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El M48 Patton es un carro de combate, tercer tanque medio de la serie Patton, que recibieron este nombre por el General George S. Patton, comandante del Tercer Ejército estadounidense durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y uno de los militares estadounidenses que abogaba por el empleo de carros de combate en el campo de batalla. El M48 Patton también sirvió como tanque intermedio hasta ser sustituido por el primer "carro de combate principal" del Ejército de los Estados Unidos
This is Calatrava's magnificent Sala Principal at the Palau des les Artes in Valencia. This is one of the reasons I went to Valencia. I'd seen various shots of this which immediately captivated me - but seeing this for real - wow what a space - its cavernous but the beautiful sweeping lines, and again the repetition, use of mosaics all amazing - and surprisingly quiet too.
Technically this was a huge challenge - I was on a guided tour with 15 or so other people. We arrived here and our guide started her spiel. The space was dark much darker than I'd anticipated - but I learnt later that the roof was closed The rest of the party were already in the centre - just where I wanted to be, so I had to wait until everyone was leaving to quickly get to my position. I'd fired off a couple of test shots. As everyone was leaving I shot 6 shots - handheld in portrait at ISO 3200. They're the only shots I took - but they worked. Darker than my recent work I know - but you have to adapt to the conditions - I will be back - and hopefully when the roof is open to flood the space with light - but for now - I'm happy
Thanks as ever for all of your support - really do appreciate it very much.
Technical Details
Fuji XT-1
Fuji XF 18mm-135mm @18mm
f4.5
1/30 second
ISO 3200
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Nanjing Road (en chino, 南京路; pinyin, Nánjīng Lù) es la principal calle de tiendas de Shanghái, China, y una de las calles de tiendas más transitadas del mundo.1 En la actualidad, Nanjing Road se compone de dos secciones: Nanjing Road East y Nanjing Road West. En algunos contextos, "Nanjing Road" se refiere solo a lo que fue Nanjing Road hasta el 1945, en la actualidad Nanjing Road East, ampliamente peatonal. Antes de 1949, el nombre en inglés de la calle era "Nanking Road", usando la romanización estándar de aquella época.
Nanjing Road es el distrito de compras más largo del mundo, con una longitud de unos 6 km, y atrae más de 1 millón de visitantes diariamente.
East Nanjing Road es una zona dedicada a los comercios. En su extremo este está la sección central del Bund, donde se sitúa el Peace Hotel. Inmediatamente al oeste del Bund estaba tradicionalmente la zona de restaurantes y cafeterías, aunque en años recientes se han convertido en menos importantes porque la demografía de los visitantes de Nanjing Road ha cambiado de residentes locales ricos a visitantes de todo el país. Cerca está el Mercado Central, un mercado al aire libre de un siglo de antigüedad especializado actualmente en componentes electrónicos y medios digitales. Más hacia el oeste está el centro comercial peatonal de Nanjing Road. Aquí se sitúan la mayoría de los grandes almacenes más antiguos y grandes de Shanghái, así como muchos comercios domésticos y algunos restaurantes tradicionales con larga historia.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_Nanjing
Nanjing Road (Chinese: 南京路; pinyin: Nánjīng Lù; Shanghainese: Noecin Lu) is a road in Shanghai, the eastern part of which is the main shopping district of Shanghai. It is one of the world's busiest shopping streets, along with Fifth Avenue, Oxford Street, Orchard Road, Takeshita Street and the Champs-Élysées.[1] The street is named after Nanjing, capital of Jiangsu province and the former capital of the Republic of China. Today's Nanjing Road comprises two sections, Nanjing Road East and Nanjing Road West.
Nanjing Road is located in the city center, running in a west–east direction. Its eastern section is in Huangpu District and extends from The Bund west to People's Square. The western section begins at People's Square and continues westward towards Jing'an District.
East Nanjing Road is a dedicated commercial zone. At its eastern end is the central section of the Bund, featuring the Peace Hotel. Immediately west of the Bund precinct was traditionally the hub of European-style restaurants and cafes, although in recent years these have become less of a feature as the demographics of visitors to Nanjing Road have shifted from affluent local residents to visitors from around the country. Close by is the Central Market, a century-old outdoor market today specialising in electronic components and digital media. Further west is the Nanjing Road pedestrian mall. Located here are most of Shanghai's oldest and largest department stores, as well as a variety of domestic retail outlets, and some traditional eateries with a long history. From the perspective of the historical development of Nanjing East Road, the start and redevelopment of this road were driven by the pursuit of commerce and image. The commercialization of Nanjing East Road has both a promotion and a restrictive effect.
Também: Chisco, Garça-ribeirinha, Lavadeira in "AVES DE PORTUGAL - Ornitologia do território continental" - Assírio & Alvim.
Principalmente residente, comum.
07/03/2015 - Ribeira das Enguias (Alcochete, Portugal)
[Obrigado pela visualização]
[Thanks for your visualization]
Fort Lauderdale is a city in the U.S. state of Florida, 28 miles (45 km) north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.
The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, including 2.8 million international visitors. The city and county in 2012 collected $43.9 million from the 5% hotel tax it charges, after hotels in the area recorded an occupancy rate for the year of 72.7 percent and an average daily rate of $114.48. The district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty-six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012. Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants, 63 golf courses, 12 shopping malls, 16 museums, 132 nightclubs, 278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts.
Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War. The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale (1782–1838), younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort. However, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. Three forts named "Fort Lauderdale" were constructed; the first was at the fork of the New River, the second at Tarpon Bend on the New River between the Colee Hammock and Rio Vista neighborhoods, and the third near the site of the Bahia Mar Marina.
The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more than two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. Contact with Spanish explorers in the 16th century proved disastrous for the Tequesta, as the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases, such as smallpox, to which the native populations possessed no resistance. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries. By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War. Although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century.
The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the "New River Settlement" before the 20th century. In the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6, 1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a wrecked ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children, and the children's tutor. The other farms in the settlement were not attacked, but all the white residents in the area abandoned the settlement, fleeing first to the Cape Florida Lighthouse on Key Biscayne, and then to Key West.
The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, and subsequently was a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. The fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. It was not until Frank Stranahan arrived in the area in 1893 to operate a ferry across the New River, and the Florida East Coast Railroad's completion of a route through the area in 1896, that any organized development began. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County.
Fort Lauderdale's first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a great deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a white woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob. A group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery. His body was riddled with some twenty bullets. The murder was subsequently used by the press in Nazi Germany to discredit US critiques of its own persecution of Jews, Communists, and Catholics.
When World War II began, Fort Lauderdale became a major US base, with a Naval Air Station to train pilots, radar operators, and fire control operators. A Coast Guard base at Port Everglades was also established.
On July 4, 1961, African Americans started a series of protests, wade-ins, at beaches that were off-limits to them, to protest "the failure of the county to build a road to the Negro beach". On July 11, 1962, a verdict by Ted Cabot went against the city's policy of racial segregation of public beaches.
