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No, flash worked perfectly on this Santa portrait.
But I'm having the devil's own hard time trying to get my studio flash system up and running.
Boring tech stuff to follow: System is three Strobelite Plus flash heads, two Softboxes, one background flash unit. All head units are working normally. I can't seem to get the communication to work between the flash heads and two remote triggers (PocketWizard Plus II). Can't get the camera to wirelessly trigger the flash heads. Wired, they work fine. The remote triggers are working normally...but somewhere in between, the communication breaks down.
I believe it is one of two problems. It is possible that the cable between PocketWizard receiver unit and first flash head is incompatible in some way...though I don't know how that could be. Or, it is possible that the 3.3v that the remote trigger sends out is not appropriate for the flash head input...though I was told that these two systems work together.
Until I hear from one of the manufacturers, I'll remain both puzzled and stymied.
On the last weekend of November, close to 600 people gathered at the Catholic Junior College Performing Arts Centre for a retreat led by Fr Laurence Freeman OSB, organised by The World Community for Christian Meditation (WCCM) Singapore.
The topic was the 8 big problems of life.
I noticed these two machines parked on a park construction site and noticed that there were two men working on one of the machines.
15 inch MacBook Pro Keyboard Problem
With the new family of computers, the 15-inch MacBook Pro, which was introduced just after Apple’s smartphones last year, the brand has introduced many features to its users. Apart from the new series of computers that came with radical changes in the...
www.appleclick.net/15-inch-macbook-pro-keyboard-problem-t...
#15InchMacbookPro, #MacbookPro, #MacbookProProblems
Gegen den hohen Spritverbrauch vom neuen Golf 7 und für mehr Klimaverantwortung von Volkswagen protestierten am 4. September 2012 50 Greenpeace-Aktivisten bei der Golf-Premiere vor der Neuen Nationalgalerie in Berlin. „Der neue Golf – Klimaziel verfehlt!“ ist die Botschaft an VW.
Mehr zu Klimaschutz und Volkswagen: bit.ly/sIsDhz
(c) Maria Feck / Greenpeace
So I'm having a bit of problem creating an effect I want in photoshop, and this is the best place I could think about for help.
I'm trying to create some writing on skin and want it to look as realistic as I can. To achieve this I want to set the blendingmode to Overlay, to make the skintexture appear through the numbers and lines to some extent. But as I chance to Overlay, the color of the numbers/lines change with the skintone depending on how bright it is there going from black to red instead of staying black/gray as I want it.
I'm aware that I can make the problem go away with making the entire image B/W but I want it in color.
Any input as to how I make it work as I want to, or perhaps a better way to achieve what I'm trying to?
Name: Adiru Jessica (A local) and Amor Ajus (South Sudanese refugee)
Age: 26 years & 23 years
Status: Both married
Family: 5 children & 1 child
Location: Simbili village and Simbili settlement, Mvepi parish, Arua
Oxfam support: Oxfam working with partner CEFORD (Community Empowerment For Rural Development) is providing cash for work to SSD refugees and host communities to carry on a number of activities including opening up access roads.
B/ground
Two young women dig in unison in the hot afternoon sun in Simbili, northern Uganda. Amor and Jessica are building an access road that will connect their homes to the main road, bringing them and their families closer to the schools and a health centre.
The women are similar in style, with the same plaits and similar dresses, but Amor is South Sudanese and Jessica is Ugandan. Amor fled last year from violence in her home town of Pibor in Jonglei state, while Jessica is from the community where Amor’s family has settled.
Both are part of Oxfam-supported Cash for Work programme, where people are employed short term to carry out construction work that improves their living environment, such as building better roads and drainage systems. This project is carried out by local partner, Community Empowerment for Rural Development (CEFORD), and funded by Oxfam.
Story
Amor’s story:
“I came here in July 2013 from Jonglei state after fighting broke out, it was the Yau Yau rebellion.”
Fighting between South Sudan's army, rebels and rival tribes left thousands of people fleeing in July 2013.
