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YX11 CTF & YX13 AHK by grahamwalker007

On their respective R9 workings in Homefield Rise, Orpington are Go-Ahead Metrobus 732 YX11 CTF with 761 YX13 AHK. Monday 2nd December 2024. DSCN61132.

YX11 CTF: AD E200Dart - AD Enviro200 10.2m.

YX13 AHK: AD E20D - AD Enviro200 10.8m.

Photo (c) GJW 2024.

Les Halles de Paris 1973 by JiPiR_1, colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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Landscape, painting, nature, art, public domain, vintage, retro, old, photograph, century, botany, graphics, antique, classic, history, historic, historical, archival, archive, lifestyles, nostalgia, nostalgic, old-fashioned, old-fashion, popular, bw, black and white, past, past times, past time, sepia, floral, 19th, historic photographs, art, image, colorful, art, painting, fineart, drawing, asar studios, portrait, landscape, people, nature, joy, happiness, figure, studio, botanical, flower, hand colored, print, ancestral, colorized, colorised, colourise, colorize, wwii

Group of men and boys, circa 1910 _colorSAI_result by Asar Studios

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Late June 1942 - Local work gang foreman Kabbara, assisting Sid Peters of the Australian 2__4 Anti-Malaria Control Unit, in Tripoli, Syria (now North Lebanon) by aus_3676, colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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1:72 Messerschmitt Me 510 A-2/U5 "Bremse"; 8./JG26, Flensburg; summer 1946 (Luft ‘46/whif/kitbashing) by Dizzyfugu

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

BEWARE: nothing you see here is real, even though many conversions and their respective background stories were built upon historical facts.

The Messerschmitt Me 510 was a further development of the Me 410 Hornisse ("Hornet"), a German heavy fighter and Schnellbomber used by the Luftwaffe during World War II. The 410 itself had a troubled start, because it essentially had only been a straightforward modification of the Me 210, which had suffered from serious stability flaws and had a bad reputation among its crews.

The 410 handled bettr but did not show much improvement in performance, though. Me 410 deliveries began in January 1943, two years later than the original plan had called for, and continued until September 1944, by which point a total of 1.160 of all versions had been produced by Messerschmitt Augsburg and Dornier München. When it arrived, it was liked by its crews, even though its performance was not enough to protect it from the swarms of high performance allied fighters they faced.

Still not giving up on the original construction (and with the jigs and tools still available), Messerschmitt started in early 1944 with research into further means of improving the Me 410's performance. One direction was the addition of one or two jets under the fuselage as boosters for combat situations.
Another design path, which eventually led to the Me 510, was the development of turboprop and compound engines as propulsion options, which were based on the respective pure jet engines but offered much better performance and fuel economy than the pure jets. It would also be the more efficient solution compared to added turbojets for pure piston planes, since no dead weight had to be carried, and the overall system was less complex than a mixed powerplant system.

This turboprop concept, as best compromise between performance and short-term readiness for service, was chosen and the modified aircraft, called Messerschmitt Me 510, came to be. The design target was to outperform the Me 410 with as little change to the overall construction as possible, so that old tooling could be used for new aircraft cells. Alternatively, old aircraft should potentially be converted to the improved standard.

Core of the new development was the compact HeS 021 turboprop, a PTL development of the HeS 011 jet engine which was also planned for Focke Wulfs FW P.0310226-127 fighter (a turboprop version of the light 'Flitzer' day fighter). This engine was theoretically to deliver up to 3.300hp (2.426 kw) shaft output, plus 1.100kg (2.424 lb) additional thrust, even though serial types would produce less power under the aspect of reliability.

In order to incorporate this engine into the modified Me 410 a new main wing with laminar profile and new engine nacelles had to be designed. The HeS 021sat in the front part of the engine nacelles above the wings, driving four-bladed propellers. The landing gear retracted into the nacelle's lower section, rotating 90°, much like the Me 410, with the exhaust running above the landing gear wells.

In order to improve directional stability further, the tail surfaces were slightly enlarged, receiving characteristic, square tips. The fuselage was more or less taken from the original Me 410, since it offered a very good field of view and appropriate aerodynamics. With this package, the idea of retrofitting former Me 410 cells was kept, even though later flight tests showed that some more detail modifications had to be made. Most of these concerned the internal structures, the most obvious external change was the nose section, where the original glazing had to be reinforced and finally replaced by solid material – an experience similar to the modification from Douglas’ piston-driven XB-42 to the faster, jet-driven XB-43 of the same era.

Maiden flight of the first prototype took place in Augsburg on 6th of May 1945, with little problems. As benchmark, the Me 410's maximum speed was 625 km/h (388 mph), a cruise speed of 579 km/h (360 mph) and a combat range of 2.300 km (1,400 mi) with up to 1.000 kg (2,204 lbs) of disposable stores carried in- and externally.

The overall flying characteristics of the Me 410 did not change much, but rate of climb and top speed were considerably improved. In level flight, the third prototype Me 510 V3 reached a top speed of 812 km/h (504 mph), and even the serial version with added armament and equipment easily reached 750 km/h (465 mph) top speed and a cruising speed with no external stores of 650 km/h (405 mph). At its time, the Me 510, which quickly received the rather inofficial nickname "Bremse" (Horsefly), was superior to its pure piston engine and turbojet rivals, even though it was clear that the turboprop was only a preliminary solution.

Due to its high speed and under the pressure of Allied bomber raids, the Me 510 was primarily used as a Zerstörer against daylight bombers. Many aircraft received additional weapons, both directly incorporated at the factory but also as field accessories. Popular modifications included two extra 30mm guns (MK 108 or 103) in the bomb bay, or provisions for guided and unguided air to air missiles. A camera equipment package (Rüstsatz 'U3') allowed the fast aircraft to be used for daylight reconnaissance.

Many equipment packages from the earlier Me 410 could be fitted, too, including the massive 50mm BK 5 auto cannon against allied bomber groups. Initially, this package (‘U4’ Rüstsatz) comprised the original autocannon which fired at 45 RPM, with 21 shells in a drum magazine.

This weapon soon was replaced by the even more effective MK 214 B gun of 55mm caliber (Rüstsatz 'U5'). The BK 214 B fired at 180 RPM and proved to be a highly effective weapon at long ranges, outside of the bombers’ defensive armament range. As a drawback the heavy system (the gun plus the ammunition belt with 96 shells weighed 1.124 kg/2.475 lb) filled the whole internal bomb bay and precluded heavy external stores. Therefore, the 13mm machine guns in the nose were frequently removed in order to save weight, sometimes the weapons in the side barbettes, too. But: a single hit with one of the 1.54kg (3.4 lb) shells was enough to bring down a four-engined bomber, so that the fast Me 510 with this weapon became a serious threat in the course of late 1946.

510 general characteristics:

Crew: 2

Length: 42 ft (12,60 m)

Wingspan: 49 ft (14.69 m)

Height: 13 ft 1½ in (4.0 m)

Wing area: 480.11 ft² (44.78m²)

Empty weight: 10.665 lb (4.842 kg)

Loaded weight: 14.405 lb (6.540 kg)

Max. take-off weight: 18.678 lb (8.480 kg)

Maximum speed: 790 km/h (490 mph) at 7.200m (23.500 ft)

Range: 1.400 mi (2.300 km ) with full combat TOW

Service ceiling: 40.900 ft (12.500 m)

Rate of climb: 4.635 ft/min (23,6 m/s)

Wing loading: 29.8 lb/ft² (121.9 kg/m²)

Power/mass: 0.24 hp/lb (0.39 kW/kg)

Engine:

2× Heinkel-Hirth HeS 021 turboprop engines, 1.438 kW (2.500 hp) plus 980 kp (2.158 lb) residual thrust each

Armament: Varied, but typical basic equipment was:

2× 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons with 350 rpg, fixed in the nose

2× 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns with 500 rpg in the nose flanks

2× 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns with 500 rpg, each firing rearward from FDSL 131/1B remote-operated turret, one per side;

Up to 1.200 kg (2.643 lb) of disposable stores in- and externally

In the field, many modifications were made and several additional weapon packages with guns, guided and unguided missiles or special weapons were available (so-called ‘Rüstsätze’).

The kit and its assembly:

I am not certain when inspiration struck me for this fantasy aircraft - I guess it was when I tinkered together the Hü 324 whif, which was itself based on a 1:72 scale Il-28 bomber. When I browsed for a respective donation kit I also came across the 1:100 scale kit of the Soviet light bomber from Tamiya, and that stirred something: The Il-28's vintage contours would perfectly suit a Luft '46 aircraft, and with some calculations it was clear that the 1:100 wings would be suitable for something in the class of a 1:72 DH Mosquito or Bf 110. Then, the ill-fated Me 410 came to the scene as a potential late war basis aircraft, and from this starting point the idea of an evolutionary next step of the type, the Messerschmitt Me 510, was born.

Basically this model is a kitbashing of a Tamiya Il-28 in 1:100 (wings & engine nacelles) and the fuselage of a Matchbox Me 410. The IL-28's wings were turned upside down, so that the nacelles would now ride on the wings' top.

This not only looks cool and 'different', it's also plausible because the landing gear could retract into the wings under the nacelles (with the main landing gear doors closed, just like the original Me 410), it would also reduce the angle of the aircraft on the ground to a sensible degree - with the engines under the wings plus the landing gear would have been much to steep!

Fitting the wings to the fuselage was pretty easy, even though the original Me 410 wing profile was much thicker than the slender Il-28 wings. Cleaning and blending the wing root areas was a bit tricky, but the parts get together well.

As a design twist and for a uniform look I also replaced the whole tail section, matching the angular look of the thin new main wings. The horizontal stabilizers are wing tips from a Matchbox Me 262, the vertical fin is a modified outer wing part from a Matchbox Grumman Panther.

The engine nacelles were taken OOB. I just filled the Il-28's landing gear wells and their covers with putty, since they'd end on top of the new engines.

The propellers come from Matchbox P-51 Mustangs, outfitted with pointed spinners and held by a metal pin in a polystyrene tube which runs through the original intake splitter. Looks pretty martial, even though the nacelles ended up a bit close to the fuselage. The overall look reminds of the Short Sturgeon, but is not inplausible. A compact aircraft!

The cockpit received some side panels, news seats and some equipment, since the original Matchbox kit features almost nothing beyond a floor plate, two broad benches as seats and pilot figures. I also opened the cockpit hatches, since the aircraft would be built for ground display, with the landing gear extended.

From the original kit the BK 5 cannon installation was taken over, but I added a scratch-built, bigger muzzle brake. Since the aircraft was to become a high speed interceptor/Zerstörer for daylight operations, I did not add any further external ordnance.

Painting and markings:

I pondered about a potential livery for a long time. Almost any Me 410 was delivered in RLM 74/75/76 livery, and some at the Western front in France were operated in RLM 70/71/65, with a low waterline. But I found this pretty... boring. So I made up a fantasy livery which I found suitable for high altitude operations and based on my knowledge of late Luftwaffe paint scheme - pretty complex:

The aircraft was to be light in color, primarily camouflaged for aerial combat. I ended up with something that was planned as something that could have almost been called 'low-viz': all lower surfaces received a basic tone of RLM 76 (from Testors), with a raised waterline on all flanks. This light blue-grey would blend into a slightly darker FS 36320 on the higher flanks, almost up to the upper surfaces.

But in the end, the flanks received more spots than intended, and I ended up with a rather conservative livery - but it ain't bad at all. But so it goes...

The upper wing surfaces received a wavy scheme in RLM 71 (Drak Green) and 75 (Middel Grey). These are not typical late war colors, I rather used them due to the lighter shades. On the fuselage, just the fuselage crest was painted with more or less dense blotches of these tones, blending into more patches of RLM 02 on the flanks.

To add some more unconventional detail, the fuselage sides and undersides also received large, cloudy patches of RLM 77 - a very light grey. This detail was featured on some late-war He 177 bombers, but you can hardly tell these extra blotches because they have only little contrast to the RLM 76.

The tail fin was painted all white - a formation sign for a squadron leader, typical for German late WWII fighters. The black and white fuselage stripe is the ID of Jagdgeschwader 26 (which operated Fw 190D-9 from airfields in northern Germany, Flensburg was one of them), the red number abd the "+" code identify the machine as being part of the eighth Staffel.

In the end, a very subtle whif. The new engines are most obvious, and they change the look of the Me 410 dramatically. But only on second glance you recognize the other changes. The new wings/stabilizers with their square-shaped tips create a very slender and elegant look, the aircraft just looks fast and agile like a true heavy fighter should. Mission accomplished!

Appareille, von der Terrasse (Dresden 1857) , Historical Photo, Life in the past , colorized by Ahmet Asar, Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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Too Many Women (1950) ...item 3.. FSU News - Three girls, two cups (Feb. 10, 2013) ... by marsmettt tallahassee

Canyonlands National Park, Utah by Harold Litwiler

This trip is different from the Grand Canyon and a lot less crowed. Many of the views are accessible with a short hike.

Wikipedia

Canyonlands National Park is a national park of the United States located in southeastern Utah near the town of Moab. The park preserves a colorful landscape eroded into numerous canyons, mesas, and buttes by the Colorado River, the Green River, and their respective tributaries. Legislation creating the park was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 12, 1964.[4]

The park is divided into four districts: the Island in the Sky, the Needles, the Maze, and the combined rivers—the Green and Colorado—which carved two large canyons into the Colorado Plateau. While these areas share a primitive desert atmosphere, each retains its own character.[5] Author Edward Abbey, a frequent visitor, described the Canyonlands as "the most weird, wonderful, magical place on earth—there is nothing else like it anywhere."[6]

History

In the early 1950s, Bates Wilson, then superintendent of Arches National Monument, began exploring the area to the south and west of Moab, Utah. After seeing what is now known as the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park, Wilson began advocating for the establishment of a new national park that would include the Needles. Additional explorations by Wilson and others expanded the areas proposed for inclusion into the new national park to include the confluence of Green and Colorado rivers, the Maze District, and Horseshoe Canyon.[7]

In 1961, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall was scheduled to address a conference at Grand Canyon National Park. On his flight to the conference, he flew over the Confluence (where the Colorado and Green rivers meet). The view apparently sparked Udall's interest in Wilson's proposal for a new national park in that area and Udall began promoting the establishment of Canyonlands National Park.

Utah Senator Frank Moss first introduced legislation in Congress to create Canyonlands National Park. His legislation attempted to satisfy both nature preservationists' and commercial developers' interests. Over the next four years, his proposal was struck down, debated, revised, and reintroduced to Congress many times before being passed and signed into law.[8]

In September 1964, after several years of debate, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 88–590, which established Canyonlands National Park as a new national park. Bates Wilson became the first superintendent of the new park and is often referred to as the "Father of Canyonlands."[9]

Recreation

Canyonlands is a popular recreational destination. Since 2007, more than 400,000 people have visited the park each year with a record of 776,218 visitors in 2016, representing a 22 percent increase from the prior year.[3] The geography of the park is well suited to a number of different recreational uses. Hikers, mountain bikers, backpackers, and four-wheelers all enjoy traveling the rugged, remote trails within the Park. The White Rim Road traverses the White Rim Sandstone level of the park between the rivers and the Island in the Sky. Since 2015, day-use permits must be obtained before travelling on the White Rim Road due to the increasing popularity of driving and bicycling along it. The park service's intent is to provide a better wilderness experience for all visitors while minimizing impacts on the natural surroundings.[10][11] Canyonlands National Park upholds a strict no-hunting policy.

The Island in the Sky mesa and Junction Butte from the Needles district

As of 2016, the Island in the Sky district, with its proximity to the Moab, Utah area, attracts 76.7 percent of total park visitors. The Needles district is the second most visited, drawing 20.7 percent of visitors. The remote Maze district accounts for only about 1.5 percent of visitors, while river rafters and other river users account for the remaining 1.1 percent of total park visitation.[12]

Rafters and kayakers float the calm stretches of the Green River and Colorado River above the Confluence. Below the Confluence, Cataract Canyon contains powerful whitewater rapids, similar to those found in the Grand Canyon. However, since there is no large impoundment on the Colorado River above Canyonlands National Park, river flow through the Confluence is determined by snowmelt, not management. As a result, and in combination with Cataract Canyon's unique graben geology, this stretch of river offers the largest whitewater in North America in heavy snow years.

Political compromise at the time of the park's creation limited the protected area to an arbitrary portion of the Canyonlands basin. Conservationists hope to complete the park by bringing the boundaries up to the high sandstone rims that form the natural border of the Canyonlands landscape.[13]

On March 27, 2020, Canyonlands National Park was closed to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.[14]

Geography

Chesler Park in the Needles

The Colorado River and Green River combine within the park, dividing it into three districts called the Island in the Sky, the Needles, and the Maze. The Colorado River flows through Cataract Canyon below its confluence with the Green River.

The Island in the Sky district is a broad and level mesa in the northern section of the park, between the Colorado and Green rivers. The district has many viewpoints overlooking the White Rim, a sandstone bench 1,200 feet (370 m) below the Island, and the rivers, which are another 1,000 feet (300 m) below the White Rim.

The Needles district is located south of the Island in the Sky, on the east side of the Colorado River. The district is named for the red and white banded rock pinnacles which are a major feature of the area. Various other naturally sculpted rock formations are also within this district, including grabens, potholes, and arches. Unlike Arches National Park, where many arches are accessible by short to moderate hikes, most of the arches in the Needles district lie in backcountry canyons, requiring long hikes or four-wheel drive trips to reach them.

The Ancestral Puebloans inhabited this area and some of their stone and mud dwellings are well-preserved, although the items and tools they used were mostly removed by looters.[15] The Ancestral Puebloans also created rock art in the form of petroglyphs, most notably on Newspaper Rock along the Needles access road.

The Chocolate Drops buttes in the Maze district

The Maze district is located west of the Colorado and Green rivers. The Maze is the least accessible section of the park, and one of the most remote and inaccessible areas of the United States.[16][17]

A geographically detached section of the park located north of the Maze district, Horseshoe Canyon contains panels of rock art made by hunter-gatherers from the Late Archaic Period (2000-1000 BC) pre-dating the Ancestral Puebloans.[18][19][20] Originally called Barrier Canyon, Horseshoe's artifacts, dwellings, pictographs, and murals are some of the oldest in America.[19] The images depicting horses date from after 1540 AD, when the Spanish reintroduced horses to America.[19]

Since the 1950s, scientists have been studying an area of 200 acres (81 ha) completely surrounded by cliffs. The cliffs have prevented cattle from ever grazing on the area's 62 acres (25 ha) of grassland. According to the scientists, the site may contain the largest undisturbed grassland in the Four Corners region. Studies have continued biannually since the mid-1990s. The area has been closed to the public since 1993 to maintain the nearly pristine environment.[21]

Nature

Fauna

Pronghorns are colloquially referred to as antelope due to their resemblance, but are not closely related to Old World antelopes

Mammals that roam this park include black bears, coyotes, skunks, bats, elk, foxes, bobcats, badgers, ring-tailed cats, pronghorns, desert bighorn sheep, and cougars.[22] Desert cottontails, kangaroo rats and mule deer are commonly seen by visitors.[23]

At least 273 species of birds inhabit the park.[24] A variety of hawks and eagles are found, including the Cooper's hawk, the northern goshawk, the sharp-shinned hawk, the red-tailed hawk, the golden and bald eagles, the rough-legged hawk, the Swainson's hawk, and the northern harrier.[25] Several species of owls are found, including the great horned owl, the northern saw-whet owl, the western screech owl, and the Mexican spotted owl.[25] Grebes, woodpeckers, ravens, herons, flycatchers, crows, bluebirds, wrens, warblers, blackbirds, orioles, goldfinches, swallows, sparrows, ducks, quail, grouse, pheasants, hummingbirds, falcons, gulls, and ospreys are some of the other birds that can be found.[25]

Several reptiles can be found, including eleven species of lizards and eight species of snake (including the midget faded rattlesnake).[26] The common kingsnake and prairie rattlesnake have been reported in the park, but not confirmed by the National Park Service.[26]

The park is home to six confirmed amphibian species, including the red-spotted toad,[27] Woodhouse's toad,[28] American bullfrog,[29] northern leopard frog,[30] Great Basin spadefoot toad,[31] and tiger salamander.[32] The canyon tree frog was reported to be in the park in 2000, but was not confirmed during a study in 2004.[33]

Flora

Utah juniper

Canyonlands National Park contains a wide variety of plant life, including 11 cactus species,[34] 20 moss species,[35] liverworts,[35] grasses[36] and wildflowers.[37] Varieties of trees include netleaf hackberry, Russian olive, Utah juniper, pinyon pine, tamarisk, and Fremont's cottonwood.[38] Shrubs include Mormon tea, blackbrush, four-wing saltbush, cliffrose,[38] littleleaf mountain mahogany, and snakeweed[39]

Cryptobiotic soil is the foundation of life in Canyonlands, providing nitrogen fixation and moisture for plant seeds. One footprint can destroy decades of growth.[40]

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Canyonlands National Park has a cold semi-arid climate ("BSk").[41] The plant hardiness zones at the Island in the Sky and Needles District Visitor Centers are 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 4.0 °F (-15.6 °C) and 2.9 °F (-16.2 °C), respectively.[42]

The National Weather Service has maintained two cooperative weather stations in the park since June 1965. Official data documents the desert climate with less than 10 inches (250 millimetres) of annual rainfall, as well as hot, mostly dry summers and cold, occasionally wet winters. Snowfall is generally light during the winter.[43]

The station in The Neck region reports an average January temperature of 29.6 °F and an average July temperature of 79.3 °F.[44] Average July temperatures range from a high of 90.8 °F (32.7 °C) to a low of 67.9 °F (19.9 °C). There are an average of 45.7 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 117.3 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 15, 2005, and the lowest recorded temperature was −13 °F (−25 °C) on February 6, 1989. Average annual precipitation is 9.33 inches (237 mm). There are an average of 59 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1984, with 13.66 in (347 mm), and the driest year was 1989, with 4.63 in (118 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 5.19 in (132 mm) in October 2006. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 1.76 in (45 mm) on April 9, 1978. Average annual snowfall is 22.8 in (58 cm). The most snowfall in one year was 47.4 in (120 cm) in 1975, and the most snowfall in one month was 27.0 in (69 cm) in January 1978.[45]

The station in The Needles region reports an average January temperature of 29.7 °F and an average July temperature of 79.1 °F.[44] Average July temperatures range from a high of 95.4 °F (35.2 °C) to a low of 62.4 °F (16.9 °C). There are an average of 75.4 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 143.6 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The highest recorded temperature was 107 °F (42 °C) on July 13, 1971, and the lowest recorded temperature was −16 °F (−27 °C) on January 16, 1971. Average annual precipitation is 8.49 in (216 mm). There are an average of 56 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1969, with 11.19 in (284 mm), and the driest year was 1989, with 4.25 in (108 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 4.43 in (113 mm) in October 1972. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 1.56 in (40 mm) on September 17, 1999. Average annual snowfall is 14.4 in (37 cm). The most snowfall in one year was 39.3 in (100 cm) in 1975, and the most snowfall in one month was 24.0 in (61 cm) in March 1985.[46]

Climate data for Canyonlands – The Neck, Utah, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1965–present

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear

Record high °F (°C)58

(14)67

(19)78

(26)84

(29)97

(36)102

(39)105

(41)101

(38)98

(37)89

(32)72

(22)62

(17)105

(41)

Mean maximum °F (°C)48.0

(8.9)55.9

(13.3)68.5

(20.3)77.2

(25.1)86.5

(30.3)95.4

(35.2)98.8

(37.1)95.6

(35.3)89.9

(32.2)79.7

(26.5)63.1

(17.3)50.8

(10.4)99.4

(37.4)

Mean daily maximum °F (°C)36.8

(2.7)43.2

(6.2)54.2

(12.3)62.0

(16.7)72.4

(22.4)84.6

(29.2)90.8

(32.7)87.8

(31.0)79.0

(26.1)64.6

(18.1)49.1

(9.5)36.9

(2.7)63.5

(17.5)

Daily mean °F (°C)29.6

(−1.3)35.2

(1.8)44.5

(6.9)51.1

(10.6)61.3

(16.3)73.1

(22.8)79.3

(26.3)76.8

(24.9)68.0

(20.0)54.3

(12.4)40.8

(4.9)29.7

(−1.3)53.6

(12.0)

Mean daily minimum °F (°C)22.3

(−5.4)27.3

(−2.6)34.9

(1.6)40.1

(4.5)50.2

(10.1)61.7

(16.5)67.9

(19.9)65.7

(18.7)57.0

(13.9)43.9

(6.6)32.6

(0.3)22.6

(−5.2)43.8

(6.6)

Mean minimum °F (°C)10.2

(−12.1)14.2

(−9.9)20.7

(−6.3)25.8

(−3.4)34.0

(1.1)45.5

(7.5)56.5

(13.6)55.4

(13.0)42.3

(5.7)27.0

(−2.8)16.5

(−8.6)10.3

(−12.1)6.6

(−14.1)

Record low °F (°C)−7

(−22)−13

(−25)0

(−18)14

(−10)22

(−6)26

(−3)41

(5)41

(5)25

(−4)9

(−13)6

(−14)−10

(−23)−13

(−25)

Average precipitation inches (mm)0.55

(14)0.58

(15)0.75

(19)0.68

(17)0.87

(22)0.36

(9.1)0.91

(23)1.16

(29)1.00

(25)1.22

(31)0.55

(14)0.70

(18)9.33

(236.1)

Average snowfall inches (cm)6.1

(15)3.5

(8.9)3.0

(7.6)0.3

(0.76)0.1

(0.25)0.0

(0.0)0.0

(0.0)0.1

(0.25)3.2

(8.1)6.5

(17)22.8

(57.86)

Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)4.9

(12)4.0

(10)2.1

(5.3)0.6

(1.5)0.1

(0.25)0.0

(0.0)0.0

(0.0)0.4

(1.0)1.9

(4.8)4.6

(12)6.5

(17)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)4.44.54.65.25.42.45.96.46.25.74.34.459.4

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)3.82.51.70.50.10.00.00.00.00.31.73.614.2

Source: NOAA[47][48]

Climate data for Hans Flat Ranger Station, Utah, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1980–present

