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Left-hand one is misbehaving. Right-hand one is better.
So that's annoying. New machine, set up with Marlin on RAMPS, the z-axis was always on (so the motors weren't released between layers). I thought that wasn't a bad idea, but it turns out that driving two motors (the z motors) continuously makes the stepper drivers go up to 110C, and they do a thermal cutout. Or at least, that's what it seems like. It manifests as the motors just not moving. When doing a "move 10mm" on the z-axis, it'll move, then just pause for a couple of seconds, before coming back on.
I have changed the row #define DISABLE_Z false in Marlin (Configuration) to true, and so it goes off between layers. I don't really trust microsteps to pickup where they left off, but at least it can print now. Also am going to add a fan to the electronics.
For great photographs and the low down on the G20 Summit, Protests and Demonstrations visit www.ravishlondon.com/g20
The world faces a problem: recession and a spiraling fall in trade. The Economist puts it like this, “Trade is contracting again, at a rate unmatched in the post-war period. This week the World Trade Organisation (WTO) predicted that the volume of global merchandise trade would shrink by 9% this year. This will be the first fall in trade flows since 1982. Between 1990 and 2006 trade volumes grew by more than 6% a year, easily outstripping the growth rate of world output, which was about 3% (see chart 1). Now the global economic machine has gone into reverse: output is declining and trade is tumbling at a faster pace. The turmoil has shaken commerce in goods of all sorts, bought and sold by rich and poor countries alike.” According to the Economist, “The immediate cause of shrinking trade is plain: global recession means a collapse in demand. The credit crunch adds an additional squeeze, thanks to an estimated shortfall of $100 billion in trade finance, which lubricates 90% of world trade.”
According to the Guardian, “On Thursday 2 April Gordon Brown is going to host the G20 summit in London. Leaders from 22 countries will be at the summit. The G20 is an organisation for finance ministers and central bankers, who in the past met once a year to discuss international cooperation in finance. There are 19 countries who are members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The 20th member is the European Union, which is represented by whichever country holds the EU presidency (currently, it's the Czech Republic). These countries represent 90% of global GDP, 80% of world trade and two thirds of the world's population. The IMF and the World Bank also attend G20 meetings, although technically the London event isn't a normal G20 meeting.”
This G20 meeting will be for the leaders of all G20 countries. According to the Guardian the policy agenda developed by the last G20 meeting “did not in fact go much beyond pre-existing international initiatives that had recently been developed in more technocratic international bodies.” According to the Guardian, “On the London summit website, the British government has explained what it hopes to achieve. At the summit, countries need to come together to enhance global coordination in order to help restore global economic growth. World leaders must make three commitments:
• First, to take whatever action is necessary to stabilise financial markets and enable families and businesses to get through the recession.
• Second, to reform and strengthen the global financial and economic system to restore confidence and trust.
• Third, to put the global economy on track for sustainable growth.
Gordon Brown has argued that the world must avoid protectionism. According to the Economist, “The World Bank says that, since the G20 leaders last met in November in Washington, DC, 17 of their countries have restricted trade. Some have raised tariffs, as Russia did on second-hand cars and India did on steel. Citing safety, China has banned imports of Irish pork and Italian brandy. Across the world, there has been a surge in actions against “dumping”—the sale of exports, supposedly at a loss, in order to undermine the competition. Governments everywhere are favouring locally made goods.” The Economist also says, “Kei-Mu Yi, an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, argues that trade has fallen so fast and so uniformly around the world largely because of the rise of “vertical specialisation”, or global supply chains. This contributed to trade’s rapid expansion in recent decades. Now it is adding to the rate of shrinkage. When David Ricardo argued in the early 19th century that comparative advantage was the basis of trade, he conceived of countries specialising in products, like wine or cloth. But Mr Yi points out that countries now specialise not so much in final products as in steps in the process of production.”
Protectionism in itself sounds bad – but it is a policy option available and used in all political economies – including the most liberal. Protectionism can also lead to a more self-sustainable economy, and can lead to the internal development of an economy, which means the economy is less reliant and dependent on external sources of finance. Development will be slower, but it can be more secure and sustainable. It is likely that if countries do operate protectionist policies it will be a short-term opportunist and populist response to workers and unions, but it could be seen as an alternative economic model of development. It worked in Brazil and Argentina during the 1960s and 1970s for a while, until a more neo-liberal and external finance model was preferred.
The Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was reported on Channel 4 News to have told Mr Brown the crisis was caused by "white blue eyed people". This overtly racist remark has been noted, but there has been no visible backlash. It is interesting how the whole agenda about racism never applies to the dominant one, i.e. you can racially slur white people, and white people with blue eyes without anyone batting an eye lid, whereas if you racially slur other ethnic groups you can find yourself battered. I find this state of affairs deeply offensive to the human race in general, and very patronizing to those groups who don’t come from the dominant ethnic group (i.e. its almost to say the whole anti-racist thing is a way of patting you on the head and saying there, there – because when it comes to racism we don’t really give a shit – see the way we couldn’t give a f*** if you slur our own dominant white ethnic group).
The reality is that the summit will represent a reshuffling of position, support and dependencies between the world’s twenty richest countries. Spectators are expecting China to come out feeling puffed up and proud, given that China has faired relatively in recent years, or so we are led to believe. Meanwhile national demonstrations seem to be focusing our attention to the fact that a different way of working is needed. In fact it will be work as usual – the question is who will come out on top.
In anticipation of the G20 summit a demonstration was held in London. 10,000 were predicted to attend the demonstrations. The police reported 35,000. I was there at the demonstration and I don’t believe I saw 35,000 people walk past Big Ben – and I saw it from start to finish. As one commentator, on the Guardian observed, “Apart from the small contingent of student SWP calling 'One solution, Revolution' and about 20 anarchists making noise the spirit was generally depressed and lacking any anger or sense of direction.” Cognitator joked, “Perhaps the police were adding their number to the protesters. As opposed to taking them away as per usual.”
According to the Guardian, “The Put People First march yesterday was organised by a collaboration of more than 100 trade unions, church groups and charities including ActionAid, Save the Children and Friends of the Earth. The theme was "jobs, justice and climate" and the message was aimed at the world leaders who will be gathering for the G20 summit here this week.”
The march started on the Embankment. When I arrived there I walked around desperately finding somewhere where I could have a piss for free. I tried Starbucks and Costa Cofee, but they seemed to have no toilets, I even tried the stamp collectors fayre a subterranean culture of badly dressed old people, with poor eyesight and even worse posture, which was momentary distraction from my full bladder, but which did not provide the answer to my pressing problem as the toilet door was locked and for staff only. Stephen Moss writing for the Guardian said, “Westminster is not a great place for someone like me, who has a weak bladder, to go on a march. The public loos there cost an outrageous 50p a go. The Socialist Worker magazine-seller next to Embankment tube station is on to this in a flash. "50p to have a piss – a lesson in capitalism," he is soon shouting. Later, I'm pleased to see someone has punched a hole in the wooden sign advertising the price.” In the end I walked all the way to the National Portrait Gallery where you can always be assured a good quality toilet seat.
The Guardian continued, “The marchers, estimated at 35,000 by police, accompanied by brass bands and drummers and a colourful assortment of banners and flags, walked the four miles from Embankment to Hyde Park, where speeches from comedian Mark Thomas and environmental campaigner Tony Juniper, and music from the Kooks, made for a party-like atmosphere.”
The Guardian reported, “A group of fewer than 200 anarchists joined the march and were kept isolated and surrounded by police. Chants of "Burn the bankers!" were the closest anyone came to any show of aggression.’ Yes I witnessed this, it was clear that the anarchists, dressed in black, some of them with scarves covering their faces, generally looked cool as fuck, like some post-nuclear vigilante gang, their black signifying the dark depressing reality from which humanity starts, and the point from which they wish to depart. Whether the police presence was heavy is debatable but they certainly had a line of police accompanying them, whereas no other group were honored with such a presence. Of the anarchists Stephen Moss says, “I fall in with some anarchists halfway through the march – a delightful young Greek called Alex and an Italian, who is happy to talk about Bakunin, but is, I sense, a little suspicious of me. The anarchists march together – with the police flanking them in a way they don't with the rest of the march – and I am intrigued that they never shout slogans or bang drums. Their mission is a serious one.” Moss goes on, “Alex tells me a reporter from the Sunday Times has already approached him to ask why anarchists wear masks. "Work it out for yourself – you're a journalist," he'd told him. "People always ask why we wear masks; they never ask about our ideology," he complains. In essence, that ideology is: power corrupts; all elites will be corrupt; so government should be by the people, for the people – a mass movement of the type they claim is emerging in South America. Hezbollah is also mentioned favourably, a movement they see as developing organically. "Organic" is a key word for anarchists, and it would save a lot of aggro and bad press if they were called organicists rather than anarchists.” Good point. But who wants to be called an organicist? And in any case everything is organic really – its just that some organisms develop in a way we or anarchists done like and some do. To call anarchists, organic is to miss the point, anarachists are like Christian, they dream of a reality which transcends human nature as it is and known. Structure, corruption, self-interest and greed underpin all human activity – the question is not how we can do away with it, but how can we manage it in a fair way.
Stephen Moss wrote about the variety of organizations on the march. He said, “Socialist Worker has a three-point strategy: "Seize their wealth," "Stamp out poverty," "End all wars." Sounds good, but I can't work out exactly who "their" refers to. The Socialist party is hot on slogans, colder on the mechanism by which they are put into practice. The likely outcome to the current crisis still appears to be government by Etonians.” Most of these movements are nothing to do with instituting political change. The people involved in them do not want to genuinely change things. Instead what these groups function as is self-help groups for people, for whatever reason, feel that they have been wronged in life, probably at a personal level, and feeling quite hopeless about their personal wrongs, they want to transpose their personal woe on to a faceless, unintelligible other – the government, the state, the capitalist, the rich and the greedy. Its not so much that socialist workers and anarchists want to change things, they know they are completely ineffectual, and too screwed up and traumatized, too aggressive, unintelligent and incapable of engaging people into a different way of organizing; they just want to shout out to people ‘we hurt’. Fair enough.
The TUC don’t seem to be turning up to do anything more than saying ‘there there’ to threatened workers, and stating the downright bloody obvious to the government. Their message is “The importance of this summit cannot be underestimated. Unemployment and deprivation will grow massively over the next two years unless governments work together. People need to know that there is an international solution to this crisis. If the summit suggests that there is not, many will turn to nationalist and protectionist politics with all that implies for the global economy and world peace.” Mind you they do go on to say that, “But while the immediate response to the crisis will be at the forefront of the leaders' minds, the unprecedented Put People First coalition shows there is a huge appetite for a new economic direction. Thirty years of the increasing dominance of the neo-liberal agenda has got us into this mess. The summit must show that the next 30 years need to be about a renewed era of economic growth based on a much fairer share of the proceeds. One that is environmentally sustainable and one that does not end in the burst of yet another financial bubble.” But what are they really saying? Nothing much.
There is of course something about how all of this is just about having a laugh, getting a kick, getting an emotional fix. There’s something very similar to the way that some of the more violent groups get ready for a rumble with the police and football hooliganism. Football hooligans are much more honest about the emotional kick they get from fighting. The protestors pretend that they are doing it for the people. Whatever the so called reasons, it is clear that a lot of protestors enjoy confrontation. They are much more focused on the enemy and combating the enemy than they are on creating peaceful societies. So Stephen Moss makes the interesting observation, “When the march eventually gets to Hyde Park, the anarchists refuse to join the "TUC bureaucrats" for the official rally and hold their own open-platform meeting at Speakers' Corner, dominated by elderly men in hats who talk less about Bakunin than about beating up the BNP and confronting the police on the streets of Whitechapel. It's all a bit depressing (and expletive-filled – I take serious exception to the denunciation of "Oxbridge cunts"), though I like the fact that the elderly men refuse even to use a megaphone – only the ordinary human voice is organic enough.” The media and police have both hyped the April 2009 marches as like the possible end of the British way of life, of democracy, of capitalism. Nothing could be further from the truth, but its like we all want to will it to happen – we all are looking for excitement – war may be bad but peace is fucking boring – I once read.
The Guardian also reported, “Thomas told the Observer he believed the protest marked "the start of a grassroots movement". He added: "This is a moment. This is the first time people have had a chance to come out on to the streets in a big way." But this is nonsense. This was just an opportunity for a plethora of groups, amongst whom there are more differences, and the only thing that can unite them is a general concern for jobs, justice and climate, which incidentally are three themes that unite most of the country, and all the main political parties, to catch the government at a weak moment, and hope to build up support for whatever cause they have, on the back of the anger and desperation amongst people at this time.
The protest ended up in Hyde Park. I didn’t go, it was too cold and rainy, and although I did aim to walk there via a short-cut through Victoria, I ended up taking refuge in Westminster Cathedral, where I saw another procession, of Catholic priests and altar boys, who were holding a service for the Union of Catholic Mothers. I listened to the Catholic priests, they sounded much more happy and at peace with themselves and their surroundings, than the rankerous socialist bile spitting leaders.
People are blaming the bankers, but there is in actual fact no-one to blame for this. The this needs to be qualified too. The ‘this’ is the fact that people are loosing their jobs, consumption will have to be reduced. It is ironic that it is precisely that people are facing the prospect of lower consumption that they are out on the streets protesting against greedy bankers, it is not so much the greed of the bankers that people resent, so much as the increased consuming power of the bankers that they are envious of. The bankers are not to blame for working within a system, which promoted risky investments, a system which was encouraged and deregulated by politicians who realized that whilst the bubble was growing there were huge financial gains to be made from encouraging bankers to reap the rewards both for themselves but through the state through taxation, and politicians who were encouraged by the people who voted them in, who probably formed the majority of people marching in demonstration and protest today, who voted in the governments believing the deregulation of banks not to be a serious enough issue to vote against a government for, and realizing that even if it was a risk, whilst the bubble was growing, they were happy enough to see their elected government ensuring that the country got a share of the pie. We all contributed to this fucking mess – if you can call it a mess – its only a mess for those who no longer have jobs and cannot consume so much – by voting in the government, who deregulated the banks and encouraged the lending of our money several times over to riskier and riskier ventures which in actual fact were not producing anything of material benefit, but were instead relying on house prices going up and up, as more people poured their money into it. Now we are in deep shit, because Gordon Brown has poured what little remaining money we have, and we have on credit into the black hole – it has simply disappeared.
There are some people who are saying the bankers should pay for the crisis they created. It doesn’t work like that – it works by people putting their money into a bank – and entrusting the bank to invest it wisely. Where the bank looses the money – the original investor looses the money. This creates a motivation on behalf of the investor to invest wisely, e.g. on the basis of what we know right now investing in Barclays rather than Lloyds TSB or the Royal Bank of Scotland. However reality begins to change once one’s livelihood is threatened – now it is solely the banker’s responsibility to have invested the money wisely, the public who invest their money into the banks are seen to be helpless, powerless twits, whose securities should have been looked after by a paternalistic and caring banking sector. So for example, according to Fox New, “Berlin police estimated that around 10,000 people gathered in front of the capital's city hall and more than 1,000 in Frankfurt, Germany's banking capital, for similar demonstrations under the slogan: "We won't pay for your crisis." Its not a crisis – its just that there are now lots of personal crises – the public didn’t bother to check whether their banks were investing their money properly or wisely and now they are paying for it. But the banks aren’t responsible for this – they really aren’t.
We have two problems. The first was created by the fact that banks lent out our money several times over – so we thought the country was several times as wealthy as it actually was. This led to inflationary pressures especially in the housing market – where the same money was lent to several different people – all investing in housing leading to unrealistic housing prices. We now realize we have a fraction of the wealth we thought we had. This creates deflationary pressures – i.e. where everyone has less money prices are reduced. This problem can be solved by creating a soft deflationary landing to a level where the price of labor and goods reflects the value of the money we have not the value of the money we have and we loaned. This means everyone has to accept lower wages – we can either do this peacefully based around a consensus and agreement between corporations, banks, trade unions or governments – or we can do it aggressively – letting perfectly good companies whose workers refuse to take pay cuts go to the wall – and then watch as millions of unemployed people try to reform and reorganize new companies and enterprises.
The second problem is that banks are no longer making such risky investments – so they are not looking to lend their money on to others – which means there is less money to be lent to people – which means less activity and less economy. We have to get used to less activity – but at least the activity will be invested in activities which are genuinely producing material benefit for people – not leading to an apparent generation of wealth – which is the artificial effect of lending x amount of money to people ten times, making it seem that we are ten times as rich as previously – when actual fact we are equally as wealthy – but with prices ten times as high. We should have also let the banks go to the wall – and started again with a heavily regulated banking sector – which was not allowed to lend out peoples’ money irresponsibly. No-one wants to have to feel the pain from this – i.e. the rich bankers who keep their pensions and bonuses, the people who have banked with them who want to keep their savings, and the businesses who are funded by the banks who want to hang on to their business and jobs. So what Gordon Brown is doing, is in the name of the people, funneling money into the banking system, paying for the debts, and thus, keeping the bankers sweet, keeping the investors sweet, keeping the businesses sweet. Who looses out? All of us – the poor! They never really had anything to loose in the first place, however whilst Gordon Brown borrows money to give to the banks so they can lend to businesses and pay bankers bonuses and salaries, we move a step closer to becoming bankrupt – i.e. not being able to borrow any more money because no-one believes we can pay it back. Once we become bankrupt, social services and welfare will be cut.
According to Gaby Hinsliff, “Many economists believe a recovery now requires bursting that artificial bubble and rebalancing the economy so that Chinese consumers are encouraged spend a little more - reducing America's trade deficit - and Americans a little less. Malloch Brown suggests Britons, too, will need to relearn the art of saving.”
According to the Guardian, “But Scotland Yard is expecting a greater challenge on Wednesday 1 April, dubbed "Financial Fools Day", with a series of protests aiming to cause disruption in the Square Mile and elsewhere.” The Guardian says, “On 1 April an alliance of anti-capitalist groups called G20 Meltdown is organising a carnival headed by "Four Horsefolk of the Apocalypse", which will converge in front of the Bank of England. Anarchists are planning to target the second day of the summit at ExCel. Other groups mounting demonstrations include Climate Camp, the Stop the War Coalition, and Government of the Dead. An alternative summit will be held a few hundred yards from the ExCel centre at the University of East London.”
The alternative G20 summit website provides the following manifesto: Can we oust the bankers from power? Can we get rid of the corrupt politicians in their pay? Can we guarantee everyone a job, a home, a future? Can we establish government by the people, for the people, of the people? Can we abolish all borders and be patriots for our planet? Can we all live sustainably and stop climate chaos? Can we make capitalism history? YES WE CAN!
According to the Daily Telegraph, “The G20 conference will lead to a London "lockdown" next week, with parks, roads and businesses closed to keep world leaders safe, Government officials are warning.” The media are really building this up, as an attempt to build readership and sell advertising. Its interesting how a force created by the desire to advertise and promote consumption causes papers to distort and promote a threat and confrontation to the very system upon which it is built. The Daily Telegraph article continues, “Protesters with armed with buckets and spades are among several thousand people who are planning to bring chaos to the heart of central London.Last night it emerged that City workers were being advised to "dress down" next week to avoid drawing attention to themselves.”
To anyone really wanting revolution bear in mind these words from Stephen Moss, “Changing society is hard, and usually starts with a split in the elite. The English civil war and the French revolution both began with a fissure in the governing classes; their falling-out created the space for populist movements to develop. For a grassroots movement to effect change is enormously difficult. It was only possible in Russia in 1917 because of the devastation wrought by war.”
The reality of the demo was perhaps best summer up by ‘one789’ who said, “My experience of the demo, in talking to people and observing, is that no one had any real clue of why they were there. They recognise 'blame the bankers' to be futile and a distraction, think capitalism 'is rubbish' and 'want change', but say nothing beyond that.I at least expected a high degree of frustration and anger, but more than anything what came across was disillusionment and confusion. But then, that's what you get I suppose from such a middle-class yummy-mummy bleeding-heart rally.”
As rabbit95 said, “Be glad we live in a society free enough to protest and where, apart from the police possibly taping your presence at such a demo, there will be no comeback.”
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/summit-aims/summit-progress/
www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13362...
www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13362027
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-protests-london
www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/mar/28/g20-protest-...
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/video/2009/mar/28/g20-su...
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/28/g20-protest
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-summit-globalisa...
www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/25/g20-q-a
news.google.co.uk/news?q=G20+summit+London+2009&oe=ut...
www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5050...
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-summit
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/global-update/cp-china/active-...
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/summit-aims/summit-progress/qu...
www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/domestic_politics...
www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_pol...
For great photographs and the low down on the G20 Summit, Protests and Demonstrations visit www.ravishlondon.com/g20
For great photographs and the low down on the G20 Summit, Protests and Demonstrations visit www.ravishlondon.com/g20
The world faces a problem: recession and a spiraling fall in trade. The Economist puts it like this, “Trade is contracting again, at a rate unmatched in the post-war period. This week the World Trade Organisation (WTO) predicted that the volume of global merchandise trade would shrink by 9% this year. This will be the first fall in trade flows since 1982. Between 1990 and 2006 trade volumes grew by more than 6% a year, easily outstripping the growth rate of world output, which was about 3% (see chart 1). Now the global economic machine has gone into reverse: output is declining and trade is tumbling at a faster pace. The turmoil has shaken commerce in goods of all sorts, bought and sold by rich and poor countries alike.” According to the Economist, “The immediate cause of shrinking trade is plain: global recession means a collapse in demand. The credit crunch adds an additional squeeze, thanks to an estimated shortfall of $100 billion in trade finance, which lubricates 90% of world trade.”
According to the Guardian, “On Thursday 2 April Gordon Brown is going to host the G20 summit in London. Leaders from 22 countries will be at the summit. The G20 is an organisation for finance ministers and central bankers, who in the past met once a year to discuss international cooperation in finance. There are 19 countries who are members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The 20th member is the European Union, which is represented by whichever country holds the EU presidency (currently, it's the Czech Republic). These countries represent 90% of global GDP, 80% of world trade and two thirds of the world's population. The IMF and the World Bank also attend G20 meetings, although technically the London event isn't a normal G20 meeting.”
This G20 meeting will be for the leaders of all G20 countries. According to the Guardian the policy agenda developed by the last G20 meeting “did not in fact go much beyond pre-existing international initiatives that had recently been developed in more technocratic international bodies.” According to the Guardian, “On the London summit website, the British government has explained what it hopes to achieve. At the summit, countries need to come together to enhance global coordination in order to help restore global economic growth. World leaders must make three commitments:
• First, to take whatever action is necessary to stabilise financial markets and enable families and businesses to get through the recession.
• Second, to reform and strengthen the global financial and economic system to restore confidence and trust.
• Third, to put the global economy on track for sustainable growth.
Gordon Brown has argued that the world must avoid protectionism. According to the Economist, “The World Bank says that, since the G20 leaders last met in November in Washington, DC, 17 of their countries have restricted trade. Some have raised tariffs, as Russia did on second-hand cars and India did on steel. Citing safety, China has banned imports of Irish pork and Italian brandy. Across the world, there has been a surge in actions against “dumping”—the sale of exports, supposedly at a loss, in order to undermine the competition. Governments everywhere are favouring locally made goods.” The Economist also says, “Kei-Mu Yi, an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, argues that trade has fallen so fast and so uniformly around the world largely because of the rise of “vertical specialisation”, or global supply chains. This contributed to trade’s rapid expansion in recent decades. Now it is adding to the rate of shrinkage. When David Ricardo argued in the early 19th century that comparative advantage was the basis of trade, he conceived of countries specialising in products, like wine or cloth. But Mr Yi points out that countries now specialise not so much in final products as in steps in the process of production.”
Protectionism in itself sounds bad – but it is a policy option available and used in all political economies – including the most liberal. Protectionism can also lead to a more self-sustainable economy, and can lead to the internal development of an economy, which means the economy is less reliant and dependent on external sources of finance. Development will be slower, but it can be more secure and sustainable. It is likely that if countries do operate protectionist policies it will be a short-term opportunist and populist response to workers and unions, but it could be seen as an alternative economic model of development. It worked in Brazil and Argentina during the 1960s and 1970s for a while, until a more neo-liberal and external finance model was preferred.
The Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was reported on Channel 4 News to have told Mr Brown the crisis was caused by "white blue eyed people". This overtly racist remark has been noted, but there has been no visible backlash. It is interesting how the whole agenda about racism never applies to the dominant one, i.e. you can racially slur white people, and white people with blue eyes without anyone batting an eye lid, whereas if you racially slur other ethnic groups you can find yourself battered. I find this state of affairs deeply offensive to the human race in general, and very patronizing to those groups who don’t come from the dominant ethnic group (i.e. its almost to say the whole anti-racist thing is a way of patting you on the head and saying there, there – because when it comes to racism we don’t really give a shit – see the way we couldn’t give a f*** if you slur our own dominant white ethnic group).
