk. II und einem Kitobjektiv (14-42mm).
Es zeigt die Einhard-Basilika in Seligenstadt, aufgenommen vom Klostergarten des Benediktinerklosters in Seligenstadt.
Saint Michael’s Cathedral of Alba Iulia was built between 1247 and 1291, which makes it contemporary to the famous Notre Dame of Paris. Furthermore, it appears that a great French architect, Villard de Honnecourt, contributed to its design. In addition to being the oldest and the longest cathedral in Romania (at 89.16 m measured along its axis), it is also considered the most important monument of Romanesque architecture in Transylvania.
"Misteriose e segrete figure femminili, le Krivapete sfuggono a monolitiche interpretazioni. Sono donne d'erbe, maghe, streghe, dee, eretiche, benandanti, donne sacre, o semplicemente donne selvatiche. In questo studio, che unisce credo leggerezza poetica e rigore scientifico, ho scomposto e ricomposto l'affascinante e multiforme identità delle Krivapete, dalla sacralità dell'archetipo femminile nella cultura della Immanente Dea Madre del Neolitico, alla svalutazione d'essere donna, e 'diversa', nella cultura post-pagana del Trascendente Dio Padre. Anche il nome, di lingua slovena, ha diversi significati (la potenza del numinoso è sempre duale) il più interessante è 'donna con i piedi per dietro' e 'donna che va contro le regole sociali'..."
Le Krivapete delle Valli del Natisone - un'altra storia" -
Autrice Aldina De Stefano. Collaborazione delle donne delle Valli.
Urheberrecht bei Andreas Dlugosch
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©Andreas Dlugosch
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Info hier:
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter_und_Paul_(Palmberg)
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A cheerful stone, Sandstone keeps those annoying tantrums and mood swings under control. When used on the Sacral chakra, Sandstone can help you discern the truth among those around you and to keep your mind clear when making decisions.
The church of St. Bartholomew was built in 1600, and then over the centuries it was altered and restored a number of times.
The log church is oriented towards the East, and comprises a post-and-frame tower, a post-and-beam vestibule as well as a brick sacristy, which was added later. The nave is covered with a double-pitched roof and the chancel with a slightly lower three-pitched roof. The roof over the nave features a neo-Baroque turret. The tower with tapered walls, comprises a top chamber, and is clad with wood boards, and topped with a bulbous cupola.
Inside there is a coved ceiling, and barrel vault in the sacristy. The gallery is supported by four pillars. The entrance from the chancel to the sacristy is framed with ogee arch. The doors to the side of the nave feature the reinstalled Gothic fittings and a hammered lock from ca. 1600.
The Baroque and late Baroque furnishings inside include the high altar from the 1700s, two side altars at the entrance to the chancel from the 1600s, a unique pomegranate-shaped pulpit from the 1700s, as well as a Baroque chalice-shaped baptismal font made from black marble from the 1700s. The benches from 1756 are embellished with painted representations of the Apostles, representatives of various social strata, and scenes from the New Testament. The late-Baroque confessional, dating from the same time, is also decorated with paintings.
In Rogi, there once was a fortified castle, and relics of the ramparts can still be seen here. A reference to the castle, dating from 1462, can be found in a document related to the division of the estate between Czarnocki brothers. According to the document, the stronghold had two towers.
sad.podkarpackie.travel/en/trail-points/krosno-brzozow-tr...
Euphrasiana Basilica is one of the most precious cultural monuments of the city of Porec and one of the most important sacral buildings in Croatia. You can find the Euphrasian Basilica on the northern side of the Old Town peninsula.
In the period from the 3rd to the 6th century, four church buildings were built in Porec, which was initially still under Roman influence and was known as "Julia Parentium". Of these four sacral buildings, only the Basilica of Euphrasius, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997, is still preserved.
The interior of the basilica, magnificently decorated with mosaics and works of art, and the other buildings of the complex, such as the atrium, the baptistery and, of course, the bell tower towering over the old town, attract visitors and believers from all over the world every day. From the 35 m high bell tower, which was built in 1522, guests enjoy a fantastic view over one of the most beautiful old towns of the Istrian region.
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de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nikolaus_(G%C3%B6ppenham)
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The Basilica was built next to the ancient church of San Giorgio, the site of the first burial of both Saint Francis in 1226 and Saint Clare in 1253.
The construction of the Basilica and the Monastery next to it began in 1257, two years after the canonization of Clare. The body of the Saint was placed under the high altar on 3 October 1260. The solemn consecration of the Basilica was celebrated in 1265.