“I came with my daughter and brother in-law. Before the fighting, my husband and I were farmers and cattle keepers. In fact the fighting started when we were tending to our animals. My husband could not leave, he insisted he needed to stay and ensure the animals were safe before he could join us. We first ran to the UN compound and later at a church in Juba which gave us some little money for transport. I was very scared and worried for my husband but we had to leave. We took a bus to Uganda,” she said.
It took Amor two weeks before she was resettled in Simbili settlement. Setting up life here was hard, as she had to construct her own shelter and take care of her child and brother in law.
“The locals let us access the forests for firewood but we had to buy most of the construction materials which were not cheap. We had to keep to one meal a day which we still do. Life is hard here, especially if you have no garden and no money, but fortunately we have not yet had issues with the nationals so we still share some resources with them.”
Amor would like to grow her own food to feed her family and even sell to make a small profit, but she has no garden to plant seeds in. For the time being she relies on the income she makes from the cash for work project.
Her greatest wish however is to see her husband again. “He is alive, I talked to him but he has no money to bring him here, I hope we can go back home soon”
Jessica confirms what Amor says, she has not seen any problems arise since refugees were settled in her village. In fact, she says that some things have improved.
“We had a water problem before their arrival as the boreholes had broken and we had to walk long distances for water. Now they have fixed them and drilled new ones which we are all using.”
Jessica mentions that her village has hosted refugees since 1994. Part of the land where the newest arrivals are staying belonged to Jessica and her husband. She says that she understands how hard it is to be a refugee, having been one herself as a child in Sudan when liberation power struggles were ongoing in Uganda.
“It is hard for me as a woman even when am from here. I have to struggle to look after my family since my husband does more of the drinking. I know it is harder as a refugee, especially when you have children or have no family. The little money from this work helps us so much.”
Whereas Jessica is planning to put some of the cash for work money paid into her small grocery shop, Amor plans to use the money to improve her family diet which is very poor at the moment and also use the money to pay for grinding services for the hard grain maize they receive from WFP.
Jessica and Amor both agree that if there were no interventions targeting both the refugees and national host communities, the relationships would be strained. “We use their resources like firewood, how would they not get tired?” Amor asks.
This is true as some basic services, such as health centres, are struggling to cope with the additional demand leaving host communities unhappy. Oxfam thinks that while, national host communities are living side-by-side with refugees and sharing their resources it’s only fair for the interventions to put the host communities into consideration. Oxfam working with partners is including host communities in their interventions like the cash for work, energy saving stove distribution and borehole drilling. The aim is to create harmony between refugees and nationals besides meeting their immediate needs.
photo and copyright: Petterik Wiggers/Panos Pictures London UK
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Defect in MacBooks? Front right lip is cracking just under palm rest. The other side is starting too. Maybe pressure from hands there, and a weak lip? Think Apple will replace?
OCD and Hoarding: Cleaning Up the Problem
Presenters: Dr. Neil Rector, Dr. Nikola Grujich, Dr. Sophie Grigoriadis. Peggy Richter, Dr. Anthony Levitt (moderator)
Tuesday, January 17, 2011, 6:30 PM
Webcast: alex2.sunnybrook.ca/mediasite/Viewer/?peid=4a024a95390a41...
PHOTO: Sylvia SYDNEY, PICK UP ( 1933, Paramount ) Lilian BOND
Director: Marion GERING
museum.walterfilm.com/cpg14x/displayimage.php?album=21&am...
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" I WAS A PICK - UP " -
LOVE PROBLEMS AND ADVICE ILLUSTRATED ( Harvey ) # 4 December 1949 Cover: Lee ELIAS
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LOVE PROBLEMS AND ADVICE ILLUSTRATED ( Harvey )
# 1 June 1949 - # 44 March 1957
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COVER GALLERY >> LOVE PROBLEMS AND ADVICE ILLUSTRATED ( Harvey )
www.mycomicshop.com/search?TID=376901
AND
www.atomicavenue.com/atomic/titledetail.aspx?TitleID=7005
AND
www.comics.org/series/10515/covers/
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Harvey romance comics @ Wikipedia
" Harvey Comics published five romance comics series in the industry's pre-Comics Code years that had long runs. Covers were line-drawn and Michelle Nolan, author of Love on the Racks, explains that Harvey Comics "tried to provide thematic distinction—First Love and First Romance, Hi-School Romance, True Love Problems and Advice, and True Brides' Experiences (plus a couple of variations of that title)."