The reality is that the summit will represent a reshuffling of position, support and dependencies between the world’s twenty richest countries. Spectators are expecting China to come out feeling puffed up and proud, given that China has faired relatively in recent years, or so we are led to believe. Meanwhile national demonstrations seem to be focusing our attention to the fact that a different way of working is needed. In fact it will be work as usual – the question is who will come out on top.
In anticipation of the G20 summit a demonstration was held in London. 10,000 were predicted to attend the demonstrations. The police reported 35,000. I was there at the demonstration and I don’t believe I saw 35,000 people walk past Big Ben – and I saw it from start to finish. As one commentator, on the Guardian observed, “Apart from the small contingent of student SWP calling 'One solution, Revolution' and about 20 anarchists making noise the spirit was generally depressed and lacking any anger or sense of direction.” Cognitator joked, “Perhaps the police were adding their number to the protesters. As opposed to taking them away as per usual.”
According to the Guardian, “The Put People First march yesterday was organised by a collaboration of more than 100 trade unions, church groups and charities including ActionAid, Save the Children and Friends of the Earth. The theme was "jobs, justice and climate" and the message was aimed at the world leaders who will be gathering for the G20 summit here this week.”
The march started on the Embankment. When I arrived there I walked around desperately finding somewhere where I could have a piss for free. I tried Starbucks and Costa Cofee, but they seemed to have no toilets, I even tried the stamp collectors fayre a subterranean culture of badly dressed old people, with poor eyesight and even worse posture, which was momentary distraction from my full bladder, but which did not provide the answer to my pressing problem as the toilet door was locked and for staff only. Stephen Moss writing for the Guardian said, “Westminster is not a great place for someone like me, who has a weak bladder, to go on a march. The public loos there cost an outrageous 50p a go. The Socialist Worker magazine-seller next to Embankment tube station is on to this in a flash. "50p to have a piss – a lesson in capitalism," he is soon shouting. Later, I'm pleased to see someone has punched a hole in the wooden sign advertising the price.” In the end I walked all the way to the National Portrait Gallery where you can always be assured a good quality toilet seat.
The Guardian continued, “The marchers, estimated at 35,000 by police, accompanied by brass bands and drummers and a colourful assortment of banners and flags, walked the four miles from Embankment to Hyde Park, where speeches from comedian Mark Thomas and environmental campaigner Tony Juniper, and music from the Kooks, made for a party-like atmosphere.”
The Guardian reported, “A group of fewer than 200 anarchists joined the march and were kept isolated and surrounded by police. Chants of "Burn the bankers!" were the closest anyone came to any show of aggression.’ Yes I witnessed this, it was clear that the anarchists, dressed in black, some of them with scarves covering their faces, generally looked cool as fuck, like some post-nuclear vigilante gang, their black signifying the dark depressing reality from which humanity starts, and the point from which they wish to depart. Whether the police presence was heavy is debatable but they certainly had a line of police accompanying them, whereas no other group were honored with such a presence. Of the anarchists Stephen Moss says, “I fall in with some anarchists halfway through the march – a delightful young Greek called Alex and an Italian, who is happy to talk about Bakunin, but is, I sense, a little suspicious of me. The anarchists march together – with the police flanking them in a way they don't with the rest of the march – and I am intrigued that they never shout slogans or bang drums. Their mission is a serious one.” Moss goes on, “Alex tells me a reporter from the Sunday Times has already approached him to ask why anarchists wear masks. "Work it out for yourself – you're a journalist," he'd told him. "People always ask why we wear masks; they never ask about our ideology," he complains. In essence, that ideology is: power corrupts; all elites will be corrupt; so government should be by the people, for the people – a mass movement of the type they claim is emerging in South America. Hezbollah is also mentioned favourably, a movement they see as developing organically. "Organic" is a key word for anarchists, and it would save a lot of aggro and bad press if they were called organicists rather than anarchists.” Good point. But who wants to be called an organicist? And in any case everything is organic really – its just that some organisms develop in a way we or anarchists done like and some do. To call anarchists, organic is to miss the point, anarachists are like Christian, they dream of a reality which transcends human nature as it is and known. Structure, corruption, self-interest and greed underpin all human activity – the question is not how we can do away with it, but how can we manage it in a fair way.
Stephen Moss wrote about the variety of organizations on the march. He said, “Socialist Worker has a three-point strategy: "Seize their wealth," "Stamp out poverty," "End all wars." Sounds good, but I can't work out exactly who "their" refers to. The Socialist party is hot on slogans, colder on the mechanism by which they are put into practice. The likely outcome to the current crisis still appears to be government by Etonians.” Most of these movements are nothing to do with instituting political change. The people involved in them do not want to genuinely change things. Instead what these groups function as is self-help groups for people, for whatever reason, feel that they have been wronged in life, probably at a personal level, and feeling quite hopeless about their personal wrongs, they want to transpose their personal woe on to a faceless, unintelligible other – the government, the state, the capitalist, the rich and the greedy. Its not so much that socialist workers and anarchists want to change things, they know they are completely ineffectual, and too screwed up and traumatized, too aggressive, unintelligent and incapable of engaging people into a different way of organizing; they just want to shout out to people ‘we hurt’. Fair enough.
The TUC don’t seem to be turning up to do anything more than saying ‘there there’ to threatened workers, and stating the downright bloody obvious to the government. Their message is “The importance of this summit cannot be underestimated. Unemployment and deprivation will grow massively over the next two years unless governments work together. People need to know that there is an international solution to this crisis. If the summit suggests that there is not, many will turn to nationalist and protectionist politics with all that implies for the global economy and world peace.” Mind you they do go on to say that, “But while the immediate response to the crisis will be at the forefront of the leaders' minds, the unprecedented Put People First coalition shows there is a huge appetite for a new economic direction. Thirty years of the increasing dominance of the neo-liberal agenda has got us into this mess. The summit must show that the next 30 years need to be about a renewed era of economic growth based on a much fairer share of the proceeds. One that is environmentally sustainable and one that does not end in the burst of yet another financial bubble.” But what are they really saying? Nothing much.
There is of course something about how all of this is just about having a laugh, getting a kick, getting an emotional fix. There’s something very similar to the way that some of the more violent groups get ready for a rumble with the police and football hooliganism. Football hooligans are much more honest about the emotional kick they get from fighting. The protestors pretend that they are doing it for the people. Whatever the so called reasons, it is clear that a lot of protestors enjoy confrontation. They are much more focused on the enemy and combating the enemy than they are on creating peaceful societies. So Stephen Moss makes the interesting observation, “When the march eventually gets to Hyde Park, the anarchists refuse to join the "TUC bureaucrats" for the official rally and hold their own open-platform meeting at Speakers' Corner, dominated by elderly men in hats who talk less about Bakunin than about beating up the BNP and confronting the police on the streets of Whitechapel. It's all a bit depressing (and expletive-filled – I take serious exception to the denunciation of "Oxbridge cunts"), though I like the fact that the elderly men refuse even to use a megaphone – only the ordinary human voice is organic enough.” The media and police have both hyped the April 2009 marches as like the possible end of the British way of life, of democracy, of capitalism. Nothing could be further from the truth, but its like we all want to will it to happen – we all are looking for excitement – war may be bad but peace is fucking boring – I once read.
The Guardian also reported, “Thomas told the Observer he believed the protest marked "the start of a grassroots movement". He added: "This is a moment. This is the first time people have had a chance to come out on to the streets in a big way." But this is nonsense. This was just an opportunity for a plethora of groups, amongst whom there are more differences, and the only thing that can unite them is a general concern for jobs, justice and climate, which incidentally are three themes that unite most of the country, and all the main political parties, to catch the government at a weak moment, and hope to build up support for whatever cause they have, on the back of the anger and desperation amongst people at this time.
The protest ended up in Hyde Park. I didn’t go, it was too cold and rainy, and although I did aim to walk there via a short-cut through Victoria, I ended up taking refuge in Westminster Cathedral, where I saw another procession, of Catholic priests and altar boys, who were holding a service for the Union of Catholic Mothers. I listened to the Catholic priests, they sounded much more happy and at peace with themselves and their surroundings, than the rankerous socialist bile spitting leaders.
People are blaming the bankers, but there is in actual fact no-one to blame for this. The this needs to be qualified too. The ‘this’ is the fact that people are loosing their jobs, consumption will have to be reduced. It is ironic that it is precisely that people are facing the prospect of lower consumption that they are out on the streets protesting against greedy bankers, it is not so much the greed of the bankers that people resent, so much as the increased consuming power of the bankers that they are envious of. The bankers are not to blame for working within a system, which promoted risky investments, a system which was encouraged and deregulated by politicians who realized that whilst the bubble was growing there were huge financial gains to be made from encouraging bankers to reap the rewards both for themselves but through the state through taxation, and politicians who were encouraged by the people who voted them in, who probably formed the majority of people marching in demonstration and protest today, who voted in the governments believing the deregulation of banks not to be a serious enough issue to vote against a government for, and realizing that even if it was a risk, whilst the bubble was growing, they were happy enough to see their elected government ensuring that the country got a share of the pie. We all contributed to this fucking mess – if you can call it a mess – its only a mess for those who no longer have jobs and cannot consume so much – by voting in the government, who deregulated the banks and encouraged the lending of our money several times over to riskier and riskier ventures which in actual fact were not producing anything of material benefit, but were instead relying on house prices going up and up, as more people poured their money into it. Now we are in deep shit, because Gordon Brown has poured what little remaining money we have, and we have on credit into the black hole – it has simply disappeared.
There are some people who are saying the bankers should pay for the crisis they created. It doesn’t work like that – it works by people putting their money into a bank – and entrusting the bank to invest it wisely. Where the bank looses the money – the original investor looses the money. This creates a motivation on behalf of the investor to invest wisely, e.g. on the basis of what we know right now investing in Barclays rather than Lloyds TSB or the Royal Bank of Scotland. However reality begins to change once one’s livelihood is threatened – now it is solely the banker’s responsibility to have invested the money wisely, the public who invest their money into the banks are seen to be helpless, powerless twits, whose securities should have been looked after by a paternalistic and caring banking sector. So for example, according to Fox New, “Berlin police estimated that around 10,000 people gathered in front of the capital's city hall and more than 1,000 in Frankfurt, Germany's banking capital, for similar demonstrations under the slogan: "We won't pay for your crisis." Its not a crisis – its just that there are now lots of personal crises – the public didn’t bother to check whether their banks were investing their money properly or wisely and now they are paying for it. But the banks aren’t responsible for this – they really aren’t.
We have two problems. The first was created by the fact that banks lent out our money several times over – so we thought the country was several times as wealthy as it actually was. This led to inflationary pressures especially in the housing market – where the same money was lent to several different people – all investing in housing leading to unrealistic housing prices. We now realize we have a fraction of the wealth we thought we had. This creates deflationary pressures – i.e. where everyone has less money prices are reduced. This problem can be solved by creating a soft deflationary landing to a level where the price of labor and goods reflects the value of the money we have not the value of the money we have and we loaned. This means everyone has to accept lower wages – we can either do this peacefully based around a consensus and agreement between corporations, banks, trade unions or governments – or we can do it aggressively – letting perfectly good companies whose workers refuse to take pay cuts go to the wall – and then watch as millions of unemployed people try to reform and reorganize new companies and enterprises.
The second problem is that banks are no longer making such risky investments – so they are not looking to lend their money on to others – which means there is less money to be lent to people – which means less activity and less economy. We have to get used to less activity – but at least the activity will be invested in activities which are genuinely producing material benefit for people – not leading to an apparent generation of wealth – which is the artificial effect of lending x amount of money to people ten times, making it seem that we are ten times as rich as previously – when actual fact we are equally as wealthy – but with prices ten times as high. We should have also let the banks go to the wall – and started again with a heavily regulated banking sector – which was not allowed to lend out peoples’ money irresponsibly. No-one wants to have to feel the pain from this – i.e. the rich bankers who keep their pensions and bonuses, the people who have banked with them who want to keep their savings, and the businesses who are funded by the banks who want to hang on to their business and jobs. So what Gordon Brown is doing, is in the name of the people, funneling money into the banking system, paying for the debts, and thus, keeping the bankers sweet, keeping the investors sweet, keeping the businesses sweet. Who looses out? All of us – the poor! They never really had anything to loose in the first place, however whilst Gordon Brown borrows money to give to the banks so they can lend to businesses and pay bankers bonuses and salaries, we move a step closer to becoming bankrupt – i.e. not being able to borrow any more money because no-one believes we can pay it back. Once we become bankrupt, social services and welfare will be cut.
According to Gaby Hinsliff, “Many economists believe a recovery now requires bursting that artificial bubble and rebalancing the economy so that Chinese consumers are encouraged spend a little more - reducing America's trade deficit - and Americans a little less. Malloch Brown suggests Britons, too, will need to relearn the art of saving.”
According to the Guardian, “But Scotland Yard is expecting a greater challenge on Wednesday 1 April, dubbed "Financial Fools Day", with a series of protests aiming to cause disruption in the Square Mile and elsewhere.” The Guardian says, “On 1 April an alliance of anti-capitalist groups called G20 Meltdown is organising a carnival headed by "Four Horsefolk of the Apocalypse", which will converge in front of the Bank of England. Anarchists are planning to target the second day of the summit at ExCel. Other groups mounting demonstrations include Climate Camp, the Stop the War Coalition, and Government of the Dead. An alternative summit will be held a few hundred yards from the ExCel centre at the University of East London.”
The alternative G20 summit website provides the following manifesto: Can we oust the bankers from power? Can we get rid of the corrupt politicians in their pay? Can we guarantee everyone a job, a home, a future? Can we establish government by the people, for the people, of the people? Can we abolish all borders and be patriots for our planet? Can we all live sustainably and stop climate chaos? Can we make capitalism history? YES WE CAN!
According to the Daily Telegraph, “The G20 conference will lead to a London "lockdown" next week, with parks, roads and businesses closed to keep world leaders safe, Government officials are warning.” The media are really building this up, as an attempt to build readership and sell advertising. Its interesting how a force created by the desire to advertise and promote consumption causes papers to distort and promote a threat and confrontation to the very system upon which it is built. The Daily Telegraph article continues, “Protesters with armed with buckets and spades are among several thousand people who are planning to bring chaos to the heart of central London.Last night it emerged that City workers were being advised to "dress down" next week to avoid drawing attention to themselves.”
To anyone really wanting revolution bear in mind these words from Stephen Moss, “Changing society is hard, and usually starts with a split in the elite. The English civil war and the French revolution both began with a fissure in the governing classes; their falling-out created the space for populist movements to develop. For a grassroots movement to effect change is enormously difficult. It was only possible in Russia in 1917 because of the devastation wrought by war.”
The reality of the demo was perhaps best summer up by ‘one789’ who said, “My experience of the demo, in talking to people and observing, is that no one had any real clue of why they were there. They recognise 'blame the bankers' to be futile and a distraction, think capitalism 'is rubbish' and 'want change', but say nothing beyond that.I at least expected a high degree of frustration and anger, but more than anything what came across was disillusionment and confusion. But then, that's what you get I suppose from such a middle-class yummy-mummy bleeding-heart rally.”
As rabbit95 said, “Be glad we live in a society free enough to protest and where, apart from the police possibly taping your presence at such a demo, there will be no comeback.”
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/summit-aims/summit-progress/
www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13362...
www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13362027
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-protests-london
www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/mar/28/g20-protest-...
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/video/2009/mar/28/g20-su...
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/28/g20-protest
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-summit-globalisa...
www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/25/g20-q-a
news.google.co.uk/news?q=G20+summit+London+2009&oe=ut...
www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5050...
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-summit
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/global-update/cp-china/active-...
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/summit-aims/summit-progress/qu...
www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/domestic_politics...
www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_pol...
For great photographs and the low down on the G20 Summit, Protests and Demonstrations visit www.ravishlondon.com/g20
For great photographs and the low down on the G20 Summit, Protests and Demonstrations visit www.ravishlondon.com/g20
The world faces a problem: recession and a spiraling fall in trade. The Economist puts it like this, “Trade is contracting again, at a rate unmatched in the post-war period. This week the World Trade Organisation (WTO) predicted that the volume of global merchandise trade would shrink by 9% this year. This will be the first fall in trade flows since 1982. Between 1990 and 2006 trade volumes grew by more than 6% a year, easily outstripping the growth rate of world output, which was about 3% (see chart 1). Now the global economic machine has gone into reverse: output is declining and trade is tumbling at a faster pace. The turmoil has shaken commerce in goods of all sorts, bought and sold by rich and poor countries alike.” According to the Economist, “The immediate cause of shrinking trade is plain: global recession means a collapse in demand. The credit crunch adds an additional squeeze, thanks to an estimated shortfall of $100 billion in trade finance, which lubricates 90% of world trade.”
According to the Guardian, “On Thursday 2 April Gordon Brown is going to host the G20 summit in London. Leaders from 22 countries will be at the summit. The G20 is an organisation for finance ministers and central bankers, who in the past met once a year to discuss international cooperation in finance. There are 19 countries who are members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The 20th member is the European Union, which is represented by whichever country holds the EU presidency (currently, it's the Czech Republic). These countries represent 90% of global GDP, 80% of world trade and two thirds of the world's population. The IMF and the World Bank also attend G20 meetings, although technically the London event isn't a normal G20 meeting.”
This G20 meeting will be for the leaders of all G20 countries. According to the Guardian the policy agenda developed by the last G20 meeting “did not in fact go much beyond pre-existing international initiatives that had recently been developed in more technocratic international bodies.” According to the Guardian, “On the London summit website, the British government has explained what it hopes to achieve. At the summit, countries need to come together to enhance global coordination in order to help restore global economic growth. World leaders must make three commitments:
• First, to take whatever action is necessary to stabilise financial markets and enable families and businesses to get through the recession.
• Second, to reform and strengthen the global financial and economic system to restore confidence and trust.
• Third, to put the global economy on track for sustainable growth.
Gordon Brown has argued that the world must avoid protectionism. According to the Economist, “The World Bank says that, since the G20 leaders last met in November in Washington, DC, 17 of their countries have restricted trade. Some have raised tariffs, as Russia did on second-hand cars and India did on steel. Citing safety, China has banned imports of Irish pork and Italian brandy. Across the world, there has been a surge in actions against “dumping”—the sale of exports, supposedly at a loss, in order to undermine the competition. Governments everywhere are favouring locally made goods.” The Economist also says, “Kei-Mu Yi, an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, argues that trade has fallen so fast and so uniformly around the world largely because of the rise of “vertical specialisation”, or global supply chains. This contributed to trade’s rapid expansion in recent decades. Now it is adding to the rate of shrinkage. When David Ricardo argued in the early 19th century that comparative advantage was the basis of trade, he conceived of countries specialising in products, like wine or cloth. But Mr Yi points out that countries now specialise not so much in final products as in steps in the process of production.”
Protectionism in itself sounds bad – but it is a policy option available and used in all political economies – including the most liberal. Protectionism can also lead to a more self-sustainable economy, and can lead to the internal development of an economy, which means the economy is less reliant and dependent on external sources of finance. Development will be slower, but it can be more secure and sustainable. It is likely that if countries do operate protectionist policies it will be a short-term opportunist and populist response to workers and unions, but it could be seen as an alternative economic model of development. It worked in Brazil and Argentina during the 1960s and 1970s for a while, until a more neo-liberal and external finance model was preferred.
The Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was reported on Channel 4 News to have told Mr Brown the crisis was caused by "white blue eyed people". This overtly racist remark has been noted, but there has been no visible backlash. It is interesting how the whole agenda about racism never applies to the dominant one, i.e. you can racially slur white people, and white people with blue eyes without anyone batting an eye lid, whereas if you racially slur other ethnic groups you can find yourself battered. I find this state of affairs deeply offensive to the human race in general, and very patronizing to those groups who don’t come from the dominant ethnic group (i.e. its almost to say the whole anti-racist thing is a way of patting you on the head and saying there, there – because when it comes to racism we don’t really give a shit – see the way we couldn’t give a f*** if you slur our own dominant white ethnic group).
The reality is that the summit will represent a reshuffling of position, support and dependencies between the world’s twenty richest countries. Spectators are expecting China to come out feeling puffed up and proud, given that China has faired relatively in recent years, or so we are led to believe. Meanwhile national demonstrations seem to be focusing our attention to the fact that a different way of working is needed. In fact it will be work as usual – the question is who will come out on top.
In anticipation of the G20 summit a demonstration was held in London. 10,000 were predicted to attend the demonstrations. The police reported 35,000. I was there at the demonstration and I don’t believe I saw 35,000 people walk past Big Ben – and I saw it from start to finish. As one commentator, on the Guardian observed, “Apart from the small contingent of student SWP calling 'One solution, Revolution' and about 20 anarchists making noise the spirit was generally depressed and lacking any anger or sense of direction.” Cognitator joked, “Perhaps the police were adding their number to the protesters. As opposed to taking them away as per usual.”
According to the Guardian, “The Put People First march yesterday was organised by a collaboration of more than 100 trade unions, church groups and charities including ActionAid, Save the Children and Friends of the Earth. The theme was "jobs, justice and climate" and the message was aimed at the world leaders who will be gathering for the G20 summit here this week.”
The march started on the Embankment. When I arrived there I walked around desperately finding somewhere where I could have a piss for free. I tried Starbucks and Costa Cofee, but they seemed to have no toilets, I even tried the stamp collectors fayre a subterranean culture of badly dressed old people, with poor eyesight and even worse posture, which was momentary distraction from my full bladder, but which did not provide the answer to my pressing problem as the toilet door was locked and for staff only. Stephen Moss writing for the Guardian said, “Westminster is not a great place for someone like me, who has a weak bladder, to go on a march. The public loos there cost an outrageous 50p a go. The Socialist Worker magazine-seller next to Embankment tube station is on to this in a flash. "50p to have a piss – a lesson in capitalism," he is soon shouting. Later, I'm pleased to see someone has punched a hole in the wooden sign advertising the price.” In the end I walked all the way to the National Portrait Gallery where you can always be assured a good quality toilet seat.
The Guardian continued, “The marchers, estimated at 35,000 by police, accompanied by brass bands and drummers and a colourful assortment of banners and flags, walked the four miles from Embankment to Hyde Park, where speeches from comedian Mark Thomas and environmental campaigner Tony Juniper, and music from the Kooks, made for a party-like atmosphere.”
The Guardian reported, “A group of fewer than 200 anarchists joined the march and were kept isolated and surrounded by police. Chants of "Burn the bankers!" were the closest anyone came to any show of aggression.’ Yes I witnessed this, it was clear that the anarchists, dressed in black, some of them with scarves covering their faces, generally looked cool as fuck, like some post-nuclear vigilante gang, their black signifying the dark depressing reality from which humanity starts, and the point from which they wish to depart. Whether the police presence was heavy is debatable but they certainly had a line of police accompanying them, whereas no other group were honored with such a presence. Of the anarchists Stephen Moss says, “I fall in with some anarchists halfway through the march – a delightful young Greek called Alex and an Italian, who is happy to talk about Bakunin, but is, I sense, a little suspicious of me. The anarchists march together – with the police flanking them in a way they don't with the rest of the march – and I am intrigued that they never shout slogans or bang drums. Their mission is a serious one.” Moss goes on, “Alex tells me a reporter from the Sunday Times has already approached him to ask why anarchists wear masks. "Work it out for yourself – you're a journalist," he'd told him. "People always ask why we wear masks; they never ask about our ideology," he complains. In essence, that ideology is: power corrupts; all elites will be corrupt; so government should be by the people, for the people – a mass movement of the type they claim is emerging in South America. Hezbollah is also mentioned favourably, a movement they see as developing organically. "Organic" is a key word for anarchists, and it would save a lot of aggro and bad press if they were called organicists rather than anarchists.” Good point. But who wants to be called an organicist? And in any case everything is organic really – its just that some organisms develop in a way we or anarchists done like and some do. To call anarchists, organic is to miss the point, anarachists are like Christian, they dream of a reality which transcends human nature as it is and known. Structure, corruption, self-interest and greed underpin all human activity – the question is not how we can do away with it, but how can we manage it in a fair way.
Stephen Moss wrote about the variety of organizations on the march. He said, “Socialist Worker has a three-point strategy: "Seize their wealth," "Stamp out poverty," "End all wars." Sounds good, but I can't work out exactly who "their" refers to. The Socialist party is hot on slogans, colder on the mechanism by which they are put into practice. The likely outcome to the current crisis still appears to be government by Etonians.” Most of these movements are nothing to do with instituting political change. The people involved in them do not want to genuinely change things. Instead what these groups function as is self-help groups for people, for whatever reason, feel that they have been wronged in life, probably at a personal level, and feeling quite hopeless about their personal wrongs, they want to transpose their personal woe on to a faceless, unintelligible other – the government, the state, the capitalist, the rich and the greedy. Its not so much that socialist workers and anarchists want to change things, they know they are completely ineffectual, and too screwed up and traumatized, too aggressive, unintelligent and incapable of engaging people into a different way of organizing; they just want to shout out to people ‘we hurt’. Fair enough.