Today, Fort Lauderdale is a major yachting center, one of the nation's largest tourist destinations, and the center of a metropolitan division with 1.8 million people.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida
floridayimby.com/2021/08/bank-of-america-provides-84-mill...
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
El objetivo principal era el tejón, no obstante, sabía que también se movía por allí este joven zorro, que me compenso por completo la ausencia del tejón.
Fotografiado con barrera infrarroja y dos unidades de flash.
Carlos Keen es una localidad argentina de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, perteneciente al partido de Luján.
De pequeña extensión, solo alcanza a 6 a 8 cuadras de largo por 2 a 4 de ancho y unos 500 habitantes.
Historia
El pueblo surgió de la construcción del ramal ferroviario Luján-Pergamino cuyas obras comenzaron en 1875. La localidad en la década del ´30 conoció un vertiginoso crecimiento llegando a contar con 4.000 habitantes (hoy unos 500), pero diversas circunstancias llevaron a paralizar ese constante desarrollo. El doctor Carlos Keen, abogado y periodista, nació en Las Flores en 1840; hijo menor de George Keen y Eloisa Vargas de Keen, hermano de Jorge Eduardo.
Participó con el grado de teniente coronel en la Guerra de la Triple Alianza y fue gravemente herido en la batalla de Pehuajó. Murió en la epidemia de fiebre amarilla en Buenos Aires en 1871. No conoció el pueblo que lleva su nombre; no habitó ni tuvo que ver con su creación.
El centro urbano se recuesta adjunto y alrededor del predio rectangular de la estación del FFCC y se extiende a sus cuatro lados, unas pocas cuadras más.
Sus principales arterias lo rodean y corren asfaltadas: dos largas en los laterales y dos cortas en las cabeceras con sus pasos a nivel y señales ferroviarias, una en cada cabecera.
Dentro el predio ferroviario se bifurcan tres vías adicionales a la única principal; aún persiste un galpón de carga y almacenamiento de cereales de los tres primitivos que existían.
Frente a la pintoresca y bella iglesia de San Carlos Borromeo, de principio del siglo pasado, se encuentra una pequeña plaza con algunos bancos y juegos, zona de deportes e instalaciones de la sociedad de fomento local con buffet y salón de festejos.
En su centro sobrevive aún la antigua estación del FFCC, hoy pequeño museo en desarrollo y una feria artesanal.
A su alrededor se ubica además de la iglesia, la panadería, variados comercios, dos escuelas (una primaria y otra de enseñanza media técnica), la biblioteca y Comisión de Preservación y Tercera Edad (ubicada en la ex casa y oficina de correos), un puesto sanitario, algunas fábricas -de elaboración de dulce de leche una y de fideos secos la otra- el conjunto de viviendas y sus pobladores.
Diversas normas legales regulan mantener intacta la fisonomía original del pueblo. Como ejemplo se puede citar: prohibición de derrumbar y/o modificar edificaciones tradicionales, preservar las existentes, mantener alumbrado a bombillas de época, cartelería propia con diseño de imagen corporativa, etc.
Los fines de semana conviven las antiguas tradiciones con la gastronomía y modernos autos relucientes. Hay restaurantes de campo, casas de antigüedades, cabalgatas y paseos en sulkys. También doma y folklore del Círculo Criollo Martín Fierro.
También aladeltismo y vuelos de bautismo se concretan en la escuela y centro de instrucción.
El pueblo de Carlos Keen también es receptor de muchos grupos de actividades diversas: caravanas de amigos de la bicicleta, de autos antiguos, clubes fotográficos, filmaciones cinematográficas y televisivas.
Don Aniceto Gutiérrez, un español dueño de la panadería y fábrica de dulces (hasta tuvo un molino de harina) fue gestor e impulsor, entre otras cosas más, de traer la luz eléctrica y el asfalto al pueblo. A la calle de ingreso se le impuso su nombre. El acto de nombramiento coincidió con el día de su natalicio.
El mismo pueblo fue sede de la novela argentina, Vidas robadas. En la misma, el poblado tomó el nombre de Río Manso. Allí se filmaron importantes escenas.
Hay turismo que viene beneficiado por la construcción de la autopista que facilita un rápido acceso, escasa distancia de la ciudad capital, nuevos y variados emprendimientos, buena difusión, comunicaciones y ordenanzas que tornaron a Carlos Keen como pueblo tradicional e histórico.
Principal Tower, a 50-storey residential tower on Bishopsgate. Designed by Foster & Partners and opened in 2019.
As part of the building's 2021 Christmas illuminations, the lighting strips along the edges of each floor were animated to create different moving patterns and also words ('LOVE' and '♥︎NHS' for example).
The blue light emanating from one of the apartments made it stand out from the rest so I accentuated the difference a bit more in editing...
City of Arts and Science, Valencia 2012
stitch out of 4(x3) vertical shots
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The City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia is a unique complex devoted to scientific and cultural dissemination which is made up of five main elements: the Hemisfèric, finished in 1995 (IMAX cinema and digital projections), the Umbracle (a landscaped vantage point and car park), the Príncipe Felipe Science Museum (an innovative centre of interactive science), the Oceanográfico (the largest aquarium in Europe with over 500 marine species) and the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, (which takes care of the operatic programme). The Ágora gives the complex a multifunctional space. Along an axis of just under two kilometres that was formerly the bed of the River Turia, this complex promoted by the Generalitat Valenciana has striking and futuristical architecture, designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela – and an endless capacity for entertaining and stimulating the minds of its visitors. In its various buildings they can get to know different aspects of science, technology, nature, and art.
Il Triglavski Dom 2515 m è il principale punto d'appoggio per la salita al Triglav, la cima più alta della Slovenia con i suoi 2864 m.
Dimenticatevi la tradizionale atmosfera da rifugio, con silenzio e luci spente alle 22, nelle sue sale, capaci di contenere oltre 400 persone si canta e si balla al suono della fisarmonica fino all'una di notte almeno !
Español:
El Oudegracht, "canal viejo" en neerlandés, es el canal principal del centro histórico de la ciudad de Utrecht en los Países Bajos. La característica particular del Oudegracht es la existencia de muelles o embarcaderos a nivel del agua, cosa que sólo podemos encontrar en esta ciudad y no, por ejemplo, en los canales de Amsterdam.
English:
The Oudegracht, "old canal" in Dutch, runs through the historic city centre of Utrecht in the Netherlands. The main characteristic of the Oudegracht is the existence of dry cellars and wharfs at water level. This is a unique characteristic of the canals in Utrecht.