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear

Record high °F (°C)55

(13)66

(19)75

(24)82

(28)92

(33)98

(37)101

(38)98

(37)95

(35)88

(31)70

(21)62

(17)101

(38)

Mean maximum °F (°C)47.1

(8.4)53.8

(12.1)65.3

(18.5)73.8

(23.2)82.9

(28.3)92.1

(33.4)95.8

(35.4)93.2

(34.0)87.5

(30.8)76.7

(24.8)61.2

(16.2)49.3

(9.6)96.3

(35.7)

Mean daily maximum °F (°C)35.0

(1.7)40.3

(4.6)50.1

(10.1)57.3

(14.1)67.8

(19.9)80.2

(26.8)86.6

(30.3)83.7

(28.7)74.9

(23.8)60.9

(16.1)46.5

(8.1)35.1

(1.7)59.9

(15.5)

Daily mean °F (°C)28.2

(−2.1)32.8

(0.4)41.3

(5.2)47.3

(8.5)57.7

(14.3)69.5

(20.8)75.6

(24.2)73.1

(22.8)65.0

(18.3)51.6

(10.9)38.7

(3.7)28.2

(−2.1)50.8

(10.4)

Mean daily minimum °F (°C)21.4

(−5.9)25.2

(−3.8)32.4

(0.2)37.2

(2.9)47.5

(8.6)58.8

(14.9)64.5

(18.1)62.6

(17.0)55.0

(12.8)42.3

(5.7)30.8

(−0.7)21.3

(−5.9)41.6

(5.3)

Mean minimum °F (°C)9.1

(−12.7)12.5

(−10.8)19.1

(−7.2)23.8

(−4.6)32.1

(0.1)42.9

(6.1)54.9

(12.7)54.0

(12.2)40.5

(4.7)25.9

(−3.4)14.8

(−9.6)9.0

(−12.8)5.6

(−14.7)

Record low °F (°C)−5

(−21)−12

(−24)9

(−13)16

(−9)20

(−7)31

(−1)40

(4)41

(5)31

(−1)6

(−14)3

(−16)−10

(−23)−12

(−24)

Average precipitation inches (mm)0.70

(18)0.67

(17)0.84

(21)0.67

(17)0.72

(18)0.37

(9.4)0.87

(22)1.09

(28)0.96

(24)1.16

(29)0.76

(19)0.77

(20)9.58

(242.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)9.2

(23)7.4

(19)5.2

(13)2.9

(7.4)0.3

(0.76)0.0

(0.0)0.0

(0.0)0.7

(1.8)4.5

(11)8.3

(21)38.5

(96.96)

Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)7.6

(19)6.6

(17)3.7

(9.4)1.5

(3.8)0.3

(0.76)0.0

(0.0)0.0

(0.0)0.6

(1.5)3.4

(8.6)5.7

(14)9.6

(24)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)5.76.25.84.95.32.76.27.45.65.84.55.665.7

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)4.84.92.81.90.20.00.00.00.00.42.74.622.3

Source 1: NOAA[49]

Source 2: National Weather Service[50]

Climate change

National parks in the Western United States are more affected by climate change than the country as a whole,[51][52] and the National Park Service has begun research into how exactly this will effect the ecosystem of Canyonlands National Park and the surrounding areas and ways to protect the park for the future.[53] The mean annual temperature of Canyonlands National Park increased by 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) from 1916 to 2018.[54] It is predicted that if current warming trends continue, the average highs in the park during the summer will be over 100 °F (40 °C) by 2100.[55] In addition to warming, the region has begun to see more severe and frequent droughts[52][53] which causes native grass cover to decrease[56] and a lower flow of the Colorado River.[57] The flows of the Upper Colorado Basin have decreased by 300,000 acre⋅ft (370,000,000 m3) per year, which has led to a decreased amount of sediment carried by the river and rockier rapids which are more frequently impassable to rafters.[57] The area has also begun to see an earlier spring, which will lead to changes in the timing of leaves and flowers blooming and migrational patterns of wildlife that could lead to food shortages for the wildlife, as well as a longer fire season.[58]

The National Park Service is currently closely monitoring the impacts of climate change in Canyonlands National Park in order to create management strategies that will best help conserve the park's landscapes and ecosystems for the long term.[59] Although the National Park Service's original goal was to preserve landscapes as they were before European colonization, they have now switched to a more adaptive management strategy with the ultimate goal of conserving the biodiversity of the park.[60] The NPS is collaborating with other organizations including the US Geological Survey, local indigenous tribes, and nearby universities in order to create a management plan for the national park.[59][53] Right now, there is a focus on research into which native plants will be most resistant to climate change so that the park can decide on what to prioritize in conservation efforts.[59] The Canyonlands Natural History Association has been giving money to the US Geological Survey to fund this and other climate related research. They gave $30,000 in 2019 and $61,000 in 2020.[53]

Geology

Upheaval Dome is an impact structure, the deeply eroded bottom-most remnants of an impact crater

Main article: Geology of the Canyonlands area

A subsiding basin and nearby uplifting mountain range (the Uncompahgre) existed in the area in Pennsylvanian time. Seawater trapped in the subsiding basin created thick evaporite deposits by Mid Pennsylvanian. This, along with eroded material from the nearby mountain range, became the Paradox Formation, itself a part of the Hermosa Group. Paradox salt beds started to flow later in the Pennsylvanian and probably continued to move until the end of the Jurassic.[61] Some scientists believe Upheaval Dome was created from Paradox salt bed movement, creating a salt dome, but more modern studies show that the meteorite theory is more likely to be correct.

A warm shallow sea again flooded the region near the end of the Pennsylvanian. Fossil-rich limestones, sandstones, and shales of the gray-colored Honaker Trail Formation resulted. A period of erosion then ensued, creating a break in the geologic record called an unconformity. Early in the Permian an advancing sea laid down the Halgaito Shale. Coastal lowlands later returned to the area, forming the Elephant Canyon Formation.

Large alluvial fans filled the basin where it met the Uncompahgre Mountains, creating the Cutler red beds of iron-rich arkose sandstone. Underwater sand bars and sand dunes on the coast inter-fingered with the red beds and later became the white-colored cliff-forming Cedar Mesa Sandstone. Brightly colored oxidized muds were then deposited, forming the Organ Rock Shale. Coastal sand dunes and marine sand bars once again became dominant, creating the White Rim Sandstone.

Rock formations in the Needles district

A second unconformity was created after the Permian sea retreated. Flood plains on an expansive lowland covered the eroded surface and mud built up in tidal flats, creating the Moenkopi Formation. Erosion returned, forming a third unconformity. The Chinle Formation was then laid down on top of this eroded surface.

Increasingly dry climates dominated the Triassic. Therefore, sand in the form of sand dunes invaded and became the Wingate Sandstone. For a time climatic conditions became wetter and streams cut channels through the sand dunes, forming the Kayenta Formation. Arid conditions returned to the region with a vengeance; a large desert spread over much of western North America and later became the Navajo Sandstone. A fourth unconformity was created by a period of erosion.

Mud flats returned, forming the Carmel Formation, and the Entrada Sandstone was laid down next. A long period of erosion stripped away most of the San Rafael Group in the area, along with any formations that may have been laid down in the Cretaceous period.

The Laramide orogeny started to uplift the Rocky Mountains 70 million years ago and with it, the Canyonlands region. Erosion intensified and when the Colorado River Canyon reached the salt beds of the Paradox Formation the overlying strata extended toward the river canyon, forming features such as The Grabens.[62] Increased precipitation during the ice ages of the Pleistocene quickened the rate of canyon excavation along with other erosion. Similar types of erosion are ongoing, but occur at a slower rate. Wikipedia

MOSCOW: Two members of punk band Pussy Riot lost their appeal to stay in a Moscow pre-trial detention centre on Monday, their lawyer said, and will now serve the remainder of their terms in a remote penal colony where conditions are much tougher.

.......***** All images are copyrighted by their respective authors ......

... message header for Mail Online

The three band members Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, 22, Maria Alyokhina, 24, and Ekaterina Samutsevich, 30, - were convicted of 'hooliganism motivated by religious hatred' and jailed for two years by a district court on Aug 17.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

.....item 1).... Mail Online ... Daily Mail ... www.dailymail.co.uk/news ...

Russian punk band Pussy Riot refuses to repent for anti-Putin song as appeal hearing is postponed

... Band members were jailed for two years for performing 'punk prayer' in Moscow's main cathedral

... Orthodox church said the three women should be pardoned if they repent for desecrating a 'holy place'

... Fights between Pussy Riot supporters and Church activists outside court

... Hearing postponed until October 10 after band member Ekaterina Samutsevich fires her attorney

By DANIEL MILLER

PUBLISHED: 04:04 EST, 1 October 2012 | UPDATED: 09:39 EST, 1 October 2012

www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211101/Pussy-Riot-refus...

The Russian feminist band Pussy Riot have refused to repent for performing an anti-Vladamir Putin 'punk prayer' in Moscow's main cathedral as their appeal hearing was postponed until next week.

Their appeal hearing which began today, was postponed until October 10 after Samutsevich fired her attorney meaning she was left without legal representation.

Scroll down for video

.................................

img code photo ... The three band members Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, 22, Maria Alyokhina, 24, and Ekaterina Samutsevich, 30 ...

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/01/article-2211101-154A06...

Jailed: The Russian punk band Pussy Riot refused to repent for performing a 'punk prayer' against President Vladimir Putin at Moscow's main cathedral as their appeal hearing was postponed until next week

.................................

The Russian orthodox Church said they should be pardoned on the condition they repented for 'desecrating a holy place'.

More...

... Thousands take to the streets of Melbourne for peace march following the death of Irish journalist Jill Meagher

Fights broke out between Pussy Riot supporters and pro-Church activists as around 150 people gathered outside the Moscow courthouse for the start of the appeal hearing today.

The tough jail sentences they received saw the West sharply criticise Putin and the Kremlin because of doubts over the independence of the judiciary, and global celebrities, including British musician Paul McCartney and U.S. pop singer Madonna, called for leniency for the women.

.............................

img code photo ... The three band members Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, 22, Maria Alyokhina, 24, and Ekaterina Samutsevich, 30 ...

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/01/article-2211101-154A07...

Defiant: Pussy Riot (from left), Maria Alekhina, Ekaterina Samutsevich and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, were convicted of 'hooliganism motivated by religious hatred' and jailed for two years by a district court on Aug 17

.............................

img code photo ... An activist holds a placard reading 'Freedom to Pussy Riot!'

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/01/article-2211101-154A23...

An activist holds a placard reading 'Freedom to Pussy Riot!'. Around 150 people gathered outside the Moscow courthouse for the start of the appeal hearing with fights breaking out between supporters of the band and Church activists

Reuters

.............................

Vladimir Legoida, a senior church spokesman, said their stunt 'must not remain unpunished whatever the justification,' but said that any repentance, if expressed, should be taken into account.

'The church sincerely wishes for the repentance of those who desecrated a holy place, certainly it would benefit their souls,' Legoida said in a speech.

'If any words of the convicts indicate repentance ... we would wish that they are not left unnoticed and those who violated the law get a chance to mend their ways.'

'If they (the church) mean repentance in the sense of a crime ... it definitely won't happen. Our clients won't admit guilt. A call for that is pointless,' lawyer Mark Feigin told independent television channel Dozhd on Sunday.

A recent official opinion poll showed that more than half of Russians are critical of what Pussy Riot did and consider their two-year jail sentence to be a just one, with less than a third saying the opposite

..................................

img code photo ... An activist spray paints a wall mural

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/01/article-2211101-154853...

International outrage: An activist spray paints a wall mural in support of members of the band during a protest rally in front of the Russian embassy in Prague yesterday

Reuters

..................................

img code photo ... Paris: Activists from Amnesty Internationa

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/01/article-2211101-154A1C...

Paris: Activists from Amnesty International pose in front of the Eiffel tower demanding justice for the band

AFP / Getty images

..................................

The trio's legal team and relatives hold out little hope that the sentences - which they believe are excessively harsh - will be quashed or reduced at the hearing scheduled for Monday, whether they repent or not.

'The sentence is predetermined; their repentance will not affect it in any way,' Stanislav Samutsevich, father of one of the jailed women, told Reuters.

'The fact the church is calling for that is nothing but a public relations move to sustain their reputation in the eyes of the public, as the church says it is separate from the state.'

Patriarch Kirill, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, has called Putin's 12-year rule a 'miracle of God' and backed his presidential election campaign earlier this year.

Kirill dismissed criticism of his backing for the Kremlin on Friday, telling students that close ties between the church and state helped protect and develop society.

VIDEO: Supporters and protesters turn up outside court as the hearing is postponed...

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

.....item 2).... The Daily Star - Lebanon ... www.dailystar.com.lb ... International ...

Russian punk band members lose appeal to stay in Moscow prison

October 15, 2012 10:27 PM

By Gleb Bryanski

Reuters

...........................

img code photo ... Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova,

www.dailystar.com.lb/dailystar/Pictures/2012/10/15/108050...

A picture taken on October 10, 2012, shows two jailed members of the all-girl punk band "Pussy Riot," (L-R) Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, sitting in a glass-walled cage in a court in Moscow. (AFP PHOTO / NATALIA KOLESNIKOVA)

...........................

www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Oct-15/19151...

Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, 22, and Maria Alyokhina, 24, had their two-year sentence imposed over a cathedral protest against Vladimir Putin upheld by Moscow City Court last week. They are convicted of hooliganism motivated by religious hatred.

Both Tolokonnikova and Alyokhina have small children and lawyers are saying that a transfer to a colony outside Moscow where the regime is more strict than in detention centres will complicate their contacts with families.

"There are many concerns there -- their safety, their health. A barrack for 150 people is not the same thing as a cell for four people," lawyer Mark Feigin told Reuters. The nearest penal colony is located about 100 km from Moscow.

According to the Russian law only convicts with prison terms of less than six months can serve out their sentences in pre-trial detention centres. The law also makes an exception for inmates with skills needed in such centres.

Tolokonnikova and Alyokhina's hearings took place at their detention centre, along with the appeals of 10 other inmates. Their lawyers argued that the two could work in the centre as cooks. Officials nominted 3 other inmates to stay.

Russian prisons are notorious for squalid conditions and often brutal treatment of inmates by personnel. The country is facing international criticism over a 2009 death in prison of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky who may have been beaten to death.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

.....item 3).... POLICE BRIEFS: Three girls, two cups; 'Don't have no beer' ... FSU News ...

www.fsunews.com

10:30 PM, Feb. 10, 2013 |

FILED UNDER

FSU News

FSU News Police

www.fsunews.com/article/20130211/FSVIEW4/130210020/POLICE...|newswell|text|frontpage|s

--- 'Don't have no beer'

On Sunday, Feb. 3, at approximately 12:12 a.m., an FSUPD officer was conducting a security check around a fraternity house on Pensacola Street. The officer observed a male carrying a 12 oz. can of beer. The male was walking with a group of people and when he noticed the officer in his police uniform, he dropped the beer on the ground and attempted to hide behind the group of people. When the officer contacted the male he stated, “I don’t have no beer in my hand.” When asked how old he was, the male stated that he was 18-years-old. The male was issued a Notice to Appear for underage possession of alcohol.

--- Marijuana outside Degraff

On Saturday, Feb. 2, at approximately 1:50 a.m., an FSUPD officer was dispatched to an emergency blue light in the courtyard of Degraff Hall.

While the officer was observing the area, he did not find anyone in distress. When the officer checked the south side of the building, he noticed an individual sitting on a bench smoking. The closer the officer got to the individual, the stronger the scent of marijuana became. When the officer asked the male what he was doing, he replied, “Smoking a spliff.” When asked if he was smoking marijuana, the male said, “Yes.” The marijuana cigarette was seized and weighed 0.4 grams. The male was issued a Notice to Appear for possession of marijuana less than 20 grams.

--- Three girls, two cups

On Friday, Feb. 1, at approximately 11:24 p.m., an FSUPD officer was on foot patrol around FSU’s Shaw Building.

The officer noticed three females walking and two drinking from plastic cups that contained a dark liquid. One cup was passed back and forth between two girls so that both could drink from it. When the females noticed the officer, one dropped the cup on the ground spilling some of its contents and the other attempted to conceal it from view. The cups contained a liquid that smelled strongly of rum and soda.

The three females were all under the age of 21 and each was issued Notice to Appear for underage possession of alcohol.

—Police briefs compiled from FSUPD reports by Jordan Shrago

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

1:72 Messerschmitt Me 510 A-2/U5 "Bremse"; 8./JG26, Flensburg; summer 1946 (Luft ‘46/whif/kitbashing) by Dizzyfugu

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

BEWARE: nothing you see here is real, even though many conversions and their respective background stories were built upon historical facts.

The 410 handled better but did not show much improvement in performance, though. Me 410 deliveries began in January 1943, two years later than the original plan had called for, and continued until September 1944, by which point a total of 1.160 of all versions had been produced by Messerschmitt Augsburg and Dornier München. When it arrived, it was liked by its crews, even though its performance was not enough to protect it from the swarms of high performance allied fighters they faced.

Still not giving up on the original construction (and with the jigs and tools still available), Messerschmitt started in early 1944 with research into further means of improving the Me 410's performance. One direction was the addition of one or two jets under the fuselage as boosters for combat situations.
Another design path, which eventually led to the Me 510, was the development of turboprop and compound engines as propulsion options, which were based on the respective pure jet engines but offered much better performance and fuel economy than the pure jets. It would also be the more efficient solution compared to added turbojets for pure piston planes, since no dead weight had to be carried, and the overall system was less complex than a mixed powerplant system.

This turboprop concept, as best compromise between performance and short-term readiness for service, was chosen and the modified aircraft, called Messerschmitt Me 510, came to be. The design target was to outperform the Me 410 with as little change to the overall construction as possible, so that old tooling could be used for new aircraft cells. Alternatively, old aircraft should potentially be converted to the improved standard.

Core of the new development was the compact HeS 021 turboprop, a PTL development of the HeS 011 jet engine which was also planned for Focke Wulfs FW P.0310226-127 fighter (a turboprop version of the light 'Flitzer' day fighter). This engine was theoretically to deliver up to 3.300hp (2.426 kw) shaft output, plus 1.100kg (2.424 lb) additional thrust, even though serial types would produce less power under the aspect of reliability.

In order to incorporate this engine into the modified Me 410 a new main wing with laminar profile and new engine nacelles had to be designed. The HeS 021sat in the front part of the engine nacelles above the wings, driving four-bladed propellers. The landing gear retracted into the nacelle's lower section, rotating 90°, much like the Me 410, with the exhaust running above the landing gear wells.

In order to improve directional stability further, the tail surfaces were slightly enlarged, receiving characteristic, square tips. The fuselage was more or less taken from the original Me 410, since it offered a very good field of view and appropriate aerodynamics. With this package, the idea of retrofitting former Me 410 cells was kept, even though later flight tests showed that some more detail modifications had to be made. Most of these concerned the internal structures, the most obvious external change was the nose section, where the original glazing had to be reinforced and finally replaced by solid material – an experience similar to the modification from Douglas’ piston-driven XB-42 to the faster, jet-driven XB-43 of the same era.

Maiden flight of the first prototype took place in Augsburg on 6th of May 1945, with little problems. As benchmark, the Me 410's maximum speed was 625 km/h (388 mph), a cruise speed of 579 km/h (360 mph) and a combat range of 2.300 km (1,400 mi) with up to 1.000 kg (2,204 lbs) of disposable stores carried in- and externally.

The overall flying characteristics of the Me 410 did not change much, but rate of climb and top speed were considerably improved. In level flight, the third prototype Me 510 V3 reached a top speed of 812 km/h (504 mph), and even the serial version with added armament and equipment easily reached 750 km/h (465 mph) top speed and a cruising speed with no external stores of 650 km/h (405 mph). At its time, the Me 510, which quickly received the rather inofficial nickname "Bremse" (Horsefly), was superior to its pure piston engine and turbojet rivals, even though it was clear that the turboprop was only a preliminary solution.

Due to its high speed and under the pressure of Allied bomber raids, the Me 510 was primarily used as a Zerstörer against daylight bombers. Many aircraft received additional weapons, both directly incorporated at the factory but also as field accessories. Popular modifications included two extra 30mm guns (MK 108 or 103) in the bomb bay, or provisions for guided and unguided air to air missiles. A camera equipment package (Rüstsatz 'U3') allowed the fast aircraft to be used for daylight reconnaissance.

Many equipment packages from the earlier Me 410 could be fitted, too, including the massive 50mm BK 5 auto cannon against allied bomber groups. Initially, this package (‘U4’ Rüstsatz) comprised the original autocannon which fired at 45 RPM, with 21 shells in a drum magazine.

510 general characteristics:

Crew: 2

Length: 42 ft (12,60 m)

Wingspan: 49 ft (14.69 m)

Height: 13 ft 1½ in (4.0 m)

Wing area: 480.11 ft² (44.78m²)

Empty weight: 10.665 lb (4.842 kg)

Loaded weight: 14.405 lb (6.540 kg)

Max. take-off weight: 18.678 lb (8.480 kg)

Maximum speed: 790 km/h (490 mph) at 7.200m (23.500 ft)

Range: 1.400 mi (2.300 km ) with full combat TOW

Service ceiling: 40.900 ft (12.500 m)

Rate of climb: 4.635 ft/min (23,6 m/s)

Wing loading: 29.8 lb/ft² (121.9 kg/m²)

Power/mass: 0.24 hp/lb (0.39 kW/kg)

Engine:

2× Heinkel-Hirth HeS 021 turboprop engines, 1.438 kW (2.500 hp) plus 980 kp (2.158 lb) residual thrust each

Armament: Varied, but typical basic equipment was:

2× 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons with 350 rpg, fixed in the nose

2× 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns with 500 rpg in the nose flanks

2× 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns with 500 rpg, each firing rearward from FDSL 131/1B remote-operated turret, one per side;

Up to 1.200 kg (2.643 lb) of disposable stores in- and externally

In the field, many modifications were made and several additional weapon packages with guns, guided and unguided missiles or special weapons were available (so-called ‘Rüstsätze’).

The kit and its assembly:

The engine nacelles were taken OOB. I just filled the Il-28's landing gear wells and their covers with putty, since they'd end on top of the new engines.

Painting and markings:

But in the end, the flanks received more spots than intended, and I ended up with a rather conservative livery - but it ain't bad at all. But so it goes...

Thunder Cloud, Blackfeet, No. 1385_, colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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Cabinet Card Portrait Photo No 0640, Cabinet Portraits, CDV, photos on cardboard colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

3 1

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Into The Wilderness, Roland W. Reed, 1912_colorSAI_result by Asar Studios

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1:100 Rockwell/Bell VR-1D "Valkyrie"; aircraft "(08-5)906" of the U.N. Spacy SVFR-501 Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (第501飛行隊); Hyakuri Air Base (Ibaraki Prefecture/Japan), 2011 (modified Arii kit) by Dizzyfugu

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dinner party by Richard Casey

igaly sleeping through a dinner party that was held while our parents were away. My sister and her best friend had their respective partners over for the first time for a really fancy meal. Great night

Some background:

The VF-1 was developed by Stonewell/Bellcom/Shinnakasu for the U.N. Spacy by using alien Overtechnology obtained from the SDF-1 Macross alien spaceship. Its production was preceded by an aerodynamic proving version of its airframe, the VF-X. Unlike all later VF vehicles, the VF-X was strictly a jet aircraft, built to demonstrate that a jet fighter with the features necessary to convert to Battroid mode was aerodynamically feasible. After the VF-X's testing was finished, an advanced concept atmospheric-only prototype, the VF-0 Phoenix, was flight-tested from 2005 to 2007 and briefly served as an active-duty fighter from 2007 to the VF-1's rollout in late 2008, while the bugs were being worked out of the full-up VF-1 prototype (VF-X-1).

The space-capable VF-1's combat debut was on February 7, 2009, during the Battle of South Ataria Island - the first battle of Space War I - and remained the mainstay fighter of the U.N. Spacy for the entire conflict. Introduced in 2008, the VF-1 would be out of frontline service just five years later, though.

The VF-1 proved to be an extremely capable craft, successfully combating a variety of Zentraedi mecha even in most sorties, which saw UN Spacy forces significantly outnumbered. The versatility of the Valkyrie design enabled the variable fighter to act as both large-scale infantry and as air/space superiority fighter.

The basic VF-1 fighter was deployed in four minor variants (designated A, D, J, and S) and its success was increased by continued development of various enhancements including the GBP-1S "Armored" Valkyrie, FAST Pack "Super" Valkyrie and the additional RÖ-X2 heavy cannon pack weapon system for the VF-1S for additional firepower.

From the basic fighter variant and the standard VF-1 airframe, several sub-versions were produced for specialized tasks, one of these being two dedicated reconnaissance variants of the Valkyrie. The respective VR-1A, the first variant to be fielded, was a one-man all-weather electronic warfare and reconnaissance version, more or less a direct conversion of the Standard VF-1A fighter with a defensive electronics suite and the capability to carry reconnaissance equipment in a ventral pod (instead of the GU-11 gun pod). The soon following VR-1D was based on the trainer two-seater, and a much more sophisticated design. Its biggest operational benefit was a dedicated systems operator on the back seat so that the pilot could focus on the task of reaching mission targets, mostly in low-level high speed flight, using terrain contours for a stealthy approach. As a consequence, the VR-1A was only manufactured in small numbers by Northrop during 2009 and 2010, while the more prolific, versatile and efficient VR-1D was manufactured by Rockwell Bell from early 2010 onwards until 2014.

In addition to the standard electronic warfare suit carried by all VF-1 Valkyrie fighters both reconnaissance types carried two multi-frequency radar warning receivers on the vertical stabilizers, making this detail the most obvious difference to the fighters. Many VR-1s carried, instead of the fighter's intercept radar, specialized sensor equipment in their noses, including cameras in different configurations, mapping radars or radiation and atmospheric sampling and analysis equipment. Despite the different nose and equipment configurations, the VR-1s normally did not receive a special designation, the crew number and the airframe ancestry being the only nomination factor.

Furthermore, a wide range of special equipment could be carried, the most common ordnance being a pair of optional conformal radar jamming pod pallets that could be mounted onto the leg/engine nacelles’ flanks.