The typical facade, like the whole basilical complex, is embellished on the outside with alternating strips of white and pink stone from Subasio. Three large arches built at the end of 1300 are visible to the left of the building. The interior of the Basilica, which once had to be entirely frescoed, is linear and clear in its Gothic structure with a Latin cross and a single nave ending in a transept with a polygonal apse.
A jewel among churches - the wooden Church of St. St. Nicholas is one of the oldest and most beautiful wooden churches in Slovakia. The three-part log building with a richly ornamented shingled roof and three towers was built in 1658. In 2008 it was entered in the UNESCO World Heritage List together with seven other wooden churches from the area of Slovak Carpathians.
The sacral monument is a part of a unique complex located in the center of Bodružal in the Svidník district. In addition to the temple, it also consists of a separate bell tower, an adjacent cemetery and a wooden fence with a shingled roof and an entrance gate covered by a conical roof.
The three church towers symbolizing the Holy Trinity will catch your attention for sure. The highest tower houses the bells, which were used for military purposes at the beginning of the World War I - the inhabitants of the village replaced them in the second half of the 1920s. The oldest preserved bell features the inscription “1759”.
www.severovychod.sk/vylet/dreveny-chram-bodruzal-unesco?l...
Church of St. John of Dukla and Monastery of Bernadine monks - the church with two towers was built between 1761 and 1764 in the late baroque style. The temple was extended from 1890 to 1902 when a chapel of St. John of Dukla was built and the main nave was enlarged. Also monastery building was added. The interior dates back to the turn of the 19th century. The paintings of Tadeusz Popiel present scenes from life of St. John of Dukla. There is a silver coffin with relics of St. John. Pope John Paul II came to Dukla on 9th of August, a day before the canonization event and he spent a night in the monastery
The Archbasilica of The Most Holy Saviour and of Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist, commonly known as St John Lateran, is situated in the area of the Caelian Hill.
Originally, before the construction of the basilica, the ancient family of the Laterani owned the area, and lived nearby. The Annales of Tacitus in the year 65 AD record a confiscation of the land by the Emperor Nero, due to the involvement of some members of the family in a plot against him.
The land subsequently passed into the possession of a certain Fausta, the wife of Flavius Valerius Constantinus, who after the death of his father in 306 was proclaimed emperor.
Emperor Constantine – through the Edict of Milan - gave freedom of worship to the Christian community in 313. So as to give the nascent Church a suitable place for celebrating its feasts, he gave to Pope Melchiades the lands of the Lateran estate, that had come to him as part of his wife’s dowry, in order that the Pope might build a church there.
The Basilica, consecrated in 324 by Pope Sylvester I, was dedicated to The Most Holy Saviour. In the 9th century Pope Sergius III also dedicated it to Saint John the Baptist and in the 12th century Pope Lucius II added Saint John the Evangelist to the title.
From the 4th to the 14th century, when the pope moved to Avignon, the Lateran was the main seat of the papacy, thus becoming the symbol and the heart of the Church’s life.
In 1378, with the election of Gregory XI, the see of the pontiff returned to Rome, but the Pope decided to move the seat of power to the Vatican, since the Lateran was in very poor condition.
In 1650, Pope Innocent X commissioned a wholesale reconstruction the Basilica, entrusting the work to Francesco Borromini.
www.iubilaeum2025.va/en/pellegrinaggio/cammini-giubilari-...
The verb blóta meant "to worship with blood sacrifice", or "to strengthen".
The written sources and the archaeological record indicate that in Old Norse religious practice the sacrifice of animals, particularly pigs and horses, played a significant part in the blót. More than just a simple sacrifice, the blót was central to all the ritual activities that took place in Norse sacral structures. Closer in conception to a gift, the blót usually involved killing animals, and sometimes humans, in ritual fashion with their blood being poured into bowls or onto stones. Twigs were dipped into the liquid and shaken, throwing a spray onto the onlookers and the buildings. At the temple-hall of Hofstaðir in northern Iceland, oxen were decapitated in seasonal rituals for many years. Osteological analysis of the bones shows that the animals were killed with blows to the neck by axe or sword. This method was intended to produce the spectacle of a shower of arterial blood.
The ritual killing of animals was followed by feasts on the meat, as described in the Eddic and Scaldic poetry, the Icelandic sagas, and on rune stones.