Following the imposition of the Comics Code in the early 1950s, Harvey dropped some of their adult titles and concentrated on various children's series such as Richie Rich and Caspar the Friendly Ghost. The company did however continue to publish their five romance titles..."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_romance_comics
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HARVEY COMICS @ Don Markstein's Toonopedia™
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To solve Math problems quickly and accurately you need an understanding of varied Math concepts and solving all of them is not at all easy. TutorVista has a team of expert online Math tutors to help you to understand Sloving Math problems online and find out how to get solutions for them. Our tutors work with you in learning basic to advanced topics. So we assure you complete learning to solve math problems online.
The lens is the SMC Pentax-A 70-210/4
The little ring thing is loose. It moves more or less depending on where the zoom and focus are set, and I'm pretty sure it has fallen down/scooted back far enough once to either interfere with the mirror, or at least block light -- I was able to see the curved black shape of the ring through the viewfinder and the image made was completely dark.
Would it be a terrible idea to leave this ring out? I don't want to damage my $500 camera with a $50 lens. :-/ And it's so loose, I can't believe it's serving any functional purpose.
A serious problem with bagasse particles blowing around everywhere. Clockwise from left ... Paul Curran (Project Engineer) in the yellow hat, Bevan Glasgow (Production Chemist), Kel Pearce (Production Engineer), Bruce Rutherford (General Manager) and Lynn MacLean with no hat (Millaquin).
Bradford Cathedral, or the Cathedral Church of St Peter, is an Anglican cathedral in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, one of three co-equal cathedrals in the Diocese of Leeds alongside Ripon and Wakefield. Its site has been used for Christian worship since the 7th century, when missionaries based in Dewsbury evangelised the area. For many centuries it was the parish church of St Peter and achieved cathedral status in 1919. The cathedral is a Grade I listed building.
Background
The first church on the site was believed to have been built in Anglo-Saxon times and fell into ruin after the Norman Conquest in 1066. A second church was built around 1200. The first mention of the parish of Bradford as distinct from being part of the parish of Dewsbury appears in the register of the Archbishop of York in 1281. Alice de Lacy, widow of Edmund de Lacy, one of the descendants of Ilbert de Lacy, gave a grant to the parish of Bradford that is recorded in the register of the Archbishop Wickwayne. Around 1327, Scottish raiders burnt down most of this stone church.
During the 14th century the church was rebuilt and some of the older masonry may have been used in the reconstruction of the nave. The construction of the third church was completed in 1458. The tower in the Perpendicular style was added to the west end and finished in 1508. A clerestory was added by the end of the 15th century. Proprietary chapels were founded, on the north side of the chancel by the Leventhorpe family, and on the south by the owners of Bolling Hall. In 1854 Robert Mawer carved a new reredos in Caen stone for the church. There is a photograph of it in the church archive. This reredos was lost during the 1950s rebuild by Edward Maufe.
Originally in the Diocese of York, the church was in the Diocese of Ripon before becoming a cathedral in 1919, when the Diocese of Bradford was created; it became one of three co-equal cathedrals of the new Diocese of Leeds upon its creation on 20 April 2014.
The building was extended in the 1950s and 1960s by Edward Maufe. The east end of the cathedral is Maufe's work, as well as the two west wings which contain the Song Room and Cathedral offices. In his east end extension he reused the Morris & Co. stained glass from the old east window. There is Victorian stained glass throughout the building including at the west end, where there is a window showing women of the Bible, and stained glass in the First World War memorial window dating from 1921. The many wall monuments include a sculpture by John Flaxman.