The VR-1s operated, except for the integral lasers in the standard A or D head units and IR-guided AMM-1 missiles for self-defense, generally unarmed and, if possible, in clean configuration, for maximum low level speed and agility. Instead of the fighter's standard GU-11 gun pod (which could be carried, though), both VR types typically carried various Tactical Aerial Camera System (TACS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) pods under the fuselage. Furthermore, they could also carry a wide range of special ordnance like ECM and chaff/flare pods under the wings, as well as a pair of drop tanks to increase range and loiter time.

In order to retain some limited offensive combat capabilities against aerial and ground targets alike, many reconnaissance Valkyries received during their career and the standard fighters’ MLU program (see below) an infrared search and track (IRST) system, mounted in front of the cockpit. Sometimes an infrared jamming system was added in a fairing to the bottom of the nose, too, when applicable. Alternatively, the same system could be carried externally as a pod on one of the outer pylons.

After the end of Space War I, the VF-1 continued to be manufactured both in the Sol system and throughout the UNG space colonies. Although the VF-1 would be replaced in 2020 as the primary Variable Fighter of the U.N. Spacy by the more capable, but also much bigger, VF-4 Lightning III, a long service record and continued production after the war proved the lasting worth of the design.

The versatile aircraft also underwent constant upgrade programs, leading to improved versions like the VF-1N and P. For instance, about a third of all VF-1 Valkyries were upgraded with Infrared Search and Track (IRST) systems from 2016 onwards. Many Valkyries also received improved ECM and radar warning systems, with emitters/receivers, depending on the systems, mounted on the wing-tips, on the fins and/or on the LERXs.

The VF-1 was without doubt the most recognizable variable fighter of Space War I and was seen as a vibrant symbol of the U.N. Spacy even into the first year of the New Era 0001 in 2013. At the end of 2015 the final rollout of the VF-1 was celebrated at a special ceremony, commemorating this most famous of variable fighters. The VF-1 Valkryie was built from 2006 to 2013 with a total production of 5,459 VF-1 variable fighters in its multitude of variants.

However, the fighter remained active in many second line units and continued to show its worthiness years later, e. g. through Milia Jenius who would use her old VF-1 fighter in defense of the colonization fleet - 35 years after the type's service introduction!

General characteristics:

All-environment variable fighter and tactical combat Battroid,

used by U.N. Spacy, U.N. Navy, U.N. Space Air Force and U.N. Spacy Marines

Accommodation:

Single pilot in Marty & Beck Mk-7 zero/zero ejection seat

Dimensions:

Fighter Mode:

Length 14.23 meters

Wingspan 14.78 meters (at 20° minimum sweep)/8.30 meters (at 70° maximum sweep)

Height 3.84 meters

Battroid Mode:

Height 12.68 meters

Width 7.3 meters

Length 4.0 meters

Empty weight: 13.25 metric tons

Standard T-O mass: 18.5 metric tons

MTOW: 37.0 metric tons

Powerplant:

2x Shinnakasu Heavy Industry/P&W/Roice FF-2001 thermonuclear reaction turbine engines, output 650 MW each, rated at 11,500 kg in standard or in overboost (225.63 kN x 2)

4x Shinnakasu Heavy Industry NBS-1 high-thrust vernier thrusters (1x counter reverse vernier thruster nozzle mounted on the side of each leg nacelle/air intake, 1x wing thruster roll control system on each wingtip)

18x P&W LHP04 low-thrust vernier thrusters beneath multipurpose hook/handles

Performance:

Battroid Mode: maximum walking speed 160 km/h

Fighter Mode: at 10,000 m Mach 2.71; at 30,000+ m Mach 3.87

g limit: in space +7

Thrust-to-weight ratio: empty 3.47; standard T-O 2.49; maximum T-O 1.24

Design Features:

3-mode variable transformation; variable geometry wing; vertical take-off and landing; control-configurable vehicle; single-axis thrust vectoring; three "magic hand" manipulators for maintenance use; retractable canopy shield for Battroid mode and atmospheric reentry; option of GBP-1S system, atmospheric-escape booster, or FAST Pack system

Transformation:

Standard time from Fighter to Battroid (automated): under 5 sec.

Min. time from Fighter to Battroid (manual): 0.9 sec.

Armament:

2x internal Mauler RÖV-20 anti-aircraft laser cannon, firing 6,000 pulses per minute

1x Howard GU-11 55 mm three-barrel Gatling gun pod with 200 RPG, fired at 1,200 rds/min

4x underwing hard points for a wide variety of ordnance, including:

- 12x AMM-1 hybrid guided multipurpose missiles (3/point), or

- 12x MK-82 LDGB conventional bombs (3/point), or

- 6x RMS-1 large anti-ship reaction missiles (2/outboard point, 1/inboard point), or

- 4x UUM-7 micro-missile pods (1/point) each carrying 15 x Bifors HMM-01 micro-missiles,

- or a combination of above load-outs

The kit and its assembly:

This build was inspired by a Macross source book find, but the build did not go without a personal twist, and therefore it is not 100% canonical. The VR-1D two seater recce Valkyrie as such is “real”, though, and the basis for the build was a standard 1:100 VF-1D Arii kit. Beyond the standard improvements with extra blade antennae and two pilot figures for in-flight display, I did some other changes in order to get away from the standard VF-1D look.

One of these are the radar sensors on top of the fins - carved from 1.5mm styrene sheet and replacing the original fin tips. On the nose flanks I added flat SLAR antennae, which I extended downwards so that the familiar VF-1 nose would appear quite different (inspired by the Grumman F9F-8P’s outlines). The panels are 0.5mm styrene sheet and blended into the fuselage with putty. In front of the cockpit an IRST sensor was added, actually a simple piece of sprue.

The conformal ECM fairings on the legs were originally drop tank halves (from a Matchbox Saab 29), reduced in depth so far that only shallow bulges remained.

Instead of the GU-11 gun pod under the fuselage I used a camera pod from an 1:72 Luftwaffe Tornado. This is a little massive for the slender 1:100 Valkyrie, but the camera ports and the overall shape and length were just too promising. I cut away the original attachment pylon, reversed the pod, cut off its rounded rear section and added an spherical, clear “eye ball” at the front end (which is actually a ball joint from a vintage Matchbox aircraft display :D).

A vertical styrene tube was used to mount the pod under the Valkyrie, and it is at the same time an adapter for my standard wire display, so that the VR-1D can be presented in flight, with the landing gear tucked up.

Painting and markings:

The paint scheme is based on the rather unique (if not surreal, but effective!) low-level camouflage carried by some of the JASDF's RF-4EJs, operated by the 501st Hikotai (beyond a maritime and a Europe One scheme), as well as the F-1. As far as I could find out, the upper tones are FS 34097, 34108 and 30372, and white from below, while the pattern itself is identical to the Phantom II’s USAF SEA scheme.

The tones I used are Humbrol 168 (Hemp), a mix of 101 (Mid Green) and a little 76 Uniform Green, for a more bluish hue, and a mix of 108 (WWI Green) with some 252 (RLM 82). Instead of white, I rather used a very light grey (Humbrol 147, FS 36495) for the undersides.

Later, after a black ink washing, these basic colors were lightened through panel post-shading with slightly more pale mixes of these tones.

The cockpit was painted in canonical colors, with a medium grey interior, black ejection seats and red brown cushions. The air intakes became dark grey (Revell 77). Since the Valkyrie would be displayed in flight, with the thick and distorting canopy closed, only basic painting was done inside, including the two figures - they just received a basic Macross pilot suit look, but, as a personal twist, the crew received different jumpsuits in red and blue.

The markings were mostly taken from the OOB sheet (with full color kite roundels, making this aircraft look even more JASDF-ish, plus some typical stencils), extras are the 501 Hikotai's famous woodpecker emblem from a Hasegawa 1:72 Phantom II kit and the USN style modex. The dielectric fairings on the nose were created with ivory decal sheet, other antenna covers were painted with Humbrol 7. The exhausts/feet were painted with Modelmaster Titanium Metallizer.

Finally, the kit received an overall coat with matt acrylic varnish (Italeri).

Another VF-1 for the collection, this time a kind of JASDF tribute build – and a mix between canonical and personal elements. However, an interesting result - the "real" JASDF paint scheme looks a little odd, but somehow the camouflage suits the VF-1 well?

Bohn Aluminum & Brass, 1947 ...item 3.. Alcoa Cuts Global Aluminum Forecast on China Slowdown -- Aluminum will average $2,212 a ton next year (Thursday, 11 October 2012) ... by marsmettt tallahassee

“We do see a slight slowdown in some regions in end- markets, and the main driver for this is China,” Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Klaus Kleinfeld said on a conference call with analysts. Chinese demand may pick up at the end of the fourth quarter because of stimulus spending, he said.

.......***** All images are copyrighted by their respective authors .......

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.....item 1).... Habor Aluminum ... www.harboraluminum.com/ ...

> aluminum industry analysis, market outlook & forecasts

> key aluminum news & our comments free!

> aluminum other analysts views

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

.....item 2).... Reuters ... www.reuters.com ... Press Release

Hydro and Orkla to form the world's leading aluminium solutions provider

* Reuters is not responsible for the content in this press release.

Mon Oct 15, 2012 1:00am EDT

www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/15/idUS33196+15-Oct-2012+...

Norsk Hydro ASA and Orkla ASA have agreed to combine their respective profiles, building systems and tubing business, creating the world's leading aluminium solutions provider. The new combined company, to be named Sapa, will be a 50/50 joint venture owned by Hydro and Orkla.

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

.....item 3).... HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS - Worldwide ... www.hellenicshippingnews.com ...

Online Daily Newspaper on Hellenic and International Shipping

Tuesday, 16 October 2012 | 17:43

Alcoa Cuts Global Aluminum Forecast on China Slowdown

Thursday, 11 October 2012 | 00:00

www.hellenicshippingnews.com/News.aspx?ElementId=582a442a...

Alcoa Inc. (AA), the largest U.S. aluminum producer, cut its forecast for global consumption of the metal by 1 percentage point on slowing Chinese demand, helping to trigger a decline in Asian stocks for a third day.

Demand will climb by 6 percent this year, New York-based Alcoa said yesterday in its third-quarter earnings statement. That’s less than the company’s July prediction for a 7 percent increase in usage.

The forecast revision by Alcoa, typically the first company on the Dow Jones Industrial Average to report earnings, comes a day after the International Monetary Fund and Rio Tinto Group, the world’s third-biggest mining company, trimmed their growth outlook estimates for China. Aluminum prices in London touched a 34-month low in August as global supply exceeded demand.

“The global economy is clearly slowing,” Lloyd O’Carroll, a Richmond, Virginia-based analyst for Davenport & Co., said yesterday in an interview. “That’s what the IMF said today and so I think what Alcoa is doing is consistent with that.”

--- Shares Drop

Alcoa traded at 7.02 euros as of 9:38 a.m. in Frankfurt. That’s equivalent to $9.03, a 1.1 percent decline from yesterday’s closing price in New York. The MSCI Asia Pacific Index (MXAP) slipped 0.9 percent at 4:42 p.m. in Tokyo, while Aluminum Corp. of China Ltd., the nation’s biggest producer of the metal, dropped as much as 2.1 percent in Hong Kong.

Demand from heavy-truck and trailer manufacturing will fall this year, Alcoa said. It now sees Chinese truck and trailer output slumping as much as 21 percent, compared with a decline of as much as 8 percent projected three months ago. Chinese can and packaging growth may be 8 percent, down from Alcoa’s July forecast of as much as 20 percent.

The IMF yesterday cut its global growth forecast and lowered its projected expansion for China, the world’s biggest aluminum user, by 0.2 percentage point annually, to 7.8 percent this year and 8.2 percent in 2013. London-based Rio, which has pulled back from projects as sluggish global growth reduced demand for metals, yesterday lowered its estimates for China’s growth to below 8 percent.

--- Net Loss

Alcoa reported a third-quarter net loss of $143 million, or 13 cents a share, compared with net income of $172 million, or 15 cents, a year earlier as sales dropped 9.2 percent. Excluding costs related to environmental remediation and the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Aluminium Bahrain BSC (ALBH), Alcoa had per-share profit of 3 cents. The average of 18 estimates compiled by Bloomberg was for break-even earnings per share.

“We are clearly seeing the impact of a Chinese slowdown globally and it’s indicated in Alcoa’s numbers,” said Nader Naeimi, Sydney-based head of dynamic asset allocation at AMP Capital Investors Ltd., which manages almost $100 billion.

Alcoa reiterated that demand will increase this year in the global aerospace, auto, packaging and construction industries.

The company said it improved productivity across all four business units. Its rolled products business posted the highest ever after-tax operating income and the engineered products and solutions segment had a record margin on earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.

Total sales fell to $5.83 billion from $6.42 billion, beating the $5.56 billion average of 10 estimates.

--- Civil Suit

Alcoa settled a four-year racketeering lawsuit brought by Aluminium Bahrain, the state-owned smelter known as Alba, both companies said yesterday. Alba’s 2008 civil suit alleged that Alcoa bribed officials in Bahrain to charge more for alumina. Alba said it paid $500 million more than it should have.

Alcoa will pay Alba $85 million in two cash installments and agree to a long-term sales agreement, without admitting liability. Alba said the settlement has a total value of $447 million.

Alcoa, Rio Tinto, Norway’s Norsk Hydro ASA (NHY) and closely held Zeeland Aluminum have cut 1.21 million metric tons of production capacity since mid-2011, according data compiled by Bloomberg.

Aluminum for delivery in three months on the London Metal Exchange averaged $1,950 a ton in the third quarter, 20 percent less than a year earlier. It traded at $2,024 a ton as of 8:47 a.m. local time.

Prices below $2,000 may drive more production cuts, Ken Hoffman, a Bloomberg Industries analyst, said last week.

--- Decoupled Price

Alcoa’s Kleinfeld said that the company predicts global demand will exceed supply by 262,000 tons this year.

The aluminum price is “decoupled” from the supply and demand “fundamentals” of the market, and instead is being influenced by investor concerns about the European debt crisis and the slowdown in China, he said on the call.

“The macro factors are currently dominating the pricing situation,” he said. “But it can reverse very, very quickly.”

Aluminum will average $2,212 a ton next year, according to the median of 22 analyst estimates compiled by Bloomberg. The metal traded at more than $3,300 in 2008 before the financial crash, and reached a 2011 intraday high of $2,803 a ton.

Alcoa is organized into four segments: alumina, which mines bauxite and processes it into the precursor to aluminum; primary metals, which smelts aluminum; flat-rolled products, which makes sheets used in beverage cans as well as airplane wings and car parts; and engineered products and solutions, which produces aerospace fasteners, turbine blades and truck wheels.

--- Source: Bloomberg

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A Ceremonial Group at a Potlatch , colorized by Ahmet Asar, Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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EDWARD S. CURTIS (1868-1952) The North American Indian, Portfolio II [Apache, Pima, Pagago, and Mohave]. 5, colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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Assorted Creatures, Set 13–2 by Moleman NineThousand

3 1

The following four creatures hail from the planet Foutsbout, located in the Epsilon Octant and being somewhat well–known for having two distinct major biome types that are near–opposites of one another, with two respective humanoid races that are also near–opposites.

• Yerkfod: A bizarre animal that is considered a hybrid of mammal and insectoid and which roams the jungle–wetlands that form the more dominant of Foutsbout's two environment types. It can also sometimes be found in or near the crevices that tend to mark the "boundaries" between regions of wetlands/desert, and into which non–Yerkfods seldom venture. Yerkfods stand about four feet tall and have significant girth, giving them a modestly large overall mass. They are omnivores, and while they are not actively hostile to any type of humanoid, travelers are advised to keep their distance from these creatures whenever possible, for attacks based on situational provocation are fairly common. The most readily visible feature of the Yerkfod is the large, gaping mouth at its front and center, which is flanked by a quartet of hook–spiked appendages that are used to grab, pull and scoop things into the mouth proper (the Orpwapper, another inhabitant of Foutsbout, has a nearly identical mechanism, as elaborated upon in its entry). Above this mouth structure are what appears to be a large snout, and is in fact exactly that, and what appear to be two vicious eyes… but are actually mere muscle bulges that have been deliberately patterned to look like eyes, so as to intimidate enemies. The actual eyes of the Yerkfod are found higher up on its body still, along with an additional nose and a small, circular second mouth. The creature thus has two faces, though it should not be mistakenly considered as having two heads, for it possesses only one brain and is, furthermore, cephalothoracic in shape. At the very top of the creature's body is a "crown" of rugged bumps and thorns, which contributes to protecting the brain, and also growing out from near the top is a secondary set of arms that are raised upward by default and are amphiarthrotic (only slightly movable), being unable to reach directly downward. This uppermost portion of the Yerkfod's body has a physiological makeup characteristic of an insectoid and distinct from the mammalian physiology of the rest of its body, this being the reason for the animal's above–mentioned classification as a hybrid.

The other notable features of the Yerkfod's lower, more mammalian bodily portion include sheets of blue fur covering certain areas as well as the creature's primary sets of arms and legs. The lower, primary arms are fully flexible and rotatable, and are notable for their long, curved claw–like fingers that are nearly impossible to snap in two at any point, being sturdier in this regard than any other part of the animal, and can be used to assist in walking.

Yerkfods generally have durability values ranging from 800 to 1,000.

• Dinkarisan: By far the more advanced and civilized of Foutsbout's dual humanoid species and the more populous by a slim margin, the Dinkarisans inhabit elevated cities of moderately large scope built above large ponds amidst the jungles and other generally lush areas that comprise "their" "half" of the planet. They are tall, lean and very large overall, with some adults exceeding the seven–foot benchmark in height, and have smooth, blue skin comparable in toughness and texture to a Merthaldu's in addition to antennae–based ears. They are particularly "modest", usually being seen wearing heavy, armor–like suits that cover most of their bodies and have certain variable details for denoting rank and/or role. The Dinkarisans possess great intelligence, consistently placing in the top ten on various lists ranking the on–average–smartest mortal races, and have long been closely associated with the knowledge–devoted Uve Mards and Uve Mard Estate of neighboring planet Qollag, sharing the same love of knowledge and beneficial sciences and collaborating with the Uve Mards on various inventive and research projects. One notable series of technologies released under the banner of the Uve Mard Estate to which Dinkarisans contributed greatly was the set of nonlethal yet practically effective weapon models finished in Age 799, from which two armaments, the Pain Radiator and Burn–Fumer, caught on in spades and continue to be used by law enforcement agencies on several planets. This race can also be thanked in large part for many of the advances in the field of chemical medicine treatment that have occurred over the past few centuries, as well as for various efforts made in the name of natural preservation which have collectively saved several animal species from extinction.

Personality–wise, Dinkarisans have several common "quirks", most of which are considered negative, but in a non–immoral way. They tend to suffer from chronic nervousness more severe than what the average person experiences on a regular basis (though rarely to an extreme degree) and frequent stuttering. Most are very shy, especially in terms of sexuality, which is related to their previously–mentioned bodily modesty; based on what data could be gathered without committing extreme mass–invasions of privacy, the Dinkarisan population is indicated to engage in among the least sexual activity of all intelligent populations. This tendency for excessive abstinence is believed to be the primary factor that keeps the otherwise thriving Dinkarisan race's numbers at fairly standard levels, and it has been hypothesized that, if not for their impotence, they would likely be among the Prime Galaxy's most populous humanoid species. Furthermore, it has also been hypothesized, somewhat more questionably, that this trait might have been put in place as a form of population control for them. In any case, in spite of their social and sexual weakness, Dinkarisans generally maintain full competence where they themselves see it as mattering most: in the productive thinker's workplace.

The durability value range for Dinkarisans is rather low and narrow: 600–700. It should again be noted, however, that they are more often than not equipped with majorly protective gear.

• Orpwapper: A segmented, long–bodied arthropod found throughout the harsh, sandstorm–prone deserts that constitute the lesser and more hostile of Foutsbout's two biomes. It is highly carnivorous and will generally attack Janverscamps or other humanoids that cross its path out in the open, but does not pose a threat to those within walled settlements. The Orpwapper's body consists of a series of several connected spherical bulges, at the front of which is the creature's headpiece and at the back of which are its dual, stinger–bearing tails. Each body segment sports a tiny, spike–toed leg on either side, and with all Orpwappers possessing at least a dozen of them, the sheer number of these appendages allows them to collectively, adequately support and carry their owners' bodies despite their tininess. Similar leg setups are found in a handful of other creatures, most of which belong to the insectoid classification; this has led to common misconceptions that the Orpwapper is also an insectoid. Orpwappers' headpieces are perpetually and naturally upright, unlike the rest of their segments, and have three eyes, each situated within separate antenna–like structures, as well as clawed appendages surrounding their mouths; the latter of these traits is shared with the Yerkfod, which is found on the very same planet as the Orpwapper, albeit in different regions. Though the sharing of an unusual, distinctive feature normally exclusive to one creature per planet between two different species on the same world can usually be attributed to limited original gene pools, in the particular case of the Orpwapper and Yerkfod, the trait in question provides distinct benefits to either beast, its inclusion in either of their designs truly "making sense". As for the creature's hindquarters, it, again, consists of two tails of medium length and with large stingers at their ends. The sting of an Orpwapper yields a moderately potent dose of venom which has a high chance of being fatal to Janverscamps, due to their very small size. Whenever either of the creature's stingers is used, it is expended and discarded, only for a new one to regenerate in its place over the next three–to–five days.

Orpwappers are unisexual; any specimen can mate and reproduce with any other specimen besides itself. Their process of mating and reproducing occurs around the Third Cycle of each year and involves depositing a single egg which must be closely guarded by both of its parents for the duration of its pre–hatching development. Young Orpwappers, after emerging from their eggs, grow very quickly and are instinctively impelled and expected to willingly go off on their own within the first cycle of life. If one attempts to continue relying on the protection of its parents for much longer than that, it will be eaten by them.

The "full" lifespan of the Orpwapper is considered to be around twenty years. Specimens vary significantly in size, color scheme and even number of segments, but the "average" durability value for the species in general is held to be 750.

• Janverscamp: A race of small humanoids, only marginally larger than Flufewogs, that make their homes in small, walled cities throughout Foutsbout's desert regions. Considered the planet's "secondary" race, the Janverscamps are a simple and savage people, contrasting greatly to their Dinkarisan "neighbors", whose various attempts at "elevating" them to more desirable standards of living have largely been either ignored or met with violence (more commonly the former). Despite both this and their near–constant fighting among themselves and the various groups and tribes that make up their race, however, they have never engaged in warfare–scale aggression against people of any other race without being provoked. Many parties tend to overlook this fact, with the Janverscamps commonly being spoken of as an "evil" race colloquially while they are much closer to neutrality in reality.

Janverscamps have deeply reddish skin, which, in combination with their "Imp"–like form, has led comparisons to be drawn between them and the Shindoke and Grebeth, two forms of lesser demon to which these humanoids bear a superficial resemblance (a resemblance that has exacerbated the tendencies of many people to consider, think of and speak of them as worse than they actually are). Said skin is very tough and resistant to heat. Three sets of ears are present on Janverscamps' heads; each of these pairs is weaker in function than the average, singular sets of ears found on most other races, but the functionality of all three of them combined effectively gives the diminutive desert–dwellers what amounts to incredibly strong hearing. The eyesight provided by their standardly single pair of optical organs, however, is sub–par. Janverscamp durability values generally start around 300 and rarely go above 600. Theoretically, their racial lifespan is surprisingly long, the oldest recorded members of the species having been close to 100 years old, but in practice, very few Janverscamps live to old age due to their dangerous living environments and tendencies of killing one another, and the average age at death is well under half of the technical maximum.

Janverscamps speak a slightly simplified variation of English, with many "redundant" words being omitted and a few "new" ones being unique to their dialect. Despite their frequently odd wordings, savage nature and what is perceived to be a monstrous appearance, though, their actual voices (in terms of tone and accent) are fairly clear and standard, lacking any scraggly qualities that many might expect. While outdoors, nearly all Janverscamps wear bandana–or–handkerchief–like garments over their faces at nearly all times. This was originally an utmost necessity due to sandstorms and the like, but it has since become entrenched as a tradition of what little culture they have and continues to be as prevalent as ever even after new building techniques have lessened the need for face protection within Janverscamp cities. The "bandana" is also arguably the most recognizable "symbol" of the race among other peoples.

WEAPONS:

• Dinkarisan Jitterpelter

• Janverscampish Crayer Ambiblade

• Janverscampish Horny Bugbarrel

These next four creatures, displayed right of the previous group, are inhabitants of the planet Yorwerad, situated in the central area of the Sigma Octant and having a mild desert environment similar to that of Ergnoplis. Also included is a partial military history of the two humanoid species among these beings.

• Nuupeilad: Though being listed here first, this humanoid species should not be mistakenly taken to be the "primary" race of Yorwerad as opposed to its counterpart race, which should not be considered the more "dominant" people either, for both of the two allied races are officially, and accurately, seen as each other's equal. Nuupeilads are of relatively standard size and posture (~5–6 feet), and have predominantly orangish (with some spots of yellow) skin, rather wide/broad craniums and faces, thick, brown hair that is traditionally braided into separated "tufts". In males, there is a noticeable predisposition to growing prominent facial hair, which is considered highly desirable and indicative of both masculinity and general strength within Nuupeilad culture, starting from early ages. The durability value of a typical member of the race at prime age is about 900.

The Nuupeilads are a devout warrior race with an almost fanatical sense of justice, traits that also apply to their Patmurite comrades, but generally to a slightly lesser degree. Being considerably more able to withstand harsh conditions than their counterparts, they voluntarily occupy most of the more barren regions of Yorwerad while allowing the Patmurites to control most of the milder areas, though there is great overlap between the population concentrations of both races. The city of Jarvelin, located at the near–center of the planet's map, has the largest Nuupeilad population and is widely considered, albeit unofficially, to be the race's capital. Due to tradition–based practice, the Nuupeilad species' population as a whole is almost entirely concentrated on Yorwerad, with only a relative few of them living elsewhere, in contrast to the Patmurites who are much more inclined to "spreading out" (see also the latter race's entry, below).

