preventing photos on Flickr

Ambuiberica. P.M.A Iveco Eurocargo by Emergencias ZGZ

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Preventivo Baja España-Aragón 2011

Closing In On Bird Bath Stalagmite by Chic Bee

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Ice has formed in the bird bath where I let the hose drip slowly to prevent the outdoor faucet from bursting. Moving in closer reveals some blu from the sky and more umber and sienna tones from the clay of the bowl.

No. 4; Maintain the excrement and urine ditches and prevent the breeding of the five evils by chineseposters.net

Designer unknown (佚名)

Ca. 1952

No. 4; Maintain the excrement and urine ditches and prevent the breeding of the five evils

(si); Chuli gouqu fenbian, fangzhi wudu zisheng (（四）；處理溝渠糞便，防止五毒孳生。)

Call nr.: PC-1951-014 (Private collection)

Published by: Fujian Province Association for the Popularisation of Science and Technology, Fujian Province People's Science Academy (Fujian sheng kexue jishu puji xiehui, Fujian xing renmin kexueguan - 福建省科學技術普及協會, 福建省人民科學館 )

More? See: chineseposters.net/themes/patriotic-health-campaign

Prevent Child Abuse KY by Steve Beshear

Prevent Child Abuse Kentucky Blue Ribbon Reception. April 13, 2009. Berry Hill Mansion, Frankfort KY.

Prevent Child Abuse KY by Steve Beshear

Prevent Child Abuse Kentucky Blue Ribbon Reception. April 13, 2009. Berry Hill Mansion, Frankfort KY.

Preventing Opioid Addiction by Find Rehab Centers

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What is being done to stop opioid addiction?

www.findrehabcenters.org/prescription-drug-addiction-reha...

To prevent the prosthetic from rubbing her leg Uma must wear a bandage on a protective layer over her stump by Humanity & Inclusion UK

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To prevent the prosthetic from rubbing her leg Uma must wear a bandage on a protective layer over her stump.

Will you please take a step to help more young people like Uma?

When you're learning to walk again after a life-changing injury, every step counts, no matter how small. But sadly, in countries such as Nepal, disabled and injured people struggle to access the care they need and can easily find themselves excluded and forgotten.

Please donate today

Your donation will go to countries where we provide disabled people with essential rehabilitation care, including Nepal, Jordan and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Zoo de la Citadelle de Besançon by HSSand

La citadelle de Besançon en Franche-Comté est l'une des plus belles citadelles fortifiées de Vauban de France. Elle est en parfait état de conservation, aménagée en lieu multiculturel touristique et donne à la ville de Besançon beaucoup de son caractère.

La citadelle de Besançon — haut lieu de tourisme Franc Comtois avec près de 300 000 visiteurs par an — en plus de son cadre historique architectural et de sa situation géographique privilégiée, abrite un espace Vauban, un musée de la résistance et de la déportation, un musée de la vie comtoise, le service régional d'archéologie, un zoo (singes, fauves, oiseaux…), un insectarium, une zone d'aquariums vivariums, un noctarium, un climatorium, un parcours pédagogique de l'évolution, des jardins botaniques, une « p’tite ferme » ainsi que restaurant, boutiques, librairie spécialisée. De plus, elle est inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l'humanité avec l'enceinte urbaine et le fort Griffon de Besançon depuis le 7 juillet 2008.

Vue aérienne de la citadelle de Vauban de Besançon

Cet ensemble est classé au Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, au titre de l'oeuvre de Vauban.

L'édifice s'étend sur onze hectares sur un site dont l'importance stratégique est évoquée dès 58 avant J.-C., par Jules César. La Citadelle de Besançon a ainsi été construite sur le mont Saint-Etienne, une des sept collines qui forment les protections naturelles de la capitale de la Franche-Comté avec Bregille, Griffon, Planoise, Chaudanne… Elle surplombe de plus de 100 m la vieille ville et offre donc une vue grandiose sur Besançon et ses environs. La cité se situe dans une boucle formée par les méandres naturels du Doubs ; l’éperon rocheux sur lequel se trouve la Citadelle ferme en quelque sorte la boucle du Doubs et encercle le centre urbain historique.

Le Mont Saint-Etienne voit s'établir au cours du XVIIe siècle un ouvrage militaire dessiné par l'architecte Vauban en mars 1668. Ce sont néanmoins les Espagnols, de la famille royale des Habsbourgs d'Espagne, qui possèdent la Franche-Comté et Besançon depuis le mariage de la Duchesse Marie de Bourgogne avec l'Empereur d'Autriche, qui entreprennent, pendant 6 années, l'édification de l'ouvrage sous la direction d’Ambroise Precipiano. La province de Franche-Comté étant revenue en 1674 sous le giron de Louis XIV (par traité de Nimègue qui rattache en 1678 définitivement la Franche-Comté à la France), le roi décide de poursuivre et d'améliorer substantiellement la défense de la ville. Trente années de travaux et des fonds considérables seront nécessaires pour obtenir, en 1711, l'une des places fortes les plus puissantes de l'époque. La construction de cette place forte aura nécessité beaucoup d’argent, au point – dit-on – que le roi Louis XIV demanda à Vauban si l’enceinte de la citadelle était en or.