The TUC don’t seem to be turning up to do anything more than saying ‘there there’ to threatened workers, and stating the downright bloody obvious to the government. Their message is “The importance of this summit cannot be underestimated. Unemployment and deprivation will grow massively over the next two years unless governments work together. People need to know that there is an international solution to this crisis. If the summit suggests that there is not, many will turn to nationalist and protectionist politics with all that implies for the global economy and world peace.” Mind you they do go on to say that, “But while the immediate response to the crisis will be at the forefront of the leaders' minds, the unprecedented Put People First coalition shows there is a huge appetite for a new economic direction. Thirty years of the increasing dominance of the neo-liberal agenda has got us into this mess. The summit must show that the next 30 years need to be about a renewed era of economic growth based on a much fairer share of the proceeds. One that is environmentally sustainable and one that does not end in the burst of yet another financial bubble.” But what are they really saying? Nothing much.
There is of course something about how all of this is just about having a laugh, getting a kick, getting an emotional fix. There’s something very similar to the way that some of the more violent groups get ready for a rumble with the police and football hooliganism. Football hooligans are much more honest about the emotional kick they get from fighting. The protestors pretend that they are doing it for the people. Whatever the so called reasons, it is clear that a lot of protestors enjoy confrontation. They are much more focused on the enemy and combating the enemy than they are on creating peaceful societies. So Stephen Moss makes the interesting observation, “When the march eventually gets to Hyde Park, the anarchists refuse to join the "TUC bureaucrats" for the official rally and hold their own open-platform meeting at Speakers' Corner, dominated by elderly men in hats who talk less about Bakunin than about beating up the BNP and confronting the police on the streets of Whitechapel. It's all a bit depressing (and expletive-filled – I take serious exception to the denunciation of "Oxbridge cunts"), though I like the fact that the elderly men refuse even to use a megaphone – only the ordinary human voice is organic enough.” The media and police have both hyped the April 2009 marches as like the possible end of the British way of life, of democracy, of capitalism. Nothing could be further from the truth, but its like we all want to will it to happen – we all are looking for excitement – war may be bad but peace is fucking boring – I once read.
The Guardian also reported, “Thomas told the Observer he believed the protest marked "the start of a grassroots movement". He added: "This is a moment. This is the first time people have had a chance to come out on to the streets in a big way." But this is nonsense. This was just an opportunity for a plethora of groups, amongst whom there are more differences, and the only thing that can unite them is a general concern for jobs, justice and climate, which incidentally are three themes that unite most of the country, and all the main political parties, to catch the government at a weak moment, and hope to build up support for whatever cause they have, on the back of the anger and desperation amongst people at this time.
The protest ended up in Hyde Park. I didn’t go, it was too cold and rainy, and although I did aim to walk there via a short-cut through Victoria, I ended up taking refuge in Westminster Cathedral, where I saw another procession, of Catholic priests and altar boys, who were holding a service for the Union of Catholic Mothers. I listened to the Catholic priests, they sounded much more happy and at peace with themselves and their surroundings, than the rankerous socialist bile spitting leaders.
People are blaming the bankers, but there is in actual fact no-one to blame for this. The this needs to be qualified too. The ‘this’ is the fact that people are loosing their jobs, consumption will have to be reduced. It is ironic that it is precisely that people are facing the prospect of lower consumption that they are out on the streets protesting against greedy bankers, it is not so much the greed of the bankers that people resent, so much as the increased consuming power of the bankers that they are envious of. The bankers are not to blame for working within a system, which promoted risky investments, a system which was encouraged and deregulated by politicians who realized that whilst the bubble was growing there were huge financial gains to be made from encouraging bankers to reap the rewards both for themselves but through the state through taxation, and politicians who were encouraged by the people who voted them in, who probably formed the majority of people marching in demonstration and protest today, who voted in the governments believing the deregulation of banks not to be a serious enough issue to vote against a government for, and realizing that even if it was a risk, whilst the bubble was growing, they were happy enough to see their elected government ensuring that the country got a share of the pie. We all contributed to this fucking mess – if you can call it a mess – its only a mess for those who no longer have jobs and cannot consume so much – by voting in the government, who deregulated the banks and encouraged the lending of our money several times over to riskier and riskier ventures which in actual fact were not producing anything of material benefit, but were instead relying on house prices going up and up, as more people poured their money into it. Now we are in deep shit, because Gordon Brown has poured what little remaining money we have, and we have on credit into the black hole – it has simply disappeared.
There are some people who are saying the bankers should pay for the crisis they created. It doesn’t work like that – it works by people putting their money into a bank – and entrusting the bank to invest it wisely. Where the bank looses the money – the original investor looses the money. This creates a motivation on behalf of the investor to invest wisely, e.g. on the basis of what we know right now investing in Barclays rather than Lloyds TSB or the Royal Bank of Scotland. However reality begins to change once one’s livelihood is threatened – now it is solely the banker’s responsibility to have invested the money wisely, the public who invest their money into the banks are seen to be helpless, powerless twits, whose securities should have been looked after by a paternalistic and caring banking sector. So for example, according to Fox New, “Berlin police estimated that around 10,000 people gathered in front of the capital's city hall and more than 1,000 in Frankfurt, Germany's banking capital, for similar demonstrations under the slogan: "We won't pay for your crisis." Its not a crisis – its just that there are now lots of personal crises – the public didn’t bother to check whether their banks were investing their money properly or wisely and now they are paying for it. But the banks aren’t responsible for this – they really aren’t.
We have two problems. The first was created by the fact that banks lent out our money several times over – so we thought the country was several times as wealthy as it actually was. This led to inflationary pressures especially in the housing market – where the same money was lent to several different people – all investing in housing leading to unrealistic housing prices. We now realize we have a fraction of the wealth we thought we had. This creates deflationary pressures – i.e. where everyone has less money prices are reduced. This problem can be solved by creating a soft deflationary landing to a level where the price of labor and goods reflects the value of the money we have not the value of the money we have and we loaned. This means everyone has to accept lower wages – we can either do this peacefully based around a consensus and agreement between corporations, banks, trade unions or governments – or we can do it aggressively – letting perfectly good companies whose workers refuse to take pay cuts go to the wall – and then watch as millions of unemployed people try to reform and reorganize new companies and enterprises.
The second problem is that banks are no longer making such risky investments – so they are not looking to lend their money on to others – which means there is less money to be lent to people – which means less activity and less economy. We have to get used to less activity – but at least the activity will be invested in activities which are genuinely producing material benefit for people – not leading to an apparent generation of wealth – which is the artificial effect of lending x amount of money to people ten times, making it seem that we are ten times as rich as previously – when actual fact we are equally as wealthy – but with prices ten times as high. We should have also let the banks go to the wall – and started again with a heavily regulated banking sector – which was not allowed to lend out peoples’ money irresponsibly. No-one wants to have to feel the pain from this – i.e. the rich bankers who keep their pensions and bonuses, the people who have banked with them who want to keep their savings, and the businesses who are funded by the banks who want to hang on to their business and jobs. So what Gordon Brown is doing, is in the name of the people, funneling money into the banking system, paying for the debts, and thus, keeping the bankers sweet, keeping the investors sweet, keeping the businesses sweet. Who looses out? All of us – the poor! They never really had anything to loose in the first place, however whilst Gordon Brown borrows money to give to the banks so they can lend to businesses and pay bankers bonuses and salaries, we move a step closer to becoming bankrupt – i.e. not being able to borrow any more money because no-one believes we can pay it back. Once we become bankrupt, social services and welfare will be cut.
According to Gaby Hinsliff, “Many economists believe a recovery now requires bursting that artificial bubble and rebalancing the economy so that Chinese consumers are encouraged spend a little more - reducing America's trade deficit - and Americans a little less. Malloch Brown suggests Britons, too, will need to relearn the art of saving.”
According to the Guardian, “But Scotland Yard is expecting a greater challenge on Wednesday 1 April, dubbed "Financial Fools Day", with a series of protests aiming to cause disruption in the Square Mile and elsewhere.” The Guardian says, “On 1 April an alliance of anti-capitalist groups called G20 Meltdown is organising a carnival headed by "Four Horsefolk of the Apocalypse", which will converge in front of the Bank of England. Anarchists are planning to target the second day of the summit at ExCel. Other groups mounting demonstrations include Climate Camp, the Stop the War Coalition, and Government of the Dead. An alternative summit will be held a few hundred yards from the ExCel centre at the University of East London.”
The alternative G20 summit website provides the following manifesto: Can we oust the bankers from power? Can we get rid of the corrupt politicians in their pay? Can we guarantee everyone a job, a home, a future? Can we establish government by the people, for the people, of the people? Can we abolish all borders and be patriots for our planet? Can we all live sustainably and stop climate chaos? Can we make capitalism history? YES WE CAN!
According to the Daily Telegraph, “The G20 conference will lead to a London "lockdown" next week, with parks, roads and businesses closed to keep world leaders safe, Government officials are warning.” The media are really building this up, as an attempt to build readership and sell advertising. Its interesting how a force created by the desire to advertise and promote consumption causes papers to distort and promote a threat and confrontation to the very system upon which it is built. The Daily Telegraph article continues, “Protesters with armed with buckets and spades are among several thousand people who are planning to bring chaos to the heart of central London.Last night it emerged that City workers were being advised to "dress down" next week to avoid drawing attention to themselves.”
To anyone really wanting revolution bear in mind these words from Stephen Moss, “Changing society is hard, and usually starts with a split in the elite. The English civil war and the French revolution both began with a fissure in the governing classes; their falling-out created the space for populist movements to develop. For a grassroots movement to effect change is enormously difficult. It was only possible in Russia in 1917 because of the devastation wrought by war.”
The reality of the demo was perhaps best summer up by ‘one789’ who said, “My experience of the demo, in talking to people and observing, is that no one had any real clue of why they were there. They recognise 'blame the bankers' to be futile and a distraction, think capitalism 'is rubbish' and 'want change', but say nothing beyond that.I at least expected a high degree of frustration and anger, but more than anything what came across was disillusionment and confusion. But then, that's what you get I suppose from such a middle-class yummy-mummy bleeding-heart rally.”
As rabbit95 said, “Be glad we live in a society free enough to protest and where, apart from the police possibly taping your presence at such a demo, there will be no comeback.”
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/summit-aims/summit-progress/
www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13362...
www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13362027
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-protests-london
www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/mar/28/g20-protest-...
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/video/2009/mar/28/g20-su...
www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/28/g20-protest
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-summit-globalisa...
www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/25/g20-q-a
news.google.co.uk/news?q=G20+summit+London+2009&oe=ut...
www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5050...
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/29/g20-summit
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/global-update/cp-china/active-...
www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/summit-aims/summit-progress/qu...
www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/domestic_politics...
www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_pol...
For great photographs and the low down on the G20 Summit, Protests and Demonstrations visit www.ravishlondon.com/g20
I'm quite sure all of you have been caught up doing something and a thought comes into your head and you for some unknown reason feel the need to scratch your head. And your holding something or if your Italian, talking to someone........ And you don't really, really want to put down or stop talking..........
Well.... There is another way. ...
Seeeeeeeeeee......... Yoga can be used for practical things other than exercise and meditation.
Tuttles ❤️❤️❤️💋🌹🐒🐒
Slept hard. No bug problems to speak of. Fan room was actually quite nice temp wise. Sometimes the AC around Thailand can get pretty damn cold.
Showered, Packed, and made it downstairs for eggs and toast and coffee for breakfast (included with room).
Talked with the staff about all the best places to visit. They offer bike rentals, but I didn't want to worry about having a bike.
Walked from hotel to Wat Ratchaburana where I was accosted by a TukTuk driving trying to take me on a tour. He was a little seedy, so I politely declined slash walked away while he was still talking because they don't take no for an answer.
After I got my ticket (20 Baht) I met a nice guy who spoke good english. He told me about all the best temples and showed me by pointing at some post cards. Turned out he was also a TukTuk driver looking to take me on a tour. I said I would think about it and if he was still there when I got back we'd talk more.
Inside was pretty fucking epic. Super old ruins. Not an active temple. No railing. No guards. You could go anywhere and just be, and look around. I loved how they would put the Buddha pieces back together since they'd been destroyed.
Climbed to the top and found a staircase that led down inside.... CREEPY dark cave deep inside the temple. Don't go in if you are claustrophobic ! It was very interesting though. There were frescos on the walls in the TINY room at the base of the STEEP stairs.
As I left I met up with the TukTuk guy again, and we agreed on a tour and route. We were off. I paid 300 Baht an hour, which is higher than average, but I read some good advice somewhere in my travel research: Bargaining is about paying the right price for you, not the cheapest, or "local" price.
First up was Wat Kudidao which was free, and super cool. Parts were flooded, and there was elephant poo everywhere because part of one of the elephant ride tours goes though this temple.
Then my driver convinced me to see the elephants. I wasn't super keen on it, but he said it was close and just walk in a take a photo and leave, you don't have to pay, or ride. So I agreed. It was both awesome and depressing. Saw elephants, and a tiger. But they didn't have the best conditions so I was very uncomfortable. Snapped a photo and left.
Next to Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon. A big temple with a huge reclining Buddha. An active working temple - so there were a TON more people. I wasn't as trilled by the temple, the highlight was a group of Thai students learning English.
They had an interview sheet, and as part of some assignment had to introduce themselves to foreigners and conduct a conversation in English. It was hilarious to see some of their instructs and questions were written with horrid grammar.
It was super fun, and they were all nice. Afterwards they asked for a photo with me, and then gave me a souvenir (little elephant and tuktuk magnet) as a thank you.
Next was Wat Phanan Choeng with a 19m giant Gold Buddha. Then to Wat na Phra Men which has the only original Buddha statue that wasn't destroyed. Then Wat Phu Khao Thong which is a HUGE while monolith, and lastly my TukTuk driver dropped me at Wat Lokayasutharam which is a large reclining Buddha in ruin.
I overpaid for some nice little trinkets from a very sweet crazy Thai lady selling them from her pockets.
Afterwards I was to walk to the final Wats... but I was a little disoriented.
I cut though a Wat (name unknown) to get over to a main road. It had rained and rained the last few days, so there was lots of mud. Thankfully my day was pretty rain free.
I had to meander to avoid the mud, and there were lots of packs of dogs. Not nice dogs. Abused, neglected, street dogs. I'm pretty confident around dogs, so they didn't frighten me. I had noticed someone was also cutting though the same area as me - it was pretty abandoned otherwise. After I passed a nasty looking dog pack I heard barking from behind me.
The dogs were zeroing in and surrounding the guy that was behind me. He was freaking out, and going deeper into a wet area. I whipped my bandana at them and yelled "No!" (which I later realized they would have no idea what that meant) and scared them off. But not before one of the dogs made a lunge at the guy and he slipped, fell ass first, and skidded across the mud. Splat.
I helped him up, and helped to clean some of the mud off. His name was Ko, a Japanese student on vacation alone, backpacking across Thailand for 2 weeks.
We became buddies. He had walked the entire island (it's not really an island, they just call it that) and needed to get back to the train station. He only had one other pair of clothes, poor guy.
I was trying to help him find a TukTuk, but none in sight. Asked a guy and he pointed us towards a market. Ko and I had Pad Thai and talked over lunch. I asked a British girl where we were -- she wasn't sure. lol. More Thai girls practicing their English, another interview, photo, and souvenir. This time Ko got to participate, even if his English wasn't that good - I thought it was, but he was self conscious.
I found a TukTuk and Ko and I shared it. I got dropped off at another Wat, and he went on to the Train station.
Wandered Wat Maha That, took more photos, and then started walking toward the train station. Got turned around and had to ask some Thais from direction. Yay for sign language ;)
Bought a coke. Wandered streets. Scared half to death by a Creepy Teddy Bear alone in a Phone Booth. Tuk Tuk drove by - hopped in! He said a Bus was better... and why not.
Got to the Bus Station... I hadn't completely zipped up my backpack when I swung it over my shoulder as I climbed out of a Tuk Tuk. Out flew my DSLR camera and landed (50mm f/1.8) lens down in the street. Thankfully the camera body seems to be in working order - just need to find some way to tape the memory card door closed. A spring broke and it won't stay connected. Apparently the door needs to be closed in order for the camera to be turned on.
After my camera went flying and some kind people helped me to pick up the pieces, all I could do was smile and shrug. There isn't anything to be done. Live and learn and be happy. Thankfully I have my kit lens for my DSLR and my point and shoot (which I prefer anyway because it's smaller). All is well.(the final photo)
The bus was 60 Baht... and an adventure. The driver was CRAZY! Fucking mad-man. Weaving and speeding and cutting off and driving on the median and the shoulder and crossing though the wrong way on connectors. At one point he got pulled over. Slipped the cop some cash, and then speed off again weaving and speeding and cutting off. Crazy.
Made it to Victory Monument BTS station (Bus station in Bangkok) and got on the BTS Skytrain... going the wrong direction. Transferred to MRT and took Subway to Silom. I could have gone back to hotel, but thought that if I did, I wouldn’t leave again tonight. Got a 2 hours massage, and then dinner, and a slice of cheesecake.
Took motorbike back to hotel and crashed.
This video is all about Australian spiders. We've got the best chart here which is Australian spider’s identification.
The most common spider is that we have here is the Redback spider. How to identify a spider? The Redback spider has got a red line in the back of the body which is the abdomen and basically that's one way of identifying that particular spider.
Then you got the White tail spider which is going to white tip on the back of its abdomen. The huntsman is a hairy brownish colour depending on what's the process of this life is going through and they do vary in sizes.
Now going back to the Redback spider- very very common problem to us. I have had a client that actually a plumber, he actually young got bitten by red back way and he left his boots outside the house and he's put his boots on and he got beaten on toes, so that was yet a tragedy therefore inside you got all the right medication so he's all good now.
It is very important that we identify a spider before we do any treatments or anything that we need to do to fix these problems. So then you got the white tail spider who are venomous, so we need to be extremely careful what pest and what particular spider are we dealing with.
The White tail spider once again varies between 20 to 35 millimetres in size, that’s between the male and the female. Definitely a spider, which lives on other insects and they don’t web of course, so you do found in different areas for the home.
Linen is the most common one in bedding, sheets, cupboards and so forth.
The most important thing is if you're having a problem with any of these spiders and you're not sure which ones they are. Please feel free to contact us we're here to help.
Please give us a call or visit www.protechpestcontrol.com.au/spiders.
Thank you for listening
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Following World War II the Allies dissolved the Wehrmacht with all its branches on 20 August 1946. However, already one year after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949 and because of its increasing links with the West, the Consultative Assembly of Europe began to consider the formation of a European Defence Community with German participation on 11 August 1950.
By March 1954, plans for a new German army had become concrete and foresaw the formation of six infantry, four armored, and two mechanized infantry divisions, as the German contribution to the defense of Western Europe in the framework of a European Defence Community. Following a decision at the London Nine Power Conference of 28 September to 3 October 1954, Germany's entry into NATO effective from 9 May 1955 was accepted as a replacement for the failed European Defence Community plan.
The official founding date of the German army was 12 November 1955 when the first soldiers began their service in Andernach, even though preparations began earlier. In 1956, the first troops set up seven training companies in Andernach and began the formation of schools and training centers. On 1 April 1957, the first conscripts arrived for service in the army. The first military organisations created were instructional battalions, officer schools, and the Army Academy, the forerunner to the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in Hamburg. In total twelve armored and infantry divisions were to be established by 1959, as planned in Army Structure I. To achieve this goal, existing units were split approximately every six months. However, the creation of all twelve divisions did not take place until 1965. At the end of 1958 the strength of the army was about 100,000 men.
Concerning vehicles, the German army was equipped at first with American material, such as the M47 Patton main battle tank or M7 Priest SPGs. Lighter vehicles, like the “Schützenpanzer Kurz 11-2” family or the “Schützenpanzer Lang HS-30” AFV, were developed and/or produced with foreign support. Additionally, also as a measure to bring the German industry back into business and to fill equipment gaps, some leftover vehicles from WWII were modernized and put back into service. One of these vehicles was the so-called “Spähpanzer Puma (Neu)”, an update of the highly successful SdKfz. 234/2 8x8 heavy reconnaissance vehicle, one of the best armored scout vehicles during WWII.
Germany had a long and successful history of heavy 8x8 scout cars, starting with the SdKfz. 231 in the Thirties. The Sd.Kfz. 234 was the final development of this vehicle family that actually made it into service. For its time, the Sd.Kfz. 234 incorporated several innovative features, including a monocoque chassis (instead of a classic frame with a hull mounted on top), an independent suspension on each wheel and an air-cooled Tatra 103 diesel engine (at the time of the vehicle’s design all German armored vehicles were powered by gasoline engines) with a net power of 220 hp@2,250 rpm and a very good power-to-weight ratio of 21 hp/ton. This engine gave also the vehicle an extraordinary range of more than 600 miles (1.000 km). The reason behind this was that the SdKfz. 234 was originally intended for use in North Africa, but it came into service in late 1942 and was therefore too late for this theatre of operations. Furthermore, the vehicle featured eight-wheel steering and drive and was able to change direction quickly thanks to a second, rear-facing, driver's seat. Despite its late service introduction, the SdKfz. 234 nevertheless proved useful on the Eastern and Western Fronts. It was quite formidable, commonly used in pairs, one equipped with a long-range radio communications kit while the other possessed only a short-range radio.
A small number of SdKfz. 234s survived the wartime on German soil and had been stashed away as a reserve. Their reactivation for the nascent Bundeswehr in the Fifties covered the replacement of the outdated Tatra engine, for which no spare parts were available anymore, with an air-cooled, supercharged Magirus-Deutz V8 Diesel engine. It had less power (125 kW/180 hp) than the former Tatra V12, but was more reliable and offered more torque and an even better mileage. Furthermore, this was basically a standard engine that was widely used in civil lorries and many other military vehicles of the time, including those operated by the West-German Bundesheer, too. Thanks to the smaller size of the new engine, sound-damping materials could be added and the exhaust system was optimized, so that the vehicle’s noise level was considerably reduced. The additional internal space was also used for two communication kits: a short-range radio was installed in the new turret (see below), while a long-range radio kit was placed into the hull, next to the rear driver.
The suspension was modernized and beefed up, too, with heavy duty shock absorbers, wider wheels and a pressure control system, so that ground pressure could be reduced by the crew from the inside of the vehicle for an adaptable, improved on- and off-road performance. The SdKfz. 234’s crew of four in its former positions was retained, including the second, backwards-facing steering wheel for the radio operator.
Since the West German SdKfz. 234 survivor fleet consisted of different body variants (mostly with open hulls and just two former SdKfz. 234/2s with a closed turret) and vehicles in various states of completion, hull and the armament were unified for the Puma (Neu): all revamped vehicles received a newly developed, welded two-man turret with a low profile. The commander on the left side did not have a cupola, but his position was slightly raised and no less than seven mirrors plus a forward-facing infrared sight for night operations allowed a very good field of view. Both crewmen in the hull also received additional three mirrors above their workstations for a better field of view while driving.
Main weapon of the Puma (Neu) became a 20 mm Rheinmetall MK 20 Rh202 autocannon, a license-built Hispano-Suiza 820 L/85, together with a co-axial 7.62 mm MG42/57 light machine gun. The MK 20 was a common anti-aircraft weapon at the time and mounted to other Bundeswehr vehicles like the HS-30 AFV, too. It could fire HE and AP rounds at 800–1000 RPM, making it efficient against lightly armored vehicles (25-30 mm of armor) at up to 1,500 m range, with a maximum range of 2,000 m. 750 rounds of 20 mm ammunition were carried, even though ammunition feed had to be changed manually. The weapons were not stabilized, but they had a 15x15 periscopic sight and could be elevated between -5° and + 75°, so that it could be aimed at both ground and air targets. Three additional smoke grenade launchers per turret side were provided for tactical and emergency concealment.
Only a small number (40 plus two prototypes) of Spähpanzer Puma (Neu) were eventually converted or re-build from spares, but they became in 1957 the launch equipment of the Bundeswehr’s armored reconnaissance brigades, together with M8 Greyhound scout cars donated by the USA, even though the latter were soon complemented and replaced by tracked vehicles, based on the Schützenpanzer Kurz. However, due to their high road speed and excellent range, the Puma (Neu) scout cars were popular and remained in service until the late Seventies, when a new generation of 8x8 reconnaissance vehicles in the form of the amphibious Spähpanzer Luchs was introduced and replaced all 1st generation Bundeswehr vehicles.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, driver, radio operator/2nd driver)
Weight: 10.500 kg (23,148 lbs)
Length: 6.02 m (19 ft 9 in)
Width: 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in)
Height: 2.84 metres (9 ft 4 in)
Suspension: Independent on each wheel, with leaf springs
Track width: 1.95 m (6 ft 4 1/2 in)
Wading depth: 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in)
Trench crossing capability: 2m (6 ft 6 1/2 in)
Ground clearance: 350 mm (13 3/4 in)
Climbing capability: 30°
Fuel capacity: 240 l
Armor:
9-30 mm (.35-1.18 in) steel armor
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 80 km/h (49 mph)
Operational range: 800 km (500 mi)
Fuel consumption: 30 l/100 km on roads, 45 l/100 km off-road
Power/weight: 17 PS/t
Engine:
Air-cooled, supercharged 10,622 cc (648³ in) Magirus-Deutz F8L 614K V8 diesel engine,
with 132 kW (180 hp) output at 2.500 RPM
Transmission:
Büssing-NAG "GS" with 6 forward and reverse gears, eight-wheel drive
Armament:
1× 20 mm (0.79 in) Rheinmetall (Hispano-Suiza) MK 20 Rh202 autocannon with 750 rounds
1× co-axial 7.62 mm MG42/57 light machine gun 2.000 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This German 8x8 vehicle is a contribution to the “Back into service” Group Build at whatifmodelers.com in late 2019. Beyond aircraft I also thought about (armored) vehicles that could fit into this theme, and the SdKfz. 234/2 “Puma” (even though this popular name was never official!) came to my mind, because it was a very effective vehicle with many modern features for its time. So, what could a modernized Puma for the young Bundeswehr look like…?