In 1987 the nave and west end were re-ordered to accommodate a growing number of visitors. The roof panelling was cleaned and restored, and new lighting was installed. To enable flexibility of use, the Victorian pews were replaced by chairs. The nave organ was removed to give more light and space at the west end, and a Bradford Computer Organ was installed, complementing the pipe organ in the choir with loudspeakers in the nave, though this is no longer in use.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the cathedral authorities decided to develop a museum of religion in St Peter's House (built in the 19th century as Bradford's main post office). The visitor numbers were much lower than expected, and the project collapsed, leaving the cathedral in debt, from which it was discharged in 2007. St Peter's House is now owned by a South Asian arts group, Kala Sangam.
The cathedral is set in a small conservation area which includes the close to its north. The close provides modern housing for the dean and canons residentiary, the bishop's official residence, Bishopcroft, being in Heaton, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) from the city centre.
The cathedral and its predecessors were built on the shelf of alluvial land that had formed on the outside of the bend where Bradford Beck turns north, but the town grew up on the lower ground on the other side of the beck, so the church was always just outside the centre of town. In the 19th and 20th centuries the cathedral was partly hidden from the centre by buildings, first by the post office just below it, and subsequently by the 1960s developments of Forster Square and Petergate. The latter areas were demolished in 2006, leaving the cathedral more visible than for many years prior to the completion of the Broadway Centre in 2015.
Dean and chapter
As of 21 May 2023:
Dean – Andy Bowerman (since 19 June 2022)
Canon for Intercultural Mission and the Arts – Ned Lunn (since 31 January 2023)
Minor Canon for Worship and Nurture – Pete Gunstone (since 21 May 2023)
Music
Bradford Cathedral has long been a place of music. During term-time, Choral Services are sung as follows: Sunday 10.30 am Choral Eucharist (rotates girls/adults, boys/adults or Cathedral Consort); Sunday 3:30 pm Choral Evensong (adults choir); Monday 5:30 pm Choral Evensong (girls choir); Tuesday 5:30 pm Choral Evensong (boys choir)
The boys and girls of the Choir sing as separate top lines and are drawn from as many as 20 local schools at any time. New entrants spend a couple of terms as a probationer, receiving basic training in singing and musicianship, before progressing to full membership. Full choristers have the opportunity to take up individual, free-of-charge tuition in singing, musicianship, theory or piano on a 1:1 basis each week. The lay clerks of the Choir are highly skilled volunteers, most of whom make their living outside of music. In September 2015 residential choral scholarships were introduced. The Cathedral Consort, a high standard chamber choir consisting of adult sopranos and lay clerks, completes the Choral Foundation.
In addition to the schedule above, the Choir also performs other concerts and services within and outside the diocese. Although foreign tours have been undertaken, the most recent being to Barcelona in 2010 and Bavaria in 2008, touring more recently has been within the UK, with the girls and boys each undertaking a residential tour annually, with or without the choir adults. Tours have been undertaken in recent years to Bristol, Worcester, Edinburgh and Durham.
The girls and men are involved with the annual Yorkshire Cathedrals' Girls' Choirs' Festival and hosted the Festal Evensong in March 2015. The boy choristers had not been involved with the Yorkshire Three Choirs Festival since 1981, but with the recent renaissance of an independent boys' top-line at the cathedral they, along with the lay clerks, were re-included in this annual festival from October 2015. Bradford Cathedral hosted the festival in October 2016.
In July 2012, the Choir recorded two services for the BBC Radio 2 Sunday Half Hour programme, which were broadcast in Autumn 2012, and the girls and men sang live for BBC Radio 4 Sunday Worship in December 2012. The Choir recorded a CD of Evening Canticles, including Humphrey Clucas's 'Bradford Service' in November 2013, and February 2014 saw the Choir recording two programmes of BBC Songs of Praise, airing on 2 March 2014 and Palm Sunday, 13 April 2014. Since 2015, the Choir has performed annually with the European Union Chamber Orchestra, singing Vivaldi's Gloria, Haydn's Little Organ Mass, and Schubert's Mass No. 2 in G major.