Quant au destin et aux rôles que la Citadelle tient dans les siècles suivants, elle sert assez peu pour résister à des sièges, mais reste toujours propriété de l’État, comme prison ou comme logement de troupes en garnison. Les progrès de l’artillerie rendent vite les fortifications insuffisantes. Elle s'utilise encore tout de même au XIXe siècle : contre les Autrichiens en 1814 et les Prussiens en 1871, subissant peu de dommages. Elle a également accueilli des prisonniers d’État tels que les complices de la Voisin – accusés dans des affaires d’empoisonnement qui marquèrent scandaleusement la cour du roi Soleil –, des déserteurs des armées de Louis XIV et de Louis XV, ainsi que des royalistes lors de la Révolution. Et il y a eu les prisonniers de guerre au cours du Premier Empire : Autrichiens, Anglais, Espagnols.

Lors de la Première Guerre mondiale, Besançon reste à l’arrière du front sans être touchée par les combats. La Citadelle sert donc surtout à des fins de logistique.

En revanche, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle cède aux Allemands, en 1940. Pendant l’Occupation, de 1941 à 1944, la Citadelle sert aux exécutions. C’est pour cela que furent installés quatre poteaux, entre le puits et la chapelle Saint-Etienne.

Une centaine de Résistants, condamnés à mort, ont été fusillés là, entre le 28 avril 1941 et le 18 août 1944. Parmi eux, on compte quatre-vingt-sept Français, cinq Espagnols, deux Italiens, un Luxembourgeois, un Suisse et un Polonais.

Poteaux des Fusillés

L'épisode le plus douloureux se déroule sans doute le dimanche 26 septembre 1943 car, parmi les seize fusillés du groupe de Résistants « Guy Mocquet », figure Henri Fertet qui n’avait que 17 ans ! Avant de mourir, il rédige une lettre poignante témoignant de son engagement, au-delà de sa vie.

Après de violents combats, les Américains reprennent la Citadelle en 1944 et l’utilisent pour enfermer les prisonniers de guerre Allemands. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la Citadelle est un lieu de dépôt pour l’armée.

En 1958, la ville de Besançon, nouveau propriétaire du site, dédie la forteresse au tourisme, à la culture et à la mémoire. Ainsi, plusieurs espaces muséographiqes, tant à vocation historique que scientifique ont vu progressivement le jour. Un nombre de visiteurs annuel approchant 300 000 témoigne du succès de la reconversion de la forteresse qui combine intérêt géographique (avec notamment un magnifique panorama sur Besançon), intérêt historique, intérêt architectural et intérêt scientifique.

La Citadelle est bâtie au sommet d'un vaste synclinal, sur un terrain rectangulaire barré dans toute sa largeur par trois bastions successifs (les enceintes, ou fronts) derrière lesquels s'étendent trois esplanades. L'ensemble est ceinturé de remparts parcourus par des chemins de ronde et ponctués de tours de guet et d'échauguettes. Les murailles peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 15 à 20 mètres de hauteur pour une épaisseur entre 5 à 6 mètres. Pour assurer l'approvisionnement en eau, un puits de 130 mètres de profondeur est creusé dans la roche, la roue de l'imposant ouvrage ayant un diamètre de 4 mètres.

La première ligne de défense, le Front Saint-Etienne, a été construite à l'emplacement de la cathédrale éponyme, que Vauban a détruit pour élever cette défense face à la ville. Un système défensif comporte :

* En avant de la courtine est disposée une demi-lune, cernée de fossés, équipés pour le canon - le pavillon d’entrée est prolongée de chaque côté par des courtines et terminée par des demi-bastions aux extrémités.

* La courtine, qui était en fait le pan de muraille entre les 2 demi-bastions, était le point faible de la muraille

* Un fossé creusé dans la roche, qui pouvait être sec ou inondé. Il était délimité par l’escarpe (talus inférieur d’un fossé) et la contrescarpe (paroi maçonnée à l’extrémité du fossé)

* Ce fossé était franchissable par le pont dormant, qui était terminé par le pont-levis.