The meat was boiled in large cooking pits with heated stones, either indoors or outdoors, and ale or mead (mjöð) was drunk in the ceremony.[
Dienstag, 09.02.2021, Sonnenschein und angenehme minus 6 Grad.
Das St. Quirinus-Münster ist das bedeutendste Bauwerk in Neuss und es ist eine der romanischen Kostbarkeiten im Rheinland. Es wurde in den Jahren zwischen 1209 und 1230 erbaut und am 6. Oktober 2009 von Papst Benedikt XVI., auf Bitte des Kölner Erzbischofs Joachim Kardinal Meisner, in den Stand einer Basilica minor erhoben.
Tuesday, February 9th, 2021,
sunshine and a pleasant minus 6 degrees.
The St. Quirinus Minster is the most important building in Neuss and it is one of the Romanesque treasures in the Rhineland. It was built between 1209 and 1230 and on October 6, 2009 Pope Benedict XVI raised it to the status of a minor basilica at the request of Archbishop Joachim Meisner of Cologne.
"È un recinto quadrato, un vaso incassato nella terra. Sul fondo un reticolo di piccoli mattoni porosi, lungo il bordo un canale sottile dove scorreva l' acqua. Siamo a Nemi, castelli romani, sulla riva settentrionale del lago che la leggenda vuole fosse lo specchio di Diana, la dea della caccia e dei giovani che si affacciavano all' età adulta. Quel vaso, sostiene l' archeologo Filippo Coarelli, potrebbe essere l' alloggiamento dell'albero fra i cui rami ce n'era uno che un' altra leggenda racconta fosse d' oro e avesse un potere speciale: la sua storia viene narrata da autori greci e latini e poi giunge fino a James Frazer, l' antropologo e storico delle religioni che intitolò Il ramo d'oro la monumentale opera, scritta fra il 1890 e il 1915, in cui si ragionava di magia, di scienza e dell'origine sacrale della regalità. «Nel santuario di Nemi», scrive Frazer, «cresceva un albero da cui non era lecito spezzare alcun ramo. Soltanto uno schiavo fuggitivo, se ci fosse riuscito, poteva spezzarne uno. In questo caso egli aveva il diritto di battersi col sacerdote e, se l' uccideva, regnava in sua vece col titolo di re del bosco, rex nemorensis ». Frazer racconta culture primitive e rintraccia il ripetersi di alcune costanti negli usi e nei riti di diversi popoli. Il punto di partenza della sua indagine è questo lago di struggente bellezza, al centro di una conca rivestita dai colori duri e intensi di un vulcano spento. Qui Frazer ha soggiornato e ha letto le storie, narrate da Strabone, Pausania, Ovidio e altri ancora, di quel rituale, sanguinario e magico, che affidava a un duello mortale l' investitura del rex nemorensis, sacerdote di Diana e sovrano della comunità (ma un ramo d' oro figura anche nell' Eneide: serve a Enea per scendere nell' Ade). I candidati al duello, per sfidare il possessore del titolo, dovevano impadronirsi del ramo d' oro strappandolo da un albero sacro alla dea.
[ ...]«In questo rituale si riconosce una struttura primitiva che richiedeva al re, capo militare oltre che politico e religioso, straordinaria efficienza fisica. Il duello serviva a confermarla e qualora questa fosse venuta meno, il re era destinato a decadere e morire». Una specie di ordalia, dunque: questo luogo sarebbe poi diventato il centro federale della lega latina, dove i rappresentanti delle comunità si riunivano per le grandi occasioni civili e religiose, e da dove scaturiva la stessa originaria identità latina."
Estratto da un articolo di Francesco Erbani pubblicato sul quotidiano “La Repubblica” il 17 febbraio 2010
The church of St. Bartholomew was built in 1600, and then over the centuries it was altered and restored a number of times.
The log church is oriented towards the East, and comprises a post-and-frame tower, a post-and-beam vestibule as well as a brick sacristy, which was added later. The nave is covered with a double-pitched roof and the chancel with a slightly lower three-pitched roof. The roof over the nave features a neo-Baroque turret. The tower with tapered walls, comprises a top chamber, and is clad with wood boards, and topped with a bulbous cupola.
Inside there is a coved ceiling, and barrel vault in the sacristy. The gallery is supported by four pillars. The entrance from the chancel to the sacristy is framed with ogee arch. The doors to the side of the nave feature the reinstalled Gothic fittings and a hammered lock from ca. 1600.