Nuupeilad designs and architectures reflect the desert–ish environments in which most of them live, and throughout the years, they have taken efforts to preserve the dated aesthetic styles established and used by their people's earlier generations while still implementing newer technologies and techniques. In other words, Nuupeilads may look rather primitive from surface appearances, but they are anything but in practice; they deliberately give their in–actuality–high–tech structures, weapons and gadgets "classic" appearances for the sake of tradition. Usefulness is occasionally slightly compromised for the sake of maintaining this aesthetic style, but the opposite (style being compromised somewhat to optimize function) also occurs about as frequently.

• On Skellen–Yorweraddin Conflicts:

As a highly–developed and fairly large planet in the Sigma Octant, Yorwerad has long been threatened by the Gorlunian Skellen on a consistently frequent basis, and the history of both its peoples is heavily marked, shaped and arguably even defined in large part, by conflict with them. In addition to many smaller skirmishes, five distinct wars, known as the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Skellen Wars of Yorwerad, have occurred between the Skellen pseudo–empire and the cooperating military forces of both of Yorwerad's races. The First Skellen War of Yorwerad took place over a five–day period in Age 248, and is notable for marking the first of only four total "field appearances" of the Skellen Mothership, which had been upgraded for the second time just prior to the battle. It was also the first of the two occasions on which the mothership was "defeated", the vessel retreating at the end of the brief war after being heavily damaged and the majority of the ships within it destroyed. The next two wars were largely standard, unsuccessful invasion attempts on the Skellen's parts, taking place over longer periods than the first but with being less intense compared to it and not involving the Skellen Mothership.

The Fourth Skellen War of Yorwerad was "the big one" for the Nuupeilads and Patmurites, commencing in late Age 660 and ending at a similar point in Age 664's calendar, ultimately lasting just over four years. It was the longest armed conflict to ever involve either the Skellen or the Yorweraddin peoples, and one of the longest in Nava–Verse history altogether, and though not as intense as some other, shorter wars, its total death toll was upwards of 2,000,000, making it among the deadliest wars in Nava–Verse history as well. The Fourth Skellen War of Yorwerad infamously involved several "false ends", calms during which it looked like the fighting would soon stop, only for it to then suddenly resume in full force with the appearance of another wave of attacking ships, as well as a comparable number of proverbial shiftings of the tide, with the upper hand going back and forth between sides many times. At one point roughly midway through the war's length, circumstances appeared to favor the invaders so strongly that Yorwerad was officially declared a Skellen–controlled territory by the aging Skellord Pink, who would die of natural causes within a year following the conflict's eventual end, only for the Nuupeilad–Patmurite alliance to regain the upper hand within the next cycle's time. The war ultimately ended in a most decidedly indecisive manner, with the Yorweraddin races "winning" by default as the Skellen forces made their final retreat, not due to some disastrous defeat in a climactic battle as tends to mark the final turning points of most wars, but merely due to long–term depletion of resources, manpower and willpower after four years of near–continual attacks against a single planetary front. The decision on Skellen leadership's part that continuing to pursue conquest of Yorwerad would be too costly an endeavor was a highly questionable one in terms of rationality (though no decent people are complaining about it), as the forces of the Nuupeilads and Patmurites were on their last metaphorical legs just as much as, if not even more–so than, the Skellen were at the time of the latter side's cessation of full–blown hostilities.

The fifth and, to date, final major conflict between Yorwerad's dual peoples and the Skellen was waged during Ages 780 and 781… with the Nuupeilads and Patmurites as the aggressors, attempting a full–out invasion of Gorlune in revenge for the Skellen's wrongdoings towards not only their planet and peoples but those of many other races as well. What is officially called the Fifth Skellen War of Yorwerad for consistency's sake but which some have proposed renaming as the "Yorweraddin War of Gorlune" marks the only occasion to date on which a serious, competently–coordinated invasion attempt has been made on the Skellen's homeworld, and preparations for it on the part of aggressors had been secretly underway for many years prior to the assault on Gorlune being launched in earnest. Many different individuals among the leaderships of both the Patmurites and the Nuupeilads are considered to share various parts of the dubious "honor" that is responsibility for proposing and coordinating the still–controversial–in–retrospect war. If one person is to be considered the closest there was to a "single" mastermind behind it, though, that person would have to be the Nuupeilad chancellor Shoda Marrmam, who, while not being the first to propose an invasion of the Skellen's planet, provided instrumental support at almost every further point in planning the operation, and formulated some beneficial tactical decisions as well. Furthermore, it is a known fact that the Skellen's disastrous defeat and the destruction of their mothership at Ergnoplis roughly a quarter–century prior and the weakened – both militarily and psychologically – state their kind was in, and still remains in to this very day, as a result provided great amounts of both encouragement and incentive to the Yorweraddin leaders as they formulated the war plan and made the ultimate decision to go through with it.

During the Fifth Skellen War of Yorwerad, Yorweraddin forces were exceptionally ruthless towards their hated enemies. Dividing themselves into several separate sub–armies, they, over several cycles, consecutively conquered several minor Gorlunian cities on the fringes of the heart of Skellen civilization. Almost all of the Skellen in each of these cities were slaughtered, while only moderate casualties were sustained by Nuupeilad–Patmurite attackers, who subsequently mounted a larger assault on Fibilich, one of the five "major" Skellen cities occupying the designated circle of land, known as the "Outer Ring", that surrounded the Skellen capital, Cartlash. The Siege of Fibilich, as it would come to be known, took place during the middle of the Second Cycle of Age 781, and proved to be the "climax" of not only the specific war it was part of, but of the centuries–long Yorweraddin–Skellen meta–conflict altogether, constituting a fierce battle far more intense than any of those that had occurred while pillaging the lesser Skellen cities. The Yorweraddin side eventually won the battle and successfully occupied what was left of Fibilich at that point, but not before suffering casualties far more severe than those sustained in the previous, smaller battles. Over the tense period entailed by the next several days, it was, with aid from various mathematicians and scientists, projected by Patmurite–Nuupeilad leaders back on Yorwerad that, were they to continue their merciless campaign against the Skellen, the Skellen menace could very well be put to an end once and for all by their efforts, but only if they were willing to sacrifice close to the entireties of both their own populations as well as the foundations of their dual, overlapping civilizations. In other words, it was anticipated that, were the war to continue, mutual destruction of both sides and their races would be the end result. A near–unanimous decision to end the war was made by the leaders of both Yorweraddin races shortly after this was established to be the situation. Their forces withdrew from Gorlune, leaving behind numerous warnings, relayed mainly through the accounts of the few Skellen they left alive in the cities they had conquered, that if the Skellen were ever to disturb their planet again, they would resume their own campaign against them in full force and see it through to the bitter end.

Altogether, roughly 300,000 Patmurites and Nuupeilads in total died as a result of the Fifth Skellen War of Yorwerad, and while the number of Skellen they killed is unknowable, it is generally believed and taught to be significantly higher than the aforementioned number lost in the process of slaying them. The greater total number of Yorweraddins lost across all of their world's battles with the Skellen, meanwhile, is estimated at around 3,500,000. Thus far, the Skellen have heeded the parting warnings of the only people to ever be bold enough to invade their homeworld, though only time will tell if this will continue to be the case. More likely than not, the long–term answer will ultimately depend on whether the Skellen are able to regain their full power and collective composure – that which they possessed prior to the destruction of their mothership at Ergnoplis and lost following that crushing defeat – anytime soon.

• Bullywarver: A leathery–skinned flying mammal with a considerably vicious appearance but only a slightly vicious demeanor. The Bullywarver is a larger animal than most, being roughly seven feet in body length/height and having a wingspan of comparable measurements, and dominates much of Yorwerad's undeveloped regions, being at the top of the food chain among the planet's wildlife. The durability value of the average specimen is 1,200. Bullywarvers live alone, and spend more time than not hovering high enough above the ground to be out of the reach of any grounded potential enemies but low enough to have a clear view of the terrain below, and act as both predators and scavengers, killing their own food and eating the remains of already–deceased creatures with more or less equal frequency. When not out in the field, Bullywarvers generally shelter themselves within caves or grottos; they have no permanent "homes", instead merely occupying whichever cavern is presently nearest whenever they need rest, a condition that entails sleeping for several consecutive hours but which occurs only once every several days per individual.

The Bullywarver is most easily identifiable and distinguishable from similar creatures found on various planets by its proportionally massive head, which sports a pair of equally–prominent, point–ended ears, a pair of complexly–structured yet still rather weak eyes, and mouths with many large teeth and dry, cracked lips that are almost constantly parted. The beast's arm–wing setup, meanwhile, is similar to that of the Phiortrask, with the arms being separate limbs originating well below the wings, though this is considered less notable in the Yorweraddin creature's case due to it having a far less humanoid–like overall body shape than the Namyufefian bird. Even though its head is more readily taken note of most of the time due to the universal tendency to fixate one's view of a creature on its head or closest equivalent when initially viewing it, the Bullywarver's lower body is easily its most nonstandard feature of all. Its set of "legs" consists of three synarthrotic, cartilaginous "poles" plus a pair of highly flexible tentacles, the latter of which are positioned in front of the former and are considered more essential to ground locomotion (itself secondary as a whole to flight in the Bullywarver) than the other three supports.

Despite being as ferocious as any predatory creature towards their natural prey, Bullywarvers are hostile neither to Nuupeilads nor to Patmurites, the former of whom have managed to tame the creatures in small numbers and harness these specimens both as traditional war beasts and as trained sentinels used for intimidation. Due to their lack of hostility and greater usefulness as allies, it is generally frowned upon in the overall society of Yorwerad to kill Bullywarvers for resources, though hunting of them, usually by Patmurites, still takes place on occasion.

• Patmurite: The second–listed, but by no means secondary, of Yorwerad's dual, allied humanoid peoples. Patmurites are slightly shorter and physically less robust than their Nuupeilad allies, averaging at just below five feet in measurement and with default durability values ranging from 700 to 800. However, they are much closer to the original human form in shape than their already–very–"standard" counterparts, being considered, along with the Vilvamions, to be major candidates for the distinction of being the most human–like humanoid race in the Nava–Verse and priding themselves, sometimes excessively so, on what they have termed their bodies' "paradigm" quality. Them being so "normal" in this sense, there is relatively little to say about these people's physical forms; they have six fingers/toes on each hand/foot, horn–like structures on the upper–backs of their heads, and little else in the way of noticeable protrusions. The Patmurite's coloration, however, is a much different story. The race is known for visually exhibiting, all over their bodies, recurring patterns and markings of the colors red and blue, as well as related shades thereof, that are often opposite and parallel to one another. Though the reason for this, if any, is unknown, the Patmurites have embraced this strange, and possibly incidental, trait of theirs, making blue and red signature colors of their society and people and reflecting the color schemes of their bodily patterns in their clothing and other designs.

As a society, Patmurites are much more outwardly "modern" than Nuupeilads; they are a high–tech race, and they have no problems with making that visibly evident in their designs. They have an almost (non–sexually) fetishistic affinity for leather and other hide–based clothing, as well as for capes and the prominent inclusion of the color green in their clothing patterns alongside red and blue. Most Patmurites live in areas of Yorwerad's geographic layout where climatic conditions are milder compared to other regions of the planet, this being a quasi–necessity due to their lower tolerance for heat and greater need for water compared to the Nuupeilads. The city officially designated as their race's capital, Bermerdesh, is located a moderately long road trip's distance almost directly South of the unofficial Nuupeilad capital, Jarvelin, and a shorter road trip's distance West of the largest known oasis on Yorwerad. Both routes have been fully paved for many years. The Patmurites, unlike the Nuupeilads (for the most part) and especially as of the past two centuries, have made significant and highly fruitful efforts to establish colonies elsewhere in the Prime Galaxy and integrate their kind and society with those of other advanced races. The overall populations of either Yorweraddin race are both very high and believed to be roughly equal in total, but due to the former phenomenon, there are somewhat fewer Patmurites than Nuupeilads living on the planet today, though not by a great enough margin for there to be any sort of "shortage" of the blue–and–red people on their own homeworld.

Patmurites, like Nuupeilads but to a slightly (and only slightly) lesser extent, place great cultural emphasis on justice, specifically its "punishing the wicked" aspect, a value whose development in both races' cases has been reinforced by, and applied in, their many wars fought together against the evil Skellen (see "On Skellen–Yorweraddin Conflicts" under the Nuupeilad's entry, above). They (again, like their counterparts), have a large, constantly readied military, while civilians are heavily encouraged to undergo a lesser form of training so that they are prepared to spring into militia action in emergency cases. The R–Rider Assaulter, a Patmurite–manufactured model of rifle, is by far the most versatile and consequently most abundant of Yorweraddin weapons among both the species responsible for its manufacture and the Nuupeilads, and in recent years it has also seen proliferation among warriors of other races thanks to interplanetary trade. Other, more negative personality tendencies of many Patmurites include overeating and resulting chubbiness (albeit primarily in lazier "types" of civilians, rather than warriors and other more productive members of society), cockiness and minor beliefs of self–supremacy on the "grounds" of their "paradigm" form. However, these questionable beliefs rarely lead to any actual antagonism of others, being far from radical in nature and extent in most cases.

• Oddgreader: A six–legged creature, not explicitly belonging to any common animal classification such as mammal, reptile, insectoid, etc., that lives in and around the numerous and scattered caves, oases and small forests that can be found across Yorwerad. It is occasionally hunted by Patmurites for purposes of using certain parts of its hide for clothing and related items, and though it has little relevance to the cultures and history of Yorwerad's people beyond this, its sheer uniqueness alone is enough to make it a notable life form. The Oddgreader is herbivorous and passive by default, but is, unlike most other beings for which the same can be said, highly capable of defending itself. While standing on all of its limbs, which is its default posture, this creature is approximately six feet long and half that length in height, and has a durability value of 700–800. It reproduces asexually and may be found in small packs of up to eight individuals.

Oddgreaders are very… well, odd, hence their lack of a clear classification. Each of their three pairs of legs vary wildly in form from either of the others, but all of them are nonetheless fully functional together as a complete set of limbs, giving the creatures both above–average movement speed and great stability. The different parts of Oddgreaders' bodies have varying and various textures (some of which are, again, highly useful resources, primarily for Patmurites), and they lack traditional heads, possessing tube–like mouths that are their only protrusions of note to come from their mostly flat fronts and having single eyes above the tops of said frontal surfaces. Attached to the back of this eye is a thick cord of solid muscle that extends backward, suspended several inches above the Oddgreader's upper back, for more than half of the creature's body length before reconnecting with the rest of the body near the top of the hump that is its posterior segment. This peculiar structure, often referred to as a "Exocerebral Cord", is essential for circulating important bodily fluids throughout the animal's body and especially to and from its brain, which is internally located just below and in back of its eye, and although successfully severing it will kill an Oddgreader, doing so is a much more difficult feat than it might appear to be. The unique tissue that comprises the Exocerebral Cord is not only exceptionally tough, but is one of the fastest–regenerating bodily tissues to exist in any mortal being, and simply cutting the cord in half at one point is insufficient to "successfully" sever it, for it will begin mending itself within moments and stop the leakage of fluid well before enough of it is lost for the creature to perish. There are, in fact, few forms of injury to an Oddgreader's Exocerebral Cord short of it being ripped out entirely from either end that will actually kill the animal, though, that being said, most significant damages to the structure will leave the creature at least momentarily stunned or disoriented, leaving it more susceptible to further harm in the event that it is being deliberately attacked.

The Oddgreader's main attack mechanism, used only when it is significantly threatened or provoked, consists of spewing slimy, acidic projectiles from its mouth. These projectiles are derived from a compacted compound of the creature's digestive juices and internal mucuses, and thus have a limited, replenishing supply based in the quantity of these substances an Oddgreader has inside, and is willing/able to expel from, its body. Their acidity is relatively weak, and for most humanoids, the projectiles' revulsion factor is greater than their probability to inflict serious physical harm. If they are unable to generate these slimy missiles, or if it is more practically convenient to do so in the current situation, as opposed to using them, aggravated Oddgreaders may also attempt to lunge at or tackle enemies, a technique that seems to be the sole application for the dual, horn–like spikes to the sides of their middle–underbellies.

WEAPONS:

• Nuupeiladdin Condemner Cannon

• Patmurite Pitched HeatSkewer

• Patmurite R–Rider Assaulter

• Nuupeiladdin Fusee Shooter

PSW-02 by Orphen

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Lehrerportrait, Photo album, 1900-1930er by Asar Studios

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Lawrence Oates, Henry Bowers, Robert Scott, Edward Wilson, and Edgar Evans (left to right) pose for a portrait at the South Pole on January 17, 1912 by Herbert George Ponting_colorSAI_result by Asar Studios

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Marines leading Jap civilian women and children to the rear, Saipan, June 1, 1944., colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

Moviestar July 2001 - DE by Orphen

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Cabinet Card Portrait Photo No 1082, Cabinet Portraits, CDV, photos on cardboard colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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Besides attracting the squirrels and birds with their respective feeders, we also are home to some chipmunks. I put out appropriate food stuffs for them so that they don't attack our plants. They're very cute and get the cats VERY excited.

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1:72 Sukhoi Su-21D (T-58Sh/Su-15Sh, NATO code 'Flagon H'); aircraft '02 Blue' of 20th GvAPIB, 125th ADIB, 16th VA, Soviet Air Force; Templin (GDR), April 1985 (What-if/Kit-bashing) by Dizzyfugu

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

Some background:

The Su-21 attack aircraft had its roots in the Su-15 interceptor, which itself was a development of Sukhoi's tailed-delta Su-9 and Su-11 interceptor fighters. Construction of the Su-15 (internal project designation T-58) began in mid-1960, state acceptance tests of the respective T-58-8M1 interception complex with radar and air-to-air missiles started in August 1963.

In 1966 series production at Novosibirsk began, the first pre-series Su-15 interceptor made its first flight from Novosibirsk on 6 March 1966. Once identified as a new service aircraft, NATO christened the type 'Flagon'. While the Su-15 was in series production, a number of improved design features were developed, tested and subsequently introduced with a new production series of the interceptor.

In 1969, under the influence of the Vietnam conflict and the conclusion that dedicated ground attack aircraft were needed in a modern battlefield, the Sukhoi OKB investigated options for a new close-support "mudfighter" aircraft. One option was a derivative of the Su-15, designated the "T-58Sh" -- the suffix "Sh" stood for "shturmovik (storm bird)", a general Soviet name for a close-support aircraft.

The T-58Sh design was based on the Su-15 fuselage and engine installation with two Tumansky R-13-300 turbojets, but with considerable modifications. These included totally new wings and stabilizers - the orginal delta wing for high speed gave way to tapered wings with a constant 40° sweep, and the horizontal stabilizers were modified, too. The original fin was kept, though, as well as most of the landing gear installation, even though the front wheel retracted backwards now, since the complete nose up until spar no. 10 had been redesigned: instead of the interceptor's large radome, a slanted, considerably shorter nose improved the field of view for the pilot. In its tip it housed a 'Fon' laser rangefinder as well as a missile guidance antenna. A Doppler radar was housed under the nose, too, and an ASP-PF gunsight and a PBK-2 bomb sight optimized for lob-bombing were installed. The cockpit was completely armored, as well as parts of the lower fuselage around the engine section. All internal tanks (holding 4.500kg/9.921lb of fuel in the fuselage as well as in the wings) were self-sealing.

Another novelty was the freshly developed, built-in Gatling cannon, the GSh-30A, also known as 9A-621. This formidable, six-barreled weapon had a pneumatic mechanism (instead of en electric system, which was used in US types like the M61 'Vulcan' gun), fired 30mm shells and achieved a staggering fire rate of 5.000rpm. The cannon's magazine held 280 rounds - a shift of fuel tanks from the fuselage into the new wings with more internal space allowed the belly installation behind the front wheel well. Furthermore, a total of nine external weapon hardpoints allowed an ordnance load of up to 5.500kg (12.115lb), which included laser-guided smart bombs/missiles as well as tactical nuclear weapons.

Two T-58Sh prototypes were completed, and the first of these flew on 6 April 1968, the second on 26 September 1968. After State Acceptance Trials the Su-15Sh entered service in 1970 - in parallel, OKB Mikoyan was also working on a ground attack variant of its MiG-23 VG fighter, the later MiG-27, which flew in 1971 for the first time.
This advantage in time to service worked in favor of the Suchoj aircraft, which was so different from its Su-15 origins that it received a new service-designation, Su-21 (which was, by Western observers, often miss-attributed to the late Su-15 interceptor versions with ogive radomes and new double-delta wings).
By 1972, four squadrons were equipped with the new aircraft. Interestingly, none of the Su-21 were deployed to Afghanistan. Instead, the new fighter bombers were exclusively allocated to Attack Regiments in the potential Western conflict theatre, two of them based in Poland and two in Eastern Germany.

The basic version of the aircraft was produced at Factory 31, at Tbilisi, in the Soviet Republic of Georgia. Between 1969 and 1975, 182 Su-21 were produced. Much like the Su-15 interceptor variants, there were no exports, the Soviet/Russian Air Force remained the only operator - the more versatile MiG-23/27 filled that role. Later, foreign customers would receive the Su-25K from Sukhoi's export program, as well as the Su-20 and 22 VG fighter bombers.

During its service career, the Su-21 was constantly upgraded. One of the most significant changes was an MLU programme which, among others, introduced the 'Shkval' optical TV and aiming system, which was coupled with a new 'Prichal' laser rangefinder and target designator in an enlarged nosecone. This system enabled the aircraft to carry out all-weather missions, day and night, and also allowed to deploy the new 'Vikhr' laser-guided, tube-launched missiles, which were very effective against armored vehicles.
These updated aircraft received the designation Su-21D ('dorabotanyy' = updated). Two respective prototypes were built in 1982–84, and all aircraft were brought to this standard until 1988.

The only engagement of the Su-21 in a real combat scenario was its employment during the First Chechen War - which also signalized the type's retirement, after the conflict was over. Together with other Russian Air Force air assets, The Su-21s achieved air supremacy for Russian Forces, destroying up to 266 Chechen aircraft on the ground. The entire Air Force assets committed to the Chechen campaign between 1994 and 1996 performed around 9,000 air sorties, with around 5,300 being strike sorties. The 4th Russian Air Army had 140 Su-17Ms, Su-21Ds, Su-24s and Su-25s in the warzone supported by an A-50 AWACS aircraft. The employed munitions were generally unguided bombs and rockets with only 2.3% of the strikes using precision-guided munitions.

The Su-21 was a controversial aircraft. It was relatively reliable, benefitting from its two engines and solid armor, which was seen as one of the most important features for a true battlefield aircraft - inofficially, it was nicknamed 'ома́р' ('lobster') among the crews.
It had a high payload and was a very stable weapon platform. But the type suffered from the fact that it was an interceptor derivate which had originally been designed for dashes at Mach 2.5 at high altitudes. Consequently, the airframe had to be enforced to withstand higher G loads at low level flight and with heavy external loads, so that it was basically overweight. The extra armor did not help much either.

Additionally, the R-13 jet engines (basically the same that powered the 3rd generation MiG-21MF) were thirsty, even when running without the afterburner extra power, so that the type's range was very limited. Its ability to dash beyond Mach 1 even at low altitudes was of little tactical use, even though its high rate of acceleration and climb made it ideal for suprise attacks and delivery of tactical nuclear weapons - the latter was the main reason why the type was kept in service for so long until it was replaced by Su-24 bombers in this role.

Another source of constant trouble was the GSh-30A cannon. While its firepower was overwhelming, the vibrations it caused while firing and the pressure blasts from the nozzles could badly damage the aircraft's lower fuselage. There had been several incidents when the front wheel covers had literally been blown apart, and in one case the gun itself detached from its fuselage mount while firing - hitting the aircraft itself from below!

In the end, the Su-21 could not live up to the expectations of its intended role - even though this was less the aircraft's fault: the military demands had been unclear from the beginning, and the T-58Sh had been a second- choice solution to this diffuse performance profile.

Eventually the MiG-27 and also the Su-17/22 family as well as the biggher Su-24 tactical bomber, thanks to their variable geometry wings, proved to be the more flexible aircraft for the ground attack/fighter bomber role. But the lessons learned from the Su-21 eventually found their way into the very successful, subsonic Su-25 ('Frogfoot') family. The last Su-21D was retired in January 1997, after a service career of 25 years.

General characteristics

Crew: 1

Length (with pitot): 17.57 m (57 ft 6 1/4 in)

Wingspan: 12.24 m (40 ft 1 in)

Height: 4.84 m (15 ft 10 in)

Empty weight: 11.225 kg (24.725 lb)

Loaded weight: 17.500 kg (38.580 lb)

Powerplant:

2× Tumansky R-13-300 turbojets,each rated at 40.21 kN (9,040 lbf) dry and at 70.0 kN (15,730 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

Maximum speed: 1.250km/h (777mph/674nm) at sea level

Range: 1.380 km (855 ml)

Ferry range: 1.850 km (1.146 mi)

Service ceiling: 17.000 m (55.665 ft)

Armament

1× GSh-30A gatling gun with 280 RPG in the lower fuselage

9× hardpoints (three under the fuselage, three under each wing) for a weapon load of up to 5.500kg (12.115lb),

including iron bombs, unguided missiles and rocket pods, guided weapons, napalm tanks or gun pods; two R-60 (AA-8 "Aphid") AAMs were typically carried for self-defense on the outer pylon pair

The kit and its assembly:

This whif actually has a real background, as outlined above - OKB Sukhoi actually worked in the late 60ies on a Su-15 derivate as a specialized attack aircraft, since the Soviet Forces lacked that type. The ground attack types then in service were the vintage MiG-17 and converted MiG-19 fighters, as well as the fast but very limited Su-7 - either outdated fighters or a fighter-bomber with insufficient range and payload.

Specifications for a ground attack aircraft were unclear at that time, though. Supersonic capability was still seen as a vital asset for any military aircraft, and WWII tactics were still the basis for close air support duties. The T-58Sh was eventually one design direction that would keep development time and costs low, starting with a proven basic airframe and adapting it to a new (and very different) role.

The Su-15, from which the T-58Sh was derived, originally was a Mach 2 interceptor, solely armed with missiles. Making THIS a ground attack aircraft surely was a huge step. The projected Su-15Sh, how the aircrfat was also called, was still to be supersonic, since this was seen as a vital asset at that time. This concept would eventually be a dead end, though, or, alternatively, result in the lighter and much cheaper MiG-27 tactical fighter in the 70ies. But it should still take some more years until a subsonic, simple and dedicated aircraft (the T-8, which made its maiden flight in 1975 and became later the Su-25 'Frogfoot') would be the 'right' direction for the new shturmovik. The Su-15Sh actually never left the drawing board, the swing-wing Su-17/20/22 more or less took its place in real life.