A specification of the William Hill pipe organ (1904), with later modifications by Hill, Norman & Beard (1961) and J. W. Walker (1977), can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. A series of organ recitals takes place on many Wednesday lunchtimes throughout the year at 1.00 pm, attracting many well-known players. An Organ Appeal was launched in February 2013, aiming to raise £250,000 over several years, in order to secure the continued reliability of the instrument, as well as making possible several tonal adjustments. A. J. Carter of Wakefield and Andrew Cooper are working in conjunction to carry out this work on a phased basis over the coming years. The first phase, entailing the substantial upgrading of the console, was carried out in October 2014. The second phase, to clean, revoice and extend the Chancel (Positive) Division, was completed in the first half of 2018.
Organists and Directors of Music
John Simpson c. 1820 – 1860
Absalom Rawnsley Swaine c. 1861 – 1893
Henry Coates 1893–1939
Charles Hooper 1939–1963
Keith Vernon Rhodes 1963–1981
Geoffrey John Weaver 1982–1986
Alan Graham Horsey 1986–2002
Andrew Teague 2003–2011
Alexander Woodrow 2012–2016
Alexander Berry 2017–present
Sub Organists and Assistant Directors of Music
Martin D. Baker 1982–2004 (Asst. Organist)
Jonathan Kingston 1997–2000 (Sub Organist)
Paul Bowen 2004–2011 — Paul Bowen held the office of Cathedral Organist from late 2011 to late 2014
David Condry 2009–2012
Jonathan Eyre 2012–2016
Jon Payne 2016–2018
Ed Jones 2018–2019
Graham Thorpe 2019–present
Monuments of interest
Memorial to Abraham Balme main promoter of the Bradford Canal, sculpted by John Flaxman RA.
Monument to Abraham Sharp (d.1742) by Peter Scheemakers
Monument to Robert Lowry Turner and George Whyte Watson
The Bradford City Football Ground Fire Disaster Memorial
The Battle of the Steeple / Market Charter plaque
Memorial to Joseph Priestley
Bradford is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It became a municipal borough in 1847, received a city charter in 1897 and, since the 1974 reform, the city status has belonged to the larger City of Bradford metropolitan borough. It had a population of 349,561 at the 2011 census; the second-largest subdivision of the West Yorkshire Built-up Area after Leeds, which is approximately 9 miles (14 km) to the east. The borough had a population of 546,976, making it the 9th most populous district in England.
Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city grew in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture, particularly wool. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, rapidly becoming the "wool capital of the world"; this in turn gave rise to the nicknames "Woolopolis" and "Wool City". Lying in the eastern foothills of the Pennines, the area's access to supplies of coal, iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of a manufacturing base, which, as textile manufacture grew, led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment. There is a large amount of listed Victorian architecture in the city including the grand Italianate city hall.
From the mid-20th century, deindustrialisation caused the city's textile sector and industrial base to decline and, since then, it has faced similar economic and social challenges to the rest of post-industrial Northern England, including poverty, unemployment and social unrest. It is the third-largest economy within the Yorkshire and the Humber region at around £10 billion, which is mostly provided by financial and manufacturing industries. It is also a tourist destination, the first UNESCO City of Film and it has the National Science and Media Museum, a city park, the Alhambra theatre and Cartwright Hall. The city is the UK City of Culture for 2025 having won the designation on 31 May 2022.
History
The name Bradford is derived from the Old English brad and ford the broad ford which referred to a crossing of the Bradford Beck at Church Bank below the site of Bradford Cathedral, around which a settlement grew in Anglo-Saxon times. It was recorded as "Bradeford" in 1086.
Early history
After an uprising in 1070, during William the Conqueror's Harrying of the North, the manor of Bradford was laid waste, and is described as such in the Domesday Book of 1086. It then became part of the Honour of Pontefract given to Ilbert de Lacy for service to the Conqueror, in whose family the manor remained until 1311. There is evidence of a castle in the time of the Lacys. The manor then passed to the Earl of Lincoln, John of Gaunt, The Crown and, ultimately, private ownership in 1620.