The starting point became the very nice Hasegawa SdKfz. 234/2 kit, which did not – except for some PSR between the hull halves – pose any complications. I did not want to change too much for the Bundeswehr update, but new/wider wheels and a new, more modern turret with a light post-war weapon appeared sensible.
The wheels come from a ModelTrans aftermarket resin set for the LAV-25 – they are quite modern, but they do not look out of place. Their different, more solid style as well as the slightly bigger diameter and the wider tires change the Puma’s look considerably. In order to mount them, I modified the suspension and cut away the former attachment point on the four axles, replacing them with thin, die-punched styrene discs. This reduced the track width far enough so that the new, wider wheels would fit under the original mudguards. It’s a tight arrangement, but does not look implausible. The spare wheel, normally mounted to the vehicle’s rear, was omitted.
The turret was taken from a Revell “Luchs” Spähpanzer kit, but simplified so that it would have a more vintage look. For instance, the machine gun ring mount above the commander’s hatch was omitted, as well as the rotating warning light and the modern smoke grenade dischargers. The latter were replaced by the WWII triple dischargers from the Hasegawa kit, for a more vintage look.
To my astonishment, the Luchs turret was easy to mate with the Puma chassis: its attachment ring diameter was almost identical! The new part could be attached almost without a problem or modification. I just added some reinforcements to the hull’s flanks, since the Luchs turret is slightly wider than the SdKfz. 234/2’s horseshoe-shaped turret. Beyond that, only small, cosmetic things were added, like mirror fairings for both drivers above their workstations, license plates at the front and the rear and antennae.
Painting and markings:
Creating an early Bundeswehr vehicle is a simple task, because there is only one potential color option until the Eighties: a uniform livery in Gelboliv (RAL 6014). Due to the livery’s simplicity, I used a rattle can to paint hull, turret and wheels separately.
After some detail painting, a very dark brown wash with acrylic paint and some post shading with Revell 42 (also Gelboliv, but a rather greenish and bright interpretation of the tone) as well as dry-brushing with Revell 46 and 45 along the many edges were used to weather the model and emphasize details. After decals had been applied (mostly from a Peddinghaus sheet for early Bundeswehr vehicles, plus some tactical markings from the Revell Luchs), the kit was sealed with matt acrylic varnish.
Once dry and completed, some artist pigments were added around the wheels and lower hull in order to simulate dust and dirt. On the lower chassis, some pigments were also "cluttered" onto small patches of the acrylic varnish, so that the stuff soaks it up, builds volume and becomes solid - the perfect simulation of dry mud crusts. I found the uniform livery to look quite dull, so I added some branches (real moss, spray-painted with dark green acrylic paint from a rattle can) to the hull – a frequent field practice.
This was a very quick project – in fact, the model was completed in the course of just one evening, and painting it was a quick affair, too, lasting only another day. However, I like the result. The SdKfz. 234/2 already had a quite modern look in its original guise, but the new wheels and the Luchs turret change its look considerably, it really has an even more modern feel that fits well into the early Bundeswehr era.
I have just noticed this at our local bus stop. Just two days into the new busway service, Grant Palmer have had to alter their route around the Beecroft Estate in Dunstable because of badly parked cars. This means that the Co-op supermarket, Post Office and other shops are no longer served by bus. This parking problem was obviously anticipated as double yellow lines were recently painted on certain stretches of road. Odd then that the service was pulled so soon.
I walk this way to said Post Office every afternoon and have wondered why I havn't yet seen one of the new Scanias along here yet; now I know!!
by Alfredo Fernandes
Alfi Art Production, Divar
41st Tiatr Competition A group of Kala Academy supported by TAG
13.10.2015
more here
joegoauk-tiatr.blogspot.in/2015/10/41st-tiatr-competition...
Nevil Cardozo and Evarist de Arambol
.… (portrait of devotees of St. Agatha) ….
.… (ritratto di devoti di Sant' Agata) ….
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Fear of the unknown, the fear of losing own physical or mental health, or worse, having already lost it, possible problems with work (if a work has it), old age advancing, awareness of the existence of a Higher Being, are just some of the reasons that push people to search for a contact with the Divine, with the supernatural, leading them to plead for help, but this is not enough to completely explain the close link fact of absolute devotion and enormous affection that the people of Catania (province) have towards their young martyr Agatha; an entire city partecipate in these days to ceremony and procession, one can not help but ask this question, what binds in such a profound and peculiar citizens to their Patron Saint Agata? Maybe I was lucky enough to capture photographically what is a partial response: a child at a very early age is brought to the window from her mother while passing the float of St. Agatha, so it's easy to understand... the devotion and attachment to the Martyr starts very young , transmitted by their parents as a treasure to be preserved and grow throughout their lives, which leads you in the days of the feast to a great collective.
This is a short-long report I did this year 2016, in the city of Catania (Sicily) in occasion of the feast of her patron saint Agatha, which took place on the 3, 4 and 5 February (this dates commemorates the martyrdom of the young Saint), and on 17 August too (this date celebrates the return to Catania of her remains, after these had been transferred to Constantinople by the Byzantine general Maniaces as war booty, and there remained for 86 years), when the Sicilian city is dressed up to feast, with a scent of orange blossom and mandarins, and its citizens show that they possess an extraordinary love and bond with the young martyr saint Agatha.
The religious sicilian feast of Saint Agatha is the most important feast of Catania, its inhabitants from five centuries, during the three days of the feast in honor of her "Santuzza" (young Saint), create a unique setting, with celebrations and rituals impressive, which means that this event is regarded as the third religious festival in the world (some say the second ...) after the "Semana Santa" in Seville and the "Corpus Christi" in Cuzco, Peru. Unlike other religious holidays, more sober, to Sant'Agata highlights a vocation exuberant typical of the south Italy, who loves to combine the sacred with the profane.
The cult of the young Santa dates back to the third century, when the teenager Agatha was martyred for refusing the roman proconsul Quintiziano. One year after the death of the young Agatha, on 5 February of the year 252, his virginal veil was carried in procession, and it is said it was able to save Catania from destruction due to a devastating eruption of Mount Etna.
The festivities begin with the procession of Candlemas (this year were in greater number, perhaps 14 instead of the 11 years of the other years); the "Candlemas" are giant Baroque wooden "candlesticks" paintings in gold, each representing an ancient guild (butchers, fishmongers, grocers, greengrocers, etc.), which are brought by eight devotees; the "cannalore" (candlemas) anticipate the arrival of the "float" of Saint Agatha during the procession. Devotees, men and women, wearing a traditional garment similar to a white bag, cinched at the waist by a black rope, gloves and a white handkerchief, and a black velvet cap, and it seems that such clothing evoke nightgown with the qule the Catanese, awakened with a start by the touch of the bells of the Cathedral, welcomed the naval port, in 1126, the relics of the Holy which fell from Constantinople. On float, consisting of a silver chariot sixteenth of thirty tons, which is driven by a double and long line of devotees with the robust and long ropes, takes place the bust of Saint Agatha, completely covered with precious stones and jewels. On February 4, the parade celebrates the so-called "external path" that touches some places of martyrdom in the city of Catania; the next day, the 5 instead the procession along the "aristocrat path", which runs along the main street, Via Etnea, the parlor of Catania. On this day the devotees carry on their shoulders the long candles of varying thickness, there are some not very big, others are fairly heavy, but some skim exceptional weights.
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La paura dell’ignoto, il timore di perdere la salute fisica o psichica, o peggio, averla già persa, possibili problemi col lavoro (per chi un lavora l’ha) o peggio non averlo dovendo così “inventarsi” la giornata, la vecchiaia che avanza, la consapevolezza dell’esistenza di un Essere Superiore, sono solo alcuni dei motivi che spingono gli uomini a cercare un contatto col Divino, col Sovrannaturale, portandoli ad invocare il Suo aiuto, ma tutto ciò non basta assolutamente a spiegare lo stretto legame fatto di assoluta devozione ed enorme attaccamento che gli abitanti di Catania (e provincia) hanno nei confronti della loro “Santuzza” la giovanissima martire Agata; nel vedere partecipare quella che sembra essere una città intera a questi giorni di rito e processione, non ci si può non porre questa domanda, cosa lega in maniera così profonda e peculiare i cittadini Catanesi alla loro Santa Patrona Agata? Forse ho avuto la fortuna di cogliere fotograficamente quella che è una risposta parziale e certamente non unica alla domanda: un bimbo in tenerissima età viene portato alla finestra dalla sua mamma mentre passa la vara di S.Agata, ecco… la devozione e l’attaccamento alla giovanissima Martire inizia da piccolissimi, trasmessa dai propri genitori (e non solo…) come un tesoro da custodire e coltivare per tutta la vita, che porta che nei giorni della festa ad un fantastico rito collettivo al quale nessun Catanese sembra non possa o non voglia rinunciare.
Questa è un breve e lungo report, da me realizzato nel febbraio di quest’anno 2016, nella città di Catania (Sicilia) in occasione della festa della sua giovane santa patrona Agata, che ha avuto luogo come ogni anno il 3, il 4 ed il 5 di febbraio (questa data commemora il martirio della Santa giovinetta), festa che viene ripetuta anche il 17 agosto (questa data rievoca il ritorno a Catania delle sue spoglie, dopo che queste erano state trasferite a Costantinopoli da parte del generale bizantino Maniace come bottino di guerra, spoglie che ivi rimasero per 86 anni); per questa occasione la città siciliana è vestita a festa con profumi di fiori d'arancio e mandarini, coi suoi cittadini che mostrano di possedere uno straordinario amore e legame con la giovane martire Agata.
Gli abitanti di Catania, oramai da cinque secoli, nei tre giorni della festa in onore della "Santuzza", danno vita ad una scenografia unica, con celebrazioni e riti imponenti, che fanno si che questo evento sia considerato come la terza festa religiosa al mondo (qualcuno dice la seconda ...) dopo la "Semana Santa" di Siviglia ed il "Corpus Domini" a Cuzco, in Perù. A differenza di altre feste religiose, più sobrie, quella di Sant'Agata mette in luce una vocazione esuberante tipica del meridione, che ama unire il sacro col profano.
Il culto della giovane Santa risale al terzo secolo, quando l'adolescente Agata fu martirizzata per aver rifiutato il proconsole romano Quintiziano. Un anno dopo la morte della giovane Agata, avvenuta il 5 febbraio dell'anno 252, il suo velo virginale venne portato in processione, e si narra esso riuscì a salvare Catania dalla sua distruzione a causa di una devastante eruzione del vulcano Etna.
I festeggiamenti iniziano con il corteo delle "candelore", queste sono dei giganteschi e pesanti "candelabri" in legno, in stile barocco, dipinti in oro, ognuna rappresentante una antica corporazione (macellai, pescivendoli, pizzicagnoli, fruttivendoli, ecc.), che vengono portati da otto devoti, le quali "cannalore" durante la processione anticipano l'arrivo della "vara" di Sant'Agata. I devoti, sia donne che uomini, indossano un tipico indumento simile ad un sacco bianco, stretto in vita da una cordicella nera, guanti ed un fazzoletto bianchi, ed infine una papalina di velluto nero, sembra che tale abbigliamento rievochi la camicia da notte con la quale i Catanesi, svegliatisi di soprassalto dal tocco improvviso delle campane del Duomo, accolsero al porto navale, nel 1126, le reliquie della Santa che rientravano da Costantinopoli. Sulla vara, costituita da un carro argentato cinquecentesco di trenta quintali, trainata da una doppia e lunghissima fila di devoti tramite delle robuste e lunghe funi, prende posto il busto di Sant'Agata, completamente ricoperto di pietre preziose e gioielli. Il 4 febbraio, il corteo compie il cosiddetto "giro esterno" che tocca alcuni luoghi del martirio nella città catanese; il giorno dopo, il 5, il corteo percorre il "giro aristocratico", che percorre la strada principale, la via Etnea, salotto buono di Catania. In questo giorno i devoti portano in spalla dei lunghi ceri di vario spessore, ce ne sono alcuni non molto grossi, altri sono discretamente pesanti, ma alcuni sfiorano pesi eccezionali.
Acne, the utmost common skin complaint in the United States., can be a basis of worry for every teen-age. And more, the rate of acne is growing in grownups, too.Acne is caused by impassable hair follicles and oil (sebaceous) glands of the skin, frequently caused by hormonal deviations. The word acne mentions to not only pimples on the face, but nodules, cysts, and blackheads as well. Some individuals get acne on other portions of their body too, such as the chest and back.
Sunburns happen when there is too much contact to ultraviolet (UV) sunlit from the sun or sunlamps. The skin goes red, sore, burning to the touch, and may even peel away. It's tough to see how much time is harmless in the sun, however, even with sunblock shield. Repetitive sunburns, particularly as a kid, can increase the danger for skin cancer later in life. Typically sunscreen needs to be reapplied every 2 hours, but you may just need to keep yourself out of the sun, too.
Lot of us have had contact dermatitis - when we touch things that progresses into a skin reaction. Contact dermatitis is a kind of eczema, and can come from plants, jewelry, latex gloves, and cleaners like bleach, shampoos and soaps. To stop contact dermatitis, avoid the thing when possible. To evade symptoms, antihistamines and colloidal oatmeal baths are frequently useful. If your doctor doubts you have contact dermatitis.
Anybody who has a kid knows about the mutual problem of diaper rash
A wet or soiled diaper wearing on too long can be cause of red sore bumps and rash in the diaper part, the bottoms, genitals, and skin bends.
Urine and stool can breakdown skin, and substances in a disposable diaper can melt out and cause the skin.
It's an unlucky fact, but your feet are prone to fungal contagions. Athletes’ foot can principal to extreme itching, soreness, and cracked skin on the feet and in among the toes. A kind of fungi called dermatophytes are normally found in warm, soggy areas like pool decks, bath stalls, and locker rooms.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the utmost common type of skin cancer in the United States. BCC raises in the upper basal cells of your skin but hardly extents and is treatable. You may be prone to BCCs if you use to spend lots of time in the sun or use a tanning bed habitually.
Hives are the aware swellings (raised, red, itchy areas) that can happen on the skin. Common reasons of hives include medicine, nutrition, and bug bites or wounds. Pursue urgent treatment if your hives cover a big area of your body, your throat or face area is swelling, or they causing you to breathing. Hives typically go away in 3 to 5 hours; though, in specific people hives may persevere for months or years. A drug used to give allergic asthma, omalizumab (Xolair injection), was permitted in 2014 to treat chronic urticaria in persons with no reply to antihistamines.
Read more:https://medium.com/@menaturals890/what-are-7-common-skin-problem-82ff73a365ab
Like sea pollution, plastic waste seems to appear everywhere. This is used to protect or mulch plants. Here it appears to have been ploughed in and would be difficult to separate out. Maybe it is biodegradable in which case what sort of residue does it leave?
articles.extension.org/pages/67951/current-and-future-pro...
The entire Randall Park Mall site looks like it is on its way to becoming a lake. The low lying areas of the parking lots, the receiving area of the old Macy's, and the bottom of the abandoned hotel are all underwater.
The Randall Park Mall was opened in 1976 and was briefly the largest shopping center in the world, topping in at 2 million square feet. JCPenney, Horne's, Sears, May Company, and Higbee's were the original anchor stores. Sadly, the mall had a decline which led to its closure in 2009. Burlington Coat Factory (former Horne's) is the only "anchor" at the site. The Power Sport institute and a furniture liquidation center are the only other remaining businesses here. The rest of the mall has been left to rot. I wish I could get to go inside of this mall for pictures especially since it is planned to be demolished for an industrial park soon.
Randall Park Mall - North Randall, Ohio
Flickr is a mess in Firefox. It started midday on Monday. I thought it was just another problem with the system (note the uploading problems on Monday), but eventually I realized that the site was showing up just fine in IE.
So what in the world is going on? I deleted the Flickr cookies, but that didn't change anything. The css files seem to come up fine on their own, but it looks like they're not being pulled in when rendering the basic pages.
Any ideas? Thanks!
In the end, clearing the cache worked. It's something I really didn't want to have to do, but after trying several other things, it was the only idea I had left.
IF YOU LOVE THE FIRST LOOK OF MY CRAFTS
YOU WILL LOVE MOST OFMY COLLECTIONS
FEEL FREE TO EXPLORE MORE ON MY PHOTOSTREAM IN THIS WAY
CRAFT REVOLUTION / MOSAIC APPLICATION IN A PATCHWORK APPROACH, A TRULLY NEW LINE IN A ROW
Doing things like no other before is like walking in another line, why we need to do being different from them, how do we see things in another side? Is this possible to have a new line in a row?
I attend seminars about Quality Control, this seminars tackles the main cause of the real problem is in the organization itself, yes, and is true no need to attend seminar for this, if we know ourselves is our best enemy, but how we need to know more ourselves, our environment dictates us to be being with them, and our mind action accordingly in this way of thinking.
Working in an Export Company for long years as a research and product development officer is not a good job, but paying you a lot sometimes per project, and your Boss saying you always; “our sale will get high after this project out of the market! You can go to vacation after this! Yes vacation after finish the particular project, hmm sound nice, as I said this is not a good job after all. Vacation is also not good in this kind of works. Why I say this. How you can say you are free after your kids out in school and you are watching American idol and praying for the artist you want to be declared as a real winner,
How can we say we are free and in vacation with family and thinking what you can do to be more careful for the kids if all with you, or even if you alone and feel bored and open your pc for something else just to get out of your mind, how?
Being free is acceptance just live with them walk with them and feel with them, my master in this seminar put this thing in our mind , the second things he share to us is everybody need a free space for our self, as a person and different from the other person.
He share to us a line in a bible , I forgot the pages and the verses, but something like this I am not particular in the bible things and thoughts but the messages is clear, you are so special from the other person in your words ,in your thought , in your actions too,
And he shouting to all of us saying hey get out of the box his face look like red and I feel he is angry for what ever reason,
Then he put here things in the bag and walking outside the hall never turn back and go to small coffee table and put some head set on his ear, we all get shock we feel confuse, me I am thinking he get mad to someone , that time the seminar is running up to more hours and this person sitting , look like relax and we are thinking what s wrong , the company paying much for him, and the 2 long hours to wait him , feel more confusing , I see also he snap a bit and his eyes is close for almost 15 minute , and we are so silent , and no body want to talk , hey what’s wrong , I go to the other side of the room and I fall asleep, somebody doing that things and fall asleep too, but the only thing I notice no one get out of the room , we are all waiting for something, boring and everybody no one to talk just the eyes talking that time and our lips add some smile,
Time running and one of the participant decide to talk to all of us and saying we don’t need him in this kind of seminar , he never say anything to us just sip his coffee for long hours and we left nothing to do. and one of my colleagues saying , how can we say it in a nice way, everybody saying something ,suggesting , and one off the participant crumble the papers and want to throw to the master , that moment we are all smile and saying yes do it if you can! But after that no one, want to do that kind of things to his master after all,
Or maybe being polite much better that throwing things as our action for that particular situation and the message is clear , everybody even they have a good actions they don’t want to go out of the box,
New line in a row is a fresh and clear action ,as an artist , as a creator of this particular crafts , I love to share what I have after my long journey , this world is so fast in many particular , technology ,development, high-rise building new phone , everything that we can consider as our home outside our home or a chips on our big pockets , weight less but full of everything what we put inside that chips for our own purposes,
This new craft was born in this particular world of arts but I found out, this craft is out of the line , the material is there , the colors is in there, the meaning is there , the message is there , everything is there , and still I cannot fine the right line for this particular crafts,
I start doing craft on my early age, I still remembering cutting pages of full colored magazine cut in a small piece and paste it, collect all the colored papers and cut and paste it just my start, I love to draw plant animals flowers birds everything about nature, and this track considering of my actions whom I am now, in my own world,
I never finish college, as my root, but I take a fine arts courses in one best school in Philippines (U.S.T. University Of Santo Tomas) Manila the oldest School in Asia the school for Architecture and Fine Arts, that time I feel bless, it because I never dream to get enter in that school, I walk barefooted in my young age, I never dream one day I was in one of the room in there. In my teenage days I was always in a church I am a member of a choir group, but my voice is not good at that time, but I feel important when I am part of this group , our master telling me you are part of this group and your voice is to important to us, I joint also a theater club my master told me , here in our company money is hard to find and the only things I can share to you is how they praise you after the production is done, this group is a community base just for a public information and services, and that’s true I feel different from other person when I joint in this group I have many friends , they all like me as a devil in my characters I always portray , this group give ME more opportunity to explore my space more on the way I never do and think before, or maybe I get out of that box I never notice in this way, or I walk in a new line in a row ,
This group also sent me to college, and I walk out in this group and stop my study up to 2nd years in colleges of course the main reason is money, yes this is my hard times at that moment I need to decide which way I need to walk, to finish or make another way like a new line in a row, I need to force my self to work hard for my daily bread.
New line in a row is a formation of things on how we see and need to act patiently specially in our materials that surround us. Or a CALL on how we make a line in a way we can move perfectly, and this is what I want to share to you,
New line in a row is my greatest achievement, after searching and looking for arts and crafts, i look more books, searching more artist, looking for the master, site in the internet, regarding arts and crafts, and still I never see anything that need to compare on my crafts, but this crafts more on mosaic, patchwork, color pixel in our computer and idea coming from cross stitching, and how it make it different from them,?
Mosaic is a form of arts more on glass and stone or anything that form pattern and pastes it,
Patchwork is a form of arts too start from our old clothes recycled it and form pattern too.
Cross stitching is also form of arts that need to count and have pattern too.
Color pixel normally found in our computer if we want to see or using magnifying glass to see thing clear.
I never research much on this particular meaning (mosaic, patchwork, cross stitching, pixels,) suggestion is always welcome or comment to this particular is will help much,
This kind of words build my composition and remind me, where I start thinking and looking in different way, how can I called my crafts , or where can I place it , I thinking is there a room for me, the answer is YES , I can place it in a galleries of mosaic,
In a patchwork, in pixel room, but not in a wall that hangs cross stitching arts,
But more on more that way, my experiment get more wild and run, colored pixel is always many colors in his single square form, I decide to get out in this category,
I try more research about patchwork , and I see more clear things in this room , the next things I open my mind to the mosaic room and get involved more on more , and I notice a clear picture and help me to categories my craft more in this way.
I draw another line, a new line in a row
After fifteen years searching for the soul of my arts, I try to make room for them, I want to be different from them, I want to be more careful and I want to have a free form from them,
Arts is copying nature I thought, and maybe I think in this way, but copying is like doing things you admire and seeing things that guide us, copying is the only easy way to make us more competitive or maybe more to be exact, new line in a row starting in this way collect the things that have a connection on me make a clear picture and transform in a way I do now,
New line in a row is a form of arts with the relationship to the crafts world,
Arts is different from the crafts, arts is unique form and creation of human no same things have in common with out copying using special tools we have..
Crafts are more on copying have pattern to create more precise and get to perfectly conclusion.
New line in a row is my first step to get out of the box, I never notice for long way before.
New line in a row is a form of CRAFTS after all!
I called this crafts MOSAIC CLOTH IN A PATCHWORK APPROACH
A truly NEW LINE IN A RAW
Only the dead man can make his canvass clear and white
I choice freedom that make my life to be complicated and open for more restriction after all
Oktavdsaint
The author
Hong Kong (香港; "Fragrant Harbour"), officially Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the southern coast of China at the Pearl River Estuary and the South China Sea. Hong Kong is known for its skyline and deep natural harbour. It has an area of 1104 km2 and shares its northern border with the Guangdong Province of Mainland China. With around 7.2 million Hongkongers of various nationalities, Hong Kong is one of the world's most densely populated metropolises.
After the First Opium War (1839–42), Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island, followed by Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong remained under British control for about a century until the Second World War, when Japan occupied the colony from December 1941 to August 1945. After the Surrender of Japan, the British resumed control. In the 1980s, negotiations between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, which provided for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong on 30 June 1997. The territory became a special administrative region of China with a high degree of autonomy on 1 July 1997 under the principle of one country, two systems. Disputes over the perceived misapplication of this principle have contributed to popular protests, including the 2014 Umbrella Revolution.