With that background my idea was to build a model of the ground attack Su-15 derivate in front line service in the mid 80ies, at the Cold War's peak and used by the Group of Soviet Forces in (Eastern) Germany. The Su-21 designation is fictional. But since the aircraft would be SO different from the Su-15 interceptor I can hardly imagine that it would have been called Su-15Sh in service. Since its cousin, the MiG-27, also received a new designation, I decided to apply the Su-21 code (which was never applied to a real aircraft - those Su-15 versions called Su-21 are just misnomers or speculations of Western 'experts' when the Iron Curtain was still up).

As a coincidence, I had all 'ingredients' at hand:

● Fuselage and fin from a PM Model Su-15

● Nose section from an Academy MiG-27 (leftover from the Q-6 kitbach)

● Wings and horizontal stabilizers from an ESCI A-7

The A-7 wings have slightly more sweep than what the drafted T-58Sh had (45° vs. 40°), as far as I can tell from profiles, but otherwise they fit in shape and size. I just cut the orginal leading edge away, sculpted a new front from putty, and the result looked very good.

What became tricky were the landing gear wells. Part of the Su-15 landing gear retracts into the lower fuselage, and mating this with the Corsair's wings and the potential space for the landing gear there did not match up properly -the wings would end up much too far behind.

After some trials I decided to cut out the landing gear wells on the lower side of the wings, relatively far forward, and cut out a part of the lower fuselage, reversed it, so that the landing gear wells woukd be placed about 5mm further forward, and the wings were finally attached to the fuselage so that these would match the respective openings on the fuselage's bottom. This was more or less the only major and unexpected surgery, and the original Su-15 landing gear could be retained.

Using the A-7's stabilizers was also a bit off the original concept (the T-58Sh appeared to keep the original parts), but I found that the more slender but wider A-7 parts just made the aircraft look more homogenous?

Grafting the MiG-27 cockpit (which was taken OOB) onto the fuselage was not a big problem, since the intersection is of simple shape and fits well by height and width. I made a vertical cut on the Su-15 fuselage in the middle of the air intake area, which would later be hidden through the air intakes. The latter were taken from the Su-15, but simplified: the intake became simple and "vertical", and the large, orginal splitter plates were replaced by the shorter speiceimen from the MiG-27 kit. The fit almost perfectly, are just a bit short, so that a small hole had to be filled with styrene strips on the lower side.

The fin was taken OOB, just as on the propsed real aircraft. The resulting side profile reminds VERY much of a Dassault Étendard on steroids...? The whole thing also looks a bit like the missing link between the Su-15 and the later Su-24 fighter bomber - esp. when you know the Fencer's fixed-wing T-6 prototype.

Externally, the gatling gun (also taken from the leftoevr MiG-27) and a total of nine hardpoints were added - three under the fuselage, flanking the gun, and six under the outer wings.

Since the Su 15 is a pretty large aircraft, I used the opportunity to equip the aircraft with serious air-to-ground ordnance, a pair of TV-guided Kh-29T (AS-14 "Kedge") missiles from an ICM USSR weapon set and a pair of R-60 AAMs, leftover from an ESCI Ka-34. Furthermore, chaff/flare dispensers were added to the rear upper fuselage, as well as some antennae and the pitots.

Actually, this kitbash was less complicated as expected. Needed lots of putty, sure, but this would also have been needed on the OOB Su-15 from PM Models, as it is a primitive and crude model kit. Here, it found a good use. One drawback is, though, that the surface lacks detail: the PM Model Su-15 is bleak (to put it mildly), and the re-used A-7 wings lost much of their engraved details to leftover paint or sanding - paint tricks would have to mend this.

Painting and markings:

As a frontline service aircraft, this one would receive a tactical camouflage pattern. The Soviet Air Force offers a wide range of options, ranging from boring to bizarre, and I settled for a typical four-color camouflage with light blue undersides:

● Humbrol 119 (Light Earth)

● Humbrol 159 (Khaki Drab)

● Humbrol 195 (Chrome Oxide Green, RAL 6020)

● Testors 2005 (Burnt Umber)

● Humbrol 115 (Russian Blue) for the lower surfaces

The paint scheme was inspired by a East Germany-based Su-17, the colors are guesstimates, based on pictures of real-life Soviet aircraft.

Cockpit interior was painted in typical, infamous Soviet/Russian turqoise (*Argh*), the complete landing gear was painted in Aluminum (Humbrol 56); the wheel discs became bright green (Humbrol 131), di-electric panels (e .g. the fin tip) received a coat in Forest Green (Humbrol 149, FS 34092).

The model was weathered through some counter-shading with lighter tones of the five basic colors, a wash with black ink and some additional stains and blotches with different shades of green and brown, including Humbrol 98 118, 128, 151 - even some RLM 82 from Testors found its way onto the aircraft!

Decals and markings were puzzled together from various aftermarket sheets, and are based on real life pictures of Soviet/Russian aircraft based in Eastern Germany.

I also added some bare metal stains at the leading edges and soot stains around the gun. Since the kitbashed model was pretty bleak, I tried to add painted panel lines - using a thin brush and a mix of matt varnish and black. The counter-shading applied before enhances this effect, and if you do not look too closely at the model, the result is O.K.

Finally, everything was sealed under a coat of matt acrylic varnish.

A horse-drawn Hewton's Bakery delivery wagon on the southwest corner of Robson Street and Granville Street , colorized by Ahmet Asar, Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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DOROTHEA LANGE (1895–1965) Pakistan Youth, Karachi, 1958, colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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Little Bird, Roland W. Reed, 1908_colorSAI_result by Asar Studios

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EDWARD S. CURTIS (1868-1952) The North American Indian, Portfolio XVI [Tiwa and Keres] 3, colorized by Asar Studios by Asar Studios

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www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Eastling

St Mary, Eastling, Kent by Jelltex

I was driving to Otterden, using John Vigar's book as a guide to the East Kent churches I had missed.

I was using the Sat Nav, at least to get me to the village, so I could concentrate on the roads and sights as I went along, just on the offchance I passed another church unexpectedly.

And so I came to Eastling, and across a walled field, I saw the church, so, finding there was a large car park, I pulled up.

To get into the church yeard, one could either climb over a wooden stile, one built into the wall, or through the gate a few metres further along. I chose the gate.

Through the churchyard, and under the shadow of a huge yew tree to find the porch door, and church door beyond both unlocked.

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A huge church entered across a meadow along a path which passes a huge Yew tree. The porch is high Victorian with the jazziest floor in Kent, no doubt the work of Richard Hussey who restored the church in the mid nineteenth century. This leads to a church with origins in the 12th century but owing more to the 13th and even more to the 19th century! The arcades are built in a much replaced Early English style but work well. In the centre alley is the lovely ledger slab of a man who put it there a few years before his death and inscribed lest someone else steal his pole position! In the south transept is a pretty monument showing kneeling children and a most colourful shield of arms displaying sea creatures. The chancel contains some rare blank arcading in the north wall which may have formed sedilia elsewhere or which may be part of a monument. Its arches are held up by four strong men with bulging shoulders. What a surprise it is! Next to it is one of the finest 14th century tomb recesses in the county, though the faces at either end are Victorian fantasies. This is a much-loved and rewarding Downland church, which is open daily.

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It is widely accepted that there has been a place of worship on the site of the Parish Church of St Mary's at Eastling since Anglo-Saxon times.

The oldest surviving parts of the present building are the base of the south-west Tower, the Nave and the western part of the Chancel. All are thought to have been built by the 11th century, possibly on the foundations of an earlier church. The remainder of the Tower and the central part of the Chancel are Norman.

The North and South Aisles and the Arcades between the Aisles and the Nave were built in the 13th century. In the 14th century, the Chancel was extended eastwards to create a Sanctuary. Also in that century, the St Katherine Chapel and an Arcade was added to the south-east corner of the building.

In 1855-56, the Nave, North Aisle and the South Arcade were substantially rebuilt, the West Porch added and the Nave re-roofed.

The Nave - or central area of the church - dates from the 12th century and is notable for its unusually narrow original walls (later, the Arcade walls). Fractionally over 2ft thick, they are considered to be attributable to Saxon workmanship which favoured relatively "thin" solid walls against the Norman style of "thicker" walls comprising two leaves with a filled cavity.

The western end of the Nave is thought to be a late 12th-century extension.

The South Aisle was constructed in the early part of the 13th century and substantially rebuilt by Victorian architect R. C. Hussey in 1855. Some original 13th-century material was re-used, and the eastern respond located against the Chancel remains substantially untouched.

The North Aisle was also created in the 13th century and completely rebuilt by Hussey as part of his major "modernisation" of the building. The South Aisle incorporates a 14th-century window.

The Victorians' enthusiasm for remodelling churches also extended to the Nave which was rebuilt by Hussey in 1855-56. He also added the West Porch, constructed a Vestry and re-built the Chancel arch. It's worth comparing the ceilings of the South Aisle which is said to have escaped Hussey's attentions and that of the Nave where he left only the tie beams and principal trusses visible.

The box pews, pulpit, lectern, rector's stall and choir stalls all date from the Victorian era. The wooden wall benches pre-date the pews.

The alignment of the Tower and Chancel is considered attributable to Saxon, rather than Norman, workmanship. If you stand in front of the east window and look back to the west door you will see that the Nave and Chancel are out of alignment, and this suggests that the Chancel pre-dates the Nave.

Examples of Norman workmanship to be seen in St Mary today are:

• the upper part of the Tower;

• perhaps the belfry stage with its pairs of round-headed openings;

• the re-styling of the western part of the Chancel; and

• the west end of the Nave (possibly a late 12th century extension).

Early in the 13th century, the Chancel was re-styled and given Early English lancet windows.

A further period of rebuilding-took place during the 14th century. The Chancel was extended eastwards by a further 22ft, so creating the Sanctuary.

The stained glass in the Chancel windows are memorials to the Birch Reynardson family. The east window contains picture panels, the work of famous church glass artist Thomas Willement of Davington.

On the north wall of the Sanctuary at Eastling Church is a double Aumbry.

Built as a cupboard in the wall - usually with a wooden door - this would have been used to house the Church Plate.

A piscina is, in effect, a medieval stone bowl near the altar where a priest carried out ceremonial cleaning tasks.

The piscina in Eastling Church dates from the late 13th century and takes the form of a stone cill incorporating twin bowls - one for hand washing, the other for cleaning the chalice and other sacred vessels.

It was originally located in the Chancel. When this part of the building was extended during the 14th century, the piscina was moved to its present position on the south wall of the Sanctuary.

The sedilia at Eastling Church comprise three recessed stone seats with trefoiled canopies. By convention, sedilia were placed south of the altar and used by the priest, deacon and sub-deacon.

Created late in the 13th century, Eastling's sedilia were moved, during the 14th century, from the Chancel to their present position in the (then) new Sanctuary.

The Stone Stalls, on the north side of the Chancel, would have once served as choir stalls. These recessed seats have unusual carved stone canopies in the form of four trefoiled arches carried on caryatids (columns sculpted as female figures).

In his "Notes on the Church", Eastling Church historian Richard Hugh Perks says that a 19th century ecclesiologist, Francis Grayling, theorised that they were mural recesses. Mr Perks considers the church might once have been decorated extensively with murals - born out by the traces of wall paintings found in the 1960s when the Chancel was re-decorated. However, the paintings were in such very poor condition that they were covered over. Mr Perks also draws attention to the fragment of the former Chancel east wall which can be seen at the east end of the Stone Stalls.

The St Katherine Chapel was built around 1350. As part of the scheme, an arcade was formed on the south side of the Chancel. The fluted (concave-sided) pillars are an unusual design, also found in Faversham Parish Church and at Eastchurch, Sheppey. It is thought that the workmanship might be by masons from either Leeds Priory or Faversham Abbey.

The Chapel houses a 19th century organ, the Martin James monument and a fine oak chest with an inscription of "1664 H" carved inside. The "H" is the mark of a Michael Shilling, who was churchwarden at the time.

There is evidence that Eastling Church once had a Rood Screen, possibly extending across both the Chapel and the Chancel. On this would have stood a Cross with a carving representing a crucified Jesus. The Reformation saw the destruction of the Rood and no trace remains, apart from the base of a stairs turret at the south-east corner of the South Aisle.

The West Porch was built in 1855, by Victorian architect R.C. Hussey as part of his major alterations to the church.

However, the fine Norman west doorcase is much older, possibly dating from 1180. It is carved from chalk blocks; some of the internal wall faces are also chalk, a common feature of many Downland churches. It was partly restored by the Victorians.

The churchyard owes much to a generous bequest for its maintenance by Dorothy Long (d. 1968). It used to be part of the 'Gods Acre Project' setup by the Vicar of Eastling Parish Caroline Pinchbeck (who departed the parish in 2012) but from 2013 has been returned to previous landscaping regimes.

When the churchyard was being managed with wildlife in mind, it preserved the diversity of nature alongside well kempt areas. This means parts of the old graveyard were left to grow from springtime onwards and were cut in September. Many species of wild flowers grew in a spring meadow and were followed by grasses. This encouraged wildlife into the graveyard, owls, field mice, voles, multiple species of insects and birds. The uncut areas were managed, which means to say they were not left to grow out of control. Brambles, the majority of stinging nettles and other unwanted plants were removed by hand and the graves were always tended so that the vegetation did not disturb them.

Areas of the churchyard that were mown were done so with a petrol mower but the grass was not collected, It was left on the ground as a mulch. No pesticides were used, they damaged the graves, leaving contaminated black rings around them and killed any wild flowers or grass in the affected areas. The emphasis of the gods acre project management process, started in 2008, was balance. By maintaining the churchyard in this way it was both cost effective and beneficial to local wildlife and preservation. (N. Perkins/ Grounds man Eastling Church 2007-2012)

The original graveyard has a modern extension with spaces still available for burials and close to the entry gate is an area dedicated to the burial of ashes.

Several graves date from the 17th and 18th centuries and include memorial stones to Mary Tanner who was born in the year of the Battle of Naseby; to Christopher Giles born in 1674 and his wife Susannah born in 1691; and to Thomas Lake of Eastling Gent died February the 19th 1717.

Close to the West Porch is a 13th century stone coffin slab, in the form of a cross with a sword, a style sometimes referred to as a "Crusader Tomb".(original text) This is infact incorrect, an archaeologist has confirmed that the stone is a medieval headstone most likely from the back of the church which was once standing that has been moved and placed by the entrance for asthetic qualities. There is another stone to the left of the entrance from a sarcophagus which again has been moved and placed by the entrance.

There is a Yew Tree by the West Door and It is said to be an ancient which would put it's minimum age at 2000 years, predating the church. However dating methods for Yew Trees are inconclusive.. It is hard to reliably scientifically date a Yew Tree due to several factors.. Information on the dating process can be found here. (source: ancient-yew.org) Also Yew trees can grow fast and ages can be exaggerated, a large Yew is most likely the age of the Church but unlikely to be older than it's Anglo-Saxon predecessor. There is no firm evidence to link Yew trees to pagan religions or the theory that Church's were built on Pagan Ritual Sites. (source: Illustrated History of the Countryside, Oliver Rackham)

The circle of yews which continue around the church have been said to have sprouted from the ancient Yew Tree, however archeologists and Yew Tree Specialists have put forward that actually the Yew Trees have been landscaped to look like that. In the past Yew Trees were planted to ward of witches and evil spirits. It is clear if you measure out the trees and use dimensions for aging that the trees have been landscaped.

Work carried out on the tower in 2010 to install a compostable toilet has radically changed the dimensions and structure of the lower and middle of the tower.

The base of the south-west Tower is said to date from the early 11th century, possibly earlier. Much of the remainder of the Tower is Norman.

The Tower - five feet thick at its base - is of flint and chippings, with ragstone quoins, and is heavily buttressed. The external brick buttress to the tower is 18th century. Brick was also used in rebuilding sections of the north-west angle of the Tower, the belfry openings and the Tower doorcase. Today's slated spire would once have been clad with wooden shingles.

The door to the Tower is set in a large arch with "Articles" of the Ringing Chamber, on wooden boards above it.

Eastling has six bells, four of them made by Richard Phelps during the time he occupied the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Click here for more info. Unfortunately, the present condition of the timber bell frame with its elm headstocks (constructed around 1700) and the upper part of the Tower do not allow the bells to be rung safely.

www.eastlingvillage.co.uk/st-mary-s-church.html

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THE next parish south-eastward from Newnham, is Easling, written in old deeds likewise Esling, and Iseling.

It is situated among the hills, on very high ground, about five miles southward from Faversham, and a little more than a mile south-eastward from Newnham valley, in a healthy but cold and forlorn country, being much exposed to the north-east aspect. The village, with the church and parsonage in it, a near pretty dwelling, stands on the road leading from Otterden to Newnham valley; in it there is a large well-timbered house, called Gregories, formerly of some account, and rebuilt in 1616, it formerly belonged to Hoskins, and then to Parmeter, in which name it still continues.—Though there is some level land in the parish, yet it is mostly steep hill and dale, the soil in gen ral a red cludgy earth, poor, and much covered with flints. It is very woody, especially in the eastern parts of it.

A fair is held in the village on Sept. 14, yearly, for toys and pedlary ware. On Nov. 30, being St. Andrew's, there is yearly a diversion called squirrel bunting, in this and the neighbouring parishes, when the labourers and lower kind of people assembling together, form a lawless rabble, and being accoutred with guns, poles, clubs, and other such weapons, spend the greatest part of the day in parading through the woods and grounds, with loud shoutings, and under the pretence of demolishing the squirrels, some few of which they kill, they destroy numbers of hares, pheasants, partridges, and in short whatever comes in their way, breaking down the hedges, and doing much other mischief, and in the evening betaking themselves to the alehouses, finish their career there in drunkenness, as is usual with such sort of gentry.

THIS PLACE, at the time of the taking of the general survey of Domesday, was part of the extensive possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in that record:

Herbert held of the bishop of Baieux Nordeslinge. The arable land is one carucate. It was taxed at half a suling. There two borderers pay two shillings. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards, it was worth twenty shillings, now twenty-five shillings. Turgod held it in the time of king Edward the Confessor.

These two manors, (one of which was Throwley, described immediately before in this record) Herbert, the son of Ivo, Held of the bishop of Baieux.

And a little below,

Roger, son of Ansebitil, held of the bishop, Eslinges. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is one carucate. There is in demesne . . . . and one borderer has half a carucate. There is a church, and one mill of ten shillings, and two acres of meadow. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth sixty shillings, and afterwards twenty shillings, now forty shillings. Unlot held it of king Edward, and could go where he pleased with his land.

Fulbert held of the bishop, Eslinges. It was taxed at five suling, in the time of king Edward the Confessor, and now for two, and so it did after the bishop gave the manor to Hugh son of Fulbert. The arable land is six carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty villeins having three carucates. There is a church, and twenty-eight servants, and one mill of ten shilings. Wood for the pannage of thirty bogs In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth ten pounds, and when he received it six pounds, now four pounds, and yet the bishop had eight pounds. Sired held it of king Edward.

The three estates described before, included North Easting and its appendages, Huntingfield and Diven manors, with others estates in this parish, then esteemed as part of them.

On the bishop's disgrace four years afterwards, all his possessions were confiscated to the crown.

Fulbert de Dover, mentioned above as tenant to the bishop of Baieux for one of these estates, appears afterwards to have held all three of them of the king in capite by barony, the tenant of them being bound by tenure to maintain a certain number of soldiers from time to time, for the defence of Dover castle, in which there was a tower called Turris dei inimica, which he was bound by his tenure likewise to repair.

Of him and his heirs these estates were held by knight's service, of the honor of Chilham, which they had made the caput baroniæ, or chief of their barony. (fn. 1) That part of the above-mentioned estates, called in Domesday Nordeslinge, was afterwards known by the name of THE MANOR OF EASLING, alias NORTHCOURT, which latter name it had from its situation in respect to the others, being held of the lords paramount by a family of the name of Esling, one of whom, Ralph de Esling, died possessed of it in the 26th year of king Edward I. anno 1297, then holding it by knight's service of the honor of Chilham. He left an only daughter and heir Alice, who carried this manor, with that of Denton, alias Plumford, in marriage to Sir Fulk de Peyforer, who, with Sir William de Peyforer, of Otterden, accompanied king Edward. I. in his 28th year, at the siege of Carlaverock, where, with many other Kentish gentlemen, they were both knighted. They bore for their arms, Argent, six fleurs de lis, azure.

Sir Fulk de Peyforer, in the 32d year of the above reign, obtained a grant of a market weekly on a Friday, and one fair yearly on the feast of the exaltation of the Holy Cross at Esling, and free-warren for his lands there. Before the end of which reign, the property of these manors was transferred into the family of Leyborne, and it appears by an inquisition taken in the 1st year of Edward III. that Juliana, the widow of William de Leyborne, who died anno 2 Edward II. was possessed of these estates at her death, and that their grand-daughter Juliana, was heir both to her grandfather and father's possessions, from the greatness of which she was usually stiled the Infanta of Kent.

She was then the wife of John de Hastings, as she was afterwards of Sir William de Clinton, created earl of Huntingdon, who paid aid for the manor of Northcourt, alias Easling. She survived him, and afterwards died possessed of this estate in Easling, together with Denton, alias Plymford, in the 41st year of king Edward III. and leaving no issue by either of her husbands, these manors, among the rest of her estates, escheated to the crown, for it appears by the inquisition taken that year, after her death, that there was no one who could make claim to her estates, either by direct or even by collateral alliance.

These manors remained in the crown till the beginning of king Richard the IId.'s reign, when they became vested in John, duke of Lancaster, and other seoffees, in trust for the performance of certain religious bequests in the will of Edward III. in consequence of which, the king Afterwards, in his 22d year, granted them, among other premises, to the dean and canons of St. Stephen's college, in Westminster, for ever. (fn. 2) In which situation they continued till the 1st year of king Edward VI. when, by the act passed that year, they were surrendered into the king's hands.

After which the king, by his letters patent, in his 3d year, granted these manors, among others lately belonging to the above-mentioned college, to Sir Thomas Cheney, privy counsellor and treasurer of his houshold, with all and singular their liberties and privileges whatsoever, in as ample a manner as the dean and canons held them, to hold in capite by knight's service. (fn. 3) whose son Henry, lord Cheney, of Tuddington, had possession granted to him of his inheritance anno 3 Elizabeth, and that year levied a fine of all his lands.

He passed these manors away by sale, in the 8th year of that reign, to Martin James, esq. prothonotary of the court of chancery, and afterwards a justice of the peace for this county, who levied a fine of them anno 17 Elizabeth, and died possessed of them in 1592, being buried in the south chancel of this church, under a monument, on which are the effigies of himself and his wife. He bore for his arms, Quarterly, first and fourth, vert, a dolphin naiant; second and third, Ermine, on a chief gules, three crosses, or. His great-grandson Walter James, esq. was possessed of them at the time of the restoration of king Charles II. whose heirs sold them in the latter end of that reign, to Mr. John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, who died possessed of them in 1678, after which they descended down to Richard Grove, esq. of Cambridge, but afterwards of the Temple, in London, who died unmarried in 1792, and by his will devised them to Mr. William Jemmet, of Ashford, and Mr. William Marshall, of London, who continue at this time the joint possessors of them.

THE MANOR OF HUNTINGFIELD, situated in the eastern part of this parish, was, at the time of the takeing of the general survey of Domesday, part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, as has been already taken notice of before, and on his disgrace came, with the rest of his estates, to the crown, about the year 1084.

After which, Fulbert de Dover appears to have held it, with others in this parish, of the king in capite by barony, by the tenure of ward to Dover castle for the defence of it. Of him and his heirs it was held by knight's service, of the honor of Chilham, the head or chief of their barony.

Simon de Chelsfield held it of them, as lords paramount, in the reign of Henry III. but at the latter end of that reign, this manor was come into the possession of that branch of the eminent family of Huntingfield settled in this county, descended from those of Suffolk, in which county and in Norfolk they had large possessions. Hence this manor assumed the name of Huntingfield-court, and it appears by the roll of knights fees, taken at the beginning of the reign of Edward I. that Peter de Huntingfield then held it. He resided at times both here and at West Wickham, of which manor he was likewise possessed, though it seems when he was sheriff in the 11th, 12th, and 13th years of that reign, he kept his shrievalty at Huntingfield-court. In the 9th year of it he obtained a charter of free-warren for his lands at Eslynge and Stalesfeld, and in the 28th year of it attended the king at the siege of Carlaverock, in Scotland, for which service he, with others, received the honor of knighthood. He died in the 7th year of Edward II. anno 1313, leaving by the lady Imayne his wise, who was buried in the church of the Grey Friars, London, Sir Walter de Huntingfield his son and heir, who having obtained several liberties for his manor of Wickham, and liberty to impark his grounds there, (fn. 4) seems to have deserted this place, which in the next reign of Edward III. was sold either by him or by his son, Sir John de Huntingfield, to one of the family of Sawfamere, and in the 20th year of that reign, the lady Sawfamere, Dna' de Sawsamero, as she is written in the book of aid, paid respective aid for it.

But before the end of that reign, it had passed into the name of Halden, for it appears by the escheat-rolls that William de Halden died in the 50th year of it, possessed of Easling manor, called Huntingfield, held of the castle of Chilham; soon after which it became the property of Sir Simon de Burleigh, who being attainted in the 12th year of Richard II. this manor, among the rest of his possessions, came to the crown. After which, anno 2 Henry IV. John, son and heir of Sir John de Burley, cousin and heir of Sir Simon de Burley, was, upon his petition, restored in blood, and the judgment against Sir Simon was revoked, and three years afterwards the king, with the assent of the lords, wholly restored him to all his hereditaments, except as to those excepted by him. (fn. 5) How long this manor remained in this name I have not found, but in the reign of Henry VI. it was in the possession of Sir James Fienes, who anno 25 of that reign, by reason of his mother's descent, was created Lord Say and Sele, and was afterwards made lord treasurer, but becoming unpopular, from his being so great a favorite, he was seized on in the insurrection raised by Jack Cade, and beheaded in the 29th year of that reign. He was at his death possessed of this manor, which by his will be devised to his son Sir William Fienes, who became likewise lord Say and Sele, but the unhappy contention which then subsisted between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which he risked not only his person, but his whole fortune, brought him soon afterwards into great distresses, and necessitated him to mortgage and sell the greatest part of his lands. How this manor was disposed of I have not found, but within a very few years afterwards it appears to have been in the hands of the crown, for king Richard III. in his first year, granted to John Water, alias Yorke Heraulde, an annuity out of the revenues of his lordship of Huntingfield, and afterwards by his writ, in the same year, on the resignation of John, garter, principal king at arms, and Thomas, clarencieux, king at arms, he committed to Richard Champeney, alias called Gloucestre, king of arms, the custody of this manor.