El Rompido es una localidad perteneciente al municipio de Cartaya, Huelva. Está situada a 8 km. del núcleo principal, en el margen izquierdo del río Piedras
Rome Villa dei Quintili - The Villa dei Quintili was the largest and most sumptuous residence of the Roman “subirmium”. The original nucleus belonged to the Quintili brothers, consuls in 151 AD and was enlarged when the villa became an imperial property under the emperor Commodus, who loved to live here in the peaceful countryside and in the thermal bath of the villa. The villa extends between the Via Appia Antica and the Via Appia Nuova and was built around a large square. The most imposing part of the building consists of the main rooms and those of the servants: a circular building, a series of rooms and the two large thermal rooms of the caldarium and the frigidarium with large windows, fourteen meters high and polychrome marble. The monumental complex overlooks the Roman countryside and offers a panorama that has inspired many famous artists over time. Roma Villa dei Quintili La Villa dei Quintili era la residenza più grande e sontuosa del “subirmium” romano. Il nucleo originario apparteneva ai fratelli Quintili, consoli nel 151 d.C. e fu allargato quando la villa divenne una proprietà imperiale sotto l'imperatore Commodo, che amava vivere qui nella campagna pacifica e nel bagno termale della villa. La villa si estende tra la Via Appia Antica e la Via Appia Nuova e fu costruita attorno ad una grande piazza. La parte più imponente della costruzione è costituita dalle stanze principali e da quelle dei servi: un edificio circolare, una serie di stanze e le due grandi sale termali del caldarium e il frigidarium con grandi finestre, alte quattordici metri e marmo policromo. Il complesso monumentale si affaccia sulla campagna romana e offre un panorama che ha ispirato molti artisti famosi nel tempo.
La rue principale piétonne de Kaunas, Laisvės alėja, est une sorte de décor de cinema..
Ella a été rénovée en grand partie, il en subsiste une bonne partie encore en travaux et le contraste est saisissant.
De même il est vraiment intéressant et curieux de franchir ces bâtiments clinquants pour aller voir ce qui se passe derrière ! le contraste des architectures y est vraiment fort !
[ Vincent Leroux Photo ] tous droits réservés - all rights reserved. Contacter l'auteur avant toute utilisation - contact the author before any use
La iglesia conventual de San Pablo, perteneciente a la orden de los dominicos, es uno de los edificios más representativos de la ciudad de Valladolid (Castilla y León, España). Se encuentra en la plaza del mismo nombre, y adosada al colegio de San Gregorio, sede principal del Museo Nacional de Escultura.
Aunque el convento fue fundado en 1276 por doña Violante de Aragón, esposa de Alfonso X El Sabio, y la primitiva iglesia se construyó hacia 1286 con el apoyo de doña María de Molina, esposa de Sancho IV, la iglesia actual es muy posterior y se realizó entre 1445 y 1616. La fachada de la iglesia, sin duda el elemento más especular y significativo del templo, se corresponde parcialmente con el llamado gótico isabelino —fase del gótico tardío castellano, que se desarrolló en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos—, y las obras las dirigió Simón de Colonia y concluyeron hacia 1500, pero en la fachada se distinguen dos partes claramente diferenciadas: la zona inferior, hasta el cuerpo que incluye el rosetón central, donde un gran arco carpanel dispuesto a manera de colosal guardapolvo luce un relieve con la escena de la Coronación de la Virgen, en presencia de fray Alonso de Burgos, arrodillado, y en compañía de los Santos Juanes; sobre este relieve se encuentran unos ángeles tenantes con escudos del Duque de Lerma; la puerta, por su parte, luce un arco conopial de perfil ondulado; la segunda zona de la fachada, compartimentada en espacios rectangulares, va desde el cuerpo del rosetón al límite inferior del frontón triangular que remata todo el conjunto; la mentalidad clasicista —que ya empezaba a introducirse en España— explica la claridad de su ordenación; para su decoración se utilizaron esculturas góticas, algunas próximas al taller de Gil de Siloé, y otras se tallaron para la ocasión; el acoplamiento de estos elementos decorativos se llevó a cabo bajo el patronato del duque de Lerma a principios del XVII —junto con la construcción de las dos torres—, por lo que presentan las armas y lápidas de los Sandoval y Rojas, duques de Lerma; el fondo de estrellas también se refiere al emblema de los Rojas. La fachada se remata con un frontón triangular, en el que, sobre un fondo de escamas, hay un escudo de los Reyes Católicos, que corona toda la portada; el frontón presenta una unidad estilística con el cuerpo bajo y corresponde también Simón de Colonia, pero su decoración no es gótica sino renacentista.
En el atrio de la fachada, el duque de Lerma colocó en 1601 un crucero (que procedente de la iglesia de Santiago) y pilares rematados con leones tenantes.
Por favor, no use esta imagen en su web, blogs u otros medios sin mi permiso explícito. © Todos los derechos reservados.
La Santa Iglesia Catedral de la Asunción de la Virgen es la catedral renacentista de Jaén, sede del obispado de Jaén, en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, España. Se ubica en la plaza de Santa María, frente al Palacio Municipal y el Palacio Episcopal.
La catedral actual fue concebida en el siglo XVI para sustituir al anterior templo gótico del siglo XV. La construcción se prolongó durante varios siglos, a pesar de lo cual la idea original permaneció intacta. Destacan la sala capitular y la sacristía, que son la obra cumbre de Andrés de Vandelvira, y una de la obras más importantes del renacimiento español. También es sobresaliente su fachada principal, una de las principales obras del barroco español, construida tras la consagración del templo en 1660. Igualmente, destaca el coro neoclásico debido a su belleza y al gran número de sitiales que lo convierten en uno de los más grandes de España. Una vez finalizadas las obras del edificio, las mismas continuaron en los siglos siguientes principalmente en la decoración interior y de las capillas. Además, a consecuencia del terremoto de Lisboa de 1755 fueron necesarias obras de consolidación en la fachada norte, así como la construcción de la Iglesia del Sagrario.
Está dedicada a la Asunción de la Virgen desde la consagración, en 1246, de la antigua Mezquita Mayor de la ciudad musulmana, tras la conquista de la misma por el rey santo Fernando III de Castilla. En su interior se custodia, entre otras obras de arte y objetos religiosos, la reliquia del Santo Rostro o «La Verónica», considerada el auténtico rostro de Jesucristo, que habría quedado plasmado en el lienzo con el que la Verónica le secó la cara durante su pasión. Está guardada en la Capilla Mayor, y se expone a veneración pública de los fieles todos los viernes.
La Catedral de Jaén aspira en la actualidad a convertirse en Patrimonio de la Humanidad,1 puesto que sirvió de modelo para la construcción de otras catedrales de España y América.
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The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin is the Renaissance cathedral of Jaen, seat of the Bishop of Jaen in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Located on the Piazza Santa Maria, front of City Hall and the Episcopal Palace.
The present cathedral was conceived in the sixteenth century to replace the previous fifteenth century Gothic church. The construction lasted for several centuries, despite which the original concept remained intact. Highlight the chapter house and sacristy, which are the crowning work of Andres de Vandelvira, and one of the most important works of the Spanish Renaissance. It is also remarkable the main facade, one of the major works of Spanish Baroque, built after the consecration of the temple in 1660. It also stresses the neoclassical choir because of its beauty and the large number of stalls, making it one of the largest in Spain. Following completion of building works, they continued in subsequent centuries mainly in the interior decoration and chapels. Moreover, following the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 were necessary consolidation work on the north side and the construction of the Tabernacle Church.