In the late 1970s, Hong Kong became a major entrepôt in Asia-Pacific. The territory has developed into a major global trade hub and financial centre. The 44th-largest economy in the world, Hong Kong ranks top 10 in GDP (PPP) per capita, but also has the most severe income inequality among advanced economies. Hong Kong is one of the three most important financial centres alongside New York and London, and the world's number one tourist destination city. The territory has been named the freest market economy. The service economy, characterised by free trade and low taxation, has been regarded as one of the world's most laissez-faire economic policies, and the currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the 13th most traded currency in the world.
The Hong Kong Basic Law empowers the region to develop relations and make agreements directly with foreign states and regions, as well as international organizations, in a broad range of appropriate fields. It is an independent member of APEC, the IMF, WTO, FIFA and International Olympic Committee among others.
Limited land created a dense infrastructure and the territory became a centre of modern architecture, and one of the world's most vertical cities. Hong Kong has a highly developed public transportation network covering 90 per cent of the population, the highest in the world, and relies on mass transit by road or rail. Air pollution remains a serious problem. Loose emissions standards have resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates. Nevertheless, Hongkongers enjoy the world's longest or second longest life expectancies.
NAME
It is not known who was responsible for the Romanisation of the name "Hong Kong" but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name 香港, meaning "Fragrant Harbour". Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (香港仔, Sidney Lau: heung1gong2 jai2, Jyutping: hoeng1gong2 zai2, or Hiong1gong3 zai3 in a form of Hakka, literally means "Little Hong Kong")—between Aberdeen Island and the south side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the first points of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. As those early contacts are likely to have been with Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人), it is equally probable that the early Romanisation was a faithful execution of their speech, i.e. hong1, not heung1. Detailed and accurate Romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.
The reference to fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories, lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of the Victoria Harbour.
In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed and the name, Hong Kong, was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
The full official name, after 1997, is "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website; however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames: the most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive night-view of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
HISTORY
PRE-BRITISH
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue (Viets) to Hong Kong. Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang dynasty in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.
ANCIENT CHINA
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu. In Qin dynasty, the territory was ruled by Panyu County(番禺縣) up till Jin Dynasty.
The area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue (Southern Viet), founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the collapse of the short-lived Qin dynasty. When the kingdom of Nanyue was conquered by the Han Dynasty in 111 BC, Hong Kong was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery. Archaeological evidence indicates that the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han dynasty.
IMPERIAL CHINA
Started from Jin dynasty to early period of Tang dynasty, the territory that now comprises Hong Kong was governed by Bao'an County (寶安縣). In Tang dynasty, the Guangdong region flourished as an international trading center. The Tuen Mun region in what is now Hong Kong's New Territories served as a port, naval base, salt production centre and later, base for the exploitation of pearls. Lantau Island was also a salt production centre, where the salt smugglers riots broke out against the government.
Under the Tang dynasty, the Guangdong (Canton) region flourished as a regional trading centre. In 736 AD, the first Emperor of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun in western Hong Kong to defend the coastal area of the region. The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in the modern-day New Territories under the Northern Song dynasty. After their defeat by the Mongols, the Southern Song court briefly moved to modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site), before its final defeat at the Battle of Yamen.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to early Ming dynasty, the territory that now comprises Hong Kong was governed by Dongguan County (東莞縣/ 東官縣). In Ming dynasty, the area was governed by Xin'an County (新安縣) before it was colonized by the British government. The indigenous inhabitants of what is now Hong Kong are identified with several ethnicities, including Punti, Hakka, Tanka) and Hoklo.
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in 1513. Having founded an establishment in Macau by 1557, Portuguese merchants began trading in southern China. However, subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from the rest of China.
In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order (closed-door, isolation policy) was enforced and it strictly forbade all maritime activities in order to prevent contact from foreigners by sea. From 1661 to 1669, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance of the Kangxi Emperor, who required the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong. About 16,000 people from Hong Kong and Bao'an County were forced to emigrate inland; 1,648 of those who evacuated were said to have returned after the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.
BRITSH CROWN COLONY 1842–1941
In 1839, the refusal of Qing authorities to support opium imports caused the outbreak of the First Opium War between the British Empire and the Qing Empire. Qing's defeat resulted in the occupation of Hong Kong Island by British forces on 20 January 1841. It was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee, as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. While a dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries led to the failure of the treaty's ratification, on 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking. The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of the Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe alike. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas, such as the Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. There were, however, a small number of Chinese elites whom the British governors relied on, such as Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as communicators and mediators between the government and local population.
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's oldest higher education institute. While there was an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained peaceful. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under his tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1941–45
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941. The Battle of Hong Kong ended with the British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December 1941 in what was regarded by locals as Black Christmas.
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong Dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong Dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when Britain resumed control of the colony on 30 August 1945.
ECONOMY
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world as of 2010. Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism, but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage. It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995. It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region, and is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$2.3 trillion as of December 2009. In that year, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world and the easiest place to raise capital. The Hong Kong dollar has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983.
The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s. Since then, it has grown to become a leading centre for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.
Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended. Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.
The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there. Agricultural activity - relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP - primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties. Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity, with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre. Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline. Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007. Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.
As of 2010 Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year. Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars. Hong Kong is also ranked second in the world by the most billionaires per capita (one per 132,075 people), behind Monaco. In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.
Hong Kong is ranked No. 1 in the world in the Crony Capitalism Index by the Economist.
In 2014, Hong Kong was the eleventh most popular destination for international tourists among countries and territories worldwide, with a total of 27.8 million visitors contributing a total of US$38,376 million in international tourism receipts. Hong Kong is also the most popular city for tourists, nearly two times of its nearest competitor Macau.
DEMOGRAPHICS
The territory's population in mid-2015 is 7.30 million, with an average annual growth rate of 0.8% over the previous 5 years. The current population of Hong Kong comprises 91% ethnic Chinese. A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonese-speaking majority originated from the neighbouring Guangdong province, from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the communist rule in China.
Residents of the Mainland do not automatically receive the Right of Abode, and many may not enter the territory freely. Like other non-natives, they may apply for the Right of Abode after seven years of continuous residency. Some of the rights may also be acquired by marriage (e.g., the right to work), but these do not include the right to vote or stand for office. However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit". Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.2 years for males and 86.9 years for females as of 2014, making it the highest life expectancy in the world.
About 91% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent, the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province. The remaining 6.9% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese. There is a South Asian population of Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector. In 2011, 133,377 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and 132,935 from the Philippines were working in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong. English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language. Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from communist China and greater interaction with the mainland's economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.
RELIGION
A majority of residents of Hong Kong have no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism. According to the US Department of State 43 percent of the population practices some form of religion. Some figures put it higher, according to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion, and possibly 80% of Hong Kong claim no religion. In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum.
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists. A Christian community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of the total population; Protestants forms a larger number than Roman Catholics at a rate of 4:3, although smaller Christian communities exist, including the Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses. The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities. The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.
PERSONAL INCOME
Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the greatest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards". However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.
WIKIPEDIA
Los gajes del oficio.
Los problemas de trabajar con la familia.
La vagancia por saber que nunca te van a poder despedir.
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PERSONAL FUN FACT: It's impressive how many separates came with this Rehearsal Outfit. With all these items laid out, they remind me of Isabelle's collection. The main difference is that Izzy's stuff was marketed as separates. You'd think that is a nice idea for people who just like say a sweater or skirt. But it actually is MORE expensive to buy each piece on its own. Seriously, their clothes cost as much as a human being's! Likewise, Isabelle's collection lacks a lot of shoes because she was meant to recycle the same ones for each outfit (or not wear any at all). Colleen's Courtney doll has the same problem with too few shoes. Anyways, I'm so glad that Gabriela's collection was formatted in the more traditional way. She actually got an EXTRA pair of shoes, since they made her a set of separately sold Tap Shoes. Each outfit is given its own coordinating footwear. However, you could definitely still mix and match these pieces if you wanted. I accidentally put these shorts over her Sparkling Sequins Outfit, and they looked cool. I do have to wonder how rehearsing in so many layers could be comfortable. Granted, this heart printed tank top is so light it barely counts as a layer. But imagine wearing a leotard, leggings, AND shorts all at once!!! How do dancers do it?!!
The Oliver Road Floods. A letter sent to Cyril Smith by the then Secretary Fred Lineham highlighting the flooding problems at Oliver and Auckland Road sites. He says It took some time, but it was most enjoyable as I had to research quite extensively.
This may appear a bit rambling in places, as I am trying to remember six years on, three years of research involving over a thousand maps and related papers. I used materials from Valance House, Passmore Edwards, Metropolitan Water Board, Essex County Records, Bazalgette's own papers, Inland Waterways Library and local Parish Records plus Vestry House and London Records.
To understand the drainage system at Oliver Road, you have to take in a very much wider area than just the site. On the site itself you have to consider three points:
1.The complex system of the original underground streams.
2.The work done by Bazalgette during the Great Stink.
3.The extra piping laid due to the building of the Leyton Sewerage Works, the remains of which are at the lower end of the site.
Now all of this is totally complicated by the fact that most of the work was never incorporated into our local ground maps. An example of how this happened is as follows. Two brothers, one a Leyton Council official, the other a Leytonstone Council official were nominated by their respective Parish Councils to ensure that the London Drain would pass through their Parish and not the others as you got many Brownie Points by having the prestigious London Drain running under your high street. Both brothers kept their plans about their person at al times and when the Drain was awarded to Leytonstone, our lad in a fit of pique, stole his brother's papers and burnt them. In retaliation, the other brother hired two local hard men to duff up his brother and steal his papers, but the local police (I am sure it could not have been Frances Road Station) chased and caught the villains but before they were apprehended they fed the papers to a goat to lose the evidence. These papers contained details of all the local streams with flow rates, all the original piping and land drainage. This is why all of the very complex streams and pipes are not on the Water Board's ground maps of our site.
You are dealing with very ancient waterways here, as originally, our site area was at the edge of a great marsh east of London. A number of streams run down from the high forest areas of Epping and Wanstead, by way of Whipps Cross. For instance the Hollow and Eagle Ponds feed the Fillebrook Stream which runs alongside the Auckland Road Site. Another historical point, is that it was around here that Alfred blocked some rivers and streams to form extra marshland in order to keep the Danes at bay. There are two high points in this area, one at what is now Ruckholt Road. Ruckholt being a derivation of Rock Halt and this was an outcrop in the marshland area, fortified by an early Viking who used it as a power base to rule the marsh area, the second high point is at the present junction of Osier Way and Oliver Road. It was here that the Passmore Edwards team found a Neolithic Settlement, ideally placed between two main stream inlets to the marsh area. A minor stream flowed along the course where Windsor Road is today and joined up with one of the main streams which came through the Thornhill Road area, while the second main stream, this the one which we are interested in, flowed through Wilmot Road. These two main streams are mentioned by Julius Caesar, as when the locals Brits at Ilford were giving him trouble, overnight, he crossed the Ley with a strong force and crossing our two streams with difficulty, as he had cavalry with him and the banks were very steep, marched overland and set up his attack formation at the top of what is now Ilford Hill. When the local Brits got up the following morning, they found the Roman Army ready to fight. The Brits surrendered at once. During the 1800's there was quite a severe earthquake in Essex and this resulted in the Thornhill and Windsor Road streams being diverted along Oliver Road and running down to where the Fillebrook Stream was running. To avoid the major flooding that this caused an open land drain was run alongside the old Fillebrook. It is this which causes the flooding outside the Orient's Ground during heavy rainstorms. If the portcullis at the exit of the Fillebrook where it runs into the main Dagenham Ditch, which is on the Auckland Road Site is not kept clear, there will be a feed-back of flood water along the Fillebrook and the open land drain cannot expend its excess water into the stream, so it then comes up through the drains outside of the Orient's Ground. I realised this fifteen years ago when the Oliver Road site was always flooding in the rainy season. I undertook to keep the portcullis clear and the flooding stopped during the period. Sometime after I left the Sites I began to hear on the local wireless traffic reports of the flooding starting up again, it caused some inconvenience at the Rememberance Day march. When I wrote to the Waltham Forest Council about this I was informed that as I was not in the Borough it did not concern me.
We can now concentrate on the main Wilmot Road stream which os the one affecting the Oliver Road Site. I will say again that this is an ancient stream, it used to run past a Roman villa, the remains of which can still be seen in the grounds of the old Trades Hall where Church Road joins the High Road. It was burnt down by Boudicca when the Iceni revolted against the Romans In the first Century. In the area of Wilmot Road, it used to be an open stream backed onto by a number of local nurseries. The stream disappeared underground just this side of the old Oliver Road. Underground, it followed the contours of the underlying clay convolutions and broke up into three small waterways. One ran down towards the Bowling Green area, a second ran towards the Ive Farm area and this fed the watercress beds which were run by the Leyton Boatmen or marshmen. The central flow, the major one, is the one that runs through the Oliver Road Estates and feeds the pond in the allotment site. This was known since very early times as Jesus Christ's Cup because it was always flowing and always pure. Cedric the Hermit lived by it for seven years. It is possible that this is the pond at which King Harold drank when he was on his way from London to his power base at Waltham. He used to leave London, walk through the marsh area to the site of an old Iron Age fortress, which used to be where the present Drapers Field is today. He used to pick up the Waltham Road and just along it he used to practise the old Anglo-Saxon ploy of the defensive Shield Wall. Afterwards he used to drink at a 'magical spring' and then proceed on his way to Waltham. So the King Harold pub in the Leyton High Road may be quite significant as the place where he joined the Waltham Way. The Oliver Road Allotment Site was built around this spring as there was certain always to be water available for the plants.
This system ran without a hitch for many of hundreds of years until an engineer named Bazalgette was instructed to lay a sewer system for London in order to eliminate the stench that overhung London due to the many open sewers and streams full of debris that criss-crossed the capital. Bazalgette devised a plan to build 82 miles of underground, intercepting, contra-cleaning sewers, fed by water pumping stations that required a constant head of water being fed into them. At the same time the Burgers of West ham had petitioned the High Court about the sewerage that was floating down into their area from the increasing population of Leyton. Streams such as the Channelsea and Ley Duct were being blocked with sewerage and disease was abounding in these areas. Bazalgette realised that he would have to control all of the waterways running into his system if it was to work and he would have special difficulties in the Leyton area. The only place where a Sewerage Works could be built eventually was on marshland area, now the Auckland Area. Doing so would destroy the watercress beds of the Marshmen. He started work by getting his gang of Irish navvies to cut a V-shaped ditch south of Oliver Road, following the course of the main Jesus Christ's Cup stream and built a culvert, or rather a double culvert to ensure that the stream would always flow at a constant rate. To avoid an overflow, he dug a drop-hole so that the water from the Cup instead of flowing into the Dagenham Brook, would fall into an underground cross stream, known as the Etloe Pipe, as it was this stream that Etloe House used as its water supply. It's position, the drop-hole is on Plot 54 where the man-hole cover is now. This underground stream, the Etloe Pipe, was earmarked for use at a later stage as Bazalgette was to concentrate on the "Big Stink" works, for use with the proposed Leyton Sewerage Works and if you can get hold of a map of Leyton for 1894 Old Ordnance Survey Map Godfrey Edition, London Sheet 32, it will give you an overall layout of the area, from which you can deduce to a very close mark the runways of the streams and various pipes. When it became obvious that the watercress beds were being destroyed, the Marshmen took quite a poor view of it and attacked the Irish Navvies. As cutlasses and muskets were used by both sides, there was quite a loss of life. The battle started at Wilmot Road and then went down Oliver Road to where the Orient Ground now stands. As the mortuary was were the Council tip used to be (Bywaters) it was the ideal site for the battle. The Government of the day did not want any of this to get out because of the fear of a general up-rising throughout the country about living conditions, so the Guards were brought in and stationed at Etloe House and the old Trades Lodge in the High Street. A D-notice was put on the news of the battle and all plans for the area were made top secret and even if you look into Bazalgette's private papers, they are blank where Leyton is concerned while all of the other areas are written up in detail. But I actually spoke with a near eye-witness to the battle and it was he who put me onto this line of investigation, it was Mr Lovely, who had a plot on Auckland Road. He was ninety three when he died and he had lived in Leyton all of his life. His father and grandfather were Marshmen and his father had a cutlass slash down his face as a result. It was a shame that I only found out about his wealth of local history a few weeks before he died, as he had facts like the battle which only he knew then.
After Bazalgettes had left and the London Sewer System was working, work then started on the Leyton Sewerage Works. The drop-hole was expanded and the Etloe Pipe was replaced with an open underground culvert, which I believe you can still see today on Plot 67. This lined up with the Rake Tanks that were installed and shown quite plainly on the 1894 map from which you can deduce the path taken by the culvert. An extra drain was run along the lower banking of the Dagenham Brook on the allotment side, to carry away excess water that built up outside the Sewerage Works. It appears that the stream that leads towards Ive Farm from the Wilmot Road branch also started to flow and this was lead into the extra drain and an inspection hatch was put in the area around Plot 1 at the site. A water measuring station was put across the Dagenham Brook to record any increase in flow as any overflow could have flooded the new railway sidings that were being built.
We can now come up to modern times and it appears that the constructors of the old tower blocks were very lucky not to cause major flooding when they were pile driving the foundations. The first flood happened when they connected the main water supply up incorrectly and turned it on, this was the first flood that took off the top soil in the top corner plots as it followed the original course of the waterway that fed the watercress beds. Jesus Christ's Cup still kept its normal flow during this flood. When the tower blocks were about to be demolished is when the serious flooding started. We began to get seepage into all the top plots and the jesus Christ's Cup increased in flow rate. It was obvious that the heavy pounding equipment had done some form of damage when the foundations of the blocks were worked on. Straight away everyone denied that they were responsible. Bovis blamed it on the plot holders over watering the allotments and sent me a booklet on proper use of water in gardening. Ave Arup threatened me with legal action if I implied that they or any of their sub-contractors were responsible. That was when I had the story published on the front page of the Guardian. We got no support from the Council who sided with Bovis. I thought it quite unusual at the number of Council Officers, who finished up working for Bovis and the Housing Action Trusts, who agreed when in the council, unofficially, that there was a problem and denied with great gusto that there was nothing wrong when working for the Trusts. This was the start of three years investigation until I found out what had happened. For three years we lost the use of the plots at the top of the site and eventually I surmised that the pounding by Bovis had collapsed the culverts put in by old Bazalgette. The initial cutting off of the Jesus Christ's Cup was when the collapse stopped the supply and the increased flow was when the flow had found its way into the Ive Farm system and then fed back into the channel past the obstruction. I wrote out quite a long report and did detailed maps, photos taken from the firm's helicopter and even Geo-physics readings showing waterways but as there was considerable money involved it was thrown out. This was the infamous meeting where I knocked out two teeth of the Council Officer who tore up my report and threw it at me. My knuckle still aches today when the cold catches it.
The matter was only resolved when an Ave Arup engineer, the only decent one there, Jim Collins, and who was about to retire, came to the site to sort the matter out. This was not any goodwill on the part of Ave Arup, it was because they were still trying to get the Euro-Trak to run into Stratford. Jim and myself had a meeting at 9.30 in his office in the estate and we spent till 10.15 looking at my paperwork and plans. At 11.15 Jim started the first of two bore holes, the second bore hole came slap down on the collapsed culvert. It took two hours after lunch to open up a trench and by 6.30 the collapse had been cleared and steel sheets laid over the damaged area. By the next morning all of the flooding had stopped and the Jesus Christ's Cup was back to its normal flow. Three weeks later, a letter was sent to the Council Allotments' Committee from Bovis, Ave Arup's contractors - the flooding had stopped and their view that the flooding would eventually right itself had been proved correct. They claimed that they had saved the Council a hundred thousand pounds by not taking up the 'ramblings of a madman', myself, over this matter. A letter of thanks was sent by the Committee to the contractors.
During the flooding and when the Cup was overflowing, I suggested that we could modify the Cup and take the overflow directly into the drop hole as this is where any overflow originally went. But I was advised that it could be a protected structure, as it was part of the Victorian system. So I had the Council telling me that a structure that they claimed did not exist could not be tampered with as it was protected.
I will send a couple of rough drawings with as much information on them as I can remember, but to understand the situation properly you should send to Alan Godfrey, 57-58, Spoor Street, Dunston, Gateshead for the map I have quoted earlier on. Another address to get the map from is Paterson Printers, 12, Ladygate, South Shields. Better still call in at Smiths and ask them to order it for you. I think that you will find the ISBN number is 0 85054 032 1. I can remember it as it was very close to my old Works Number.
The cause of the increased flow of the Jesus Christ's Cup stream is now very deeply bedded under the new housing. The Council are going to deny all responsibility, the constructors will show you maps that prove it could not have been them, so I think the best way is to incorporate an overflow and buried runway directly into the drop hole. If the runway is laid along the natural soakaway that opens into the drop hole, then there will be minimum damage to any old structure. A deep trench between the pond and the drop hole should expose quite clearly the soakaway.
As my fingers are now just going numb and I think that I have put down all that I can remember. I'll read through it and if it is too did-jointed then I will type it out again, but if it is readable I will leave it as it is, warts and all.
Fred Lineham
by Alfredo Fernandes
Alfi Art Production, Divar
41st Tiatr Competition A group Of Kala Academy supported by TAG
13.10.2015
more here
joegoauk-tiatr.blogspot.in/2015/10/41st-tiatr-competition...
Elvis Mascarenhas
Third in a set of five photos about the rapid evolution
of HaringAi - Haringey Council's Artificial Intelligence
Report-a-Problem online e-form.
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Back in April 2008, I felt I'd begun to make friends with HaringAi.
Spotting this dumped vacuum cleaner I supplied my electronic chum with a street-name and a real house number. But like a small child, it kept asking for more information.
Realising its database was then at an early stage, I typed into the Council's webform:
"A vacuum cleaner is a domestic cleaning machine which uses suction to remove unwanted matter - for example, crumbs, dust, cat hairs etc - from household objects like furniture; and surfaces such as carpets and other flooring. This model - dumped on the pavement in Carew Road - can be easily spotted by its shiny cherry-red colour."
______________________
Third in a set of five photos
◄◄ First photo | | ◄ Second photo | | ► Fourth photo | | ►► Fifth photo & what HaringAi did next.
Mise en place d'aiguilles au niveau de points d'acupuncture du poignet.
Les médecines non conventionnelles (encore appelées médecines alternatives, médecines parallèles, médecines holistiques, médecines naturelles, médecines douces) regroupent plusieurs centaines de pratiques thérapeutiques dont l'efficacité n'est pas démontrée, c'est-à-dire non testée, non supérieure au placebo, ou bien insuffisamment démontrée1 d'où le qualificatif de pseudo-médecines qui peut leur être appliqué2. Elles se distinguent donc de la médecine fondée sur les faits, parfois dite « conventionnelle », dont l'efficacité est prouvée scientifiquement. En France, le terme de thérapies complémentaires (ThC) est recommandé par l'Académie nationale de médecine3. Le Conseil de l'Ordre des médecins utilise l'expression médecines alternatives et complémentaires (MAC)4 tout en indiquant que « l'utilisation médiatique [de ces termes], concernant notamment l’homéopathie, entretient une ambigüité qui est source de confusion et de litiges d’interprétation5 ».
Un certain nombre de médecines non conventionnelles se réclament de traditions anciennes et sont alors considérées comme médecines traditionnelles (par exemple la phytothérapie, l'acupuncture ou la médecine ayurvédique), mais d'autres sont apparues à la fin du xviiie siècle ou au cours du xixe siècle (comme l'hypnose, l'ostéopathie, l'homéopathie, la naturopathie ou l'oligothérapie). Certaines thérapies se revendiquent comme « holistiques », déclarant examiner l'individu dans sa « globalité », y compris son histoire et mode de vie.
Ces pratiques non conventionnelles sont dénuées de fondement scientifique et ne sauraient se comparer, ni se substituer, à la médecine proprement dite, bien que pouvant être parfois utilisées en complément, en tant que « techniques empiriques » ou « méthodes adjuvantes »3. Elles sont diversement contrôlées par des instances officielles et, selon les pays, leurs traditions et législations sont plus ou moins répandues et reconnues6. Elles se développent en complément ou en alternative à la médecine et sont utilisées par 20 à 50 % des populations de plusieurs pays de la Communauté européenne selon les résultats d'enquêtes d'opinion de la fin du xxe siècle7, voire par près de 4 Français sur 10, en particulier les patients atteints de cancer3. Elles sont parfois utilisées dans des hôpitaux, cela ne valant toutefois pas reconnaissance de leur validité.
Le concept de « médecine intégrative » a été inventé pour désigner le recours simultané à la médecine dont l'efficacité est avérée et aux thérapies alternatives dans la prise en charge d'un patient. Ces dernières n'ont cependant, par définition, pas d'effet bénéfique au-delà de l'effet placebo8,9,10, à très peu d'exceptions près ayant montré une efficacité spécifique mais faible11. Leur action spécifique peut entraîner des effets secondaires12, et elles peuvent avoir des effets négatifs en interférant avec les traitements efficaces, notamment dans le traitement de cancer13,14. Des problèmes peuvent survenir lors du recours à des traitements alternatifs en lieu et place de soins ayant fait leurs preuves d'efficacité, d'autant plus en fonction de la gravité de la maladie.