But the see of it seems to have remained in the crown till king Henry VIII. in his 35th year, granted it to John Guldford and Alured Randall, esqrs. to hold in capite by knight's service. John Guildford was the next year become the sole proprietor of it, and then alienated it to Sir Thomas Moyle; he sold it, in the 7th year of Edward VI. to John Wild, esq. of St. Martin's hill, Canterbury, with its members and appurtenances in Esling, Sheldwich, Whitstaple, Reculver, and Ulcombe. However, it appears that he was not possessed of the entire see of it at his death in 1554, for he by his will devised his two thirds of this manor, (besides the third part due to the queen, after his wife's death) to his son Thomas Wild, then an infant, whose son John Wild, esq. of St. Martin's hill, alienated his share, or two thirds of it, which included the courts, sines, amerciaments, and other privileges belonging to it, to Martin James, esq. prothonotary of the court of chancery, owner of the manor of North-court, alias Easling, as above-mentioned, whose great-grandson, Walter James, esq. possessed it at the restoration of Charles II. at the latter end of which reign his heirs sold it to Mr. John Grove, gent. of Tunstall, who died possessed of it in 1678, and his great-grandson Richard Grove, esq. of London, proprietor likewise of North-court above-described, died in 1792, having by his will devised these manors (which having been for many years united in the same owners, are now consolidated, one court being held for both, the stile of which is, the manor of Easling, alias North court, with that of Huntingfield annexed, in Easling, Ulcomb, and Sheldwich) among the rest of his estates, to Wm. Jemmet, gent. of Ashford, and William Marshall, of London, and they continue at this time the joint possessors of these manors.

BUT THE REMAINING THIRD PART of the manor of Hunting field, in the hands of the crown in the reign of Philip and Mary, as before-mentioned, in which was included the mansion of Huntingfield court, with the demesne lands adjoining to it, continued there till it was granted, in the beginning of the next reign of queen Elizabeth, to Mr. Robert Greenstreet, who died possessed of it in the 14th year of that reign, holding it in capite by knight's service. His descendant Mr. Mathew Greenstreet, of Preston, leaving an only daughter Anne, she carried this estate in marriage to Mr. Richard Tassell, of Linsted, and he alienated it in 1733 to Edward Hasted, esq. barrister-at law, of Hawley, near Dartford, whose father Mr. Joseph Hasted, gent. of Chatham, was before possessed of a small part of the adjoining demesne lands of Huntingfield manor, which had been in queen Elizabeth's reign become the property of Mr. Josias Clynch.

The family of Hasted, or as they were antiently written, both Halsted and Hausted, was of eminent note in very early times, as well from the offices they bore, as their several possessions in different counties, and bore for their arms, Gules, a chief chequy, or, and azure. William Hausted was keeper of the king's exchange, in London, in the 5th year of Edward II. from whom these of Kent hold themselves to be descended, one of whom, John Hausted, clerk, or as his descendants wrote themselves, Hasted, born in Hampshire, is recorded to have been chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and a person much in favor with her, whom he so far displeased by entering into the state of marriage, which he did with a daughter of George Clifford, esq. of Bobbing, and sister of Sir Coniers Clifford, governor of Connaught, in Ireland, that he retired to the Isle of Wight, where he was beneficed, and dying there about the year 1596, was buried in the church of Newport. His great grandson Joseph Hasted, gent. was of Chatham, and dying in 1732, was buried in Newington church, as was his only son Edward, who was of Hawley, esq. the purchaser of Huntingfield court as before-mentioned. He died in 1740, leaving by his wife Anne, who was descended from the antient and respectable family of the Dingleys, of Wolverton, in the isle of Wight, one son, Edward Hasted, esq. late of Canterbury, who has several children, of whom the eldest, the Rev. Edward Hasted, late of Oriel college, in Oxford, is now vicar of Hollingborne. He bears for his arms the antient coat of the family of Halsted, or Hausted, as mentioned before, with the addition in the field, of an eagle displayed,ermine,beaked and legged, or, with which he quarters those of Dingley, Argent, a fess azure, in chief, two mullets of the second between two burts, which colours Charles, the third son of Sir John Dingley, of Wolverton, in James the 1st.'s reign, changed from those borne by his ancestors and elder brothers, i.e. from sable to azure.

Edward Hasted, esq. of Canterbury, above-mentioned, succeeded his father in this estate, which he, at length, in 1787, alienated to John Montresor, esq. of Throwley, who continues the possessor of it.

The foundations of slint and stone, which have continually been dug up near this house, shew it to have been formerly much larger that it is at present. There was once a chapel and a mill belonging to it, the fields where they stood being still known by the name of chapel-field and mill-field, which answers the description of this estate given in Domesday.

DIVEN is A MANOR, situated almost adjoining to the church of Easting, which is so corruptly called for Dive-court, its more antient and proper name. This estate was likewise one of those described before in Domesday, as being part of the possessions of the bishop of Baieux, on whose disgrace it was, among, the rest of his estates, forfeited to the crown; after which, Fulbert de Dover appears to have held it, with others in this parish therein-mentioned, of the king in capite by barony, by the tenure of ward to Dover cattle, and of him and his heirs it was held, as half a knight's fee, of the honor of Chilham, the caput barouiæ, or head of their barony.

In the reign of Henry III. John Dive held this estate as before-mentioned, of that honor; and his descendant Andrew Dive, in the 20th year of king Edward III. paid aid for it as half a knight's fee, held of the above barony, when it paid ward annually to Dover castle. In this name the manor of Diven continued till the beginning of the next reign of king Richard II. when it was alienated to Sharp, of Ninplace, in Great Chart, in which it remained till the latter end of Henry VII. when it was conveyed to Thurston, of Challock, from which, some year after, it was passed by sale to John Wild, esq. who, before the reign of queen Elizabeth, sold it to Gates, and he alienated it to Norden, who conveyed it to Bunce, where it remained after the death of king Charles I. in 1648; soon after which this manor was sold to John Adye, esq of Down court, in Doddington, who died possessed of it in 1660, and his two sons, Edward and Nicholas, seem afterwards to have possessed it in undivided moieties.

Edward Adye, esq. was of Barham, and left seven daughters his coheirs, of whom Susanna, married to Ruishe Wentworth, esq. son and heir of Sir George Wentworth, a younger brother to Thomas, the noted but unfortunate earl of Strafford, entitled her husband to the possession of her father's moiety of this manor, with other lands in Doddington, upon the division of his estates among them. He left an only daughter and heir Mary, who married Thomas, lord Howard, of Essingham, who died possessed of this moiety of Diven-court in 1725, and leaving no male issue, he was succeeded in this estate by Francis his brother and heir, who was in 1731 created Earl of Essingham, and died in 1743. His son Thomas, earl of Effingham, afterwards alienated this moiety of Divencourt to Oliver Edwards, esq. of the six clerks office, as will be further mentioned hereafter.

The other moiety of this manor, which, on the death of his father, came into the possession of Nicholas Adye, esq. of Down-Court, in Doddington, was devised by him to his eldest son John Adye, esq. of Down court, who anno 23 Charles II. suffered a recovery of it. (fn. 6)

He left an only daughter and heir Mary, married to Henry Cullum, sergeant-at-law; but before that event, this estate seems to have been passed away by him to Thomas Diggs, esq. of Chilham castle, Whose descendant of the same name, in 1723, conveyed it, with Chilham-castle, and the rest of his estates in this county, to Mr. James Colebrook, citizen and mercer of London, who died possessed of this moiety of Diven-court in the year 1752, after which it passed in like manner with them, till it was at length sold by his descendants, under the same act of parliament, in the year 1775, to Thomas Heron, esq. of Newark upon Trent, afterwards of Chilham-castle, who about the year 1776, joined with Oliver Edwards, esq. the proprietor of the other moiety, as has been mentioned beforce, to Mr. Charles Chapman, of Faversham, who then became possessed of the whole of it, which, at his death in 1782, he devised by his will to his nephews and nieces, of the name of Leeze, two of whom are now entitled to the fee of it.

THE MANOR OF ARNOLDS, which is situated about a mile eastward from the church of Easling, was likewise part of the estates of the bishop of Baieux, mentioned before, and on his disgrace came with the rest of them, to the crown, of which it was held afterwards in capite by barony, by Fulbert de Dover, by the tenure of ward to Dover castle, and of him and his heirs it was again held, as half a knight's fee, as of the honor of Chilham, the head of their barony.

Of them it was held by Arnold de Bononia, whence it acquired the name of Arnolds, alias Esling. His son John Fitzarnold afterwards possessed it in the reign of Edward III. after which Peter de Huntingfield was owner of it, but in the 20th year of Edward III. the lady Champaine, or Champion, and the earl of Oxford paid aid for it, as half a knight's fee, held of the barony above-mentioned. How it passed afterwards I have not seen, but in the next reign of Richard II. it was become part of the endowment of the dean and canons of the collegiate free chapel of St. Stephen's, Westminster, with whom it remained till the suppression of it in the 1st year of Edward VI. when it came into the hands of the crown; after which it became the property of Gates, and after that of Terry, in which it continued several years, and by that acquired the name of Arnolds, alias Terrys, from which name it was sold, in the reign of queen Anne, one part to the Rev. William Wickens, rector of this parish, who bore for his arms, Party, per pale, or, and sable, a chevron coupee, between three trefoils, all counter changed, whose son Mr. William Wickens, succeeded to it on his death in 1718. He died without male issue, and by his will devised it to his two daughters, one of whom marrying Elvy, he bought the other sister's share in it, and his widow surviving him now possesses both of them; another part was sold to Chapman, and a third to Avery. Since which it has become more inconsiderable, by the two parts last-mentioned having been again parcelled out, so that now it is sunk into that obscurity, as hardly to be worthy of notice, but the manerial rights of the manor are claimed by John Wynne and Lydia his wife.

Charities.

EDWARD GRESWOLD, by his will in 1677, gave 20l. for the benefit of the poor not receiving alms, to be laid out in land or otherwise, by his executors, who in 1680 purchased a piece of land, called Pinkes-cross, in Easling, containing two acres, in trust, for this purpose, the rent of it is now 154. per annum, vested in the minister and parish officers.

The poor constantly relieved are about twelve, casually twenty-five.

EASLING is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Ospringe.

The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, consists of three isles and a south chancel, called St. Katherine's. The steeple, which is a low pointed one, stands at the west end; there are six bells in it.

Alicia de Esling, wife of Robert de Eschequer, and lady of the manor of Esling, with the consent of archbishop Theobald, in the reign of king Stephen, granted the church of Elinges, situated on her estate, to the priory of Ledes, in perpetual alms, together with the temporalities, or appropriation of it, to be possessed by them for ever after the death of Gervas then incumbent of it. Which gift was confirmed by archbishop Hubert, in the reign of Richard I.

Notwithstanding which, there was no vicarage endowed here, nor did the canons of Ledes ever enjoy the parsonage of it; but archbishop Stephen Langton, who succeeded archbishop Hubert, with the consent and approbation of William de Eslinges, patron of this church, granted to the canons of Ledes twenty shillings yearly, to be received from it in the name of a benefice; and he ordained, that beyond that sum, they should not claim any thing further from it, but that whenever it should become vacant, the said William de Esling should present to it. But it should seem that after this, they had not given up all pretensions to it, for they obtained, seventy years after this, viz. in 1278, of the prior, and the convent of Christchurch, Canterbury, a confirmation of the archbishops Theobald and Hubert's charters to them, in which this church is particularly mentioned. (fn. 7) How long it continued in the hands of the family of Esling I do not find, or in those of private patronage; but before the 22d year of Edward III. it was become part of the possessions of the college founded by Sir John Poultney, in the church of St. Laurence, Canon-street, London, with which it remained till the suppression of the college, in the reign of Edward VI. when it came, with the rest of the possessions of it, into the hands of the crown.

After which it seems to have been granted to Sir Thomas Moyle, of Eastwell, whose sole daughter and heir Catherine married Sir Thomas Finch, of that place, and afterwards Nicholas St. Leger, esq. who in her right presented to this rectory in 1574; after which Sir Moyle Finch, knight and baronet, the eldest son of Sir Thomas and lady Catherine, succeeded to it, in whose descendants, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, this advowson continued down to Daniel, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, who died possessed of it in 1769, without male issue, leaving his four daughters his coheirs. He was succeeded in titles by his nephew George Finch, esq. only son of his next brother William; but this advowson, with Eastwell, and the rest of his Kentish estates, he gave by his will to his nephew George Finch Hatton, esq. only son of his third brother the hon. Edward Finch Hatton, (fn. 8) who is the present owner of it.

The pension of twenty shillings payable from this church to the priory of Ledes, at its suppression in the reign of Henry VIII. came into the hands of the crown; after which it was settled, among other premises, by the King, in his 33d year, on his newerected dean and chapter of Rochester, who are now entitled to it.

¶This rectory is valued in the king's books at sixteen pounds, and the yearly tenths at 1l. 12s. In 1587 the communicants here were eighty-seven.

In 1640 it was valued at 120l. Communicants one hundred. It is now worth upwards of 200l. per annum.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol6/pp422-437

1930s Pretty LITTLE BOY in a sea suit Old Fashion Studio Russian antique photo, colorized by Ahmet Asar by Asar Studios

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H0 scale “3809” (Class 3800 dual-system multi-purpose locomotive); Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois (CFL; Luxembourg National Railway Company), 1991 (What-if/scratch-built) - WiP by Dizzyfugu

The model and its assembly:

My second attempt to create a functional H0 scale what-if locomotive – and after I “only” did a color variant with some cosmetic changes on the basis of a Märklin V160/BR 216 diesel locomotive, I wanted something more special and challenging. However, kitbashing model locomotives with a metal chassis that includes a functional motor, respective drivetrain/gearing and electronics is not as easy as gluing some plastic parts together. And finding “matching” donor parts for such a stunt is also not as easy as it may seem. But what would life be without attempts to widen its boundaries?

This time I wanted an electric locomotive. Inspiration (and occasion) somewhat struck when I stumbled upon a running/functional chassis of a Märklin E 10/BR 110 (#3039), just without light and naturally missing the whole upper hull. Due to its incompleteness, I got it for a reasonable price, though. With this basis I started to watch out for eventual (and affordable) donor parts for a new superstructure, and remembered the collectible, non-powered all-plastic locomotive models from Atlas/IXO.

The good thing about the Märklin 3039 chassis was that it was just a solid and flat piece of metal without integrated outer hull elements, headstock or side skirts, so that a new hull could (theoretically) be simply tailored to fit over this motorized platform. Finding something with the exact length would be impossible, so I settled upon an Atlas H0 scale Nederlands Spoorwegen Series 1200 locomotive model, which is markedly longer than the German BR 110, due to its six axles vs. the E 10/BR 110’s four. Another selling point: the NS 1200’s body is virtually blank in its middle section, ideal for shortening it to match the different chassis. Detail of the Atlas plastic models is also quite good, so there was the potential for something quite convincing.

Work started with the disassembly of the static Atlas NS Class 1200 model. It's all-styrene, just with a metal plate as a chassis. Against my expectations the model's hull was only held on the chassis by two tiny screws under the "noses", so that I did not have to use force to separate it. The body's walls were also relatively thin, good for the upcoming modifications. The model also featured two nice driver's stations, which could be removed easily, too. Unfortunately; they had to go to make enough room for the electronics of the Märklin 3039 all-metal chassis.

Dry-fitting the chassis under the Class 1200 hull revealed that the stunt would basically work - the chassis turned out to be only marginally too wide. I just had to grind a little of the chassis' front edges away to reduce pressure on the styrene body, and I had to bend the end sections of the chassis’ stabilizing side walls.

To make the Class 1200 hull fit over the shorter BR 110 chassis a section of about 3 cm had to be taken out of the body’s middle section. The Class 1200 lent itself to this measure because the body is rather bare and uniform along its mid-section, so that re-combining two shortened halves should not pose too many problems.

To make the hull sit properly on the chassis I added styrene profiles inside of it - easy to glue them into place, thanks to the material. At this time, the original fixed pantographs and some wiring on the roof had gone, brake hoses on the nose were removed to make space for the BR 110 couplers, and the clear windows were removed after a little fight (they were glued into their places, but thankfully each side has three separate parts instead of just one that would easily break). PSR on the seam between the hull halves followed, plus some grey primer to check the surface quality.

Even though the new body now had a proper position on the metal chassis, a solution had to be found to securely hold it in place. My solution: an adapter for a screw in the chassis’ underside, scratched. I found a small area next to the central direction switch where I could place a screw and a respective receiver that could attached to the body’s roof. A 3 mm hole was drilled into the chassis’ floor and a long Spax screw with a small diameter was mated with a hollow square styrene profile, roughly trimmed down in length to almost reach the roof internally. Then a big lump of 2C putty was put into the hull, and the styrene adapter pressed into it, so that it would held well in place. Fiddly, but it worked!

Unfortunately, the pantographs of the Atlas/IXO model were static and not flexible at all. One was displayed raised while the other one was retracted. Due to the raised pantograph’s stiffness the model might lose contact to or even damage the model railroad catenary, even when not pulling power through it – not a satisfactory condition. Since the chassis could be powered either from below or through the pantographs (the Märklin 3039 chassis offers an analogue switch underneath to change between power sources) I decided to pimp my build further and improve looks and functionality. I organized a pair of aftermarket diamond pantographs, made from metal, fully functional and held in place on the model’s roof with (very short and) small screws from the inside.

I was not certain if the screws were conductive, and I had to somehow connect them with the switch in the chassis. I eventually soldered thin wire to the pantographs’ bases, led them through additional small holes in the roof inside and soldered them to the switch input, with an insulating screw joint in-between to allow a later detachment/disassembly without damage to the body. There might have been more elegant solutions, but my limited resources and skills did not allow more. It works, though, and I am happy with it, since the cables won’t be visible from the outside. This layout allows to draw power through them, I just had to create a flexible and detachable connection internally. Some plugs, wire and soldering created a solution – rough (electronics is not my strength!), but it worked! Another investment of money, time and effort into this project, but I think that the new pantographs significantly improve the overall look and the functionality of this model.

Internally, the missing light bulbs were retrofitted with OEM parts. A late external addition were PE brass ladders for the shunting platforms and under the doors for the driver’s cabins. They were rather delicate, but the model would not see much handling or railroading action, anyway, and the improve the overall impression IMHO a lot. On the roof, some details like cooling fans and tailored conduits (from the Atlas Series 1200) were added, they partly obscure the seam all around the body.

Unfortunately, due to the necessary space for the chassis, its motor and the electronics, the driver stations’ interiors could not be re-mounted – but this is not too obvious, despite the clear windows.

MechanEgg Mark 1 and Misc. Creatures by Moleman NineThousand

• Mimepange: The largest creature native to Wegneheck, though being one of the smallest of all creatures to be known as the biggest on their respective planets within the Prime Galaxy due to there being no truly "giant" Wegneheckish beings, and one of said planet's few native animals to not in any way be widely capitalized upon by the crafty Joiemgaws. The Mimepange is a stout arthropod with some gelatinous parts averaging around three meters in height and identifiable in terms of its central body by its very wide cranium (which is particularly unusual given the animal's limited intelligence) and jagged shell/exoskeleton. Having inflexible, simple pointed structures for "legs" with which they are able only to slowly hobble around, Mimepanges instead rely primarily on their most notable feature of all, their arms, to carry themselves from place to place in addition to performing all the manual tasks normally assigned to arms. Strictly speaking, the Mimepange has only two technical arm structures originating directly from its trunk, but each of these large knobs quickly branches out into three long, flailing appendages with three adhesive fingers apiece, effectively giving the creature a total of six arms and eighteen fingers. Alternatively, it could be seen as having two arms with three massive hands/fingers that each further branch out with three sub-digits.

By virtue of their effective extra limbs, Mimepanges possess an outstanding degree of ability, for such otherwise rigid-bodied beings, to climb up trees and other tall vertical structures, as well as fall-control, being able to drop down from large heights relatively unharmed, which is also helped by the extreme firmness and stability of their otherwise nigh-useless legs. The Mimepange is strictly carnivorous and has a voracious "maximum" appetite that includes a taste for more "useful" animals such as Ectpysors, but can also survive going hungry for longer periods than most, which limits its aggression and tenacity in seeking out prey and hence its potential as a threat to livestock. The Joiemgaws have, again, found no major use for either living Mimepanges or any parts/products thereof, and see the beasts as irrelevant, tending to ignore them. For a time, their population was on the decline due to aggressive Joiemgaw expansion across into previously nature-dominated areas across Wegneheck, but the turning of the merchant race's attentions towards interplanetary affairs and enterprising has since stopped this from becoming a major issue, and the Mimepange is currently considered non-threatened.

These creatures are effectively genderless, and reproduce asexually by passively leaving behind spores at random points, each of these having a roughly 5-10% chance of growing into a new Mimepange that, once it has established a biomass, continues growing to full size at a rapid pace. They have rather short lifespans, with the longest-lived one ever kept in captivity (also one of the largest specimens) dying at thirty-five years of age. The durability value measurements of various Mimepanges range between 1,000 and 1,300.

• Hurpstune: Small yet very sturdy-for-their-size animals found across most regions of Logdlind, Hurpstunes are herbivorous creatures that serve as potential food sources for many of their world's meat-eaters and as sources of multiple material resources as well as meat for Boxyobobs but which are more capable of defending themselves from such predators than the average prey animal. The Hurpstune is a plentiful beast indeed within the Logdlind ecosystem, easily boasting a higher population than any other species on the planet and quite possibly even outnumbering the Boxyobobs, being found in large groups amid all of its regions and environment types but inclined to living in even more concentrated numbers near bodies of water, due to its particular need for large and frequent drinks of the life-sustaining liquid. Despite this, it has no gills and is not, as commonly assumed, amphibious.

Hurpstunes stand with their nearly-rectangular bodies aligned horizontally upon six primary legs originating from the sides of their midsections' underbellies. Near the backs of the creatures protrude two additional, beefier and clawed limbs which are usually considered arms as they are not used in walking and usually dangle just above the ground. The Hurpstune lacks a head distinct from its torso, as its three-eyed face is displayed almost flatly upon its front, and its brains are rooted near the center of its body, tightly packed in with several non-neural organs found far away from the brain in just about all other animals.

From the Hurpstune's upper-sides near the body's front extend two tendrils of moderate length ending in venomous spikes which, after poisoning a victim, cause great and long-lasting burning pain and severe, equally lingering swelling. A single such sting is generally not life-threatening to any creature significantly larger than a Hurpstune, though with most of the creature's natural enemies it is usually incapacitating enough to allow it to escape on its fast-scurrying legs, and multiple stings, which can easily be sustained given its tendency to live in packs, can prove considerably more lethal, four usually being enough to kill a Boxyobob. Secondary defensive mechanisms of Hurpstunes include their back-arms, which can reach directly backwards, and three stingers on their large buttocks, which bear a slightly stronger venom than their tendrils but are of very limited use due to their position.

In addition to straightforwardly eating their meat, Boxyobobs have come to utilize parts of Hurpstunes' bones and shelled external portions for constructing lightweight tools, while their fat, inedible on its own and present in copious amounts within the buttocks, is commonly used as an accessory ingredient in the cooking of more elaborate foods.

Hurpstune specimens' durability values are never below 500 and never above 700.

• Snescrouf: A large mammalian beast-hominid found on Zornemim, particularly in and around the closest regions to "forests" on the tainted and desolate planet, that is known for its repugnant and seemingly ferocious, even by Zornemian standards, appearance that stands in contrast to a surprisingly relatively peaceful nature. Standing between six and eight feet in its slightly slouched posture, the Snescrouf's more immediately noticeable features include a huge, vertically-gaping mouth that is never fully closed and a very long, semi-segmented articulate neck originates deep within the inside of the creature's torso and extends upward and into exterior visibility through a large hole in its shell-like outermost layer of flesh. A closer look will bring to attention the Snescrouf's set of eyes, of which there are four pupils between two deeply receding, blackened sockets. Each of these individual orbs is very weak, the animal's overall eyesight being sub-par even with its "extra" pupils, without which its ability to see would be downright inadequate for survival.

Snescroufs are omnivorous beings whose dietary patterns tend to lean towards consuming plants and passive insects rather than significant, sentient life-forms, though this may vary between individuals, and a few specimens can be quite vicious. Generally however, they are not a hazard to humanoids, with neither Demioid nor Trylepibe being part of their natural diet at all. If and when provoked, however, they are quite capable of defending themselves, mainly with their clawed hands which include one particularly large and sharp spike of bone in place of a middle finger, attacking with ferocity worthy of their appearance as well as surprisingly quick reflexes. Despite this, Snescroufs usually lose in one-on-one battles with the more innately aggressive Sisealiuns.

Individuals live by themselves, and often make crude homes within caves, upon small mesas and in the rare tree-surrounded spots on Zornemim. The exception occurs when they mate, whereupon a male and female travel together for a time, seemingly in order to test each other's viability as specimens worthy of reproduction, before consummating and then separating. After a gestation period of three-to-four cycles, the female Snescrouf gives birth and then immediately leaves her child to fend for itself, but usually selects a secure location in which to do this, so that the offspring may safely get its bearings before setting off into the wild at its own reasonable pace.

The average durability value for an adult Snescrouf falls into the 800-1,000 range.