It is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin from the consecration, in 1246, the former Great Mosque of the Muslim city after the conquest of it by King Saint Ferdinand III of Castile. Inside custody, among other works of art and religious objects, the relic of the Holy Face and "Veronica", considered the true face of Jesus Christ, who have been captured on the canvas with which Veronica wiped the face during his passion. Is stored in the Chapel, and exposed to public veneration of the faithful every Friday.
Jaén Cathedral today aspires to become a World Heritage Site, 1 served as a model for the building of other cathedrals of Spain and America.
Más Información / More Information : es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_la_Asunción_de_Jaén
Los Propileos de la Acrópolis de Atenas (Grecia). Los Propileos son el único acceso occidental a la Acrópolis. Fueron construidos en el marco del programa monumental de Pericles entre 437 y 431 a. C. y sustituyeron a los viejos propileos de época de Pisístrato. Fueron cubiertos con un pórtico doble y gigante de mármol pentélico.
El arquitecto Mnesicles fue quien proyectó los pórticos como si fueran fachadas de templos dóricos. El pórtico exterior tiene una plataforma a cada lado con tres columnas jónicas que sostenían un techo de mármol azul con estrellas.
Los dos frentes tienen una fachada dórica, hexástila, con el intercolumnio central más ancho, dando paso a la calzada.
El muro de acceso se articula en cinco vanos adintelados dispuestos en orden decreciente. Flanqueando la escalinata de acceso, se encuentra un desarrollado basamento sobre el que se levanta el templo de Atenea Niké.
En los planes de Pericles, la construcción de los Propileos debía seguir a la del Partenón. Debían constituir una entrada monumental al complejo de templos y coronar el camino escarpado que lleva a la cima de la ciudad alta por su lado sur. Los Propileos debían reemplazar al propileo simple construido bajo Pisístrato. Comenzados en 437 a. C., no fueron nunca acabados, siendo interrumpidos los trabajos en 432 a. C., un año antes del estallido de la guerra del Peloponeso.
Es de apreciar la habilidad del arquitecto, Mnesicles al erigir sus propileos en difíciles condiciones topográficas. Esta construcción, dado que debía alzarse en el borde de la explanada superior del recinto de la Acrópolis, tenía que situarse sobre una fractura que señalaba el límite entre la pendiente de la vía ascendente y el plano horizontal.
Su fachada superior se situó en un nivel más bajo que su fachada oriental (interior). Prisionero de los derechos del templo de Atenea Niké, limitado al sur por los terrenos sagrados de Artemisa, obligado a proseguir la porción antigua de los propileos del siglo VI a. C. y de adaptarse a los movimientos de la vía sagrada de Atenas que seguía la procesión con sus carros y sus animales de sacrificio, Mnesicles erigió un edificio que respondía a esas múltiples dificultades. Respetó el ritmo fundamental de los propileos arcaicos con las cinco puertas de acceso a la planicie sagrada, abiertas en el muro transversal que cortaba el corredor que bordeaba los dos muros laterales. Pero una ligera diferencia de orientación ponía el eje del edificio en relación con el final de la Vía sagrada y con el eje este-oeste de la explanada, separando el Partenón y el conjunto del Erecteón.
Los Propileos tenían, por tanto, la difícil misión de «suprimir» visualmente la diferencia de nivel existente entre el lado exterior y el interior. Vistos desde abajo, presentaban una fachada hexástila dórica, con ángulos salientes formados por columnas más delgadas.
Para respetar y subrayar el movimiento ascendente de la procesión de las Panateneas, el cuerpo central de los nuevos propileos con sus cinco puertas se situó donde la ruptura de la pendiente era más acentuada, sobre un basamento de cinco escalones que compensaban el desnivel. La continuidad del movimiento se subrayaba con la importancia de la puerta central (4,13 m de anchura y 7,38 m de altura), ante la cual se interrumpían los escalones para dejar paso al carro de la diosa Atenea y para la ampliación del entrepaño correspondiente en el pórtico occidental (5,43 m en vez de 3,62 m en los entrepaños laterales).
Para recibir la procesión se erigió en el exterior una fachada de seis columnas dóricas sobre un basamento de cuatro escalones que se doblaban en ángulo recto para sostener las columnatas de las fachadas laterales encuadrando la explanada de llegada.
Para situar la vía de acceso en el interior del vestíbulo, la anchura de éste era de 18,12 m, análoga a la de la cella principal del Partenón. La profundidad del vestíbulo era de 12,96 m. Además, el orden jónico que sostenía el techo de esa sala fue adoptado por Mnesicles para la ordenación del vestíbulo.
Bordeando el espacio central que coincidía con la gran puerta central, Mnesicles situó dos filas de tres columnas jónicas.
Las naves estaban cubiertas por techos artesonados de mármol, cuyas vigas marmóreas sobrepasaban los seis metros.
Mnesicles tuvo que recurrir aquí a una técnica inusitada para reforzar los arquitrabes que sostenían esos techos «armándolos» con una barra metálica.
Los Propileos comprendían un edificio central, amplio vestíbulo de forma rectangular, y dos alas laterales. Entre las cinco puertas de la parte central, la de en medio daba acceso a la Vía sagrada que recorrían las procesiones de las Panateneas.
El ala norte, la pinacoteca, fue la primera galería de pintura del mundo. Se encontraban allí tablas de pintura realizadas por grandes artistas de la época, entre los cuales estaba Polignoto (siglo V a. C.), autor de composiciones mitológicas. El ala sur, más pequeña, se componía de una sala, que conducía al oeste, al templo de Atenea Niké.
Atravesados los Propileos, el visitante antiguo encontraba a su izquierda varios edificios administrativos u oficiales, entre los que estaba la casa de las Arréforas. Enfrente, se alzaba majestuosa la estatua de más de 9 m de Atenea Promacos. A su derecha, el visitante, descubría el pequeño santuario de Artemisa Brauronia y el de Atenea Obrera, y por fin el majestuoso Partenón.
Los Propileos fueron construidos en mármol del Pentélico a partir del basamento. Sin embargo, el arquitecto también utilizó mármol azul de Eleusis. El conjunto costó una colosal fortuna.
Más abajo del camino que llevaba a los Propileos se alzaba la Puerta Beulé cuyo nombre se debe a Charles Ernest Beulé, arqueólogo francés que la descubrió en 1853 bajo un bastión turco. Fue construida por los romanos en el siglo III. No se sabe si el acceso a la acrópolis se efectuaba por una rampa escalonada o por un camino en zigzag.
Los Propileos, como los otros monumentos atenienses tuvieron una historia agitada. Han sido sucesivamente palacio episcopal, residencia de los duques francos de Atenas, palacio florentino y depósito de armas turco.
La estructura fue destruida en gran parte en el siglo XVII como consecuencia de la explosión de un depósito de pólvora.
Atenas (Grecia) 31/7/2018
Cuco común
(Cuculus canorus)
Los peculiares hábitos reproductores del cuco, basados en el parasitismo, constituyen, sin duda, la principal seña de identidad de este pájaro migrador e insectívoro, cuya dieta se basa en el consumo de larvas de diferentes lepidópteros. Más de un centenar de especies de pequeñas y medianas aves insectívoras pueden llegar a ser víctimas del sorprendente comportamiento parásito de este popular cucúlido.