* Ensuite, les 2 demi-bastions protégeaient latéralement l’accès à la porte. Ils comprenaient : - une face exposée à l'ennemi et armée de canons, - le flanc qui rejoint la courtine aux bastions. Il pouvait être droit (comme au front royal) ou à orillons, c’est-à-dire abrité derrière un angle arrondi couvrant l'artillerie postée sur le flanc. On retrouve ce système à orillons sur le front Saint-Etienne.

* Enfin, deux traverses étaient disposées de chaque côté des bâtiments pour protéger des vues et tirs latéraux provenant des collines de Chaudanne et Bregille.

Entrée fortifiée au Front-Royal

Donc ce système était construit de telle sorte que depuis tous les postes, on pouvait surveiller l’ennemi où qu’il soit et il était ainsi cerné. Même s’il y avait un ennemi à l’aplomb d’une muraille, plutôt que de risquer à se pencher pour l’atteindre, on pouvait le toucher depuis un autre poste. En fait, tous les angles de tirs et de vue ont été étudiés pour défendre au mieux le système défensif.

Ensuite, pour arriver au Front Royal, il y avait une vaste zone gazonnée en pente, qui forme le glacis. Ce glacis permettait, au cas où le Front Saint-Etienne soit franchi, de voir l’ennemi arriver et d’anticiper toute attaque. Autrefois, il était bien sur nu et sans arbres. A l’extrême gauche, le long de la falaise, un souterrain permettait aux défenseurs du premier front de se replier vers le front royal. Le front royal est flanqué de deux guérites de surveillance : la tour du roi et la tour de la reine. Le front Royal et le Front de Secours (à l’autre extrémité de la Citadelle) ont été édifiés par les espagnols et remaniés par Vauban. Ces fronts sont reliés par deux énormes murailles, qui épousaient presque à la perfection le relief et le rocher. A cause des vues ennemies depuis les collines des alentours, pour faire écran, Vauban a construit des murailles très solides, en calcaire, de 5 à 6 m d’épaisseur et de 15 à 20 m de haut. La partie supérieure des parapets était construite en brique car leurs éclats étaient beaucoup moins meurtriers que le calcaire. Ces murs délimitent la cour intérieure, et ils étaient surmontés d’un chemin de ronde sur lequel on pouvait déambuler pour monter la garde. De plus une dizaine d’échauguettes étaient disposées le long de ce circuit, pour servir de poste de guet et de combat. Elles étaient plus décoratives qu’efficaces car elles étaient très fragiles. Il n’en reste aujourd’hui plus qu’une ou deux.

Chapelle et puits de la citadelle de Besançon

Puits de 132 m de la citadelle de Besançon

Dans la cour, on trouve plusieurs bâtiments :

* Au centre, le bâtiment des Cadets fut construit en 1682 sur ordre de Louvois, ministre du roi Soleil. Ce bâtiment divise la cour en deux parties. C’était un casernement affecté à une école militaire qui abrita jusqu'à 600 jeunes Cadets du Roi. Au niveau de son architecture, cette caserne est divisée sur toute sa longueur par un épais mur intérieur qui mettait ses occupants à l’abri des tirs latéraux.

* Construits contre le mur fortifié, à l’abri des tirs ennemis, le magasin à poudre : bâtiment construit pour la conservation de tonneaux de poudres, particulièrement protégé et renforcé pour éviter les possibilités d'inflammation lors des tirs ainsi que les risques d'explosion. Il était construit sous une voûte en plein cintre et « à l’épreuve » (capable de résister aux bombes). Les clous et pentures étaient en bronze pour éviter les risques d’étincelle. On y entrait en sabots en bois.

* L'arsenal : il était fait pour l’entrepôt, l’entretien et la réparation d’armes. Au 1e étage, on trouvait les fusils, armes blanches, munitions, et le rez-de-chaussée était réservé pour les canon et autres engins.

* Le puits : Au XVIIe siècle, les besoins en eau étaient satisfaits par des systèmes de canalisations, mais qui pouvaient être détruits lors des premières heures d’un siège ennemi. C’est pour cette raison qu’en 1692, Vauban a construit un puits de 132 m de profondeur pour atteindre la nappe phréatique, qui fonctionnait grâce à une roue de 4 m actionnée par un homme qui y marchait à l’intérieur pour remonter les seaux d’eau. Mais comme l'eau saumâtre était imbuvable, il apporta des citernes pour récupérer l'eau de pluie. Il y en avait une par front. L’eau était quand même de qualité moyenne.

* La chapelle : Les chapelles étaient construites par Vauban dans chaque citadelle pour que la garnison puisse assister à l’office du dimanche. Les formes étaient assez simples. Il y avait peu d’ornements, si ce n’est quelques colonnes doriques. Celle-ci est dédiée à Saint Etienne, en souvenir de l’église du même nom, qui avait été rasée lors de la construction de la Citadelle.