• Falkateddey: One of the most prominent indigenous beings of the Uve Mard homeworld Qollag, the Falkateddey is a four-legged, six armed mammal measuring between five and six feet tall while standing in its upright, default position. A peaceful herbivore by nature, it is known as a very smart and clever animal, for which the intellectual Uve Mards have taken a liking to it since further back than even they can remember (which says a lot bearing in mind that the Uve Mards were the first race in the Prime Galaxy to begin keeping track of history). Excellent climbers, Falkateddi can, much like the Minstonters of Jamblibam, commonly be found dwelling in Qollag's tangled treetops and other elevated natural structures, from which their falling is so rare that it is basically a non-issue. With this in mind, Uve Mard architects have, back since the mid-Second Century Relative, designed gymnasium-like structures within the upper reaches of their domed capital buildings, sometimes even directly connecting them with the treetops of nearby forests, for the Falkateddi, thus inviting the creatures to live and play among them. Despite and excluding this, it is not common practice for Uve Mards to keep Falkateddi as immediate pets, due to the animals' size as well as the kind humanoids' respect for leaving nature's beings in their undisturbed states (the kettle-like Hilkidilks, which the Uve Mards and most others believe were designed to be taken advantage of by them, are a major exception).

Shifting the focus back to the attributes of the Falkateddey itself, the creature is mostly covered in fuzz, with greens, blues and purples comprising its form's primary colors. The body below the head consists of three clearly defined, circular sections that are held in place by naturally-present and nigh-unbreakable "rings" without which the beast's shape and stature could not sustain itself. Of particular note as a peculiarity is the seemingly vestigial yellow "sheet" of fatty flesh appended to the length of every Falkateddey's back, which despite its ease of being torn with manual force will never tear with the contortions as the animal moves and leaps about.

Regarding the Falkateddey's many limbs, each pair is distinct. The topmost arms bear two outer fingers and two special fingers that each extend into two flexible talons, very useful for grabbing ledges and the like. The middle pair of arms are the longest limbs present on the beast and could be considered the "main" ones, possessing small, standardly four-fingered hands. The lower arms are the shortest and end in unwieldy, uneven claws clearly designed for harming enemies, though in practice these are seldom used as Falkateddi spend most of their time high above where any of their few natural enemies can reach. The upper, primary legs are the creature's most muscular limbs and sturdy instruments of standard walking, while the lower, secondary legs are basically tiny versions thereof, serving mainly to provide additional balance in support of their stronger counterparts and being far too weak to support the bodies above them on their own.

Most Falkateddi possess durability values falling between 600 and 800.

• The mutant Wrenchaiian Mulshian and Eggmen Super Team member named Turvalom and better known as Plant-Egg is, in retrospect, frequently listed as history's most important member of his species, being ranked above his teammates despite his late entry in the context of the Eggmen's historical saga by virtue of his inventive genius. In terms of "powers", his mind which produced numerous mechanical designs that have since been adapted for mass-production and conducted research that continues to aid in new technological developments to this day easily overshadows his mutant chlorokinesis. One of the more lucratively popular concepts of machinery brought into prominence thanks to Turvalom is that of the large single-pilot combat vehicle fashioned as a facsimile of a known living creature (or more rarely and impressively, a "made up" form) and possessing manually-controlled body movements emulating a mechanical warrior. Case in point - Plant-Egg's original working version of this concept and our primary subject for this encyclopedic update, the MechanEgg Mark 1: Yocc-Gai Incarnate.

Yocc-Gai is a Mulshian figure legendarily known as the founder of the Belliwonk tribe which Turvalom was born into, having several spectacular feats of strength attributed to him, and most likely never having actually existed as a historical person, a position also shared by the mutant genius. Despite this, Plant-Egg retained much respect for Yocc-Gai as far as "fictional" characters go, and thus based this fourteen-foot-tall Mulshian-shaped mechanical suit upon his interpretation of the hero's traditional description. Completed in Age 758 and originally simply called "Yocc-Gai Incarnate", this machine would later be recognized as the prototype for multiple subsequent piloted "MechanEgg" models built by Turvalom, with its designation being retroactively changed in accordance. The Mark 1 is the only one of the six original models used by the Eggmen to remain intact to date, currently being on display at the Mulshian Memorial Museum of Artifactory, an institution of Ergnoplian history-preservation whose establishment Plant-Egg himself was one of the major funders of.

Its concept being nigh-unprecedented in the realm of humanoid-made vehicles, the Yocc-Gai Incarnate was designed with viable and stable movement as the sole primary function in mind, and thus lacks any fancy built-in weaponry unlike its later, more advanced brethren. That said, this machine stands as a rousing success in terms of what Plant-Egg set out to accomplish with it, exhibiting fluent, highly articulate movements governed by a set of internal controls where the pilot must make similar corresponding movements, creating a feeling of synergy between the motions of the machine and its controller. In fact, it is actually more flexible, if ever-so-slightly so, than any of its subsequent counterparts thanks to this attribute being its only main design focus and its non-encumbrance by additional weapons and gadgets, and more agile as well due to its smaller size and relatively light weight. The MechanEgg Mark 1 is just as strong and sturdy as it looks, being highly practical as an instrument of heavy lifting and, though not specifically designed for combat, fairly viable in terms of punching, etc. as well.

Secretary Kerry Addresses the Respective Staffs of U.S. Ambassador to Austria Wesner, Charge Ensher from the U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Vienna, and Deputy Chief of Mission Byrnes from the U.S. Mission to the OSCE in Vienna by U.S. Department of State

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, joined by U.S. Ambassador to Austria Alexa Wesner, Charge d'Affaires to the U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Vienna Henry Ensher, and Deputy Chief of Mission to the U.S. Mission to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Kate Byrnes, addresses their respective staffs during a tri-mission meet-and-greet on May 18, 2016, at the Bristol Hotel in Vienna, Austria, following two days of multinational meetings in the Austrian capital. [State Department photo/ Public Domain]

St Augustine, Northbourne, Kent by Jelltex

You don't really think anyone is going to open a church in this weather? Said Jools. And at about the same time, a warden's wife was saying, you're not going to go and open the church are you? No one will visit a church on a day like this.

So, the madness of man wins out, as I did visit and found that the warden had just opened the church.

Sadly, Great Mongehmam wasn't open later, but looked interesting enough to demand a return visit ASAP.

As I now know, any settlement ending with "bourne" should have a stream source or running through it. And that is the case here, a winterbourne, though not as frequently running as the Nailbourne rises here and flows to Sandwich.

Northbourne lies to the west of Deal, in a patchwork of fields and woods that is most pleasant. It used to be near to Tilmanstone Colliery and the Davy Lamp hanging in the chanel remembers this.

I walk into the porch and there is the warden helpfully hanging the "church open" sign on the door. Come to visit the church he asked. Yes, is there one nearby, I quipped.

He showed me some interesting details, shred a bit of histor, then began his long walk back to Finglesham.

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One of the few cruciform churches to have been built in Kent in the twelfth century, on the site of, and incorporating fragments of, a Saxon building. Curtains help shut off parts of the church during the winter months. There is a good mass dial by the main door. The Lady Chapel contains the monument to Sir Edwin Sandys and his wife (d. 1629). It is one of the best of its date in Kent and shows the pair in recumbent position hand in hand. Surprisingly the wordy inscription was not added until 1830! The chancel was refitted in the mid-nineteenth century but the east window shows good quality medieval stonework of thirteenth-century date.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Northbourne

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NORTHBORNE,

USUALLY called Norborne, as it is written in the survey of Domesday, lies the next parish westward from Little Mongeham, being so called from the north borne, or stream, which runs from hence into the river at Sandwich. There are four boroughs in it, Norborne, Finglesham, Asheley, and Tickness, or Tickenhurst, for each of which a borsholder is chosen at the manor court of Norborne.

THIS PARISH lies for the most part exceedingly dry and healthy, in a fine uphill, open and pleasant country, though it extends northward towards Howbridge and Foulmead, into a low country of wet ground and marsh lands. It is a large parish, for although it is very long and narrow, extending only a mile and an half from east to west, yet it is full five miles from north to south, till it joins Waldershare and Whitfield. The part of this parish containing the borough, hamlet, and manor of Tickenhurst, is separated from the rest of it by the parishes of Eastry, Ham, and Betshanger, intervening; and there is a small part of the parish of Goodneston within this of Norborne, and entirely surrounded by it. The soil of this parish being so very extensive, must necessarily vary much. It is, however, much inclined to chalk, and is throughout it very hilly; though much of it is very light earth, yet there is a great deal of rich fertile land in the lower part of it northward. There is much uninclosed land and open downs interspersed throughout it. The street of Norborne, having the church and vicarage-house within it, and containing twentysix houses, is situated at the north-east boundary of the parish. Near it is Norborne-court, the almonry or parsonage, and a house and estate, called the Vine farm, now in the possession of the hon. lady Frances Benson.

Besides this, there are several other streets, hamlets, and eminent farms, within the bounds of this parish, of which, those most worthy of notice, the reader will find described hereafter.

THE MANOR OF NORBORNE, which is of very large extent, was given in the year 618, by Eadbald, king of Kent, by the description of a certain part of his kingdom, containing thirty plough lands, called Northborne, to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, in which monastery his father lay, and where he had ordered himself to be buried. In this state it con tinued at the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the 15th year of the Conqueror's reign, in which it is entered under the general title of the land of the church of St. Augustine, as follows:

In the lath of Estrea. In Cornelest hundred.

The abbot himself holds Norborne. It was taxed at thirty sulings. The arable land is fifty-four carucates. In demesne there are three, and seventy-nine villeins, with forty-two borderers, having thirty-seven carucates. There are forty acres of meadow, and wood for the pannage of ten hogs.

In the time of king Edward the Consessor, it was worth four times twenty pounds; when he received it twenty pounds; now seventy-six pounds.

Of the lands of the villeins of this manor, Oidelard holds one suling, and there he has two carucates, with eleven borderers..... It is worth four pounds. .... Of the same land of the villeins, Gislebert holds two sulings, all but half a yoke, and there he has one carucate, and four villeins, with one carucate. It is worth six pounds.

Wadard holds of this manor three sulings, all but sixty acres of the land of the villeins, and there he has one carucate, and eight villeins, with one carucate and two servants. It is worth nine pounds; but he pays no service to the abbot, except thirty shillings, which he pays in the year.

Odelin holds of the same land of the villeins one suling, and there he has one carucate, with three borderers..... It is worth three pounds.

Marcherius holds of the same land of the villeins what is worth eight shillings.

Osbern the son of Letard holds half a suling, and eleven acres of meadow, of the land of the villeins, which is worth twenty-five shillings. He pays to the abbot fifteen shillings.

Rannulf de Colubers holds one yoke .......worth fifty pence.

Rannulf de Ualbadon holds one yoke, and pays from thence fifty pence.

The above-mentioned Oidelard holds also of this manor one suling, and it is called Bevesfel, and there he has two carucates, with ten borderers. It is worth six pounds.

In the reign of king Edward II. the 7th of it, anno 1313, the abbot claimed upon a quo warranto, in the iter of H. de Stanton and his sociates, justices itinerant, and was allowed sundry liberties therein mentioned in this manor, among others, and the view of frank-pledge, and likewise wrec of the sea in this manor in particular, in like manner as has been mentioned before in the description of the several manors belonging to the monastery, in the former parts of this History. (fn. 1) And the liberty of the view of frankpledge was in particular further confirmed by that king, in his 10th year.

King Edward III. in his 5th year, anno 1330, exempted the men and tenants of this manor from their attendance at the turne of the sheriff, before made by the borsholder, with four men of each borough within it; and directed his writ to Roger de Reynham, then sheriff, commanding that in future they should be allowed to perform the same with one man only.

In the 8th year of king Richard II. the measurement of the abbot and convent's lands at Nordburne, with 208 acres of wood, was 2179 acres and an half and one rood.

Salamon de Ripple, a monk of this monastery, being, about the 10th year of king Edward III. appointed by the abbot keeper of this manor, among others, made great improvements in many of them, and in particular he new built the barns here, and a very fair chapel, from the foundations. But after wards, in the year 1371, their great storehouses here, full of corn, were, by the negligence of a workman, entirely burnt down; the damage of which was estimated at one thousand pounds.

After which, I find nothing further in particular relating to this manor, which continued part of the possessions of the monastery, till its final dissolution, in the 30th year of king Hen. VIII. when it was surrendered into the king's hands, with whom this manor continued but a small time; for the king, in his 31st year, granted it, with the parsonage or rectory, to archbishop Cranmer, in exchange, and it remained parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury, till archbishop Parker, in the 3d year of queen Elizabeth, reconveyed it to the crown, in exchange. After which, the manor itself, with its courts, franchises, and liberties, continued in the crown, till king Charles I. in his 5th year, granted it in fee to William White and others, to hold, as of his manor of East Greenwich, by sealty only, in free and common socage, and not in capite, or by knight's service; (fn. 2) and they that year sold it to Stephen Alcocke, gent. of London, who next year passed it away by sale, with some exceptions, to Edward Boys, gent. of Betshanger, to hold of the king in like manner, as above-mentioned. His descendant, Edward Grotius Boys, dying s. p. in 1706, gave it by will to his kinsman, Thomas Brett, LL. D. of Spring grove, and he, in 1713, alienated it to Salmon Morrice, esq. afterwards an admiral of the British navy, and of Betshanger, whose grandson William Morrice, esq. died possessed of it in 1787, unmarried; upon which it came to his only brother, James Morrice, clerk, who is the present owner of this manor.

The fee-farm rent reserved when this manor was granted away by the crown, came into the hands of the earl of Ilchester, who in 1788 sold it to the Rev. Mr. Morrice, the present owner of this manor; so there is now no fee-farm rent paid for it.

A court leet and court baron is yearly held for it; at the former of which, two constables, one for the upper half hundred, and the other for the lower half hundred of Cornilo, are chosen. The present manorhouse is a small cottage in Norborne-street, built upon the waste for that purpose.

NORTHBORNE-COURT, usually called Norborne abbey, from its having belonged to the abbey of St. Augustine, was the antient court-lodge of the manor, before they were separated by different grants from the crown. It is said to have been in the time of the Saxons the palace of king Eadbald, who gave it as above-mentioned, with the manor, to the above monastery. Accordingly, Leland, in his Itinerary, says, (fn. 3) "A ii myles or more fro Sandwich from Northburn cummeth a fresch water yn to Sandwich haven. At Northburn was the palayce or maner of Edbalde Ethelberts sunne. There but a few years syns (viz. in king Henry VIII.'s reign) yn breking a side of the walle yn the hawle were found ii childrens bones that had been mured up as yn burielle yn time of Paganits of the Saxons. Among one of the childrens bones was found a styffe pynne of Latin." This court-lodge, with the demesne lands of the manor, remained but a very short time in the hands of the crown, after the reconveyance of it by the archbishop, in the 3d year of queen Elizabeth, as has been mentioned above; for it was almost immediately afterwards granted by the queen, for life, to Edward Sanders, gent. her foster brother. He afterwards resided at Norborne court, having married Anne, daughter and coheir of Francis, son of Milo Pendrath of Norborne, by Elizabeth, one of the heirs of Thomas Lewin, and nurse to queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth. His ancestors had resided for some generations at Chilton, in Ash, but were originally descended from Minister, in Thanet. They bore for their arms, Or, on a chevron, gules, three mullets, argent, between three elephants heads, erased, of the second. (fn. 4) On his death, about the middle of that reign, the possession of it reverted to the crown, where it remained, till king James I. soon after his accession, granted it in see to Sir Edwin Sandys, on whom he conferred the honour of knighthood, and had given this estate, for his firm attachment to him at that time. He rebuilt this mansion, and kept his shrievalty at it, in the 14th year of king James I. and dying in the year 1629, was buried in the vault which he had made in this church for himself and his posterity, and in which most of his direct descendants were afterwards deposited. He was second son of Edwin Sandys, archbishop of York, by his second wife. The archbishop's eldest son was Samuel, who was of Worcestershire, from whom descended the lords Sandys, late of Ombersley, in that county. Two of his younger sons were, Miles Sandys, of Worcestershire, and George, the noted traveller. They bore for their arms, Or, a fess dancette, between three cross croslets, fitchee, gules.o

Sir Edwin Sandys, though he had four wives, left male issue only by his last wife. From Edwin, their second son, descended the Sandys's, of Norbornecourt; and from Richard, the third son, those of Canterbury, still remaining there. On Sir Edwin Sandys's death, in 1629, his eldest son, Henry Sandys, esq. succeeded to this estate; and on his death, s. p. his next brother, Col. Edwin Sandys, the noted rebel colonel under Oliver Cromwell, well known for his sacrilegious depredations and insolent cruelties to the royalists, who died at Norborne-court of the wound he had received in 1642, at the battle of Worcester, His grandson Sir Richard Sandys, of Norborne-court, was created a baronet in 1684, and died in 1726. By his first wife he left only four daughters his coheirs, viz. Priscilla, the eldest, married to Henry Sandys, esq. (grandson of Henry Sandys, esq. of Downe, the son of Col. Richard Sandys, the younger brother of Col. Edwin Sandys, the great grandfather of Priscilla, above-mentioned). Mary, the second daughter and coheir, married William Roberts, esq. of Harbledowne; Elizabeth, the third daughter, died unmarried soon after her father's death; and Anne, the fourth and youngest daughter, married Charles Pyott, esq. of Canterbury, and they respectively, in right of their wives, became possessed of this, among the rest of his estates, in undivided shares, by the entail made in Sir Richard Sandys's will.

The third part of Henry Sandys, in right of his wife Priscilla, descended to his son Richard Sandys, esq. of Canterbury, whose surviving sons, and daughter Susan married to Henry Godfrey Faussett, esq. of Heppington, at length succeeded to it.

The third part of William Roberts, in right of his wife Mary, descended at length to his grand-daughter Mary, only daughter of Edward Wollet, esq. who carried it in marriage to Sir Robert Mead Wilmot, bart. and on his decease came to his eldest son Sir Robert Wilmot, bart.

The remaining third part of Charles Pyott, esq. in right of his wife Anne, descended to his only daughter Anne, married to Robert Thomas Pyott, esq. of Hull, but afterwards of Canterbury.

In 1795, all the parties interested in this estate joined in conveying their respective shares to the several purchasers undermentioned: to James Tillard, esq. of Street-End Place, near Canterbury, Northborne-court lodge, farm, and lands; to Robert-Thomas Pyott, esq. Stoneheap-farm; to Wm. Wyborn, the scite of the late mansion house, gardens, and LongLane farm; to Mr. John Parker, Cold-Harbour farm; and to several other persons, the remaining small detached parts of this estate. The whole purchase-monies amounting nearly to 30,000l. The whole estate contained near 1100 acres, all tithe-free, except about forty acres.

The mansion of Norborne-court, the residence of the Sandys's, appears to have been a large and stately building. It was pulled down in 1750, and the materials sold; and the walls are all that now remain of it, forming a very considerable ruin. Near the house was a handsome chapel, formerly used by the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, when they visited this mansion, and afterwards by the Sandys family. It is at this time nearly entire, excepting the roof, which has been long since taken off.

LITTLE BETSHANGER is an estate in the western part of this parish, which was antiently accounted a manor, and had once owners of the same name; one of whom, Ralph de Betshanger, was possessed of it in king Edward II.'s reign, as was his descendant Thomas de Bethanger, in the 20th year of the next reign of king Edward III. Soon after which, Roger de Cliderow, says Philipott, was proprietor of it, as appears by the seals of old evidences, which commenced from that reign, the shields on which are upon a chevron, between three eagles, five annulets. Notwithstanding which, it appears by the gravestone over his successor, Richard Clitherow, esq. in Ash church, that the arms of these Clitherows were, Three cups covered, within a bordure, ingrailed, or; at least that he bore different arms from those of his predecessor. At length, Roger Clitherow died without male issue, leaving three daughters his coheirs; of whom Joane, the second, married John Stoughton, of Dartford, second son of Sir John Stoughton, lord-mayor of London. After which, this estate was alienated from this family of Stoughton to Gibbs, from which name it passed into that of Omer; in which it staid, till Laurence Omer, gent. of Ash, leaving an only daughter and heir Jane, she carried it in marriage to T. Stoughton, gent of Ash, afterwards of St. Martin's, Canterbury, son of Edward Stoughton, of Ash, the grandson of John Stoughton, of Dartford, the former possessor of this estate. He died in 1591, leaving three daughters his coheirs; of whom, Elizabeth was married to Thomas Wild, esq. of St. Martin's, Canterbury; Ellen to Edward Nethersole, gent. and Mary to Henry Paramore, gent. of St. Nicholas, and they by a joint conveyance passed it away to Mr. John Gookin, who about the first year of king James, alienated it to Sir Henry Lodelow, and he again, in the next year of king Charles I. sold it to Edward Boys, esq. of Great Betshanger, whole descendant Edward Grotius Boys, dying s. p. in 1706, gave it by will to his kinsman Thomas Brett, LL. D. who not long afterwards alienated it to Sir Henry Furnese, bart. of Waldershare, and his son, Sir Robert Furnese, bart. of the same place, died possessed of it in 1733. His three daughters and coheirs afterwards succeeded to his estates, on the partition of which this estate was wholly allotted, among others, to Anne, the eldest sister, wife of John, viscount St. John, which was confirmed by an act passed next year. After which it descended down to their grandson George, viscount Bolingbroke, who sold it in 1791 to Mr. Thomas Clark, the present owner of it. The house is large, and has been the residence of gentlemen; a family of the name of Boys has inhabited it for many years, Mr. John Boys now resides in it, a gentleman, whose scientific knowledge in husbandry is well known, especially by the publication of the Agricultural Society of the state of it, and its improvements in this county, for which they are, I believe, wholly indebted to him.

THE TITHES of this estate of Little Betshanger, as well great as small, belonged, with those of Finglisham in this parish, to the abbot and convent of St. Augusting, and were assigned in the year 1128 to the cloathing of the monks there; and after the dissolution of the monastery were granted together to the archbishop of Canterbury, part of whose revenues they remain at this time. (fn. 5)

Mr. Boteler, of Eastry, found near Little Betshanger, the plant astragalus glyeyphyllos, wild liquorice, or liquorice vetch, which is very scarce, and has never been observed by him any where else.

THE MANOR OF TICKENHURST, now called Tickness; in Domesday, Ticheteste, and in other antient records, Tygenhurst, is situated in the borough and hamlet of its own name. It lies most part of it in this parish, but at some distance westward from the rest of it, several parishes intervening, and partly in that of Knolton. In the time of the Conqueror, Odo, the great bishop of Baieux and earl of Kent, was owner of it, and continued so at the taking of the survey of Domesday, in which this manor is thus entered in it, under the general title of the bishop's lands:

Turstin holds of the bishop Ticheteste. It was taxed at one suling and an half. The arable land is ..... In demesne there is one carucate, with four borderers, and a small wood. In the time of king Edward the Consessor it was worth four pounds, and afterwards forty shillings, now one hundred shillings. Edric de Alham held it of king Edward.

Four years after the taking of the above survey, the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were confiscated to the crown. After which, this manor came into the possession of a family, which took their surname from it, some of whom were witnesses to deeds of a very antient date; but they became ex tinct before the reign of king Henry VI. and it was afterwards the property of the Stoddards, ancestors of those of this name, of Mottingham, in this county, in which this manor remained for some generations, till about the latter end of queen Elizabeth's reign it was alienated to Peyton, of Knolton; since which it has continued in the possession of the owners of that manor and seat, down to Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart. now of Knolton, the present owner of it.

In the year 1074, the bishop of Baieux gave to St. Augustine's monastery, those tithes which his tenants had; i. e. the chamberlain Adelold, in the villes of Cnolton, Tickenhurst, and Ringelton, and likewise of Bedleshangre, and of Osbern Paisforer, in the small ville of Bocland, all which the king confirmed by his charter. But the tithes of Cnolton and Ringelton, William de Albiney, in process of time, being lord of the fee of those lands, took away from the monastery through his power; and the tithe of Boclonde, Roger de Malmains took away from it.

Within this borough and hamlet of Tickenhurst are two farms, called Great and Little Tickenhurst, belonging to Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart, both which pay tithes to the almonry or parsonage of Norborne, formerly belonging to St. Augustine's monastery.

NEAR THE north west boundary of the parish is the HAMLET OF WEST-STREET, containing five houses. In it is an estate, called WEST-STREET, alias PARK GATE, the first mention that I find of which is in the will of Roger Litchfield, anno 1513, who mentions his farm of West-street. This, with another farm called Parkgate, (the buildings of which are now pulled down) stood in Ham parish. Sir Cloudesley Shovel was in later times possessed of this estate, and after his unfortunate decease, his two daughters and coheirs. On the division of their estate, Anne the youngest daughter, entitled her husband John Black wood to the possession of it. He died in 1777, and was succeeded in it by his two sons and coheirs in gavelkind, Shovel Blackwood, esq. and Col. John Blackwood, of Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, who made a division of their inheritance; in which partition this estate of West-street, alias Parkgate, was, among others, allotted to the latter, who next year procured an act for the sale of it. After his death this estate came to his widow, who sold it in 1790 to Mr. William Nethersole, the present owner of it.

ABOUT HALF A MILE from West-street is THE HAMLET OF FINGLESHAM, containing thirty houses. It is written in the survey of Domesday, Flenguessam, in which it is thus entered, under the title of lands held of the archbishop by knight's service:

In Estrei hundred. William Folet holds of the archbishop, Flenguessam. It was taxed at half a suling. There he has six villeins, with one carucate and an half.

After this, I find no further mention of this place for some time; but in the reign of king Edward I. in the year 1288, the king granted licence to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, to appropriate to their use a messuage, and certain rents and lands in different parishes, and among others, in the tenancy of Norborne, at Fenlesham.

In later times I find that William Poyshe, of Norborne, by will in 1524, gave his place at Fynglisham, to John his son, and that Thomas Parker, late one of the jurats of Sandwich, by will in 1596, gave to Nicholas Parker, his brother's son, his house and lands in Fynglisham, called Fynglisham farm, situated in this street. His descendant, Valentine Parker, gent. resided here in 1669, and by will gave this estate to his godson, Mr. Valentine Hild, or Hoile, from whom it has descended to his great-grandson Mr. Thomas Hoile, the present owner of it.