Descripción y Clasificación
Orden Cuculiformes; familia Cuculidae
Longitud 32-36 cm. Envergadura 54-60 cm.
Identificación
Esta ave, de tamaño medio y aspecto estilizado, se caracteriza por poseer una larga cola y unas alas apuntadas, por lo que su silueta puede confundirse en vuelo con la de una pequeña rapaz, como el cernícalo vulgar o el gavilán. En la coloración del macho dominan los tonos grises, sobre todo en el dorso, la cabeza y el cuello. Por su parte, las regiones ventrales son blancas, pero finamente barreadas. La hembra puede lucir dos tipos de plumaje: uno grisáceo, muy parecido al del macho, y otro rojizo, bastante menos frecuente que el anterior. Los inmaduros se asemejan en parte a las hembras de fase rojiza, aunque tienen las plumas orladas de blanco y una característica mancha blanca en la nuca.
Canto
El canto habitual del macho consiste en un característico y reconocible cuu-cu, cuu-cu bisilábico, que repite regularmente en largas sesiones. La estrofa puede acelerarse nerviosamente cuando entra en contacto con la hembra, la cual produce un trino burbujeante y muy rápido: guik-kui-kui-kui-kui-kui. A veces emiten otros sonidos roncos y ásperos.
Este enorme templo durante toda su edificación se vio envuelto en constantes vicisitudes e interrupciones hasta bien entrado el siglo XVIII cuando, en 1782 y con una de las torres de la fachada principal y numerosos elementos decorativos sin acabar, se puso fin a un largo proceso constructivo. Se cree que el dinero destinado a la finalización de la torre sur se utilizó para ayudar a los Estados Unidos durante su independencia, como se indica en una placa en la base de la torre, aunque investigaciones de registros deducen que el dinero se empleó en el acondicionamiento del Camino de Antequera.
El debate sobre la finalización de la Catedral sigue vigente, debido a que además de la inexistencia de su segunda torre por la cual la catedral ha tomado el apodo de La Manquita.
Folkestone (pronounced /ˈfoʊkstən/) is the principal town in the Shepway District of Kent, England. Its original site was in a valley in the sea cliffs and it developed through fishing and its closeness to the Continent as a landing place and trading port. The coming of the railways, the building of a ferry port, and its growing importance as a seaside resort made the town grow. However, business has declined. The beginning of high speed rail services for commuters on the HS1 line to London St Pancras has cut the journey time from London to less than an hour. Folkestone now has the only sandy beach ["Sunny Sands"] and coastal park within an hour of north London.
Two boys, one with a black eye, and a small Westie puppy, sitting in the principal's office after getting in trouble..
Prompt: two boys, one has a black eye, and small West Highland Terrier puppy with ears up, sitting in the principal office on a bench, in the style of Norman Rockwell, 14k, trending on deviantart, trending on artstation --ar 5:4 --q 2 --s 250
AI Engine: Midjourney
C'est un des principaux monuments de Khiva
La mention des gens inhabituellement forts et courageux - héros est typique à la poésie épique des peuples de pratiquement de tous les pays du monde. En Asie Centrale on appelait les héros épiques - pakhlavan. L'un d`eux - Pakhlavan Makhmoud.- pelletier de son état était aussi un grand lutteur, un poète de talent et un philiosophe. De son vivant, sa notoriété dépassera les frontières du Khorezm, jusqu'en Iran.
D`après la légende Pakhlavan Makhmoud, décédé en 1322 ou 1325, était inhumé dans la cour de son atelier. Les gens de Khiva commencèrent à le considérer comme le protecteur de la ville et en 1701 construisirent le mausolée sur sa tombe. Par la suite cet endroit devenu lieu d`adoration, fut entouré d`un complexe des constructions, le mausolée et la pierre tombale de Pakhlavan Makhmoud furent somptueusement décorés de la traditionnelle majolique blanche-bleue pareille aux sépulcres des khans. Dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle le mausolée sera agrandi Le mausolée de Pakhlavan Makhmoud devint aussi le sépulcre des khans de Khiva et de leur famille.
Une mosquée, une médersa et des cellules d'habitation seront ajoutés aus XIXe siècle accueilleront des pèlerins Les dépendance servait aussi d'abri aux aveugles, qui, vu les forts vents de sable au Khorezm, étaient nombreux.
La principal atraccion del valle es la escalada en roca desnuda en mas de una decena de montañas de granito que hay en el area, solo para expertos pero tambien hay varios trekking de dificultad media o alta, las permanentes lluvias deterioran los senderos agregando dificultad extra al cruce de numerosos rios, trampas de barro y pantanos. "La Junta" es el punto de llegada y principal centro de actividades, hay dos camping muy limpios y con servicios basicos, desde alli se puede dar un corto paseo a la Cascada del Rio La Junta, un tobogan de agua natural o bien tomar alguno de los tres senderos hasta los miradores en la base de los macizos de granito (Arcoiris, Trinidad y Anfiteatro). Otra opcion que adquiere creciente popularidad es el "Cochamo Round Trail" un mega circuito de 6 a 10 días que parte desde Cochamó pasando por "La Junta", "El Arco" una increible formacion de roca sobre una cascada, el Lago Vidal Gormaz, Lago Tagua Tagua, Puelo y regreso a Cochamo, recorriendo algunos de los paisajes mas sobrecogedores del norte de la Patagonia, sin dudas el nivel de los atractivos lo hacen compárable solo con el "Gran Circuito" de Torres del Paine.
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The main attraction of the valley is the naked rock climbing in over a dozen granite mountains that are in the area, only for experts but also several medium difficulty trekking or high, the constant rains the trails deteriorate adding extra difficulty crossing many rivers, swamps and mud traps. "La Junta" is the main arrival point and activity center, two camping very clean with basic services, from there you can take a short walk to the "La Junta" river waterfall, a natural water slide or take any of the three trails to the lookout at the base of the granite massifs (Rainbow, Trinidad and Amphitheatre). Another increasingly popular option is the "Cochamo Round Trail" a mega circuit 6-10 days from Cochamó part through "La Junta", "El Arco" an amazing rock formation under a waterfall, Lake Vidal Gormaz, Lake Tagua Tagua, and return to Cochamo by Puelo, touring some of the most breathtaking landscapes of northern Patagonia, undoubtedly the attraction level only comparing with Torres del Paine Big Circuit.
St Giles' Cathedral, also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh is the principal place of worship of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh. Its distinctive crown steeple is a prominent feature of the city skyline, at about a third of the way down the Royal Mile which runs from the Castle to Holyrood Palace. The church has been one of Edinburgh's religious focal points for approximately 900 years. The present church dates from the late 14th century, though it was extensively restored in the 19th century, and is protected as a category A listed building. Today it is sometimes regarded as the "Mother Church of Presbyterianism". The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Giles, who is the patron saint of Edinburgh, as well as of cripples and lepers, and was a very popular saint in the Middle Ages. It is the Church of Scotland parish church for part of Edinburgh's Old Town.