The Baroque and late Baroque furnishings inside include the high altar from the 1700s, two side altars at the entrance to the chancel from the 1600s, a unique pomegranate-shaped pulpit from the 1700s, as well as a Baroque chalice-shaped baptismal font made from black marble from the 1700s. The benches from 1756 are embellished with painted representations of the Apostles, representatives of various social strata, and scenes from the New Testament. The late-Baroque confessional, dating from the same time, is also decorated with paintings.
In Rogi, there once was a fortified castle, and relics of the ramparts can still be seen here. A reference to the castle, dating from 1462, can be found in a document related to the division of the estate between Czarnocki brothers. According to the document, the stronghold had two towers.
sad.podkarpackie.travel/en/trail-points/krosno-brzozow-tr...
The Choir is a fundamental place in the spatial and functional conception of a Cathedral and its origin responds to a tradition linked to the Paleo-Christian basilicas, specifically in the “schola cantorum”. It is usual for the Choir to face the High Altar so that the liturgy can be followed. To this we must add that the cathedral clergy has altar and choir services as fundamental obligations, therefore, the Choir is an essential part, to the point that if there is no Choir there is no Cathedral.
The Choir is accessed through a Renaissance grille from the first half of the 16th century, completed by Francisco de Salamanca. The seats, made of different types of wood and where several authors took part, are from the beginning of the 16th century and have a magnificent sculptural and iconographic program. It should be noted that the 117 seat backs have completely different decorations, made with inlays based on Mudejar lacework. This type of Mudejar adornment in the Choir is only found in the Cathedral of Puebla in Mexico, where the influence of the Cathedral of Seville in New Spain is again evident.
In the center, a large Renaissance lectern, carved in wood, which was used to place the huge liturgical chant books. Dating from the second half of the 16th century, it was made, among others, by Juan Bautista Vázquez “the Old”, who also masterfully carved the Virgin with Child, who presides over the lectern.
Juste derrière toi, adieu.
Juste derrière l’image,
Se pose le regard sombre,
D’un cœur amer en pénombre,
Qui cherche le dépeçage,
D’un spectre de photographe,
Tu peux implorer ton holy,
Ton être de moi, démoli,
Je grave ton épitaphe,
« Mort au sein des ruines noires,
Il était le funambule,
De son âme crépuscule,
En image expiatoire. »
Je reste le dieu sépulcral,
De l’univers d’enfer sacral,
Adieu, l’acrobate des cieux,
Saint, tu peux rejoindre ton dieu.
Michaël Overberg
: The initial entryway and the stone reinforcing arches were constructed during a period of heavy threat from the Ottoman Empire. Because the Hungarian King granted Biertan the right to bear arms but not the funding for full city walls, the community heavily fortified their central church with three rings of stone walls, 9 defensive towers, and structural reinforcing arches.
The heavy, formal entrance door at the base of the gateway was built in 1780. It features distinct Renaissance-style styling, acting as the secure checkpoint regulating flow from the village central market square up to the sacred hilltop complex.
The entrance was masterfully planned as a defensive bottleneck. If attackers managed to break through the outer 1780 Renaissance portal, they were forced into a narrow, steep climb up the enclosed wooden staircase. This bottleneck stripped invaders of numerical advantages, making them easy targets for defensive forces stationed in the overlapping gate towers, who could rain down projectiles or hot liquids through specialized defensive openings
Die Russisch-Orthodoxe Kathedrale zum Heiligen Nikolaus steht im 3. Wiener Bezirk. Sie wurde zwischen 1893 – 1899 im Historismus erbaut und ist ein Fünfkuppelbau in der traditionellen russischen Sakralarchitektur.
The Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Nicholas is located in Vienna's 3rd district. It was built between 1893 - 1899 in the historicist style and is a five-domed building in the traditional Russian sacral architecture.
A farmstead from the Right-bank Cherkashchyna, beginning of 20th Century
A house of the year 1907 from Yasnozirka village in Cherkasskyi district of Cherkasska Region.
This farmstead of a prosperous farmer exemplifies a concept of an “open yard”. Its clean part is located at the fore, near the entrance: a house, a storeroom, a wall and a vault. The farmstead’s central place is occupied by the three-room house, consisting of a house, a mudroom, a solar and made of pine-tree saw beams with short open tips. One clean room – a solar – was separated in big double-halved houses. This is a lovely decorated room with painted icons and a national picture, framed by purchased “krolivetsky” embroidered towels and sacral festive items in front of them. A small box on a bench next to the pil (rest space) was made for keeping bead necklaces, strips, precious items, money, and documents.