Les bâtiments que Vauban entreprenait n’étaient pas construits au hasard et répondaient à des besoins bien spécifiques.

Les musées de la Citadelle ont ce point commun d'intéresser l’Histoire.

* Le parcours de l'Evolution fait découvrir les principaux maillons de la chaîne de l’évolution du monde animal, des animaux les plus anciens, comme les lamproies, les requins ou le cœlacanthe, aux mammifères évolués, comme le singe ou les hominidés. Ces collections, originellement constituées par l'Université de Franche-Comté, constituent le socle du Museum.

Toutefois, l'établissement regroupe diverses sections d'animaux vivants

* Le parc zoologique présente deux espèces menacées de fauves (lion d'Asie et Tigre de Sibérie), une vingtaine d'espèces de primates, une trentaine d'espèces d'oiseaux exotiques. Les enclos sont intégrés dans le cadre de la citadelle. Les objectifs principaux visent la conservation et la reproduction d'espèces menacées, ainsi que la recherche sur le comportement animal.

* L'insectarium, le plus grand de France, met en avant les insectes qui représentent 85 % de la faune mondiale. On y découvre, dans leur environnement reconstitué, des milliers d'insectes tels que des phasmes, des scarabées, des fourmis, des araignées, des scorpions ou encore différentes espèces de blattes…

* L'aquarium montre des minuscules vairons jusqu'aux imposantes carpes et silures. Une ferme aquacole présente l’élevage d’écrevisses « pied rouge » et d'aprons du Rhône, espèces en voie de disparition dans nos régions faisant l'objet d'un programme de sauvetage en parallèle d'une sensibilisation à l'amélioration de leurs milieux de vie.

* Le noctarium, plonge le visiteur dans l'ambiance de la nuit et de l'obscurité. Il est alors possible de surprendre l'activité de mammifères nocturnes comme les petits rongeurs.

* La p'tite ferme, espace découverte à destination des tous petits

Enfin, dans le domaine des sciences de la terre :

* Le climatorium permet de découvrir l'évolution du climat à l'échelle planétaire et régionale et son incidence sur les formes de vie.

Le musée de la déportation et de la résistance de la Ville de Besançon, créé en 1971 à l'initiative de Denise Lorach, ancienne déportée, évoque avec profondeur et émotion cette sombre page de l'Histoire. Il est l'un des cinq premiers de sa catégorie en France (il reçoit en moyenne annuellement 65 000 visiteurs).

Le parcours muséal est réparti en vingt salles et traite, à l'aide de photographies, de textes et de documents originaux, les thèmes liés à la Seconde Guerre mondiale : l'évolution du nazisme depuis son origine, la guerre et le régime de Vichy, la Déportation et la Résistance intérieure française (Franche-Comté, Zone occupée, Zone Libre – non occupée –, Zone interdite, Zone réservée, Zone annexée ; ensemble de l'Europe), la Libération... Le choix de la citadelle pour ce musée de France est symbolique car une centaine de Résistants y furent fusillés durant l'Occupation. Un mémorial leur est consacré à l'extérieur.

Deux salles d'art concentrationnaire sont dédiées à l'oeuvre de Jean Daligault, déporté Nacht und Nebel/Nuit et brouillard, et à celle de Léon Delarbre, résistant déporté à Auschwitz. La collection présentée [1], pour une bonne part, constitue un dépôt du Musée National d'Art Moderne.

Le Centre de Ressources, accessible sur rendez-vous, met à disposition des publics sa bibliothèque, ses archives, sa banque d'images (comprenant 8000 négatifs, microfilms, diapositives, cassettes), ses fonds sonores… Il compte des fonds d'intérêt national, constitués par l'abbé Joseph de la Martinière et par Germaine Tillon[2].

Le Service éducatif, animé par un professeur détaché de l’Éducation nationale, est à disposition des enseignants pour préparer une visite ou des travaux d'élèves. il assure aussi la rédaction d'outils pédagogiques, en lien avec les programmes des classes de cycle 3 jusqu'à la terminale ; il offre également une aide à la préparation du Concours national de la résistance et de la déportation.

* Le musée comtois, installé depuis 1960 dans le Front Royal, évoque le terroir et l'adaptation humaine ; il rend compte des activités franc-comtoises d'art et de traditions populaires et s'ouvre à l'ethnographie régionale. Tout au long de ses seize salles d'exposition, il décline les hommes et leur environnement et s'attarde sur les aspects de la vie quotidienne aux XIXe et XXe siècle. L'ensemble s'articule autour de quatre thèmes principaux : se nourrir, se divertir, croire et travailler. Le musée possède aussi un important fonds photographique d'ethnographie régionale. Une maquette présente la citadelle dans son ensemble[3].