ROBERT, abbot of St. Augustine's monastery, in king Henry III.'s reign, anno 1240, confirmed an exchange, made by his convent, of all THE TITHES of Finglesham and Little Betshangre, as well great as small, to the eleemosinary of his monastery, which tithes had before belonged to the chamberlain of it. (fn. 6) These tithes of Finglisham now belong to the archbishop, and are, with those of Little Betshanger in this parish, demised by him on a beneficial lease.

Through Finglesham, and over Howe bridge, the high road leads to Deal. From hence, the water, called the Gestling, or north stream, takes its course towards the river Stour, below Sandwich.

AT A SMALL DISTANCE southward from Finglesham, is the little HAMLET OF MARLEY, which consists of only four houses, one of which is that of GROVE, alias MARLEY FARM, the former of which is its proper name, though it is now usually called by the latter. It formerly belonged to the family of Brett. Percival Brett, of Wye, possessed it in 1630, whose descendant, Richard Brett, gent. left an only daughter Catherine, who married John Cook, formerly of Mersham, but afterwards of Canterbury, clerk. They left two daughters, Catherine, wife of Thomas Shindler, alderman of Canterbury, and Mary, and they joined in the conveyance of this estate, in 1727, to John Paramor, gent. of Statenborough; after which, it descended in like manner as Statenborough, to his niece, Mrs. Jane Hawker, afterwards the wife of John Dilnot, esq. who on her death became possessed of the see of it, which he sold in 1792, together with a farm in Finglisham, to William Boteler, esq. of Eastry, who resided here, and two years afterwards alienated them both to Mr. James Jeken, of Oxney, the present owner of them.

ABOUT A MILE south-westward, at the western boundary of this parish, is THE MANOR OF WESTCOURT, alias BURNT-HOUSE, stiled in the antient book of the Fædary of Kent, the manor of Westcourt, alias East Betshanger, and said in it to have been held of the late monastery of St. Augustine by knight's service, being then the property of Roger Litchfield, who died possessed of it in 1513, and in his will calls it a manor, since which it has always had the same owners as Great Betshanger, and is now possessed accordingly by the Rev. James Morrice.

Upon the north-north east point of the open downs adjoining to Little Betshanger are the remains of a camp, formed for the forces which lay here, under the command of Capt. Peke, to oppose the landing of the Spaniards, at the time of the armada, in 1588. About a mile further southward from hence, over an open uninclosed country, is Stoneheap, a good farm, which has long had the same owners as Norbornecourt, and is now by a late purchase, wholly vested in Robert-Thomas Pyott, esq. as has been already mentioned before. This estate is tithe-free, being most probably part of the demesnes of Norborne manor. It takes tithes of corn and grain, of eighteen acres of land in Little Mongeham, belonging to Mr. John Boys, and twenty-two acres in Norborne, late belonging to Sir Edward Dering, bart. separate from it, but by what means I know not.

AT A LIKE DISTANCE, still further southward, is WEST STUDDAL, formerly written Stodwald, an estate which some time since belonged to a branch of the numerous family of Harvey, originally of Tilmanstone, under which a further account of them may be seen. In the descendants of this family it continued down to Richard Harvey, who was afterwards of Dane-court; not long after which, this estate came into the possession of James Six, of whom it was purchased by Sir Henry Furnese, bart. of Waldershare, about the year 1707. After which it passed, in the allotment of the Furnese estates, to Sir Edward Dering, bart. who not long since conveyed it to Solley, of Sandwich, and he sold it to Mr. Thomas Packe, of Deal, whose daughter carried it in marriage to James Methurst Pointer, esq. who lately sold it to Mr. Laurence Dilnot, the present owner of it.

FROM HENCE over Maimage, but more properly Malmains down, is THE HAMLET OF ASHLEY, containing fifteen houses. In it is Ashley farm, belonging to Mrs. Elizabeth Herring. The rectory or parsonage of Ashley, called in antient records, Essela, was part of the possessions of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, with whom it continued till the dissolution of that abbey, anno 30 Henry VIII. After which it was granted to the archbishop, of whom it is now held on a beneficial lease; the interest in which belongs to Isaac Bargrave, esq. of Eastry, in right of his late wife Sarah, sister and coheir of Robert Lynch, M. D. of Canterbury, and to Mrs. Elizabeth Herring above-mentioned, the other sister and coheir. This lease consists of the glebe of land, with the tithes of the hamlet of Ashley, West Studdal, Minacre, Napchester, and of others in Little Mungeham.

SOUTHWARD from the above, is THE HAMLET OF MINACRE, sometimes spelt Minaker, one moiety, or half of which, was formerly the property of Silkwood, and was purchased of one of them by Sir Robert Furnese, bart. of Waldershare. Since which it has passed in like manner as the rest of the Furnese estates in this county, which came to the late earl of Guildford, by his marriage with the countess of Rockingham, one of Sir Robert Furnese's daughters and coheirs, and his grandson the present right hon. George Augustus, earl of Guildford, is now owner of it.

The other moiety, or half of this hamlet, belongs to Mr. Leonard Woodward, of Ashley.

Still further southward, at the utmost limits of this parish, is another hamlet of five houses, called NAPCHESTER, which adjoins to the parishes of Walder share and Whitfield, the principal farm of which belongs to the earl of Guildford. There are no fairs kept in this parish.

Charities.

SIR RICHARD SANDYS, bart. of this parish, by will in 1726, gave to the churchwardens and overseers 5l. to be laid out in buying coals at the cheapest time of the year, and to be by them sold out to the poor at the same price that they cost, and the monies arising from such sale to be a fund, to be yearly employed for the same purpose.

The poor constantly relieved are about twenty-five, casually thirty.

THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sandwich.

The church, which is exempted from the archdeacon, is dedicated to St. Augustine. It is a large goodly building, consisting of a nave, chancel, and transept, having a large square tower in the middle, which has probably been much higher. There are five bells in it. The church is built of flint, with quoins, door, and window cases of ashler squared stone; some arches of the windows are pointed, some circular, and some with zig-zag ornaments. The western arch of the tower is pointed with triple dancette ornaments; the others circular. The chancel is repaired by the archbishop's lessee of the almonry. In the south transept, which is repaired by the Sandys's family, is a large vault, in which are deposited their remains. Over it is a most costly and sumptuous monument, having at the back a plain blank tablet; on the tomb the recumbent essigies of a knight in armour and his lady in a loose mantle. Above the pediment, and in other places, several shields of arms, with the coat of Sandys, with quarterings and impalements. This tomb is for Sir Edwin Sandys, second son of Edwin, archbishop of York. He had a grant of Norborne court from king James I. and died in 1639. (His marriages and issue have been already mentioned before). This monument was erected by him in his life time; but he who erected this sumptuous monument, and added the provisional blank tablet and escutcheons on it, with a thought of securing to himself and his posterity a king of immortality, left not one behind him, of all his numerous children, who had the least veneration for him, or respect for his memory; both the tablet and escutcheons remaining a blank at this time. In the nave is a memorial for Richard Harvie of Eastry, obt. 1675. In the church-yard are three altar-tombs, one for George Shocklidge, A. M. vicar forty-nine years, ob. 1772; arms, Three fishes, their heads conjoined in fess, their tails extended into the corners of the escutcheon; and the other two for the family of Gibbon.

The church of Norborne, with its chapels of Cotmanton and Sholdon, was antiently appendant to the manor, and was in early times appropriated to the abbey of St. Augustine; and in 1128, anno 29 king Henry I. was assigned by Hugh, the abbot of it, to the use of the eleemosinary or almonry belonging to it, which almonry was an hospital, built just without the gate of the monastery, for the reception of strangers and the poor resorting to it from all parts, and the relief of the weak and infirm.

After this, there were continual disputes between the abbots of this monastery and the several archbishops, concerning their respective privileges and jurisdictions relating to the churches belonging to it, among others, to this of Norborne, which at last ended in the allowance of the abbot's exemption from all such jurisdiction; archbishop Arundel in 1397 pronouncing a definitive sentence in the abbot's favour; all which may be found inserted at large in Thorne's Chronicle. (fn. 7)

In the year 1295, the abbot made an institution of several new deanries, for the purpose of apportioning the churches belonging to his monastery to each of them, as exempt from the jurisdiction of the archbishop; in which institution this church was included in the new deanry of Sturry. This caused great contentions between the abbots and the several archbishops, which at last ended in the total abolition of this new institution.

In which state this appropriation, with the advowson of the vicarage, remained, till the final dissolution of the abbey in the 30th year of king Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands, whence the parsonage appropriate, otherwise called the Almonry farm, was granted the next year in exchange to the archbishop, and it remains parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury at this time.

But the advowson of the vicarage of this church, being excepted out of the above grant, remained in the crown, till king Edward VI. in his 1st year granted it, being an advowson in gross, to the archbishop, in whose successors it has continued to this time, his grace the archbishop being the present patron of it.

¶Though the church of Norborne was so early appropriated to the use of the almonry, as has been mentioned before, and a vicarage instituted in it, yet there was no endowment of it till the 1st year of the reign of king Edward I. when the abbot and convent, under their chapter seal, granted an endowment of it, which was approved of by the archbishop's commissary. He decreed and ordained, that the vicar should have the usual mansion of the vicarage, with the garden, and two acres of land contiguous to it, together with eleven acres of land lying at Donneslonde, and the way usual to the same; all which the vicars had heretofore enjoyed. And that they should have yearly two cows feeding, and the right of feeding them, from the feast, of St. Gregory until that of St. Martin in winter, with the cows of the religious wheresoever within the bounds of the parish. Also that they should have, in the name of their vicarage, within the limits or titheries of this church, or chapels of it, all the tithes whatsoever of sheaves, corn, and other vegetables, in orchards or gardens, being dug with the foot; and also all tithes arising from all mills so situated then, or which hereafter might be built, excepting of the mill of the religious, nigh to the King's highway, leading from Northborne towards Canterbury. Also that they should receive, in the name of the vicarage, all tithes of hay arising within the parish, or within the bounds of the chapels aforesaid, excepting the tithe of hay, arising from the meadows of the religious in this parish, at the time of the endowment. Also that they should receive, in the name of the vicarage, all oblations whatsoever in the church of Northborne, and the chapels or oratories, wheresoever situated, dependent on it, excepting the oblations made by strangers, not parishioners of the church, or chapels, in the chapel of the religious, situated within their manor of Norborne, which they had retained to themselves. Moreover, that the vicars should receive all tithes of lambs, wool, chicken, calves, ducks, pigs, geese, swans, peas, pigeons, milk, milk-meats, trades, merchandizes, eggs, flax, hemp, broom, rushes, fisheries, pasture, apples, onions, garlic, pears, and all manner of small tithes, within the bounds, or tithings of the church and chapels aforesaid, in any shape arising or to arise in future; and also whatsoever legacies should be left in future to the church and chapels, and especially the tithes of reed, rushes, and silva cædua, whenever cut down, within the bounds or tithings of the chapels of Cotmanton and Scholdon, to this church belonging, or at any time arising. But that the vicars should undergo the burthen of serving in divine offices themselves, or other fit priests, in this church and chapels depending on it; but that the burthen of providing bread and wine, lights, and other things, which should be necessary there for the celebration of divine services, they should undergo in the said church and chapels, at their own expence, excepting in the chapel of Cotmanton; in which the burthens of this kind, and likewise of the rebuilding and repairing of the chapel, used to be borne, by the lords of the manor of Cotmanton. In the payment likewise of the tenth, or other quota of ecclesiastical benefices, when it happened that the same should be imposed on the churches in England, or in the archbishop's province or diocese, the vicars and their successors there, according to the portion of taxation of the said vicarage, should be bound to pay the same for the said vicarage. But the burthens of repairing and rebuilding the chancel of the church of Northborne, and the chapel of Scholdon depending on it, within and without; and of finding and repairing the books, vestments, and ornaments of the church and chapel of Scholdon, which by the rectors of churches ought, or were wont to be found and repaired of custom or of right, and other burthens ordinary and extraordinary incumbent on the said church and chapel, the religious should undergo for ever and acknowledge; all and singular of which, he, the aforesaid John, archbishop of Canterbury, approving, confirmed by that his ordinary authority, reserving to him and his successors, &c. (fn. 8)

In 1396 there was an agreement entered into between the rector of East Langdon and the vicar of Norborne, concerning the annual payment of four shillings to the latter. In which the parishioners of East Langdon are mentioned as being bound to contribute to the repair of the church of Norborne.

The vicarage of Norborne, with the chapel of Sholdon annexed, is valued in the king's books at 12l. 11s. 8d. and the yearly tents at 1l. 5s. 2d.

In 1578 here were one hundred and ninety-two communicants, and it was valued at sixty pounds. In 1640 here were communicants two hundred and ninety-seven, and it was valued at Seventy-four pounds.

Here is a good vicarage-house, which with the homestall, measures two acres; and there are nine acres of glebe land beside.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp583-604

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James Brown and the Famous Flames ...item 1.. Pitts: 'Our' blacks vs. 'their' blacks -- Black people are not crazy (November 7, 2011) ...item 2.. Moment in Truth Project -- The era of deficit denial is over (December 1, 2011) ... by marsmett talahassee

So why don’t blacks vote Republican? The answer is simple. Black people are not crazy. Being not crazy, they understand a simple truth about conservatives: They have never stood with, or up for, black people. Never.

.......***** All images are copyrighted by their respective authors ......

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.....item 1)... OnlineAthens ... Athens Banner-Herald ... onlineathens.com ... Pitts: 'Our' blacks vs. 'their' blacks

By LEONARD PITTS

Published Monday, November 7, 2011

onlineathens.com/opinion/2011-11-07/pitts-our-blacks-vs-t...

Do you think it gives Clarence Thomas a warm, fuzzy feeling to know he is one of Ann Coulter’s blacks?

That is how Coulter put it on Fox “News” while defending Herman Cain against sexual harassment charges that threatened to engulf his campaign last week. “Liberals,” she said, detest black conservatives, but the truth is, “our blacks are so much better than their blacks.”

“Our” blacks? Really?

Social conservative pundits tend to be astonishingly obtuse when discussing race, (See Exhibit A, above) so it is good they rarely do so. Last week was an unfortunate exception, as one of “their” blacks struggled to frame a coherent response to allegations that he harassed female colleagues in the 1990s when he headed the National Restaurant Association. Though accusations of sexual impropriety have beset a bipartisan Who’s Who of black and white politicians, the right wing came out in force to argue that people are only questioning Cain because he is a black conservative.

This would be the same Cain who not so long ago said racism was no longer a significant obstacle for African-Americans. This would be the same right wing that is conspicuous by its silence, its hostility or its complicity when the injustice system imposes mass incarceration on young black men, when the number of hate groups in this country spikes to more than a thousand, when the black unemployment rate stands at twice the national average, when the president is called “uppity” and “boy.”

But they scream in pious racial indignation when Cain is asked questions he doesn’t want to answer.

A “high-tech lynching” said blogger Brent Bozell.

“Racially stereotypical,” sniffed Rush Limbaugh.

“I believe the answer is yes,” said Cain himself when asked on Fox if race was the cause of his woes, adding honestly, if hilariously, that he has no evidence whatsoever to back that up.

If you didn’t know better, you’d think Cain was some hybrid of Emmett Till and Kunta Kinte. Nobody knows de trouble he’s seen.

The candidate has spoken of how he left the Democratic “plantation,” the implication being that more blacks should vote Republican. It would seem on the surface to make sense. As a 2008 Gallup Poll proved — and simple observation reiterates — African-Americans tend to be as conservative as your average Republican on some key moral issues and are more religious than the average Republican, to boot.

Forget modern controversies like mass incarceration. Social conservatives, then based largely in the Democratic Party of the early- to mid-20th century, opposed the Voting Rights Act. They opposed the Civil Rights Act. They opposed school integration. They opposed the Montgomery Bus Boycott. They opposed a law to crack down on lynching.

These are the people for whom African-Americans are now supposed to vote? To make the argument is to betray a stunning contempt for the intelligence — and memory — of black voters.

In talking about race, conservatives have all the moral authority of a pimp talking about women’s rights. Granted, “their” blacks might disagree.

• Leonard Pitts Jr., winner of the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for commentary, is a columnist for the Miami Herald. His columns appear each Monday in the Banner-Herald. Send email to lpitts@miamiherald.com. Pitts chats with readers online from 1-2 p.m. Wednesdays at www.MiamiHerald.com.

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.....item 2).... Moment of Truth Project ... momentoftruthproject.org ...

The era of deficit denial is over

ONE YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOMENT OF TRUTH REPORT

momentoftruthproject.org/node/295

December 1, 2011 marked one year since the release of The Moment of Truth report by the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform. The report declared that the era of deficit denial is over. In the year since the report was issued, fiscal responsibility and reform has become the dominant national issue and the debate has shifted from a question of if we should reduce long-term deficits to a matter of when and how we will do so.

While the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction (Select Committee) failed to reach an agreement on $1.2 trillion in deficit reduction, the momentum behind enacting a bipartisan, comprehensive fiscal plan based on the framework put forward by the Fiscal Commission has continued to grow. In the wake of the Select Committee's failure, a growing number of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have voiced support for a bipartisan and comprehensive approach to solving our fiscal problems, with many of them specifically calling for reviving the Fiscal Commission's recommendations. These calls have been echoed by many editorial boards and columnists and organizations.

Former Fiscal Commission co-chairs and current Moment of Truth project (MOT) co-chairs Erskine Bowles and Sen. Alan Simpson remain active in the discussion on how to solve our nation's fiscal problems. They testified before the Select Committee on November 1 and have had several op-eds published in addition to speaking to audiences across the country. They continue to receive very positive reactions from audiences across the political spectrum (Sen. Simpson reports that he continues to get "more thumbs up than other digits"), providing further evidence of what the Commission wrote in The Moment of Truth preface:

"The American people are a long way ahead of the political system in recognizing that now is the time to act. We believe that far from penalizing leaders for making the tough choices, Americans will punish politicians for backing down -- and well they should."

# # #

Click here to read the official statement from former Fiscal Commission members Erskine Bowles, former Sen. Alan Simpson, Alice Rivlin, Dave Cote, Andy Stern, Ann Fudge, former Sen. Judd Gregg and former Rep. John Spratt.

Click here to see where we would we be if the Fiscal Commission's recommendations had been adopted one year ago.

MOT Highlights

... New York Times: Thomas Friedman: Go Big, Mr. Obama

... Des Moines Register: Editorial: It's Time to Dust Off the Bowles-Simpson Plan

...Fiscal Times: Super Flaw: If Only Obama Had Held Up Bowles-Simpson

...USA Today: Obama Missed the Boat to Cut the Debt

Testimony Before the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction

Click here for written testimony.

Click here for video and full transcript.

Bowles, Simpson Speak at the 2011 WSJ CEO Council

Click here for video.

Bowles, Simpson Interview with MSNBC's Chuck Todd

Click here for video.

Recent Op-Eds by Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson

Washington Post: The Super Committee's Make or Break Question -- Nov 16, 2011

CNN Opinion: All It Takes to Solve U.S. Debt Problem is Willpower -- Nov 15, 2011

Washington Post: Our Advice to the Super Committee: Go Big, Be Bold, Be Smart -- Oct 2, 2011

Click here to see complete list of MOT publications, event recaps and other highlights.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

Hotel Altkölnischer Hof, Bacharach, Rhine Gorge, Middle Rhine, Rhine Province, Germany by Billy Wilson

Built in 1902 and located at no. 2 Blücherstraße.

"Bacharach (pronunciation, also known as Bacharach am Rhein) is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Rhein-Nahe, whose seat is in Bingen am Rhein, although that town is not within its bounds.

The original name Baccaracus suggests a Celtic origin. Above the town stands Stahleck Castle (Burg Stahleck), now a youth hostel.

The town lies in the Rhine Gorge, 48 km south of Koblenz.

In the early 11th century, Bacharach had its first documentary mention. It may have been that as early as the 7th century, the kingly domain passed into Archbishop of Cologne Kunibert’s ownership; pointing to this is a Kunibertskapelle (chapel) on the spot where now stands the Wernerkapelle. The Vögte of the Cologne estate were the Elector of the Palatinate, who over time pushed back Cologne’s influence. Count Palatine already had so much influence that he resided at Stahleck Castle. His successor Konrad von Staufen’s daughter secretly wed at Stahleck Castle a son of the Welfs, who were family foes, leading to Bacharach’s, and indeed the whole County Palatine’s, falling for a short time to Henry of Brunswick. In 1214 the Wittelsbachs became Bacharach’s new lords. Together with the Unteramt of Kaub they received here their most important toll and revenue source. In 1314 it was decided to choose Louis the Bavarian as the German king. Furthermore, Bacharach was the most important transfer point for the wine trade, as barrels were offloaded here from the smaller ships that were needed to get by the Binger Loch (a quartzite reef in the Rhine upstream near Bingen) and loaded onto bigger ones. From then on, the wine bore the designation Bacharacher. The timber trade from the Hunsrück also brought Bacharach importance, and in 1356, Bacharach was granted town rights.

Widely visible is the Wernerkapelle, a Rheinromantik landmark of the town, lying on the way up to Stahleck Castle from the town. It is the expanded Kunibertkapelle, and is still an unfinished Gothic ruin today. Its namesake is Werner of Oberwesel, known in connection with pogroms triggered by his death. According to the Christian blood libel, which was typical of the times, a 16-year-old Werner was murdered on Maundy Thursday 1287 by members of the local Jewish community, who then used his blood for Passover observances. On the grounds of this alleged ritual murder, there arose an anti-Semitic mob who waged a pogrom, wiping out Jewish communities in the Middle and Lower Rhine and Moselle regions. In folk Christianity arose the cult of Werner, which was only stricken from the Bishopric of Trier calendar in 1963.

Mittelrhein (or Middle Rhine) is a region (Anbaugebiet) for quality wine in Germany, and is located along a 120 km stretch of river Rhine in the tourist portions of the Rhine region known as Middle Rhine. On the left bank of Rhine, vineyards begin immediately downstream of the Nahe estuary and last until Koblenz. On the right bank, vineyards begin where Rheingau ends and last until 8 kilometers south of Bonn, in the Siebengebirge. Parts of the Rhine Gorge, a UNESCO World Heritage since 2002, make up the southern part of Mittelrhein.

The region's 448 hectares (1,110 acres) of vineyards (2013 situation) are dominated by white wine grapes (85%) to a higher extent than any other wine region of Germany with the exception of Mosel. With the much-appreciated Riesling being the most grown variety at 68% of the vineyards, and considering the vicinity to the world-famous regions Rheingau and Mosel, it could perhaps be expected that Mittlerhein would enjoy a commercial success. In reality, the situation is quite the opposite. In between 1989 and 2009 the Middle Rhine lost 36% of its total area of vines under cultivation, while the nationwide development shows a plus of 7.37% Since the region's planted area has been shrinking for quite some time, the region's wines are hardly ever seen on export markets, and seem to be rather unknown even inside Germany. The underlying reasons are manifold.

The must per hectare comparison of German wine growing regions shows that in average, the Middle Rhine ranks 3rd lowest in output per hectare with an average of 68 hl / ha between 2001 and 2012. Only Saale-Unstrut (56 hl/ha) and Saxony (45 hl/ha) yield a lower output. The nationwide average over the same time frame comes up to 91 hl/ha. Hence, in a ten-year average, the Middle Rhine region only yields 75% of the nation’s average hectolitre per hectare output.[6] In 2012, the output per hectare was 59 hl / ha, hence even 13% less than the ten year average of the region and 35% less than the average national output for 2012. In 2013, there were greater difficulties for harvesting and production. The bad weather conditions throughout the year led to minimal output, especially for late ripening grapes like Riesling, by far the most grown variety. Many quality producers only harvested 30 hl / ha, and some producers less. Despite these low yields, the region's wines in the 2013 vintage were of a high quality, and prices remained stable and low.

From countless conversations to wine growers in and outside the area, the conclusions on the underlying reasons are various. On one side, the area is vulnerable to the climate conditions of the respective vintage year; on the other side, there is an ongoing trend to forfeit quantity for the sake of quality. The most hyped wineries all over the world get worked up on only selecting the best grapes by hand. Due to the region’s geological conditions, this is usual practice on the Middle Rhine. The difference: Prices don't quadruple because of this fact.

The Rhine Gorge is a popular name for the Upper Middle Rhine Valley, a 65 km section of the Rhine between Koblenz and Rüdesheim in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse in Germany. It was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in June 2002 because of its beauty as a cultural landscape, its importance as a route of transport across Europe, and the unique adaptations of the buildings and terraces to the steep slopes of the gorge.

The region's rocks were laid down in the Devonian period and are known as Rhenish Facies. This is a fossil-bearing sedimentary rock type consisting mainly of slate. The rocks underwent considerable folding during the Carboniferous period. The gorge was carved out during a much more recent uplift to leave the river contained within steep walls 200 m high, the most famous feature being the Loreley.

The gorge produces its own microclimate and has acted as a corridor for species not otherwise found in the region. Its slopes have long been terraced for agriculture, in particular viticulture which has good conditions on south-facing slopes. Most of the vineyards belong to the wine region Mittelrhein, but the southernmost parts of the Rhine Gorge fall in Rheingau and Nahe.

The river has been an important trade route into central Europe since prehistoric times and a string of small settlements has grown up along the banks. Constrained in size, many of these old towns retain a historic feel today. With increasing wealth, roughly 40 hilltop castles were built and the valley became a core region of the Holy Roman Empire. It was at the centre of the Thirty Years' War, which left many of the castles in ruins, a particular attraction for today's cruise ships which follow the river. At one time forming a border of France, in the 19th century the valley became part of Prussia and its landscape became the quintessential image of Germany.

This part of the Rhine features strongly in folklore, such as a legendary castle on the Rhine being the setting for the opera Götterdämmerung. The annual Rhine in Flames festivals include spectacular firework displays at Sankt Goar in September and Koblenz in August, the best view being from one of a convoy of boats." - info from Wikipedia.

Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.

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respective time by Takuya Kikuchi

Lomo X-pro100(cross process) / Horizon perfekt

Respective moods by Stella Lee

12 11

Low light in the valley by William6201

Respective east and west bound passenger services pass at Hathersage on the Hope Valley Line.

JANE CLIFFORD (ACTIVE 1850s) The Armory, Spain, 1864_colorSAI_result by Asar Studios

Colorized by Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Tool from originally scanned hi-res photo from the respective source.

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