By the middle ages Bradford, had become a small town centred on Kirkgate, Westgate and Ivegate. In 1316 there is mention of a fulling mill, a soke mill where all the manor corn was milled and a market. During the Wars of the Roses the inhabitants sided with House of Lancaster. Edward IV granted the right to hold two annual fairs and from this time the town began to prosper. In the reign of Henry VIII Bradford exceeded Leeds as a manufacturing centre. Bradford grew slowly over the next two-hundred years as the woollen trade gained in prominence.
During the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Parliamentarians and in 1642 was unsuccessfully attacked by Royalist forces from Leeds. Sir Thomas Fairfax took the command of the garrison and marched to meet the Duke of Newcastle but was defeated. The Parliamentarians retreated to Bradford and the Royalists set up headquarters at Bolling Hall from where the town was besieged leading to its surrender. The Civil War caused a decline in industry but after the accession of William III and Mary II in 1689 prosperity began to return. The launch of manufacturing in the early 18th century marked the start of the town's development while new canal and turnpike road links encouraged trade.
Industrial Revolution
In 1801, Bradford was a rural market town of 6,393 people, where wool spinning and cloth weaving were carried out in local cottages and farms. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley (5,745) and was significantly smaller than Halifax (8,866) and Huddersfield (7,268). This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside.
Blast furnaces were established in about 1788 by Hird, Dawson Hardy at Low Moor and iron was worked by the Bowling Iron Company until about 1900. Yorkshire iron was used for shackles, hooks and piston rods for locomotives, colliery cages and other mining appliances where toughness was required. The Low Moor Company also made pig iron and the company employed 1,500 men in 1929. when the municipal borough of Bradford was created in 1847 there were 46 coal mines within its boundaries. Coal output continued to expand, reaching a peak in 1868 when Bradford contributed a quarter of all the coal and iron produced in Yorkshire.
The population of the township in 1841 was 34,560.
In 1825 the wool-combers union called a strike that lasted five-months but workers were forced to return to work through hardship leading to the introduction of machine-combing. This Industrial Revolution led to rapid growth, with wool imported in vast quantities for the manufacture of worsted cloth in which Bradford specialised, and the town soon became known as the wool capital of the world.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Bradford Moor Barracks in 1844.
Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and a county borough in 1888, making it administratively independent of the West Riding County Council. It was honoured with city status on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, with Kingston upon Hull and Nottingham. The three had been the largest county boroughs outside the London area without city status. The borough's boundaries were extended to absorb Clayton in 1930, and parts of Rawdon, Shipley, Wharfedale and Yeadon urban districts in 1937.
Bradford had ample supplies of locally mined coal to provide the power that the industry needed. Local sandstone was an excellent resource for building the mills, and with a population of 182,000 by 1850, the town grew rapidly as workers were attracted by jobs in the textile mills. A desperate shortage of water in Bradford Dale was a serious limitation on industrial expansion and improvement in urban sanitary conditions. In 1854 Bradford Corporation bought the Bradford Water Company and embarked on a huge engineering programme to bring supplies of soft water from Airedale, Wharfedale and Nidderdale. By 1882 water supply had radically improved. Meanwhile, urban expansion took place along the routes out of the city towards the Hortons and Bowling and the townships had become part of a continuous urban area by the late 19th century.
A major employer was Titus Salt who in 1833 took over the running of his father's woollen business specialising in fabrics combining alpaca, mohair, cotton and silk. By 1850 he had five mills. However, because of the polluted environment and squalid conditions for his workers Salt left Bradford and transferred his business to Salts Mill in Saltaire in 1850, where in 1853 he began to build the workers' village which has become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Henry Ripley was a younger contemporary of Titus Salt. He was managing partner of Edward Ripley & Son Ltd, which owned the Bowling Dye Works. In 1880 the dye works employed over 1000 people and was said to be the biggest dye works in Europe. Like Salt he was a councillor, JP and Bradford MP who was deeply concerned to improve working class housing conditions. He built the industrial Model village of Ripley Ville on a site in Broomfields, East Bowling close to the dye works.