* L'espace Vauban, évoquant Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1638-1697), connu pour ses fortifications imprenables. Les quatre présentations décrivent Vauban, architecte du roi conquérant Louis XIV, les guerres pour le contrôle de la Franche-Comté et la vie des mousquetaires à la citadelle… L'ensemble des témoignages de l'oeuvre de Vauban à Besançon s'intègrait dans la préfiguration du classement au Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO.

Un projet visant à l'évolution de cette présentation en centre d'interprétation est aujourd'hui à l'étude.

* le Service Régional d'Archéologie, relevant de la Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles est uniquement accessible sur rendez-vous. Cette structure administre l'ensemble de la recherche sur le territoire régional : inventaires, cartographie, gestion de sauvetages préventifs et de fouilles programmées…

Source wikipedia

Seville Jan 2016 (8) 032 by Mark Schofield

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It's now become part of our travelling calendar - we go on a city break for Jayne’s birthday in January - no presents for birthday's and Christmas, we travel instead. This year it was Seville. We had to drive 180 miles south to Stansted to fly there though, Friday afternoon on the A1, such fun... It was a really good drive down in actual fact, the best day for months, glorious blue sky and a fantastic sunset- and I was in a car. We got stung for tea and drinks in the Radison Blu but we were overnighting and leaving the car so we didn't have much choice. Ryanair aagh! Again no choice. To be fair to the abrasive Irish man O Leary things are better than they used to be and it was an acceptable flight.

We were hoping for better weather than we got- don't you always? It was. cold, windy and after some initial beautiful sun on our first afternoon, it was mostly grey. The wind died but so did the sun. The other little problem was that it was my turn for the awful cold that Jayne had been trying to get over. I was under the weather in more ways than one all week, it was only a cold but it was the worst I've had for ages and it didn't help my mood, particularly when the sun was absent. We had a few hours of really nice light here and there and I made the most of it - I think!

Seville has miles and miles of narrow cobbled streets, they seem to go on for ever. They are almost random in layout and it is extremely difficult to find your way around, it's easier to just keep walking and see what you find. So we did! The architecture is stunning and the history is fascinating. Aside from the ancient history the two events that seem to have had a massive recent influence are the Expo's of 1929 and 1992. The incredible buildings or 'Pavilions' that were built for a one off event are now part of the reason that people visit the city. The 1929 pavilions are fantastic, each one is a story in itself and a destination in its own right but there are a lot of them in Parque Maria Luisa. Plaza Espana, built by the hosts of course, is the biggest and I would imagine that you could make a project out of photographing the individual ceramic tile displays around it on their own. These incredible buildings really need the light to be right to get images that people want to see, flat bright light from bright grey skies is good for certain things but dramatic architecture deserves better - or maybe I'm looking for the easy way option. The other discovery that we made, we found just down the road from the hotel, about an hour into the trip – The Metropol Parasol. A giant lattice work parasol, apparently called ‘The Mushrooms’ locally and apparently the world’s largest wooden structure. You have to look twice, having discovered that it is wood. Only later did we discover that we could get to the top and there is an extensive walkway around the top of it. It is built on top of ancient ruins, ( still intact and viewable) a food market and bars etc. and has a plaza around it and on it, that is buzzing on weekend evenings. Walking around the top, the first people up it one day and being back to watch the sunset later was one of the highlights of the trip for me.

The 1992 Expo also covered a massive area but left behind lots of modern - and some very strange - buildings and arenas. Some are of a temporary nature and get dismantled others find a new use. The land used was on an island between two branches of the River Guadalquivir – Isla de la Cartuja. The branch that goes through the city is now a canal, blocked at its northern end by a barrier with a motorway on it, and is used extensively for water sports, mainly rowing. Many of the buildings are now used by private companies as headquarters , others have a very derelict look. The whole area- even though it is home to the theme park- which was shut for the winter, has a neglected air about it. There are weeds growing everywhere but fountains are switched on, which seemed odd. Unlike the city a short distance away, there are no cafes or bars or other people around for that matter, just us meandering through. The car park that was created for the event is massive, it stretches for miles, and I really mean miles. Totally derelict, just the odd person or dog walker around. There is even a railway line terminating here, in the middle of nowhere a modern and apparently unmanned station, like a ghost station. At this point, across the river proper is open countryside, much flatter than I expected and very easy for local walkers and cyclists to get to - also very calm and quiet, a place to linger and enjoy the peace.