St Giles' was only a cathedral in its formal sense (i.e. the seat of a bishop) for two periods during the 17th century (1635–1638 and 1661–1689), when episcopalianism, backed by the Crown, briefly gained ascendancy within the Kirk (see Bishops' Wars). In the mediaeval period, prior to the Reformation, Edinburgh had no cathedral as it was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of St Andrews, whose episcopal seat was St Andrews Cathedral. For most of its post-Reformation history the Church of Scotland has not had bishops, dioceses, or cathedrals. As such, the use of the term cathedral today carries no practical meaning. The "High Kirk" title is older, being attested well before the building's brief period as a cathedral.
The oldest parts of the building are four massive central pillars, often said to date from 1124, although there is very little evidence to this effect. In 1385 the building suffered a fire and was rebuilt in the subsequent years. Much of the current interior dates from this period. Over the years many chapels, referred to as 'aisles', were added, greatly enlarging the church and leaving it rather irregular in plan. In 1466 St Giles was established as a collegiate church. In response to this raising of status, the lantern tower was added around 1490, and the chancel ceiling raised, vaulted and a clerestory installed. By the middle of the 16th century, immediately before the Reformation arrived in Scotland, there were about fifty side altars in the church, some of which were paid for by the city's trade incorporations and dedicated to their patron saints.
Knox preaching in the High Kirk
At the height of the Scottish Reformation the Protestant leader and firebrand John Knox was chosen minister at St Giles by Edinburgh Town Council and installed on 7 July 1559. A 19th-century stained glass window in the south wall of the church shows him delivering the funeral sermon for the Regent Moray in 1570. The reformer was buried in the kirkyard of St Giles on 24 November 1572 in the presence of the Regent Morton who, at his graveside, uttered the words, "There lies one who neither feared nor flattered any flesh". A bronze statue of Knox, cast by Pittendrigh MacGillivray in 1904, stands in the north aisle.
During the Reformation the Mary-Bell and brass candlesticks were scrapped to be made into guns and the relic of the arm of St Giles with its diamond finger ring (acquired in 1454) and other treasures were sold to the Edinburgh goldsmiths Michael Gilbert and John Hart, and the brass lectern to Adam Fullerton, for scrap-metal. By about 1580, the church was partitioned into separate preaching halls to suit the style of reformed Presbyterian worship for congregations drawn from the quarters of Edinburgh. The partition walls were removed in 1633 when St Giles became the cathedral for the new see of Edinburgh. In that year King Charles I instructed the Town Council.
Whereas (...) we have, by the advice of the chiefest of our clergy (...) erected at our charges a bishopric of new, to be called the Bishopric of Edinburgh; and whereas to that purpose it is very expedient that St Giles Church, designed by us to be the Cathedral Church of that bishopric, be ordered as is decent and fit for a church of that eminency (...) and not to be indecently parcelled and disjointed by walls and partitions, as it now is, without any warrant from any of our royal predecessors. Our pleasure is that with all diligence you cause raze to the ground the east wall in the said church, and that likewise you cause raze the west wall therein, between this and Lammas ensuing.
The effect was only temporary. The internal partitions were restored in 1639 and, after several re-arrangements, lasted until the Victorian 'restoration' of 1881-3.
On Sunday 23 July 1637 efforts by Charles I and Archbishop Laud to impose Anglican services on the Church of Scotland led to the Book of Common Prayer revised for Scottish use being introduced in St Giles. Rioting in opposition began when the Dean of Edinburgh, James Hannay, began to read from the new Book of Prayer, legendarily initiated by the market-woman or street-seller Jenny Geddes throwing her stool at his head. The disturbances led to the National Covenant and hence the Bishops' Wars; the first conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the English Civil War. The 18th-century historian of Edinburgh, William Maitland, relying on the records of Edinburgh's Town Council, described the scene in the following passage which reflects his monarchist sympathies,
The St Giles Riot of 1637
King Charles I. being resolved to put in execution his darling scheme, of having all his people of the same religion, ordered a liturgy, or service book, with one of canons, to be prepared, for the use of the Scottish Church, which being accordingly performed, his Majesty, without further ceremony, issued a proclamation for the due observance of them throughout Scotland. This being impolitickly done, without the Privity of the Secret Council, or general approbation of the clergy; they were regarded as foreign impositions, devised by Archbishop Laud, and forced upon the nation by the sole authority of the King; which occasioned great heart-burnings and mighty commotions amongst the people. (...) And the twenty third [of July] being the day appointed for its reading in St Giles’s Church; in the morning of that day, the usual prayers were read by Patrick Henderson the common Reader; which were no sooner ended, than Henderson, by way of farewel, said to his auditory, Adieu good people; for I think this is the last time of my reading prayers in this place, which occasioned a great murmuring in the Congregation. (...) No sooner had James Hannay, Dean of Edinburgh, appeared in his surplice, and began to read the service, than a number of women, with clapping of hands, execrations, and hideous exclamations, raised a great confusion in the church, which Dr. Lindsay Bishop of Edinburgh willing to appease, stept into the pulpit, and reminded people of the sanctity of the place: But this, instead of calming, inraged them to such a degree that Janet Geddes, a furious woman, ushered in the dreadful and destructive civil war, by throwing a stool at the Bishop’s head: And had it not been for the magistrates of Edinburgh, who turned out the frantick multitude, they would probably have murdered him; but such was the noise without, by knocking at the doors, throwing stones in at the windows, and incessant cries of Pape, Pape, Antichrist, pull him down, that the said magistrates were obliged to go out to appease their fury. But the populace watching his return homewards, renewed the assault, that, had he not been rescued by a superior force, they would undoubtedly have dispatched him. Thus began those horrible troubles, which ended in the destruction of the King, subversion of the Church and State, and loss of the rights and liberties of the people.
A Grande Sinagoga de Florença, também conhecida como Tempio Maggiore, Templo Principal, é, até hoje, considerada uma das mais belas da Europa. Sua cúpula de cobre, de cor azulada, está totalmente integrada à paisagem da cidade. Mantém, no entanto, uma singularidade e um charme todo especial em relação aos demais domos da área.
Construída para abrigar principalmente a comunidade sefaradita, a Grande Sinagoga, apesar de trazer sinais da influência mourisca, espanhola e portuguesa, é considerada um dos mais importantes exemplos da arquitetura mourisca, sintetizando com harmonia as características exóticas desse estilo. Inspirada na igreja bizantina de Hagia Sophia, em Constantinopla, foi projetada pelos arquitetos Marco Treves - judeu - Mariano Falcini e Vincenzo Micheli. Os três venceram um concurso organizado pelo Conselho Comunitário, em 1874, conquistando o direito de idealizar o templo na Via Farini, distrito de Santa Croce, próximo ao centro histórico.
A sinagoga foi construída graças à verba doada por David Levi, membro da comunidade judaica. Sua doação encerrou uma longa campanha de arrecadação de fundos, iniciada em 1840, em seguida à criação e destruição do gueto florentino. Levi queria que a sinagoga de Florença estivesse à altura da beleza da cidade. A obra iniciou-se em 1874 e durou oito anos. A cerimônia de inauguração, em 24 de outubro de 1882, contou com a presença de inúmeras personalidades, entre as quais, o rabino-chefe da comunidade, Jacob Maroni.