Des mouvances font l'objet de surveillance de la part des autorités du fait du risque d'escroquerie, d'abus de faiblesse et de dérive sectaire lié à l'utilisation de certaines méthodes, régimes alimentaires et thérapies alternatives : « charlatanisme et amateurisme peuvent avoir des conséquences graves pour des personnes fragilisées physiquement et psychologiquement par des pathologies lourdes et/ou chroniques15 ».
Sommaire
1Origines
1.1Origine de l'appellation
1.2Origines et histoire des médecines regroupées sous cette appellation
1.2.1Influences antiques et orientalistes
1.2.2Fin XVIIe - début XXe siècles
1.2.3Du New Age à l'époque contemporaine (XXe - début XXIe siècles)
2Typologie de pratiques
3Conventionnelle, non conventionnelle, une approche différente
3.1Le naturel et la tradition ancienne
3.2L'interprétation des troubles
3.3Les postulats
4Aspect légal
4.1Union européenne
4.2France
4.2.1Cas de l'herboristerie et de la phytothérapie
4.3Suisse
4.4Allemagne
5Utilisation des médecines non conventionnelles
5.1France
5.2États-Unis
5.3Pays en développement
5.4En Europe
6Pratique des médecines non conventionnelles en France
6.1Par des médecins, en milieu hospitalier
6.2Caractéristiques problématiques de certaines thérapies
7Une économie publique
8Recherches
8.1L'approche scientifique
8.2Relations entre médecins conventionnels et non-conventionnels
9Affaires
10Notes et références
11Voir aussi
11.1Bibliographie
11.2Articles connexes
11.3Liens externes
Origines[modifier | modifier le code]
Origine de l'appellation[modifier | modifier le code]
Le terme « médecine non conventionnelle » est celui retenu par la Commission européenne7 . Ce terme désigne selon le rapport du Parlement européen :
"L'ensemble des systèmes médicaux et disciplines thérapeutiques couverts par la dénomination "médecines non conventionnelles" ont en commun le fait que leur validité n'est pas reconnue ou n'est que partiellement reconnue".
L'appellation « médecine non conventionnelle » se bâtit aussi par opposition à la définition de la « médecine conventionnelle », une médecine à l'efficacité prouvée, telle que définie par le Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé16 :
« La médecine « conventionnelle » s’appuie sur des traitements qui ont toujours obtenu une validation scientifique, soit par des essais cliniques, soit parce qu’ils bénéficient d’un consensus professionnel fort. Les essais cliniques sont soumis à des autorisations et à des contrôles rigoureux sur le plan de l’éthique, des conditions de réalisation et de la pertinence scientifique . Les consensus professionnels, quant à eux, sont obtenus après plusieurs années de recul, avec l’accord et l’expérience de la majorité des professionnels de la discipline concernée. Les conditions d’utilisation des techniques y sont définies avec précision. En s’appuyant sur cette méthodologie rigoureuse, l’efficacité de la médecine conventionnelle est prouvée. »
Ce terme qualifie donc des méthodes de soin parfois également appelées « médecine douce », « médecine complémentaire », « médecine naturelle », « médecine alternative », « médecine parallèle » ou encore « médecine holistique ». La médecine conventionnelle est généralement désignée par les tenants de certaines médecines non conventionnelles sous le terme de médecine allopathique (terme provenant de l'homéopathie).
L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) inclut les médecines complémentaires et alternatives dans les médecines traditionnelles. Elle précise : « Le terme « médecine complémentaire » ou « médecine alternative » est utilisé de manière interchangeable avec « médecine traditionnelle » dans certains pays. Elles concernent une large gamme de pratiques de soins qui ne font pas partie des traditions du pays et qui ne sont pas intégrées dans le système de santé dominant17. »
Cependant, le choix des termes induit souvent des partis-pris. En effet, parler de « médecine parallèle » semble signifier qu’il y aurait deux conceptions équivalentes de la médecine impliquant deux systèmes de soins fonctionnant indépendamment l’un de l’autre, avec le même degré d’efficience et de scientificité : les patients auraient donc le choix entre deux thérapeutiques qu’ils peuvent envisager comme alternatives et concurrentes ou comme complémentaires l’une de l’autre. D'autre part, l’appellation « médecine douce » semble considérer comme agressives les pratiques de la médecine conventionnelle : selon Jean Brissonet « l’utilisation de l’adjectif « douce » n’étant là que pour faire paraître « dure » la médecine moderne. En fait une technique médicale n’est ni « dure », ni « douce », elle est, ou n’est pas, efficace. Ensuite, tout est question d’utilisation et de rapport efficacité/risque. »18. L'idée de « médecine naturelle » s'appuie sur un présupposé rousseauiste selon lequel la nature est bonne et les œuvres de l'Homme mauvaises, et que certaines méthodes thérapeutiques seraient plus proches de cette supposée harmonie naturelle18. En disant « médecine alternative », on envisage ces pratiques de soins comme substitutives, donc susceptibles de remplacer une démarche thérapeutique classique et conventionnelle. D'autres préféreront parler de pseudo-médecines ou pseudo-sciences afin d'éviter cet effet de rhétorique2.
Le terme « médecine complémentaire » privilégie l’idée d’associer des traitements impliquant des « philosophies thérapeutiques » différentes mais capables de coopérer dans l’intérêt du malade19,20.
L'Académie nationale de médecine française recommande dans un rapport de 2013 l'appellation « thérapies complémentaires » (« ThC ») : « L’ANM rappelle que les pratiques souvent dites médecines complémentaires ne sont pas des "médecines", mais des techniques empiriques de traitement pouvant rendre certains services en complément de la thérapeutique à base scientifique de la médecine proprement dite. Elle recommande de ce fait de les désigner par la dénomination de thérapies complémentaires, qui correspond mieux à leur nature3. »
Dans tous les cas, ces appellations regroupent un grand nombre de pratiques aux fondements scientifiques très variables, et rarement contrôlées par des instances officielles. La liste du MeSH comporte ainsi 17 catégories de thérapies complémentaires et la MIVILUDES dénombre 400 pratiques « à visée thérapeutique »3. Certaines d'entre elles sont étroitement surveillées par les pouvoirs publics en raison des éventuels dangers qu'elles présentent pour la santé ou du risque de dérive sectaire21.
Origines et histoire des médecines regroupées sous cette appellation[modifier | modifier le code]
Influences antiques et orientalistes[modifier | modifier le code]
Article détaillé : Histoire de la médecine.
L'Occident a été marqué pendant plusieurs siècles par la théorie des humeurs d'Hippocrate, qui reste considéré comme le « père de la médecine occidentale » aujourd'hui22. Un parallèle notable peut être fait entre la médecine européenne de l'époque médiévale et les systèmes de la médecine traditionnelle chinoise et d'ayurveda en Inde : des parties du corps et organes sont de façon similaire associés à des saisons, des signes astrologiques, ou des éléments23. Ces théories ont fait leur réapparition dans un certain nombre de pratiques paramédicales depuis le xixe siècle, et font l'objet d'un effet de mode dans certains milieux.
Un certain nombre de pratiques non conventionnelles disponibles en Europe déclarent aujourd'hui s'inspirer plus ou moins directement de traditions asiatiques antiques (chinoises, indiennes, tibétaines, etc.) ou parfois africaines ou amérindiennes, et se réclament des philosophies et cultures de ces pays. Leur promotion peut alors reposer sur l'argument fallacieux de l'« appel à la tradition » ou « argument d'historicité » qui prétend que comme ces pratiques existent depuis longtemps, elles on fait leur preuve et sont toujours valables aujourd'hui24.
Certains utilisent le terme « médecine occidentale » pour qualifier la médecine moderne, même si celle-ci a en réalité puisé à des sources extrêmement diverses pendant sa longue histoire, et pas uniquement occidentale (notamment égyptiennes et arabes). Par ailleurs, la plupart des asiatiques qui y ont accès ont largement recours à la médecine moderne, et des chercheurs de tous les pays contribuent aujourd'hui au progrès de la médecine mondiale : les notions de médecine « occidentale » ou « orientale » comme leur fixité dans le temps (les « traditions » évoluent) ne reflètent donc pas, pour certains auteurs, l'importante diversité interne des différentes traditions historiques des pays invoqués25.
Fin XVIIe - début XXe siècles[modifier | modifier le code]
À la fin du xviie siècle, la moxibustion fait son apparition en Europe, ses vertus étant vantées par des auteurs tels que Hermann Busschof (de) et Willem ten Rhijne (en) pour lutter contre la goutte26. L'acupuncture est également expliquée aux Européens par Willem ten Rhijne suite à ses observations au Japon sur des praticiens et des documents. Le naturaliste Engelbert Kaempfer étudiera de même ces deux thérapies, en constatant lui aussi leurs effets apparents, mais avec un regard beaucoup plus critique concernant la théorie des méridiens sur laquelle elles reposent27. L'historienne Roberta Bivins remarque que cette intégration de thérapies traditionnelles chinoises en dehors de leur cadre culturel d'origine aurait pu sembler improbable, pourtant elles sont encore utilisées aujourd'hui en Occident28.
Deux pseudo-médecines datant de la fin du xviiie siècle, l'homéopathie et le mesmérisme, particulièrement populaires au xixe siècle, sont des exemples de thérapies qui reposent sur la seule expérience subjective comme preuve d'efficacité29.
Malgré des appels récurrents à des héritages millénaires, la plupart des pratiques non conventionnelles qui subsistent de nos jours trouvent en fait leur origine dans des théories occidentales relativement récentes. Par exemple, la naturopathie naît en Allemagne en 1885, et se développe avec la mode de la lebensreform germanique du xixe siècle, qui sert de tribune à de nombreuses théories alternatives auparavant plus ou moins confidentielles ou expérimentales, qui voient le jour en Occident entre la fin du XIXe et le début du xxe siècle : ostéopathie (USA, 1874), chiropratique (USA, 1895), aromathérapie (France, 1910), médecine anthroposophique (Allemagne, années 1920), élixirs floraux de Bach (Angleterre, 1936)... Certaines para-médecines asiatiques populaires en Occident datent de la même époque, notamment au Japon avec le shiatsu (élaboré en 1919 par Tenpeki Tamai) ou le reiki (développé par l'homme d'affaires japonais Mikao Usui à partir de 1922).
La plupart des systèmes médicaux qui étaient encore utilisés au xixe siècle ne survivent pas à l'essor de la médecine scientifique moderne qui débute à la fin du xixe siècle pour s'industrialiser au xxe siècle30. Cependant, un certain nombre ont eu le temps de pénétrer les États-Unis, pays encore très arriéré sur le plan médical31, et où médecines archaïques et charlatans prospèrent : c'est là que naissent la chiropratique et l'ostéopathie, et que la naturopathie connait un second essor (et devient rapidement une marque déposée, par l'homme d'affaires d'origine allemande Benedict Lust). En 1910, la Fondation Carnegie pour la promotion de l'enseignement mandate un vaste audit des pratiques de santé aux États-Unis, condensé dans le Rapport Abraham Flexner31 : celui-ci est accablant, et met en évidence l'énorme écart de santé entre les Américains encore essentiellement sous l'emprise d'une médecine pré-scientifique et les Européens qui commençaient à bénéficier à cette époque de nombreux médicaments modernes (comme la pénicilline), permettant de réduire drastiquement la plupart des maladies et la mortalité. Les progrès fulgurants de la médecine moderne importée d'Europe conduisent donc progressivement les Américains de l'Est à délaisser une partie de leurs pratiques hasardeuses, même si celles-ci perdurent dans l'ouest et sur la côte pacifique.
En Allemagne, un certain nombre de pratiques alternatives reconquièrent pendant les années 1920-30 une partie du public germanique à la faveur de la vogue post-romantique et anti-scientifique, préparée par l'idéologie de la lebensreform et l'ésotérisme théosophique, culminant dans les divers courants mystiques en vogue à cette époque comme l'anthroposophie de Rudolf Steiner qui développe une médecine anthroposophique. Mettant fin à la « liberté de soigner » (kurierfreiheit) alors en vigueur depuis 1871 et permettant à toute personne de prodiguer des soins médicaux sans formation particulière, l'Allemagne nazie est le premier État européen à institutionnaliser la pratique de médecines non-scientifiques à travers une loi de 1939 (Heilpraktikergesetz (de)) qui institue la profession de « heilpraktiker »32,33. Après-guerre, naturopathie et homéopathie demeurent populaires en Suisse et en Bavière, et s'installent progressivement en Angleterre et en France, avec tout un cortège de théories associées.
Du New Age à l'époque contemporaine (XXe - début XXIe siècles)[modifier | modifier le code]
Une seconde vague de création de théories alternatives a lieu aux États-Unis eu lieu à partir des années 1960, en se diffusant par la côte Ouest sous l'impulsion du mouvement New Age : rebirth, multiples « pratiques énergétiques », diverses psychothérapies telles que la « thérapie primale », l'« analyse bioénergétique »34 ou encore la programmation neurolinguistique (PNL). De très nombreuses pratiques nouvelles prolifèrent ainsi, malgré des critiques toujours constantes de la part des institutions médicales face à l'absence d'effet démontré pour la plupart des soins proposés35. En 1968, un rapport du Département de la Santé et des Services sociaux des États-Unis dénonce ainsi l'absence de fondements empiriques comme théoriques de la plupart des théories alternatives alors en vogue en Amérique, ainsi que leur absence d'efficacité clinique, et invite à leur éviction des systèmes de sécurité sociale36.
Seule une partie de ces théories survit aux années 1980, qui voit aussi passer une mode des thérapies à prétention high-tech (comme la soi-disant « médecine quantique »), ainsi que l'essor des régimes pseudo-thérapeutiques et du coaching en « développement personnel », à grand renfort de marketing.
Au début du xxie siècle, on constate en Occident une structuration de l'offre autour, d'une part, d'un certain nombre de disciplines assez populaires (homéopathie, ostéopathie, acuponcture, etc.) et en quête de respectabilité institutionnelle (création d'écoles, de diplômes, de certification, utilisation dans les hôpitaux en tant que « thérapie complémentaire »3), souvent soutenues par un appareil industriel très lucratif37 malgré l'absence de résultats cliniques réellement satisfaisants, et d'autre part d'une prolifération de sous-disciplines plus ou moins ésotériques souvent fondées sur une opposition dogmatique à la médecine scientifique, et de plus en plus liées à la mouvance complotiste (notamment autour de la controverse sur la vaccination) ou à diverses dérives sectaires21. Entre les deux, on trouve une grande diversité de pratiques thérapeutiques plus ou moins bien identifiées, et à durée d’existence souvent courte car fondée essentiellement sur le charisme de leur promoteur, qui donne parfois son nom à la discipline (comme la « technique Alexander », la « méthode Vodder » ou encore la sophrologie caycédienne d'Alfonso Caycedo)38.
Typologie de pratiques[modifier | modifier le code]
Plus de 400 pratiques thérapeutiques « alternatives », « complémentaires » ou « traditionnelles » sont recensées par l’OMS4.
L’OMS et l’Inserm distinguent quatre familles de pratiques4 :
Les thérapies biologiques, utilisant des produits naturels issus de plantes, de minéraux ou d’animaux (ex : phytothérapie, aromathérapie).
Les thérapies manuelles (ex : ostéopathie, chiropraxie, réflexologie).
Les approches corps-esprit (ex : hypnose médicale, méditation, sophrologie).
Les systèmes reposant sur des fondements théoriques propres (ex : acupuncture, homéopathie).
Conventionnelle, non conventionnelle, une approche différente[modifier | modifier le code]
Le naturel et la tradition ancienne[modifier | modifier le code]
Il existe deux principes fréquemment mis en avant par les promoteurs des médecines non conventionnelles et qui feraient la différence avec la médecine conventionnelle :
le recours à la « Nature », la référence au naturel ; le fait qu’une substance est « naturelle » serait un gage de qualité. Cependant les catastrophes naturelles, les maladies, les champignons vénéneux et la plupart des toxines sont également naturels, et pas bienfaisants pour autant. De fait, de nombreux médicaments ont pour principe actif des molécules extraites des plantes ou d'autres organismes, simplement isolés, purifiés et plus ou moins concentrés (l'aspirine en est un exemple)18. Inversement, la notion de « médecine naturelle » (conçue comme traitement basé sur l'utilisation d'un organisme tel quel, comme une plante) a des limites thérapeutiques, la substance active étant, soit diluée parmi les autres composés parfois toxiques ou inhibiteurs, soit présente à des concentrations non thérapeutiques, c'est-à-dire toxiques ou insuffisantes pour entraîner un bénéfice pour le patient ;
la référence à la « tradition » ; il s'agit principalement des traditions attribuées à plus ou moins juste titre à l'Asie (Chine, Inde, Tibet...), à l'Afrique ou à l'Amérique latine, liées aux philosophies et aux cultures de ces pays et dont l'ancienneté annoncée serait garante d'efficacité (voir tradipraticien, médecine traditionnelle). Le journaliste scientifique Florian Gouthière rappelle toutefois que « l’ancienneté d’une pratique n’est jamais une preuve, en soi, de sa validité »39, et qu'il peut y avoir une fixation à des principes pseudo-scientifiques comme la théorie des méridiens dans le cas de l'acuponcture, laquelle a d'ailleurs connu un siècle de désuétude, au xixe siècle, face au progrès de la dissection, avant d'être « ressuscitée » au xxe siècle (dans un but politique et patriotique)39.
L'interprétation des troubles[modifier | modifier le code]
Les thérapies non conventionnelles et la médecine classique diffèrent sur l'interprétation des troubles. Par exemple, la naturopathie élabore les concepts de détoxication/détoxination (les toxines en question n'étant pas toujours spécifiées), alors que ceux-ci n'ont pas de définition en médecine classique40. D'autres parleront en termes de karma, d'« énergie » ou encore d'humeurs, se plaçant donc dans un cadre conceptuel sans fondement scientifique.
Les postulats[modifier | modifier le code]
Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. Votre aide est la bienvenue ! Comment faire ?
Les médecines non conventionnelles reposent sur certains postulats :
les médecines énergétiques (acupuncture, qi gong, shiatsu…) partent du principe que l'être humain possède un influx vital (prana en indien, ki en japonais ou qi en chinois) qui peut circuler de manière harmonieuse, la maladie étant une perturbation de cette harmonie qu'il convient de ré-équilibrer ;
l'homéopathie est fondée sur des principes selon lesquels :
le mal provient d'un problème inhérent à la personne[réf. nécessaire], le « terrain » est ce qui assure la guérison, et c'est ce terrain qu'il faut traiter,
le traitement se fait selon le principe de similitude : on administre une substance réputée provoquer un symptôme pour soigner ledit symptôme,
plus un produit est dilué et « dynamisé » (secoué vigoureusement) plus il est actif,
l'ostéopathie part du principe que le trouble provient d'un blocage des structures anatomiques entre elles, d'un mauvais fonctionnement « mécanique ». Elle se fonde sur quatre principes : la structure gouverne la fonction, la fonction modèle la structure, l'unité du corps, et l'artère est suprême.
la balnéothérapie postule les bienfaits de l'eau et des bains, méthode à rapprocher du thermalisme.
D'autres font appel à des théories pré-scientifiques comme la théorie des humeurs, ou à des principes plus ou moins occultes (comme le Karma).
Aspect légal[modifier | modifier le code]
Circle-icons-globe.svg
Cette section adopte un point de vue régional ou culturel particulier et doit être internationalisée (septembre 2017).
Selon les pays, les médecines non conventionnelles sont reconnues ou seulement tolérées41. Certains pays exigent toutefois un titre médical ou paramédical pour la pratique de certaines approches.
Union européenne[modifier | modifier le code]
Selon la Commission des questions sociales, de la santé et de la famille du Conseil de l’Europe :
« Les médecines alternatives sont devenues à présent de véritables industries. Dès lors, des abus et des dérives sont possibles, certains étant toujours tentés, par goût du pouvoir ou esprit de lucre, d’utiliser ces médecines à des fins détournées. Il existe donc des risques certains de voir ces médecines exploitées par des charlatans, des groupes sectaires etc…, tous voyant en elles un profit immédiat.
Pour les sectes, la santé est un thème porteur : elles s ’en servent pour attirer de nouveaux adeptes, et sont tentées d’utiliser ces médecines parallèles pour couper les adeptes du monde médical extérieur à la secte. Dans la mesure où elles prônent l’inutilité de la médecine traditionnelle et la nécessité d’arrêter tout traitement, y compris dans le cas de maladies graves comme le cancer et le SIDA, les dangers sont considérables pour les individus. Les médias se sont fait l’écho de plusieurs cas d’adeptes atteints de cancer et décédés après avoir abandonné toute thérapie37. »
France[modifier | modifier le code]
La commission Nicolas de 2002 a permis la reconnaissance de l'acupuncture et de l'homéopathie comme des pratiques médicales légales. Le titre professionnel d'ostéopathe a lui été reconnu, de même que celui de chiropracteur, par la loi du 4 mars 200242. Cependant, ces reconnaissances de titres professionnels ne sont pas pour autant des validations de ces théories, et l'Académie de Médecine considère que « l’insertion des ThC [thérapies complémentaires, en l'occurrence pour ce document l'acupuncture, l'hypnose, l'ostéopathie et le tai-chi] dans les soins dispensés par les hôpitaux, notamment les CHU, semble présenter un réel intérêt si elle est comprise non comme une reconnaissance et une valorisation de ces méthodes, mais comme un moyen de préciser leurs effets, de clarifier leurs indications et d’établir de bonnes règles pour leur utilisation3. ». De ce fait, un certain nombre de ces pratiques thérapeutiques se sont ajoutées à la liste des médecines à exercice particulier, pratiquées à titre subsidiaire par des médecins généralistes, mais non reconnues par la Sécurité sociale. Parmi celles-ci, nous pouvons notamment compter l'acupuncture, l'homéopathie, la médecine gériatrique ou la nutrition.
Selon l'article 39 du code de déontologie médicale et l'article R4127-39 du code de la santé publique43 : « Les médecins ne peuvent proposer aux malades ou à leur entourage comme salutaire ou sans danger un remède ou un procédé illusoire ou insuffisamment éprouvé. Toute pratique de charlatanerie est interdite44 ». Le code de déontologie et le code de santé publique impliquent de potentielles sanctions ordinales comme pénales pour la pratique de méthodes insuffisamment éprouvées, même si certaines pratiques alternatives sans risque restent de fait tolérées.
Selon la Question Parlementaire no 11662 intitulée « Médecines douces et risques de dérives sectaires »45 : « Le ministère rappelle que les pratiques dites de « médecines douces », si elles ne sont pas exercées par des membres du corps médical, doivent strictement rester dans le champ du bien-être et de la détente. Tout acte à visée diagnostique ou thérapeutique ne peut être pratiqué que par les membres du corps médical. »
Cas de l'herboristerie et de la phytothérapie[modifier | modifier le code]
En raison de l'existence de composants actifs potentiellement dangereux dans de nombreuses plantes, l'usage des plantes médicinales est très réglementé en France46. « En France, les médicaments à base de plantes sont dispensés exclusivement dans les officines pharmaceutiques du fait de l’existence du monopole pharmaceutique. Il existe toutefois une possibilité de laisser certains de ces médicaments en libre accès pour les clients ; le libre accès est limité à certaines spécialités pharmaceutiques ayant des indications thérapeutiques bien précises définies par décret. [...] Certaines plantes très actives, donc potentiellement toxiques, sont inscrites sur l’une des listes (I ou II) des substances vénéneuses et ne peuvent de ce fait être délivrées en pharmacie que sur prescription médicale47. » Les plantes sont donc à utiliser avec précaution : une huile essentielle peut contenir jusqu'à 2 000 principes actifs48. Un certain nombre de ces principes actifs possèdent des propriétés médicalement intéressantes, mais leur usage doit être contrôlé car comme pour toute substance ayant un effet sur le métabolisme, un mauvais dosage ou une mauvaise utilisation peuvent avoir des effets indésirables graves. Il est donc important de respecter la posologie et la durée de la prise, et d'être encadré si possible par un spécialiste diplômé. Ainsi, le millepertuis, le ginkgo ou le pamplemousse peuvent provoquer une diminution ou une augmentation de l’effet thérapeutique d’autres médicaments par interaction médicamenteuse. De même, l’absinthe ou le thuya peuvent être toxiques pour le système nerveux : c’est pourquoi en France certaines huiles essentielles ne peuvent être délivrées que par un pharmacien49.
Un régime dérogatoire est prévu pour les herboristes, et près d’un tiers des plantes médicinales inscrites à la pharmacopée, jugées sans risque à dosage raisonnable, a été libéralisé en 200850.
La plupart des médicaments de phytothérapie sont disponibles sans ordonnance en France mais ils peuvent aussi être prescrits47.