As usual I researched and discovered as we walked, we averaged around 13 miles a day and tried to get off the beaten track. We were out around 8.15, before sunrise, and had orange juice, coffee and Tostada with the locals for breakfast. The trouble is that there are many miles of walking in a relatively small area, some streets are only a few feet wide so there are a lot of them to explore. Incredible ancient churches and squares are around every corner- it's a very religious place - Catholicism rules in Spain. Unfortunately many are only a few feet away from the building next to it and it is difficult to get a decent shot of them. Seville is also famous, historically, as a producer of ceramic tiles. A building isn’t complete without a tile display of some sort and it would be very easy to make a project out of tiles alone. It may be a little boring for any companions though!

We walked the length of the embankment a couple of times, it has graffiti from end to end, several miles of massive concrete walls covered in everything imaginable, from marker pen scribbling to works of art. It was suggested to me that allowing people to paint here might prevent them from daubing property and monuments in the city- it hasn't! Most alleyways and shutters have been attacked to a greater or lesser degree. Spain has very high youth unemployment and maybe this plays a role. To be truthful though we haven't seen a city that's free of graffiti. The other problem is dogs- or what they produce, it's everywhere, absolutely everywhere, in a week we saw only one person remove his dogs mess. Fortunately the city streets are cleaned exceptionally well, some of the cleanest we have come across, men (and a lot of women) and machines are washing and sweeping endlessly.

Having had the wettest winter on record at home - almost three months of rain - we didn't want more rain but we got it. The upside was the water and the reflections that it created made photography on the cobbled streets more interesting, particularly at night. I usually find that it takes me a while to get into the groove on a trip and this one was no different, I didn't start shooting with total disregard - street shots- for a couple of days. Whilst the locals wore quilted jackets and scarves we got down to tee shirts at times, the warmer afternoons would be welcome in summer, never mind January, in Huddersfield. I envied the cyclists, being able to train in temperatures like this in winter - I wish! You need a lot less willpower to get out there and train hard in pleasant weather.

From a photography point of view I had a frustrating time, I never felt to get to grips with the place- other than on the streets at night. Writing this on my phone on the flight home, I haven't a clue what I've got to work with when I get back. I usually edit first and write later. Generally I have a first look, I'm disillusioned, I then revisit and see things differently- thankfully! Architectural shots with a grey sky could be destined for the monochrome treatment, we'll soon see. I'm still editing stuff from our London trip before Christmas, it's getting decent views in black and white and I quite enjoy looking at them myself.

We visited most of the notable tourist destinations, and went up anything that we could. Seville doesn't have a high point-it's flat! Nothing really stands head and shoulders above the city. The Cathedral tower is over 300 feet but the Cathedral itself fills a lot of the view on some aspects. Being square and having to look through bars in recesses you don't really get a completely open aspect. A new 600 foot tower is close to being finished, it's an office block and I couldn't find any mention of it being a viewing point in the future.

Oranges were the last thing on my mind when I suggested going to Seville. There are 25000 orange trees in Seville and now is the time that they are laden with big-and sour- Seville oranges, they are everywhere, apparently they are the property of the city authorities and will be harvested and sent to the UK to be made in to marmalade at some point in the near future. These trees will soon be covered in fragrant blossom, the city will smell beautiful for a couple of months. Studying the surrounding area it would be good to tour in March or April I would think, the scents, longer days and better weather would make for a fantastic trip. One for the future. The sunrise on our final morning was the best of the week, this was what we had looked forward to, we had to leave for the airport at 9.00...... Needless to say it was raining hard as we drove the last twenty miles home. Nothing new there then.

As usual I have aimed to present a pretty extensive collection of photographs of our chosen destination, some, at first glance will be pretty mundane shots of everyday life on the streets, often though, close inspection will reveal something humorous, something that needs a bit of thought. Others are definitely just people going about their holiday or work. Travelling with someone else it wouldn’t be fair to spend an inordinate amount of time trying to nail the perfect long exposure or HDR image of a cathedral or similar in perfect light – the one stunning shot to add to the portfolio- it’s not really my thing, I go for an overview of the place in the time available. Looking at the postcards locally it becomes obvious that stunning shots of some of these buildings are hard to come by. Heavily corrected converging verticals were quite obvious – and most likely will be in my own shots. As the owner of tilt and shift lenses I never travel with one – ever! My knees are already creaking from the weight of the bag.

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Proper Planning & Preparation.... by Jjm2009

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Prevents Piss-Poor performance.

As the saying goes.

I'd been looking forward to photographing the BLS Garston Growler at the site of my old box of Garston Junction that burned down in 2002. Having found a decent location thanks to the elevation of the pole, I was set up and could hear the flanges squealing as the train traversed the tight curve from Allerton Junction.

That's when the top section of the pole collapsed (loosened bracket) dropping the camera 3ft lower and ruining the shot. "Oh dear" said I - or words to that effect.

So the only shot I got of the inward working to Garston Docks was this classic after I'd spun the pole around as 37516 leads 37676 on 1Z32 1326 Preston to Crewe on 3rd September 2022.