O estilo arquitetônico da Grande Sinagoga reflete uma mudança no modo de vida e no pensamento da comunidade judaica da Europa durante o processo de emancipação. Depois da Revolução Francesa, em 1789, os judeus receberam gradativamente maiores garantias de seus direitos civis, podendo viajar e participar em diversas atividades sócio-econômicas que até então lhes eram proibidas. Neste processo, procuraram maneiras de expressar essas transformações e as centenas de sinagogas suntuosas construídas na Europa ao longo do século XIX são um sinal inegável dessas mudanças e da necessidade dos judeus de serem, finalmente, aceitos como iguais pelos cidadãos dos países onde viviam.
Ladeado por um amplo jardim, o Tempio Maggiore impressiona imediatamente os visitantes. Os relevos das portas têm motivos geométricos e arabescos, como evidências concretas do estilo mourisco que impregna todo o edifício. Os mosaicos e afrescos foram feitos por Giovani Panti. Dividida em três alas, tem o seu centro na área onde está a Arca Sagrada - o Hechal - decorado por arabescos feitos por Giacomo Del Medico e iluminada pela luz da Chama Eterna. À esquerda, está o setor para o coral e, à direita, o órgão. A parte inferior do templo é destinada aos homens e a superior, às mulheres.
Ao sair da sinagoga, à direita, o visitante encontrará o Museu Judaico de História e Arte. Logo à entrada estão duas colunas de gesso, que representam o Monumento aos Deportados. A peça original está atualmente em Jerusalém. O Museu está dividido em dois setores, cujo objetivo é narrar a trajetória da comunidade judaica através de uma perspectiva histórica. Uma miniatura de madeira reproduz o antigo Gueto de Florença. Uma exposição de fotografias e achados arqueológicos mostra imagens do dia a dia no gueto. O Museu abriga, também, uma coleção de objetos religiosos e da vida cotidiana, entre os quais, instrumentos musicais, trajes para a circuncisão, duas ketubot (contratos de casamento), livros de rezas e outros.
Bibliografia :
Kurinsky, Samuel - Hebrew History Federation: Jewish History from the Archives of Florence and Cremona" "
medici.org/jewish/ www.firenzebraica.net
Petites filles jouant au début du printemps
Oeuvre de Yôshû Chikanobu (1838-1912)
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohara_Chikanobu
Vers 1891, ère Meiji
estampe polychrome, ukiyo-e
Machida City Museum of Graphic arts, Tokyo
à droite, dans la maison, des femmes jouent du shamisen, du koto et du Kokyû, les petites filles jouent à la balle ou au volant.
Oeuvre présentée dans l'exposition "Les enfants de l'ère Meiji. À l'école de la modernité", Maison de la culture du Japon, Paris
www.mcjp.fr/fr/agenda/les-enfants-de-lere-meiji
Réunissant principalement des estampes de l’ère Meiji (1868-1912), cette exposition se concentre sur un sujet original et peu traité jusqu’à présent en France. Elle esquisse un portrait des enfants japonais qui ont grandi à la fin du XIXe siècle, à un moment charnière de l’histoire du Japon où la modernisation et l’ouverture à l’Occident métamorphosent le visage du pays.... Extrait du site de l'exposition
Moscú - Moscow - Москва
GUM o "Principales Tiendas Universales", en ruso ГУМ, Главные Универсальные Магазины, Glavnye Universalnye Magazíny, es el nombre de una tienda de departamentos o grandes almacenes creados en la Unión Soviética y que continuaron posteriormente tanto en Rusia como en algunos estados surgidos con posterioridad a la disolución de la primera. Su edificio principal está ubicado en Moscú frente a la Plaza Roja.
El edificio principal de GUM en Moscú cuenta con una fachada de 242 metros, construidos entre 1890 y 1893 por Alexandr Pomerántsev como arquitecto y Vladímir Shújov como ingeniero de la obra. Su arquitectura trapezoidal combina elementos de arquitectura medieval rusa, además de utilizar una estructura de acero y techo de vidrio haciéndola similar a estaciones de trenes del Reino Unido de la era victoriana
GUM (Russian: ГУМ, pronounced [ˈɡum], an abbreviation of Russian: Главный универсальный магазин, tr. Glávnyj Universáľnyj Magazín, literally "Main Universal Store") is the main department store in many cities of the former Soviet Union, known as State Department Store (Russian: Государственный универсальный магазин, tr. Gosudárstvennyj Universáľnyj Magazín) during the Soviet era. Similarly-named stores were found in some Soviet republics and post-Soviet states.
The most famous GUM is the large store in the Kitai-gorod part of Moscow facing Red Square. It is currently a shopping mall. Prior to the 1920s, the location was known as the Upper Trading Rows (Russian: Верхние торговые ряды, tr. Verhnije torgovye rjady).
Nearby, facing The Bolshoi Theatre, is a building very similar to GUM, known formerly as the Middle Trading Rows, now the TsUM, comparable in size to a large North American shopping mall, with a glass roof.
Lake City is the county seat of Columbia County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 12,046. It is the principal city of the Lake City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is composed of Columbia County, and had a 2010 population of 67,531.
Lake City first began as the town of Alligator in 1821 near the Seminole settlement known as Alligator Village. Alligator became the seat of Columbia County in 1832 when it was formed from Duval and Alachua counties. In 1858 Alligator was incorporated and renamed Lake City. The largest American Civil War battle in Florida took place near here in the Battle of Olustee in 1864; the Confederates won. In 1884 the Florida Agricultural College was established in Lake City as a land grant college; it was relocated to Gainesville in 1905 to form part of the University of Florida. The city's sesquicentennial was held in 2009.
Lake City is known as "The Gateway to Florida" because it is adjacent to the intersection of Interstate 75 and Interstate 10. Lake City is the site of Lake City Gateway Airport, formerly known as NAS Lake City. Florida Gateway College is located in Lake City.
In 1874 Lake City's first newspaper was published in 1874, called the Lake City Reporter. In 1876 the Bigelow Building was completed; it later was adapted for use as the City Hall. In 1891 Lake City became the first city in Florida to have electric lights from a local power and light company.
By the early 20th century, Lake City had become an important railroad junction, served by the Seaboard Air Line, Atlantic Coast Line, Georgia Southern Railroad, and the Florida Railroad. Hotel Blanche was built in 1902 as an attraction for expected tourists. The hotel was Lake City and Columbia County's major hotel and central business center from 1902 to 1955.