Suisse[modifier | modifier le code]
La Suisse a décidé, en juillet 1999, d’intégrer à l’essai cinq nouvelles médecines parallèles (après le succès de la chiropratique) dans le remboursement de l’assurance maladie obligatoire : l’homéopathie, la thérapie neurale, la phytothérapie, la médecine anthroposophique et la médecine traditionnelle chinoise. Après évaluation, ces médecines se sont avérées inefficaces et l’essai a été stoppé en juin 200551,52. En outre, l’usage de ces médecines ne réduisait pas la consommation des autres médecines. Ainsi, le 3 juin 2005, Pascal Couchepin (Conseiller fédéral) a donc décidé d’exclure ces méthodes de l’assurance de base. Selon l’ATS — Le Temps53, « il n’a pas été suffisamment prouvé que les cinq méthodes complémentaires satisfaisaient aux critères d’économicité, mais surtout d’efficacité et d’adéquation selon la loi sur l’assurance maladie (LAMal). »
Après une interruption du remboursement en juin 200551, il a été décidé de recommencer à rembourser temporairement ces médecines complémentaires à partir de 2012, pour une période d'essai de 5 ans54. La proposition d'inscrire la « prise en compte des médecines complémentaires » dans la Constitution a en outre été acceptée par 67 % des votants lors de la votation populaire du 17 mai 200955.
Par décision du Conseil fédéral du 16 juin 2017, les prestations médicales de la médecine anthroposophique, de l'homéopathie classique, de la médecine traditionnelle chinoise, de la phytothérapie et de l'acupuncture devaient être définitivement remboursées par l’assurance maladie de base à partir du 1er août 2017. Les nouvelles dispositions mettent ainsi sur un pied d’égalité les médecines complémentaires administrées par des médecins avec les autres disciplines médicales conventionnelles. Par cette décision, le gouvernement reconnaît que la médecine complémentaire remplit les exigences légales, notamment celles de l’article 32 de la loi sur l’assurance-maladie qui « permet de rembourser uniquement des prestations efficaces, appropriées et économiques ». Les prestations controversées et/ou nouvelles seront examinées sur demande, en cas de problème ou de doute, par une Commission fédérale des prestations générales et des principes (CFPP)56,57.
Allemagne[modifier | modifier le code]
Article détaillé : Heilpraktiker.
En Allemagne et dans certains cantons suisses existe depuis 1939 un statut officiel de « Heilpraktiker », regroupant les praticiens de diverses écoles alternatives sélectionnés sur la base d'un examen d'admission (essentiellement utilisé par des naturopathes et certains psychanalystes d'écoles marginales).
Utilisation des médecines non conventionnelles[modifier | modifier le code]
France[modifier | modifier le code]
Il existe peu de statistiques sur l'usage de ces médecines par la population. Un sondage SOFRES en 1985, CSA en 1988, une enquête chez des personnes hospitalisées en 1993, une étude réalisée par le CREDES en 1997 et les chiffres du rapport de l’OMS en 2002 sur la médecine traditionnelle sont les points de référence pour cette question58. Les résultats sont fluctuants, l’OMS donne un taux de 75 % et de 49 % dans le même rapport, mais il est généralement avancé que la moitié de la population française a recours à une médecine non conventionnelle et que les femmes sont les plus nombreuses à les utiliser.
La revue Science et Vie de janvier 2015 montre que « la mesure scientifique de l’efficacité des médecines alternatives se heurte à de nombreuses difficultés que la multiplication des études ne parvient pas vraiment à résoudre. Mais cette incertitude scientifique ne semble nullement entamer la confiance des français envers ces thérapies. Ainsi, 40 % d’entre eux y font appel et 78 % les jugent efficaces lorsqu’elles sont utilisées en prévention et 72 % estiment que, même dans le cas du cancer, les médecines complémentaires sont importantes en plus des traitement médicaux classiques59. »
L'Académie de médecine française a publié en 2013 un rapport intitulé « Thérapies complémentaires - acupuncture, hypnose, ostéopathie, tai-chi - leur place parmi les ressources de soin »3. Ce rapport, qui se fonde sur une synthèse de la bibliographie disponible sur le sujet, constate que « l’intérêt qui leur est porté dont témoigne le grand nombre de publications qui leur sont relatives, la croissance en nombre dans notre pays des projets de recherche clinique les concernant, et les connaissances en neurobiologie qui permettent d’en approcher le mécanisme obligent à les considérer avec sérieux, quand bien même leur efficacité n’est évoquée que dans un nombre limité de situations et fondée sur un niveau de preuve insuffisant. Cela ne justifie pas pour autant l'engouement probablement excessif du public en leur faveur. Ces pratiques doivent rester à leur juste place : celle de méthodes adjuvantes pouvant compléter les moyens de la médecine. »
La Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires (MIVILUDES) a mis gratuitement à disposition dans son Guide santé et dérives sectaires21 une fiche intitulée « Comment reconnaître un charlatan ou un pseudo thérapeute sectaire ? ». Parmi les principaux traits récurrents qui définissent un pseudo-thérapeute, la mission note le dénigrement systématique de la médecine conventionnelle, la promesse d'une guérison miracle, la mise en valeur de bienfaits impossibles à évaluer ou mesurer (en termes de karma, d'aura, d'énergétique, etc.), la promesse d'une prise en charge globale (prétention holiste) agissant autant sur le corps que l'esprit voire l'âme, et l'utilisation d'un vocabulaire technique opaque (« ondes cosmiques, cycles lunaires, dimension vibratoire, purification, énergies, cosmos, conscience... »).
Le médecin et criminologue Jean-Marie Abgrall est l'auteur de plusieurs enquêtes sur le sujet (comme La mécanique des sectes en 1996 ou Les Charlatans de la santé en 1998). Il décrit ainsi le phénomène :
« Profitant de l’attirance grandissante du public pour les thérapies alternatives et les médecines douces, les groupes les plus divers investissent, depuis plusieurs décennies mais plus encore aujourd’hui dans des proportions inquiétantes, le domaine de la santé et du bien-être par une multitude d’offres de soins et d’accompagnement au développement personnel, assorties de promesses de guérison et de vie harmonieuse ici-bas et même au-delà.
Ce succès génère des risques divers, depuis l’escroquerie pure et simple jusqu’à la dérive « thérapeutique », voire sectaire au sens des critères retenus par les pouvoirs publics60. »
En mars 2018, 124 médecins et professionnels de santé publient un appel « contre les « médecines alternatives » qu'ils qualifient de « fake médecine » (« fausse médecine ») mettant en garde contre le risque d'arnaque, de charlatanerie et de dérive sectaire, et dénonçant le manque d'éthique des personnes proposant des soins dont l'efficacité n'est pas prouvée. Ils demandent l'exclusion de ces disciplines du champ médical, face au constat d'un entrisme de plus en plus prononcé61,62. Le philosophe Roger-Pol Droit indique en conclusion d'une analyse sur le sujet :
« En fait, derrière le débat « vraie médecine » contre « fausses médecines », plus de questions se profilent qu'on ne le voit d'abord. Il se pourrait qu'il indique un symptôme majeur de la crise contemporaine de la pratique médicale. Décider si la médecine est une science ou un art est une question qui traverse les siècles. Oublier qu'elle doit être les deux est un trait du nôtre63. »
États-Unis[modifier | modifier le code]
Aux États-Unis, cinquante-sept pour cent des femmes atteintes de cancer du sein auraient recours aux médecines non conventionnelles et plus la personne se sent malade plus elle aurait tendance à multiplier ces traitements. À côté des traitements biologiques (fortifiants), les méthodes les plus habituelles sont les thérapies de relaxation tête et corps, les cassettes de musique ou de vidéo64.
Toujours dans le cadre du cancer du sein, des études préliminaires portent sur la classique Grande Camomille de nos grands-mères dont une substance, le parthénolide, permettrait in vivo la lutte contre la résistance des cellules au tamoxifène65.
En 2008 l'American Hospital Association (en) faisait état de 37 % des hôpitaux qui rendent disponible l'utilisation de thérapies alternatives et complémentaires. Bien qu'appréciées de certains patients, ces pratiques ne sont pas toujours bien accueillies par les médecins dans les hôpitaux66.
Une étude clinique de 2017 a pointé que dans le cadre de cancers traitables, le recours aux médecines non conventionnelles (« alternative medicines ») sans aucun traitement conventionnel du cancer (« conventional cancer treatment ») diminuait drastiquement les chances de survies. Ce cas de figure reste cependant rare67.
Pays en développement[modifier | modifier le code]
Selon l'OMS : « Jusqu’à 80 % des populations des pays en développement s’en remettent à la médecine traditionnelle pour les soins de santé primaires, par tradition culturelle ou faute d’autres alternatives68. »
En Europe[modifier | modifier le code]
Une revue systématique publiée en 2018 a identifié les facteurs prédictifs qui font que les personnes issues de la population générale en Europe se tournent vers les médecines alternatives et complémentaires69. Les facteurs prédictifs de recours à des praticiens de ces médecines sont le fait d'être de sexe féminin et le fait de reporter être atteint d'une maladie chronique. Le statut marital n'est cependant pas un facteur prédictif. Le fait d'être de sexe féminin est aussi un facteur prédictif du recours à des produits issus des médecines alternatives et complémentaires. Les auteurs concluent cependant que ces facteurs prédictifs ne sont pas différents de ceux concernant le recours à des praticiens de santé plus conventionnels.
Pratique des médecines non conventionnelles en France[modifier | modifier le code]
Par des médecins, en milieu hospitalier[modifier | modifier le code]
Le serment d'Hippocrate réactualisé indique que le médecin doit respecter « toutes les personnes […] sans aucune discrimination selon leur état ou leurs convictions70. » Pour autant, l'utilisation d'une médecine non-conventionnelle par un médecin, éventuellement au sein d'un hôpital, n'est pas une forme de validation de la méthode. D'un point de vue juridique, les médecins ne doivent pas divulguer dans les milieux médicaux un procédé nouveau de diagnostic ou de traitement insuffisamment éprouvé sans accompagner leur communication des réserves qui s'imposent. Ils ne doivent pas faire une telle divulgation dans le public non médical71. Les médecins ne peuvent proposer aux malades ou à leur entourage comme salutaire ou sans danger un remède ou un procédé illusoire ou insuffisamment éprouvé. Toute pratique de charlatanisme est interdite43. D'un point de vue pragmatique, tant que la méthode apporte bien-être et réconfort au patient, le médecin peut parfois l'utiliser même s'il est convaincu que l'effet n'est que placebo (la médecine conventionnelle utilise d'ailleurs fréquemment des placebos). Dans le même ordre d'idées, la présence de lieux de prière et d'aumôneries au sein d'un hôpital n'indique pas que le personnel soignant soit croyant, mais qu'il respecte la croyance des patients et accepte de mettre en œuvre tout ce qui n'est pas néfaste et apporte du réconfort.
Certains professionnels de santé médicaux (médecin, sage-femme) et paramédicaux (infirmier, kinésithérapeute, etc.) ont parfois recours à des pratiques non conventionnelles en milieu hospitalier3. Mais ces pratiques peuvent aussi être proposées par des personnes qui ne sont ni médecins ni paramédicaux. Certains praticiens ne peuvent procéder à aucun acte médical, tel que le diagnostic, la thérapie ou la prescription de médicaments. Face à la diversité de ces pratiques non conventionnelles avec des praticiens très hétérogènes, des tentatives de réglementation et de contrôle tentent de se mettre en place, notamment pour surveiller les éventuelles dérives sectaires en dehors des établissements hospitaliers publics21. Le Pr Loïc Capron, président de la Commission médicale d’établissement de l’Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, déclare en 2015 : « Il existe une continuité entre ces pseudo-thérapies et les sectes, qui peuvent pénétrer par cette voie dans l’hôpital. En tant que responsable de la qualité et de la sécurité des soins, je lutte contre tout ce qui n’est pas evidence based72. »
D'après un rapport de l'Académie de médecine française, l'utilisation de ces pratiques dans les hôpitaux publics, « et notamment dans les CHU, est acceptable dans la mesure où l’hôpital n’est pas considéré comme garant de leur efficacité, mais comme lieu d’exemplarité de leur pratique et espace ouvert à la recherche les concernant. L’expérience de ces établissements devrait contribuer à terme à l’élaboration d’un guide de bonnes pratiques destiné à tous les intervenants publics ou privés ». Le rapport recommande que ces pratiques demeurent « à leur juste place : celle de méthodes adjuvantes pouvant compléter les moyens de la médecine. Elles ne doivent être préconisées que dans les cas où leur utilité est plausible, et au terme d’une démarche médicale par laquelle on se sera assuré qu’il n’y a pas, parmi les moyens éprouvés de la thérapeutique, une solution plus nécessaire ou plus recommandable. En conséquence, elles ne doivent jamais être choisies par le patient comme une solution de premier recours, ni comme une solution de remplacement qui exposerait à des erreurs ou retard de diagnostic et à des pertes de chance. Une attention particulière doit d’autre part être portée au risque de complications (notamment des manipulations cervicales), au risque de diffusion abusive de méthodes d’utilité improbable (telle l’ostéopathie crânienne préventive du nouveau né), et au risque de dérive sectaire avec éloignement définitif de la médecine conventionnelle, particulièrement redoutable en cancérologie3. »
Un état des lieux en 2013 des thérapies complémentaires utilisées à l'Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris indique qu'elles sont « mises en pratique, dans 95 % des cas, par des professionnels de santé : médecins, sages-femmes, infirmières, infirmières anesthésistes, masseurs-kinésithérapeutes, psychomotriciens, psychologues. Les médecins titulaires qui sont impliqués dans ces soins ne les pratiquent qu'à temps partiel. On remarque toutefois que dans 5 % des cas, les pratiques complémentaires sont réalisées par des intervenants indéterminés, professionnels de santé ou non, exerçant éventuellement de façon bénévole3. »
Caractéristiques problématiques de certaines thérapies[modifier | modifier le code]
Certaines thérapies non-conventionnelles peuvent partager un certain nombre de caractéristiques21[travail inédit ?] :
absence de formation médicale des praticiens : si certaines méthodes bien établies comme l'ostéopathie bénéficient de nos jours de formations reconnues par l’État (ce qui n'implique cependant en aucun cas une reconnaissance d'efficacité de la méthode), un certain nombre de médecines non conventionnelles sont pratiquées par des personnes sans formation médicale (ou avec une formation sans rapport avec la technique concernée, ce qui est le cas des « médecins homéopathes »), et généralement formées elles-mêmes par une simple poignée de stages sans valeur institutionnelle15. Ainsi, « L’absence de reconnaissance par l’État des formations et des diplômes délivrés [...] peut induire un amateurisme de la part de certains pseudo-thérapeutes. D’autant que n’importe qui peut se déclarer « kinésiologue » ou « maître reiki » et enseigner ces techniques. [...] Il est possible de devenir maître reiki en trois ou quatre stages de formation accélérée les week-ends »15. Cette facilité à monter en grade fait partie pour la MIVILUDES de la stratégie de nombreuses mouvances suspectes : « On fait également miroiter à l’adepte la possibilité de devenir lui-même « praticien » voire formateur, ce qui est en soi très valorisant et réconfortant pour une personne en perte de repères »15. De fait, la plupart des médecines non-conventionnelles sont officiellement « accessible sans diplôme particulier » selon la fiche Rome K1103 de Pôle Emploi73, même si certains instituts délivrent des diplômes, souvent coûteux et sans valeur institutionnelle15.
Selon le ministère des Affaires sociales et de la Santé, « l’enseignement de ces pratiques [non conventionnelles] ne donne pas lieu à des diplômes nationaux, à l’exception de l’acupuncture. Cependant, certaines formations font l’objet de diplômes d’université (DU) ou de diplômes interuniversitaires (DIU) placés sous la seule responsabilité d’une ou de plusieurs universités. Ces diplômes ne signifient pas, ipso facto, que l’efficacité et l’innocuité de la technique sont prouvées. Ce sont des diplômes complémentaires qui, à eux seuls, ne donnent pas le droit à l’exercice d’une profession de santé. Certaines formations sont par ailleurs délivrées au sein d’organismes privés sans aucun contrôle des institutions publiques quant à leur contenu, et sans reconnaissance par l’Etat des diplômes délivrés74. » Le Canard enchaîné relève en 201575 certains diplômes universitaires éloignés de la médecine fondée sur les preuves et proposés à des prix élevés par quelques universités, et relate l’envoi d’une lettre la même année (restée sans réponse) aux ministres de la Santé et de l’Éducation nationale, signée par une douzaine de personnalités médicales et scientifiques76 demandant la suppression « de ces diplômes universitaires se rapportant au domaine médical, mis en place localement et donc sans évaluation nationale »72.
absence de preuves de l'efficacité du soin : toute méthode thérapeutique qui a prouvé son efficacité et son innocuité est rapidement intégrée à la médecine dite ici « conventionnelle ». Ainsi, la médecine non-conventionnelle regroupe des techniques dont l'efficacité n'a pas été démontrée, à quelques exceptions près, ou bien qui présentent des risques de blessure (voir la section « Recherche » ci-après). Par exemple comme dans le cas de l'homéopathie, l'inefficacité de la méthode a au contraire été démontrée à de multiples reprises, mais les promoteurs de la méthode trouvent toujours des artifices rhétoriques pour discréditer les preuves scientifiques (en).
utilisation de concepts sans définition : de nombreuses techniques reposent sur des concepts flous et sans définition concrète77, qu'ils soient empruntés à des religions asiatiques (karma, ki...), à des théories européennes des siècles passés (dynamisation, humeurs...) ou à un jargon scientifique détourné (onde, énergie, « mysticisme quantique »...). D'autres termes simplement vagues sont également utilisés, comme la prétention « holiste » ou « orientale », la promotion du « bien-être », une mystérieuse « purification » (ou « détoxication ») ou surtout l'appel à la « nature », qui peut justifier tout et son contraire. L'entretien de ce flou a pour effet de faire cohabiter sous des mêmes bannières de simples « remèdes de grand-mère », des arnaques organisées, des groupes New Age et des mouvances sectaires, souvent difficiles à distinguer. Un certain nombre de ces pratiques se sont structurées commercialement, et infiltrent notamment les réseaux écologistes et bio pour diffuser sous couvert de « naturel » des méthodes fantaisistes au mieux inefficace et au pire dangereuses : un véritable florilège y est notamment présent chaque année au Salon Marjolaine, à l'origine dédié à l'agriculture biologique78.
Avertissement des autorités françaises sur les dérives de certaines thérapies non conventionnelles : panneau affiché au salon Marjolaine, organisé par Nature et progrès.
recours à la pensée magique : face à l'absence de preuve scientifique de l'efficacité d'une technique, les promoteurs de « traitements miracles » vont souvent faire appel à la pensée magique, c'est-à-dire à la croyance en des mécanismes occultes que la science moderne ne parviendrait pas à détecter alors que le praticien, lui, en maîtrise les arcanes grâce à son processus initiatique79. Ce mécanisme permet de discréditer les études scientifiques portant sur la méthode concernée, et justifie l'absence de nécessité pour le thérapeute d'avoir à prouver ses affirmations. Enfin, cela constitue aussi une échappatoire ad hoc, puisque l'inefficacité de la méthode peut être reprochée au patient (« incrédule », porteur de « mauvaises ondes »...) plutôt qu'au praticien.
risque d'emprise psychologique ou de dérive sectaire : de nombreuses thérapies non conventionnelles se posent comme des alternatives non seulement thérapeutiques mais aussi ontologiques, assurant reposer sur un système de pensée radicalement différent de celui de la science, et invitent donc les patients à embrasser non pas une simple technique de soin mais toute une vision du monde, souvent qualifiée de « holiste » ou attribuée à l'« orient ». À partir de là, le risque d'emprise psychologique est majeur, et la Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires met régulièrement en garde contre les nombreuses dérives existantes, consistant le plus souvent à « valoriser la victime pour mieux asseoir l’emprise du gourou thérapeute. Il s’agira de convaincre l’adepte qu’il est exceptionnel et que pour aller mieux et retrouver son énergie, sa joie de vivre et tout son potentiel, il devra se séparer de son conjoint, se couper de ses amis, et surtout suivre des stages, généralement coûteux, mais nécessaires pour accéder au bien-être. [...] Petit à petit la relation va se baser sur l’admiration du patient envers son thérapeute, qui pourra imposer toutes ses exigences, allant jusqu’à la soumission totale de l’adepte qui aura subi des pressions réitérées afin d’altérer son jugement »15.
Une économie publique[modifier | modifier le code]
Des études réalisées ces dernières années montrent une amélioration du confort des utilisateurs, une diminution au recours des méthodes conventionnelles et une diminution des dépenses de santé80,81.
Certains admettent que des pratiques non-conventionnelles soient remboursées par l'assurance maladie en France pour réaliser une diminution des dépenses de santé. Selon Frédéric Adnet, professeur de médecine d’urgence à l'université Paris-XIII : « Si la sécurité sociale rembourse certains traitements dénués de fondements scientifiques, cela résulte très probablement d’un calcul mercantile. Ces mêmes patients pourraient devenir – en cas de non-remboursement – des sur-consommateurs de soins lourds dans leur quête d’un soulagement psycho-affectif bien plus pénalisant en termes de finances publiques et probablement plus dangereux en termes de iatrogénie. Cet état de fait n’est donc, finalement, pas choquant82. »
L'expérience de la Suisse entre 1999 et 2005 semble montrer que le remboursement de médecines non-conventionnelles ne génère pas d'économie, ni de surcoût. Elles ne représentaient que 0,16 % des dépenses de l'assurance obligatoire, mais de nombreuses dépenses sont prises en charge par les patients ou de plus en plus par leurs assurances ou mutuelles complémentaires.
Il existe de possibles effets nuisibles : ainsi des malades se tournant exclusivement vers des thérapies dont l'efficacité n'a pas été prouvée ne pourront pas bénéficier d'un diagnostic précoce par la médecine scientifique, mettant leurs jours en danger3.
Recherches[modifier | modifier le code]
Selon l'OMS : « Il existe des données empiriques et scientifiques qui mettent en évidence les bénéfices de l’acupuncture, des médecines manuelles et de plusieurs plantes médicinales dans le traitement de maladies chroniques ou bénignes68. ».
Dans une notice de lecture de l'ouvrage Médecines douces : info ou intox ? de Simon Singh et Edzard Ernst, qui se présente comme « l’évaluation des médecines alternatives la plus honnête et la plus précise du monde » Martin Brunschwig pour Science et pseudo-sciences considère que « le défi est brillamment relevé : S. Sing et E. Ernst offrent en effet un travail d’une rigueur et d’une richesse exemplaire, émaillé d’explications et de références aux études qui ont permis d’apporter les preuves d’efficacité de certains traitements plus que d’autres11 » ; il indique par ailleurs que « les médecines alternatives sont en grande partie évaluées, et un nombre infime d’entre elles ont prouvé un effet spécifique mais faible. Les auteurs indiquent d’ailleurs fort justement que lorsque c’est le cas, au lieu de « s’accrocher » à une efficacité très faible, pour certains effets, à la limite du démontrable (que les tenants des médecines alternatives ne manqueront pas de monter en épingle), on ferait mieux, dans tous les cas, de se tourner vers les traitements conventionnels, plus efficaces11. »
Dans le cas de l'acupuncture, la collaboration Cochrane cite un cas où une efficacité est démontrée légèrement supérieure au placebo83 mais récuse ou ne peut conclure, faute de preuve pour les autres indications où l'acupuncture a été scientifiquement évaluée84. On sait en revanche que l'expérience qui a lancé la mode de l’acupuncture aux États-Unis dans les années 1970 avait été falsifiée par les services chinois39. On retrouve également dans la littérature des cas d'iatrogénie de l'acupuncture85.
Aux États-Unis le National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) qui dépend des National Institutes of Health, a pour mission de financer et mener des recherches scientifiques rigoureuses dans le domaine des médecines complémentaires et alternatives. L'institut a été créé en 1991 sous le nom Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) avant de devenir le NCCAM en 1998, son budget était de 2 millions de dollars à sa création, il a atteint 50 millions en 1999 et 128,8 millions en 201086. Les critiques reprochent au NCCAM l'absence de résultats significatifs malgré son budget important et la promotion des pseudo-sciences pour des raisons politiques et démagogiques87,88.
The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine est un magazine américain évalué par les pairs, soutenu par la Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health, consacré à l'étude des médecines non conventionnelles89.
Depuis les années 2000, la base de données MEDLINE a introduit une indexation facilitant les recherches sur le sujet des médecines complémentaires et alternatives. The Cochrane Library (en) dispose d'une importante base de données d'essais contrôlés ainsi que des revues systématiques1.
On trouve dans la littérature scientifique de plus en plus d'études sur les médecines non conventionnelles, cependant des méta-analyses montrent que certaines de ces études sont de qualité trop faible pour être scientifiquement significatives90, et sont parfois financées par des conglomérats de praticiens dans un but publicitaire (voir l'article junk science), voire dans le cas de la médecine traditionnelle chinoise par un État dans un but politique91.