Having had an aborted drive round to the freightliner terminal to try and get a shot there and finding there was nothing obvious available, I headed back to try and get a photo of the outward leg from Garston. All in all not a very successful trip!

So remember the seven P's.

I'm sure there'll be another tour along here in ten years

Fire - prevent it. by John Coulthard

9 1

"Keep matches from children" (Look & Learn, 1971)

Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)_DSC6887-1 by Boon Hong Chan

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Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)

The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is a small New World monkey weighing less than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb). One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recognized by the long, white sagittal crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is found in tropical forest edges and secondary forests in northwestern Colombia, where it is arboreal and diurnal. Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and it is an important seed disperser in the tropical ecosystem.

The cotton-top tamarin displays a wide variety of social behaviors. In particular, groups form a clear dominance hierarchy where only dominant pairs breed. The female normally gives birth to twins and uses pheromones to prevent other females in the group from breeding. These tamarins have been extensively studied for their high level of cooperative care, as well as altruistic and spiteful behaviors. Communication between cotton-top tamarins is sophisticated and shows evidence of grammatical structure, a language feature that must be acquired.

Up to 40,000 cotton-top tamarins are thought to have been caught and exported for use in biomedical research before 1976, when CITES gave them the highest level of protection and all international trade was banned. Now, the species is at risk due to large-scale habitat destruction, as the lowland forest in northwestern Colombia where the cotton-top tamarin is found has been reduced to 5% of its previous area. It is currently classified as critically endangered and is one of the rarest primates in the world, with only 6,000 individuals left in the wild.

Taxonomy and naming

S. oedipus has the common names "cotton-top tamarin" and "cotton-headed tamarin" in English. Its name comes from the white hair that spans its head and flows down past the neck. In Spanish, it is commonly called bichichi, tití pielroja, "tití blanco, tití cabeza blanca, or tití leoncito. In German-speaking areas, the cotton-top tamarin is commonly known as Lisztaffe (literally "Liszt monkey") most likely due to the resemblance of its crest to the hairstyle of Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt.

The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Simia oedipus. Linnaeus chose the species name oedipus, which means swollen foot, but as the species does not have particularly large feet, it is unknown why he chose this name. (Linnaeus often selected names from mythology without any particular rationale, and he may have used the name of Oedipus, the mythical Greek king of Thebes, more or less arbitrarily.) In 1977, Philip Hershkovitz performed a taxonomic analysis of the species based on fur coloration patterns, cranial and mandibular morphology, and ear size. He classified Geoffroy's tamarin S. geoffroyi as a subspecies of S. oedipus. Subsequent analyses by Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976), Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho (1981), and later Grooves (2001) consider the S. oedipus and S. geoffroyi types to be separate species.

Some researchers, such as Thorington (1976), posit that S. oedipus is more closely related to the white-footed tamarin (S. leucopus) than to S. geoffroyi. This view is supported by Hanihara and Natoria's analysis of toothcomb dental morphology (1987) and by Skinner (1991), who found similarities between S. oedipus and S. leucopus in 16 of 17 morphological traits considered.

This species of white-headed tamarin is thought to have diverged from the other Amazonian forms such as S. leucopus. This is supported by morphological considerations of the transition from juvenile to adulthood, during which the fur coloration patterns change significantly and are similar between the two species. Hershkovitz proposed that the separation of the two species happened in the Pleistocene at the height of the Atrato River, where it intersected the Cauca-Magdalena. At that time, the area was covered by a sea, which created a geographic barrier that caused the species to diverge through the process of allopatric speciation. Today, the two species are principally separated by the Atrato River.

Physical characteristics

The cotton-top tamarin is part of the most diminutive family of monkeys, Callitrichidae, the marmosets and tamarins; it weighs 432 g (15.2 oz) on average. Its head–body length is 20.8–25.9 cm (8.2–10.2 in), while its tail—which is not prehensile—is slightly longer at around 33–41 cm (13–16 in).[ The species is not sexually dimorphic, the male and female are of a similar size and weight. Members of the Callitrichinae subfamily (including this species) have sharp nails (tegulae) on all digits except the big toes, which have the flat nails (ungulae) common to other primates. Tegulae resemble a squirrel's claws and help with movement through trees.

The cotton-top tamarin has a long sagittal crest, consisting of white hairs, from forehead to nape flowing over the shoulders. The skin of the face is black with gray or white bands located above the eyes. These bands continue along the edge of the face down to the jaw. Tamarins are generally divided into three groups by their facial characteristics: hairy-faced, mottled-faced, and bare-faced. The cotton-top tamarin has fine white hairs covering its face, but they are so fine as to appear naked, thus is considered a bare-faced tamarin. Its lower canine teeth are longer than its incisors, creating the appearance of tusks. Like other callitrichids, the cotton-top tamarin has two molar teeth on each side of its jaw, not three like other New World monkeys.