Other major employers were Samuel Lister and his brother who were worsted spinners and manufacturers at Lister's Mill (Manningham Mills). Lister epitomised Victorian enterprise but it has been suggested that his capitalist attitude made trade unions necessary. Unprecedented growth created problems with over 200 factory chimneys continually churning out black, sulphurous smoke, Bradford gained the reputation of being the most polluted town in England. There were frequent outbreaks of cholera and typhoid, and only 30% of children born to textile workers reached the age of fifteen. This extreme level of infant and youth mortality contributed to a life expectancy for Bradford residents of just over eighteen years, which was one of the lowest in the country.
Like many major cities Bradford has been a destination for immigrants. In the 1840s Bradford's population was significantly increased by migrants from Ireland, particularly rural County Mayo and County Sligo, and by 1851 about 10% of the population were born in Ireland, the largest proportion in Yorkshire. Around the middle decades of the 19th century the Irish were concentrated in eight densely settled areas situated near the town centre. One of these was the Bedford Street area of Broomfields, which in 1861 contained 1,162 persons of Irish birth—19% of all Irish born persons in the Borough.
During the 1820s and 1830s, there was immigration from Germany. Many were Jewish merchants and they became active in the life of the town. The Jewish community mostly living in the Manningham area of the town, numbered about 100 families but was influential in the development of Bradford as a major exporter of woollen goods from their textile export houses predominately based in Little Germany and the civic life of Bradford. Charles Semon (1814–1877) was a textile merchant and philanthropist who developed a productive textile export house in the town, he became the first foreign and Jewish mayor of Bradford in 1864. Jacob Behrens (1806–1889) was the first foreign textile merchant to export woollen goods from the town, his company developed into an international multimillion-pound business. Behrens was a philanthropist, he also helped to establish the Bradford chamber of commerce in 1851. Jacob Moser (1839–1922) was a textile merchant who was a partner in the firm Edelstein, Moser and Co, which developed into a successful Bradford textile export house. Moser was a philanthropist, he founded the Bradford Charity Organisation Society and the City Guild of Help. In 1910 Moser became the first Jewish Lord Mayor of Bradford.
Jowett Cars Eight badge
To support the textile mills, a large manufacturing base grew up in the town providing textile machinery, and this led to diversification with different industries thriving side by side. The Jowett Motor Company founded in the early 20th century by Benjamin and William Jowett and Arthur V Lamb, manufactured cars and vans in Bradford for 50 years. The Scott Motorcycle Company was a well known producer of motorcycles and light engines for industry. Founded by Alfred Angas Scott in 1908 as the Scott Engineering Company in Bradford, Scott motorcycles were produced until 1978.
Independent Labour Party
The city played an important part in the early history of the Labour Party. A mural on the back of the Bradford Playhouse in Little Germany commemorates the centenary of the founding of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford in 1893.
Regimental colours
The Bradford Pals were three First World War Pals battalions of Kitchener's Army raised in the city. When the three battalions were taken over by the British Army they were officially named the 16th (1st Bradford), 18th (2nd Bradford), and 20th (Reserve) Battalions, The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment).
On the morning of 1 July 1916, the 16th and 18th Battalions left their trenches in Northern France to advance across no man's land. It was the first hour of the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Of the estimated 1,394 men from Bradford and District in the two battalions, 1,060 were either killed or injured during the ill-fated attack on the village of Serre-lès-Puisieux.
Other Bradford Battalions of The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) involved in the Battle of the Somme were the 1st/6th Battalion (the former Bradford Rifle Volunteers), part of the Territorial Force, based at Belle Vue Barracks in Manningham, and the 10th Battalion (another Kitchener battalion). The 1/6th Battalion first saw action in 1915 at the Battle of Aubers Ridge before moving north to the Yser Canal near Ypres. On the first day of the Somme they took heavy casualties while trying to support the 36th (Ulster) Division. The 10th Battalion was involved in the attack on Fricourt, where it suffered the highest casualty rate of any battalion on the Somme on 1 July and perhaps the highest battalion casualty list for a single day during the entire war. Nearly 60% of the battalion's casualties were deaths.