An ordinary life of a farmer’s family is represented by the left-side house. Here they cooked, nursed babies, wove, spun yarn. A large chimney, common for the both stoves was placed in the mudroom. A mortar, a trough for bathing and a drawing-knife lay here on the floor.
Prosperity of the owner of the house is also evidenced by the yard. All service buildings here are quite big and notable for their difference and good building materials.
Садиба з Правобережної Черкащини початку ХХ ст.
Хата 1907 року села Яснозір`я-2 Черкаського району Черкаської області.
Садиба заможного селянина – це приклад «відкритого двору», де чиста частина розташована на першому плані при вході: хата, комора, криниця та погріб. Центральне місце на садибі відводилося хаті, за планом вона тридільна: хата, сіни, хата-світлиця, рублена із соснових пиляних брусів, з короткими випусками вінців. У великих просторих хатах на дві половини виділено одне чисте приміщення – світлиця, прибрана по-святковому: мальовані ікони, народна картинка в купованих червоних «кролівецьких» рушниках перед образами – святкові обрядові прикраси. Біля полу на лаві стоїть маленька скринька, в якій зберігалося намисто, стрічки, дукачі, гроші, документи.
У лівій хаті – щоденний побут селянської родини, де готувалася їжа, бавили дітей, ткали, пряли. У сінях великий спільний димохід для печей. На долівці стоїть ножна ступа, діжка-шаплик для купання, струг для вичинення шкіри.
Заможність господаря простежується і на подвір’ї. Господарські приміщення великі, відрізняються різноманітністю та гарним будівельним матеріалами, з яких вони зроблені.
Kalkar is a municipality in the district of Kleve, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the Rhine, approx. 10 km south-east of Cleves. The most famous building of Kalkar is its church St. Nicolai, which has one of the most significant sacral inventory from the late Middle Ages in Europe or the Brick Gothic town hall build in 1446.
Kalkar was founded by Dirk VI of Cleves in 1230 and received city rights in 1242. It was one of the seven "capitals" of Cleves (called Kleve), until the line of the Duchy of Cleves died out in 1609, whereupon the city went over to the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Marie of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves retired to Monreberg castle in Kalkar, where she founded a Dominican convent in 1455. Under her influence the city bloomed and artists were attracted to the favorable climate for cultural investment. She died at Monreberg castle in 1463.
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Mohelnice nad Jizerou, Bohemia)
The Roman Catholic Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Mohelnice nad Jizerou (Mladá Boleslav district) is a stone sacral building from the second half of the 12th century. The church falls under the parish-deanery of Mnichovo Hradiště. In addition to the church itself, a part of the protected area is also the adjacent functional cemetery with a morgue and a wall.
The single-nave church has a rectangular floor plan. It was built by sandstone from Hrubá Skála, the masonry of precisely machined blocks is row-shaped, while each row has a different height. On the west side of the church there is a prismatic tower, on the east there is an apse, inside there is a glass conch. On the north side is a pseudo-Romanesque sacristy and a cross vault, completed during reconstruction in 1876.
The church was restored in 1876 in the spirit of historical purism of the 19th century by the architect Josef Mocker, known for his reconstructions and completions of a number of important medieval monuments, including St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague and Karlštejn Castle. After this purist reconstruction, the original Romanesque church was significantly changed. The windows were modified and enlarged, the ceiling in the nave was replaced, the main entrance to the church was relocated and the floor in the church was raised. Of the original windows, only one small four-leaf rose in the shape of a four-leafed rose, located on the southwest side of the church, has been preserved. During the reconstruction, a new staircase was also built from ground level, making the entrance hall accessible through the entrance from the ground floor of the bell tower on the west side of the church.
(According to the Czech wiki)
DHW_4284 TOKINA
Tokina 11-16 is a good landscaped lens for ordinary amateurs. I bought it from a photographer-traveler ridiculous for 450 USD. I like the light and colors. But the chromatic aberration is scary! It can not be removed. But for chromatic aberration yet nobody died :)
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Turkistan, Kazakhstan.
Copyright © Piotr Gaborek. All rights reserved!! Please do not use this image on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit written permission.
The Coronation Cathedral dedicated to the Holy Trinity and the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel, is a Romanian Orthodox cathedral located in Alba Iulia,Romania. Built soon after and in commemoration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania, it is the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese of Alba Iulia.