Florida Agricultural College was established in 1884 as part of the Morrill Land Grant Act and became a full university with twenty-five instructors in 1904. In 1905 the Florida Agricultural College was moved to Gainesville, becoming part of the University of Florida. Columbia High School constructed a second building in 1906 that was used until 1922. In 1907 Lake City officials leased the former property of the Florida Agricultural College to the Florida Baptist Convention; they founded a Baptist college called Columbia College. Columbia College lasted for ten years until the college became overwhelmed with debt. Columbia College deeded the land and buildings back to Lake City in 1919. During World War I, the campus of Columbia College was used as a training site for local troops for the war. The facility became U.S. Hospital No. 63, the predecessor of the Veterans Hospital constructed in Lake City. More than 34 Lake City soldiers were killed in World War I.
In 1940 the population of Lake City was 5,836. During World War II, a number of institutions were established to help with the war effort as well as those in Lake City. The Lake Shore Hospital was dedicated in 1940 to provide medical care for those in the Lake City area. The Lake City Woman's Club became the United Service Organizations (USO) headquarters to entertain service personnel stationed in Lake City. Naval Air Station Lake City was commissioned in 1942 on the site of the Lake City Flying Club air field. NAS Lake City was a support facility for Naval Air Station Jacksonville and trained pilots to fly the Lockheed Ventura. Military operations at NAS Lake City ended in March 1946, and it was decommissioned as an active naval air station.
After World War II a local air base was converted for use in 1947 as the Columbia Forestry School. The Columbia Forestry School had low enrollments and funds, forcing the school to seek help from the Florida legislature. The University of Florida assumed management of the school, and in 1950 it became the University of Florida Forest Ranger School. As part of the network of community colleges established in Florida, the school became the Lake City Junior College and Forest Ranger School in 1962. Lake City Junior College was renamed to Lake City Community College in 1970; in 2010 it was renamed as Florida Gateway College.
By 1950, the population of Lake City was 7,467. The forestry products industry (turpentine, lumber, and pulpwood) had become a mainstay of the local economy.
During the Korean War, five Lake City soldiers were killed. A monument was dedicated in 1985 in honor of the five killed in the war. In 1958, the Columbia Amateur Radio Society was formed. This was a group of amateur radio operators who enjoyed the ability to communicate all over the world. This radio club still exists today. Lake City's centennial was celebrated in 1959 with parades, fireworks and a 58-page book documenting one hundred years of progress, A Century in the Sun. The citizens of the town dressed in period attire, complete with whiskers. A good-natured clash arose between the men with additional facial hair and the women who did not like it.
In 1963 Interstate 75 and Interstate 10 were opened, intersecting at Lake City. In the 1960s Columbia County schools were not desegregated but black students were free to enroll in any all-white school if room was available. In 1970 a judge ordered all Columbia County public schools to integrate. During the Vietnam War, 23 local Lake City soldiers were either killed or M.I.A.
In 1978 the Columbia County Public Library was established. Downtown Lake City was revitalized in the 1990s with new businesses, shops and restaurants. In 2000 Lake City had a population of 9,980.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
El río Pisuerga es un río español, afluente del Duero. Nace en el norte de la provincia de Palencia y desemboca en el río Duero cerca de Geria, provincia de Valladolid.
Durante parte de su recorrido hace de frontera entre las provincias de Palencia y Burgos. En Alar del Rey gran parte de sus aguas son desviadas hacia el canal de Castilla, que son utilizadas para riego, fundamentalmente. Su principal afluente por la margen izquierda es el río Arlanza y por la derecha el río Carrión. El embalse de Requejada en Cervera de Pisuerga y el de Aguilar en Aguilar de Campoo son sus dos mayores embalses y se encuentran en la cabecera del río.
Tiene sus fuentes en la cuenca glaciar de Covarrés, entre el pico Valdecebollas y la sierra de Híjar, en el llamado Sel de la Fuente, cerca de Brañosera, (Palencia). El agua procedente de manatiales y el deshielo se acumula en el fondo de la cuenca, formando pequeñas lagunas y regatos que desaguan en una sima. Tras un recorrido subterráneo de 3000 metros, el caudal reaparece en la Fuente del Cobre (Cueva del Cobre). Posteriormente continúa en dirección SO, para girar al SE por Tierra de Campos.
Casi todo su recorrido lo hace en dirección Norte-Sur girando hacia el Oeste en su tramo final. Numerosos tramos del río sirven de frontera entre las provincias de Palencia y Burgos, casi desde Aguilar de Campoo hasta casi su unión con el Arlanza. Tras atravesar Torquemada, Venta de Baños y Dueñas se adentra en la provincia de Valladolid. Baña las riberas de Valladolid y Simancas y poco después de Pesqueruela desemboca en el río Duero por su margen derecha en Geria (Valladolid).
En su desembocadura el caudal del Pisuerga es mayor que el del Duero. La longitud total del río es de 283 km. El caudal máximo registrado en la ciudad de Valladolid fue de 2340 m³/s.
Sus afluentes son: río Areños, río Lores, río Castillería, río de Resoba, río Rivera, río Vaíllo, río Camesa, río Ritobas, río Monegro, río Sauguillo, río Burejo, río Valdavia, río Vallarna, río Odra, río Arlanza, río Carrión y río Esgueva.
En su recorrido atraviesa numerosas localidades, como Santa María de Redondo, Cervera de Pisuerga, Aguilar de Campoo, Becerril del Carpio, Alar del Rey, Herrera de Pisuerga, Ventosa de Pisuerga, Olmos de Pisuerga, Naveros de Pisuerga, Lantadilla, Melgar de Yuso, Villodre, Astudillo, Villalaco, Cordovilla la Real, Torquemada, Magaz de Pisuerga, Venta de Baños, Tariego de Cerrato y Dueñas en la provincia de Palencia; Zarzosa de Río Pisuerga, Castrillo de Riopisuerga, San Llorente de la Vega y Melgar de Fernamental en la de Burgos; Valoria la Buena, Cabezón de Pisuerga, Santovenia de Pisuerga, Valladolid, Arroyo de la Encomienda, Simancas y Geria en la de Valladolid.
La peor inundación de la historia en Valladolid sucedió el 4 de febrero de 1636. La riada se llevó calles enteras y se hundieron 800 casas. El agua llegó hasta el convento de Santa Teresa, donde hay una placa que lo recuerda.
La mayor inundación registrada en el siglo XX se dio el 3 de enero de 1962.
En el siglo XXI, de momento, la peor inundación ocurrió el 6 de marzo de 2001.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisuerga
The Pisuerga is a river in northern Spain, the Duero's second largest tributary. It rises in the Cantabrian Mountains in the province of Palencia, autonomous region of Castile and León. Its traditional source is called Fuente Cobre, but it has been discovered that the real source is a glacier higher in the mountains. The river flows south into the Douro river shortly after passing through the city of Valladolid. Its length is approximately 270 kilometres (170 mi).
Since the 1950s the water level of the river has been very regular throughout the year due to the huge Aguilar de Campoo dam which collects all the water from the river's rainy upper valleys. This regulation has allowed the creation of vast extensions of irrigated farmland along the Pisuerga's course across the northern Castilian plain.
The Spanish phrase "aprovechando que el Pisuerga pasa por Valladolid" ("And now since Pisuerga crosses Valladolid...") is a popular way to point or acknowledge a non sequitur since the river has no bearing with the following "consequence".