L'approche scientifique[modifier | modifier le code]
La médecine conventionnelle applique un traitement si son efficacité est prouvée (ou dans certains cas semble prouvée, car la méthode scientifique peut parfois composer avec la logique mercantile ou culturelle92), s'il a une supériorité sur la physiologie de l'homéostasie mise dans les meilleures conditions (effet placebo). L'efficacité d'un traitement est mesuré à partir de critères de mesures : un paramètre biologique (ex : la glycémie), psychologique (ex : l'anxiété), épidémiologique (ex : la survie à cinq ans, la mortalité). On peut ainsi utiliser des molécules ayant réussi les tests expérimentaux sans connaître, dans un premier temps, les mécanismes biochimiques de l'action thérapeutique de ces substances (exemple : aspirine, la pénicilline) 93. L'explication de leur action évoluerait par l'avancée des connaissances scientifiques, cela ne changerait rien au résultat des mesures expérimentées.
D'une manière générale, le fait qu'une théorie, une conception a priori, soit vraie ou fausse est indépendant du résultat atteint ; on peut expliquer un fait réel par une théorie fausse, et le fait que la théorie soit fausse n'empêche pas le fait d'être vrai. Par exemple, au Moyen Âge, on savait fabriquer du fer et du savon, pourtant, la théorie qui expliquait les transformations de la matière, l'alchimie, n'est plus reconnue comme vérité aujourd'hui94.
Donc :
si l'on prouve que la théorie sous-jacente à une médecine donnée est fausse, cela n'implique pas que les traitements liés à cette médecine soient inefficaces (même principe épistémologique que celui évoqué pour le savon et l'alchimie) ;
le fait qu'un traitement soit efficace ne valide pas pour autant la théorie médicale qui le justifie (même principe épistémologique que celui évoqué pour le savon et l'alchimie) ;
la preuve de l'efficacité doit se faire par comparaison avec la physiologie dans les conditions d'un placebo positif, sur un nombre suffisant de cas pour que l'on puisse avoir une différence significative statistiquement (cf. Essai clinique)
L'efficacité visible d'une technique ne justifie pas forcément son utilisation, qui peut avoir des effets négatifs. Par exemple, on a longtemps soigné la syphilis avec du mercure ou en inoculant la malaria, ce qui donnait lieu à une rémission apparente, mais tua sans doute indirectement plus de patients que la maladie elle-même95 (cf. Autorisation de mise sur le marché).
Relations entre médecins conventionnels et non-conventionnels[modifier | modifier le code]
Des médecins ont été poursuivis en France pour avoir utilisé des méthodes thérapeutiques sans validation scientifique. La notion « d’exercice illégal de la médecine » condamne par ailleurs toute personne qui s’aventurerait à manipuler la santé d'un patient par des traitements ou méthodes invasifs sans qu’il en ait été prouvé l’innocuité et l’efficacité.
Les laboratoires pharmaceutiques sont alors soupçonnés de faire pression auprès des gouvernements pour avoir une législation restrictive. À l’inverse, est cité le cas des Laboratoires Boiron (France), des Laboratoires Lehning (France), Heel et DHU Schwabe (Allemagne), grands pourvoyeurs d’emplois en Europe, et qui ont obtenu du gouvernement français que les préparations homéopathiques soient remboursées en 198496, puis de l’Union européenne que les mêmes préparations puissent avoir une autorisation de mise sur le marché sans procéder à des essais cliniques97.
L’effet placebo et le réconfort sans danger qu’apportent, entre autres, certaines méthodes ont un certain intérêt. Les promoteurs de certaines médecines non-conventionnelles s’appuient sur cet effet placebo pour montrer que le psychisme est fondamental dans la guérison ; cependant, l’effet placebo peut agir alors même que l’on sait qu’il s’agit d’un effet placebo98.
Affaires[modifier | modifier le code]
Le recours aux médecines parallèles devrait être parcimonieux et adapté : le traitement d’une maladie grave et avancée nécessitant des soins médicaux importants peut être retardé par le recours exclusif à une médecine non conventionnelle3.
Au xxie siècle, il existe encore de nombreuses maladies incurables et parfois mal comprises, telles que certains cancers ou encore la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ces maladies peuvent entraîner une grande anxiété chez les malades et leurs familles, ainsi qu'un douloureux complexe d'impuissance99. Cette fragilité émotionnelle a attiré de nombreux thérapeutes para-médicaux malintentionnés et autres escrocs, qui face à l'impuissance de la médecine moderne proposent des méthodes « alternatives » soi-disant miracles, facturées à des prix souvent astronomiques99,100. On assiste ainsi à la prolifération de tout une pseudo-science autour de certaines maladies comme l'autisme, de leurs causes hypothétiques et de leur soi-disant traitement, impliquant autant de simples charlatans que de riches fondations, ainsi que certaines mouvances sectaires100, surfant sur des effets de mode (comme le régime sans gluten101) ou la théorie du complot (voir notamment la Controverse sur le rôle de la vaccination dans l'autisme102,103). Grâce aux importants revenus générés par ces pseudo-thérapies, de puissants instituts se sont formés aux États-Unis pour promouvoir et centraliser ce genre de méthodes (comme la Strategic Autism Initiative), appuyés par une communication et un lobbyisme actifs, impliquant des personnalités du show-business et certains politiciens populistes, jusqu'à Donald Trump104. Cette communication est généralement basée sur des témoignages isolés et invérifiables et une grande force de persuasion, parfois assortis de fausses études scientifiques99. En réponse, la FDA américaine a publié des guides d'aide aux victimes (comme le « Beware of False or Misleading Claims for Treating Autism [archive] »99), et des associations d'aide aux victimes se sont montées, comme la Autism Rights Watch. En France, c'est notamment la Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires qui a été saisie du problème (voir par exemple son Guide santé et dérives sectaires21).
En France, le procès d’un couple, accusé de mauvais traitement sur son enfant décédé en 2000, à la suite d'une carence alimentaire (l'autopsie a révélé une « infection aiguë secondaire à une malnutrition chronique
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. (Photo by Brandon Quester/News21)
Cantaloupe are responsible for nearly 30 outbreaks and recalls since 1990, killing two people and sickening more than 1,200. The fruit's netted rind hides harmful pathogens like salmonella and E. coli, which can eventually penetrate the shell and infect the fleshy, nutrient-rich core. (Photo by Brandon Quester/News21)
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 8, Nos. 1-4, 1914
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1914
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The application of psychiatry to certain military problems, by W. A.
White, M. D 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Schistosomiasis on the Yangtze River, with report of cases, by R. H.
Laning, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 16</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A brief discussion of matters pertaining to health and sanitation,
observed on the summer practice cruise of 1913 for midshipmen of the third
class, by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United States Navy 36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of neosalvarsan administration, and a brief outline of the
treatment for syphilis used at the United States Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va., by
W. Chambers, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 45</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some notes on the disposal of wastes, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States
Navy 47</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical department on expeditionary duty, by R. E. Hoyt, surgeon, United
States Navy 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new brigade medical outfit, by T. W. Richards, surgeon, United States
Navy 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early diagnosis of cerebrospinal meningitis; report of 10 cases, by G.
F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 65</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on mistakes made with the Nomenclature, 1913, Abstract of patients
(Form F), and the Statistical report (Form K), by C. E. Alexander, pharmacist,
United States Navy 70</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Classification of the United States Navy Nomenclature, 1913, by C. E. Alexander,
pharmacist, United States Navy 75</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the methods employed for the detection and determination of
disturbances in the sense of equilibrium of flyers. Translated by H. G. Beyer,
medical director, United States Navy, retired 87</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A portable air sampling apparatus for use aboard ship, by E. W. Brown, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 109</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new design for a sanitary pail 111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of paresis, with apparent remission, following neosalvarsan, by R.
F. Sheehan, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from Guam, by E. O. J. Eytinge, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 116</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Stab wound of ascending colon; suture; recovery, by H. C. Curl,
surgeon, United States Navy 123</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforation of a duodenal ulcer, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of bone surgery, by R. Spear, surgeon, United States Navy 125</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brig. Gen. George II. Torney, Surgeon General United States Army 127</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical ethics in the Navy 127</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical officers in civil practice 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Some anatomic and physiologic principles concerning
pyloric ulcer. By H. C. Curl. Low-priced clinical thermometers; a warning. By.
L. W. Johnson. The value of X-ray examinations in the</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">diagnosis of ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. The primary cause of
rheumatoid arthritis. Strychnine in heart failure. On the treatment of
leukaemia with benzol. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Surgical aspects of furuncles and carbuncles. Iodine
idiosyncrasy. By L. W. Johnson. Rectus transplantation for deficiency of
internal oblique muscle in certain cases of inguinal hernia. The technic of
nephro- pyelo- and ureterolithotomy. Recurrence of inguinal hernia. By H. C.
Curl and R. A. Warner 138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Ozone: Its bactericidal, physiologic and
deodorizing action. The alleged purification of air by the ozone machine. By E.
W. Brown. The prevention of dental caries. Gun-running operations in the
Persian Gulf in 1909 and 1910. The croton bug (Ectobia germanica) as a factor
in bacterial dissemination. Fumigation of vessels for the destruction of rats.
Improved moist chamber for mosquito breeding. The necessity for international
reforms in the sanitation of crew spaces on</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">merchant vessels. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 143</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —The transmissibility of the lepra bacillus by the
bite of the bedbug. By L. W. Johnson. A note on a case of loa loa. Cases of
syphilitic pyrexia simulating tropical fevers. Verruga peruviana, oroya fever
and uta. Ankylostomiasis in Nyasaland. Experimental entamoebic dysentery. By E.
R. Stitt ... 148</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The relation of the spleen
to the blood destruction and regeneration and to hemolytic jaundice: 6, The
blood picture at various periods after splenectomy. The presence of tubercle
bacilli in the feces. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Detection of bile pigments in urine. Value of the
guaiacum test for bloodstains. New reagent for the detection of traces of
blood. Estimation of urea. Estimation of uric acid in urine. By E. W. Brown and
O. G. Ruge 158</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Probable deleterious effect of salvarsan
on the eye. Effect of salvarsan on the eye. Fate of patients with
parenchymatous keratitis due to hereditary lues. Trachoma, prevalence of, in
the United States. The exploratory needle puncture of the maxillary antrum in
100 tuberculous individuals. Auterobic organisms associated with acute
rhinitis. Toxicity of human tonsils. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 160</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. —Yearbook of the medical association of
Frankfurt-am-Main. By R. C. Ransdell 163</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the Clinical Congress of Surgeons. By G. F. Cottle, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 167</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of the fourteenth annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society,
by J. R. Phelps, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy. 171</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid perforation; five operations with three recoveries, by G. G.
Holladay, assistant surgeon, Medic al Reserve Corps, United States Navy 238</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A satisfactory method for easily obtaining material from syphilitic
lesions, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United States Navy 242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of measles and mumps in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon,
United States Navy 243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The feeble-minded from a military standpoint, by A. R. Schier, acting assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 247</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Towne-Lambert elimination treatment of drug addictions, by W. M. Kerr,
passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 258</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical experiences in the Amazonian Tropics, by C. C. Ammerman, assistant
surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 270</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthologieal collection 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An easy method for obtaining blood cultures and for preparing blood
agar, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Humidity regulating device on a modern battleship, by R. C. Ransdell, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 284</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lateral sinus thrombosis, report of case, by G. F. Cottle, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 287</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Twenty-two cases of poisoning by the seeds of Jatropha curcai, by J. A.
Randall, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 290</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shellac bolus in the stomach in fatal case of poisoning by weed
alcohol, by H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeons, United States
Navy 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of pneumonia complicated by gangrenous endocarditis, by G. B. Crow,
passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 292</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —On progressive paralysis in the imperial navy during
the years 1901-1911. By H. G. Beyer. An etiological study of Hodgkin's disease.
The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's dis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ease. Coryncbacterium hodgkini in lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.
Autointoxication and subinfection. Studies of syphilis. The treatment of the
pneumonias. Whooping cough: Etiolcgy, diagnosis, and vaccine treatment. A new
and logical treatment for alcoholism. Intraspinous injection of salvarsanized
serum in the treatment of syphilis of the nervous system, including tabes and
paresis. On the infective nature of certain cases of splenomegaly and Banti's
disease. The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Cultural
results in Hodgkin's disease. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery- Interesting cases of gunshot injury treated at Hankow during
the revolution of 1911 and 1912 in China. The fool's paradise stage in
appendicitis. By L. W. Johnson. The present status of bismuth paste treatment
of suppurative sinuses and empyema. The inguinal route operation for femoral
hernia; with supplementary note on Cooper's ligament. By R. Spear and R. A.
Warner 307</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A contribution to the chemistry of
ventilation. The use of ozone in ventilation. By E. \V. Brown. Pulmonary
tuberculosis in the royal navy, with special reference to its detection and
prevention. An investigation into the keeping properties of condensed milks at
the temperature of tropical climates. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Seven days fever of the Indian ports. By L. W.
Johnson. Intestinal schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Disease carriers in our army
in India. Origin and present status of the emetin treatment of amebic
dysentery. The culture of leishmania from the finger blood of a case of Indian
kala-azar. By E. R. Stitt 315</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The isolation of
typhoid bacilli from feces by means of brilliant green in fluid medium. By C.
N. Fiske. An efficient and convenient stain for use in the eeneral examination
of blood films. By 0. B. Crow. A contribution to the epidemiology of
poliomyelitis. A contribution to the pathology of epidemic poliomyelitis. A
note on the etiology of epidemic<span>
</span>oliomyelitis. Transmutations within the streptococcus-pneumococcus
group. The etiology of acute rheumatism, articular and muscular. By A. B.
Clifford and G. F. Clark 320</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Centrifugal method for estimating albumin in
urine. Detection of albumin in urine. New indican reaction A report on the
chemistry, technology, and pharmacology of and the legislation pertaining to
methyl alcohol. By E. W. Brown and O. O. Ruge. . 325</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The use of local anesthesia in
exenteration of the orbit. Salvarsan in<span>
</span>ophthalmic practice. The effect of salvarsan on the eye. Total blindness
from the toxic action of wood alcohol, with recovery of vision under negative
galvanism. Furunculosis of the external auditory canal; the use of alcohol as a
valuable aid in treatment. Local treatment of Vincent's angina with salvarsan.
Perforated ear drum may be responsible for sudden death in water. The indications
for operating in acute mastoiditis. Turbinotomy. Why is nasal catarrh so
prevalent in the United States? By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 330</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. — The organization and work of the hospital ship Re d’
Italia. ByG. B. Trible 333</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correspondence concerning the article "Some aspects of the
prophylaxis of typhoid fever by injection of killed cultures," by Surg. C.
S. Butler, United States Navy, which appeared in the Bulletin, October, 1913
339</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malaria on the U. S. S. Tacoma from February, 1913, to February, 1914.
by I. S. K. Reeves, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 345</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Economy and waste in naval hospitals, by E. M. Shipp, surgeon, and P.
J. Waldner, chief pharmacist, United States Navy 357</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The new method of physical training in the United States Navy, by J. A.
Murphy, surgeon, United States Navy 368</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of the etiology of gangosa in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger,
surgeon, United States Navy 381</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unreliability of Wassermann tests using unheated serum, by E. R. Stitt,
medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 410</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory note on antigens, by G. F. Clark, pasted assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Prevention of mouth infection, by Joseph Head, M. D., D. D. S 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Medical Department at general quarters and preparations for battle,
by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bacteriological index for dirt in milk, by J. J. Kinyoun, assistant
surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 435</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brief description of proposed plan of a fleet hospital ship, based upon
the type auxiliary hull, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 442</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The diagnostic value of the cutaneous tuberculin test in recruiting, by
E. M. Brown, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy, retired 448</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 453</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A sanitary mess table for hospitals, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United
States Navy 455</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A suggested improvement of the Navy scuttle butt, by E. M. Blackwell,
surgeon, United States Navy 455</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malaria cured by neosalvarsan, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United States
Navy 457</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of rupture of the bladder with fracture of the pelvis, by H. F.
Strine, surgeon, and M. E. Higgins, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical observations on the use of succinimid of mercury, by T. W.
Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 459</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points in the post-mortem ligation of the lingual artery, by O. J.
Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the wounded at Vera Cruz, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, and M. E.
Higgins, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, N. H., by F. M.
Bogan, surgeon, United States Navy 469</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The mouth in the etiology and symptomatology of
general systemic disturbances. Statistique m£dicale de la marine, 1909. By L.
W. Johnson. Antityphoid inoculation. Vaccines from the standpoint of the
physician. The treatment of sciatica. Chronic gastric ulcer and its relation to
gastric carcinoma. The nonprotein nitrogenous constituents of the blood in
chronic vascular nephritis<span>
</span>(arteriosclero-iis) as influenced by the level of protein metabolism.
The influence of diet on hepatic necrosis and toxicity of chloroform. The
rational treatment of tetanus. The comparative value of cardiac remedies. By A.
W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychiatry. —Abderhalden's method. Precis de psychiatric Constitutional
immorality. Nine years' experience with manic-depressive insanity. The pupil
and its reflexes in insanity. By R. F. Sheehan.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —On the occurrence of traumatic dislocations (luxationen) in
the Imperial German Navy during the last 20 years. By H. G. Beyer. The wounding
effects of the Turkish sharp-pointed bullet. By T. W. Richards. Intestinal
obstruction: formation and absorption of toxin. By G. B. Crow </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Relation of oysters to the transmission of
infectious diseases. The proper diet in the Tropics, with some pertinent remarks
on the use of alcohol. By E. W. Brown. Report of committee</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">upon period of isolation and exclusion from school in cases of
communicable disease. Resultats d'une enquete relative a la morbidity venerienne
dans la division navale d'Extreme-Orient et aux moyens susceptibles de la
restreindre. Ship's hygiene in the middle of the seventeenth century- Progress in
ship's hygiene during the nineteenth century. The origin of some of the
streptococci found in milk. On the further perfecting of mosquito spraying. By
C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Le transport, colloidal de medicaments dans le cholera.
By T. W. Richards. Cholera in the Turkish Army. A supposed case of yellow fever
in Jamaica. By L. W. Johnson. Note on a new geographic locality for balantidiosis.
Brief note on Toxoplasma pyroqenes. Note on certain protozoalike bodies in a
case of protracted fever with splenomegaly. The emetine and other treatment of
amebic dysentery and hepatitis, including liver abscess. A study of epidemic dysentery
in the Fiji Islands. By E. R. Stitt</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — The best method of staining
Treponema pallidum. By C. N. Fiske. Bacteriological methods of meat analysis.
By R. C. Ransdell. Primary tissue lesions in the heart produced by Spirochete
pallida. Ten tests by which a physician may determine when p patient is cured
of gonorrhea. Diagnostic value of percutaneous tuberculin test (Moro). Some
causes of failure of vaccine therapy. A method of increasing the accuracy and
delicacy of the Wassermann reaction: By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Quantitative test of pancreatic function. A comparison
of various preservatives of urine. A clinical method for the rapid estimation
of the quantity of dextrose in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Intraocular pressure. Strauma as an
important factor in diseases of the eye. Carbonic cauterization "in the
treatment of granular ophthalmia. Ocular and other complications of syphilis treated
by salvarsan. Some notes on hay fever. A radiographic study of the mastoid. Ear
complications during typhoid fever. Su di un caso di piccola sanguisuga
cavallina nel bronco destro e su 7 casi di grosse sanguisughe cavalline in
laringe in trachea e rino-faringe. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American medico-psychological association, by R. F. Sheehan, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 517</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 11 cases of asphyxiation from coal gas, by L. C. Whiteside,
passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 522</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 — United States Naval
Academy, Annapolis, Md., by A. M. D. McCormick, medical director, United States
Navy 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Arkansas, by W. B. Grove, surgeon, United States Navy 524 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine barracks, Camp Elliott, Canal Zone, Panama, by B. H. Dorsey, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 525</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Cincinnati, by J. B. Mears, passed assistant surgeon. United States
Navy 526</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Florida, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United States Navy 527</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval training station, Great Lakes, Ill., by J. S. Taylor, surgeon, United
States Navy 527</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval station, Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United States Navy
528</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo., by G. H. Barber, medical inspector, United
States Navy 532</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Nebraska, by E. H. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 533</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. North Dakota, by J. C. Pryor, surgeon, United States Navy. .
534</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy yard, Olongapo, P. L, by J. S. Woodward, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 536</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. San Francisco, by T. W. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 537</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Saratoga, by H. R. Hermesch, assistant surgeon, United States Navy
538</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Scorpion, by E. P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 538</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. West Virginia, by O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface V</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some prevailing ideas regarding the treatment of tuberculosis, by
Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Crow 541</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Training School for the Hospital Corps of the Navy, by Surg. F. E. McCullough
and Passed Asst. Surg. J. B. Kaufman 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Khaki dye for white uniforms, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 561</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some facts and some fancies regarding the unity of yaws and syphilis,
by Surg. C. S. Butler 561</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Quinine prophylaxis of malaria, by Passed Asst. Surg. L. W. McGuire 571</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The nervous system and naval warfare, translated by Surg. T. W.
Richards. 576</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Measles, by Surg. G. F. Freeman 586</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Smallpox and vaccination, by Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rabies; methods of diagnosis and immunization, by Passed Asst. Surg. F.
X. Koltes 597</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis aboard ship, by Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis, by Surg. A. M.
Fauntleroy and Passed Asst. Surg. E. H. H. Old 620</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization and station bills of the U. S. naval hospital ship Solace,
by Surg. W. M. Garton 624</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 647</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 647</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Succinimid of mercury in pyorrhea alveolaris, by Acting Asst. Dental Surg.
P. G. White 649</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of pityriasis rosea, by Surg. R. E. Ledbetter 651</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Emetin in the treatment of amebic abscess of the liver, by Surg. H. F. Strine
and Passed Asst. Surg. L. Sheldon, jr 653 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in a case of amebic dysentery, by Passed Asst. Surg. O. J.
Mink. . 653</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laceration of the subclavian artery and complete severing of brachial plexus,
by Surg. H. C. Curl and Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 654</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial infection complicating splenectomy, by Surg. H. F. Strine 655</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of gastric hemorrhage; operative interference impossible, by
Passed Arst. Surg. G. E. Robertson 656</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operation for strangulated hernia, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. S. Pugh 657</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of bronchiectasis with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy,
by Passed Asst. Surg. L. C. Whiteside 658</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis 665</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: <span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —A note of three cases of enteric fever inoculated
during the incubation period. By T. W. Richards. The modern treatment of
chancroids. The treatment of burns. By W. E. Eaton. Experiments on the curative
value of the intraspinal administration of tetanus antitoxin. Hexamethylenamin.
<span> </span>Hexamethylenamin as an internal
antiseptic in other fluids of the body than urine. Lumbar puncture as a special
procedure for controlling headache in the course of infectious diseases.
Cardiospasm. Acromion auscultation; a new and delicate test in the early
diagnosis of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diabetes mellitus and its differentiation from alimentary glycosuria.
The complement fixation test in typhoid fever; its comparison with the
agglutination test and blood culture method. By C. B. Crow.. 671</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —A voice sign in chorea. By G. B. Crow.
Wassermann reaction and its application to neurology. Epilepsy: a theory of
causation founded upon the clinical manifestations and the therapeutic and
pathological data. Salvarsanized serum (Swift-Ellis treatment) in syphilitic diseases
of the central nervous system. Mental manifestations in tumors of the brain.
Some of the broader issues of the psycho-analytic n movement. Mental disease
and defect in United States troops. By R. Sheehan 6S1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Infiltration anesthesia. War surgery. Tenoplasty; tendon transplantation;
tendon substitution; neuroplasty. Carcinoma of the male breast. Visceral
pleureotomy for chronic empyema. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 6S8</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — Further experiences with the Berkefold filter
in the purifying of lead-contaminated water. By T. W. Richards. Experiments in
the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure. By A. B. Clifford. Investigation
relative to the life cycle, brooding, and tome practical moans of reducing the
multiplication of flies in camp. By W. E. Eaton, Humidity and heat stroke;
further observations on an<span> </span>analysis of
50 cases. By C. N. Fiske 693</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The treatment of aneylostoma anemia. Latent dysentery
or dysentery carriers. Naphthalone for the destruction of mosquitoes. Emetin in
amebic dysentery. By E. R. Stitt 704</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Meningitis by
injection of pyogenic microbes in the peripheral nerves. The growth of pathogenic
intestinal bacteria in bread. Present status of the complement fixation test in
the diagnosis of gonorrheal infections. Practical application of the luetin
test. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 707</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Misting of eyeglasses. By E. L. Sleeth.
The treatment of ocular syphilis by salvarsan and neo salvarsan. The moving
picture and the eye. Treatment of various forms of ocular syphilis with
salvarsan. Rapid, painless, and bloodless method for removing the inferior
turbinate. Hemorrhage from the superior petrosal sinus. The frequency of
laryngeal tuberculosis in Massachusetts.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intrinsic cancer of larynx. Treatment of hematoma of the auricle. By E.
J. Grow and G. B. Trible 709</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Care of wounded at Mazatlan and at Villa Union, by Medical Inspector S.
G. Evans 713</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medico-military reports of the occupation of Vera Cruz 715</p>
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