The 1/2nd and 2/2nd West Riding Brigades, Royal Field Artillery (TF), had their headquarters at Valley Parade in Manningham, with batteries at Bradford, Halifax and Heckmondwike. The 1/2nd Brigade crossed to France with the 1/6th Battalion West Yorks in April 1915. These Territorial Force units were to remain close to each other throughout the war, serving in the 49th (West Riding) Division. They were joined in 1917 by the 2/6th Battalion, West Yorks, and 2/2nd West Riding Brigade, RFA, serving in the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division.
Recent history
Bradford's Telegraph and Argus newspaper was involved in spearheading the news of the 1936 Abdication Crisis, after the Bishop of Bradford publicly expressed doubts about Edward VIII's religious beliefs (see: Telegraph & Argus#1936 Abdication Crisis).
After the Second World War migrants came from Poland and Ukraine and since the 1950s from Bangladesh, India and particularly Pakistan.
The textile industry has been in decline throughout the latter part of the 20th century. A culture of innovation had been fundamental to Bradford's dominance, with new textile technologies being invented in the city; a prime example being the work of Samuel Lister. This innovation culture continues today throughout Bradford's economy, from automotive (Kahn Design) to electronics (Pace Micro Technology). Wm Morrison Supermarkets was founded by William Morrison in 1899, initially as an egg and butter merchant in Rawson Market, operating under the name of Wm Morrison (Provisions) Limited.
The grandest of the mills no longer used for textile production is Lister Mills, the chimney of which can be seen from most places in Bradford. It has become a beacon of regeneration after a £100 million conversion to apartment blocks by property developer Urban Splash.
In 1989, copies of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses were burnt in the city, and a section of the Muslim community led a campaign against the book. In July 2001, ethnic tensions led to rioting, and a report described Bradford as fragmented and a city of segregated ethnic communities.
The Yorkshire Building Society opened its new headquarters in the city in 1992.
In 2006 Wm Morrison Supermarkets opened its new headquarters in the city, the firm employs more than 5,000 people in Bradford.
In June 2009 Bradford became the world's first UNESCO City of Film and became part of the Creative Cities Network since then. The city has a long history of producing both films and the technology that produces moving film which includes the invention of the Cieroscope, which took place in Manningham in 1896.
In 2010 Provident Financial opened its new headquarters in the city. The company has been based in the city since 1880.
In 2012 the British Wool Marketing Board opened its new headquarters in the city. Also in 2012 Bradford City Park opened, the park which cost £24.5 million to construct is a public space in the city centre which features numerous fountains and a mirror pool surrounded by benches and a walk way.
In 2015 The Broadway opened, the shopping and leisure complex in the centre of Bradford cost £260 million to build and is owned by Meyer Bergman.
In 2022, Bradford was named the UK City of Culture 2025, beating Southampton, Wrexham and Durham. The UK City of Culture bid, as of 2023, was expected to majorly stimulate the local economy and culture as well as attracting tourism to the city. By 2025, the UK City of Culture bid is expected to support potential economic growth of £389 million to the city of Bradford as well as to the surrounding local areas, creating over 7,000 jobs, attracting a significant amount of tourists to the city and providing thousands of performance opportunities for local artists.
El problema de este MAc Book Air es que no le cerraba bien la puerta del conector USB, la causa es por culpa de un imán que mantiene la puerta del USB cerrada, que atrae todas las cositas metálicas, y se quedan pegadas, impidiendo que luego la puerta se cierre.
This one was a real pain in the ass. I'm so glad it's done. I'm going to have to keep it because it's not totally perfect...I'll be making another and using what I learned from this one to solve the problems I had with this one.
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Problems with Public Sector distribution are Africa-wide. An empty drug store at Tiriri health centre in Katine, Uganda.
A study of stock levels in sub-Saharan rural health centres by WHO and Health Action International looked at the availability of 100 essential medicines. The availability was 38%. In practical terms this means that the probability is against you finding medicines in your local health centre (which might be 3 hours walk away).
Photograph: Guardian/Martin Godwin