The cotton-top tamarin has fur covering all of the body except the palms of the hands and feet, the eyelids, the borders of the nostrils, the nipples, the anus, and the penis. The back is brown, and the underparts, arms and legs are whitish-yellow. The rump and inner thighs and upper tail are reddish-orange. The fur is distributed with varying densities throughout the body: the genital region (scrotum and pubic zone), axilla, and the base of the tail have lower densities, while the forward region is much higher. Many individuals have stripes or whorls of fur of striking coloration on their throats. The cotton-top also has whiskers on its forehead and around its mouth.

Habitat and distribution

The cotton-top tamarin is restricted to a small area of northwest Colombia, between the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers to the south and east, the Atlantic coast to the north, and the Atrato River to the west. They mostly live Brazil; two-thirds of their habitat has been destroyed. Historically, the entire area was suitable for the cotton-top tamarin, but due to habitat loss through deforestation, it survives in fragmented parks and reserves. One of the most important areas for the cotton-top is the Paramillo National Park, which consists of 460,000 hectares (1,800 sq mi) of primary and secondary forests.

The cotton-top tamarin is found in both primary and secondary forests, from humid tropical forests in the south of its range to tropical dry forests in the north. It is seldom found at altitudes above 400 m (1,300 ft), but has been encountered up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft). It prefers the lower levels of the tropical forests, but may also be found foraging on the ground and between the understory and the canopy. It can adapt to forest fragments and can survive in relatively disturbed habitats. In the dry forests are pronounced seasons. Between December and April, it is dry, while heavy rainfall occurs between August and November which can flood the forest floor. Across its range, annual rainfall varies between 500 and 1,300 mm (20 and 51 in).

Ecology

The cotton-top tamarin has a diet of mainly fruit (40%) and animal material (40%). This includes insects, plant exudates such as gum and sap, nectar, and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. Due to its small body size and high food passage rate, its diet must be high-quality and high-energy. Insectivory is common in the cotton-top and the species hunts for insects using a variety of methods: stealth, pouncing, chasing, exploring holes, and turning over leaves.

Tamarins act as seed dispersers in tropical ecosystems. While larger primates eat larger seeds, tamarins eat the smaller ones. The expelled seeds have a higher germination rate than others and ingesting larger seeds may help to dislodge and expel intestinal parasites.

The cotton-top tamarin is diurnal and sleeps with its social group in trees with foliage cover. The group leaves the sleeping tree together an hour after dawn and spends the day foraging, resting, travelling, and grooming. The species is thought to rise late and increases the speed of its foraging and travelling before dusk to avoid crepuscular and nocturnal predators. Its main predators include raptors, mustelids, felids, and snakes. The cotton-top tamarin is extremely vigilant, always looking for potential predators. When the group is resting, one individual moves apart and acts as a lookout to alert the group if it sees a threat.

The cotton-top tamarin can live as long as 24 years in captivity, while its lifespan in the wild averages 13 years.

Behavior

Social systems

The cotton-top tamarin is a highly social primate that typically lives in groups of two to nine individuals, but may reach up to 13 members. These small familial groups tend to fluctuate in size and in composition of individuals and a clear dominance hierarchy is always present within a party. At the head of the group is the breeding pair. The male and female in this pair are typically in a monogamous reproductive relationship, and together serve as the group's dominant leaders.

Dominant pairs are the only breeding pair within their groups, and the female generally has authority over the breeding male. While nonbreeding group members can be the leading pair's offspring, immigrant adults may also live with and cooperate in these groups. This social grouping in cotton-top tamarins is hypothesized to arise from predation pressure. Cotton-top tamarins exhibit prosocial behavior that benefits other members of the group, and are well known for engaging in cooperative breeding whereby the group's subordinate adults help in rearing the offspring of the dominant pair. The dominant female is more likely to give birth to nonidentical twins than a singleton, so it would be too energetically expensive for just one pair to raise the young.

To prevent younger, subordinate females within the group from breeding, the dominant female uses pheromones. This suppresses sexual behavior and delays puberty. Unrelated males that join the group can release the females from this reproductive suppression; this may result in more than one female of the group becoming pregnant, but only one of the pregnancies will be successful.

Cooperation

In cooperative breeding, the effort put into caring for the dominant breeders' offspring is shared by the group members. Parents, siblings, and immigrant adults share young rearing duties for the breeding pair's young. These duties include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with the group's young. Cotton-top tamarins display high levels of parental investment during infant care. Males, particularly those that are paternal, show a greater involvement in caregiving than do females. Despite this, both male and female infants prefer contact and proximity to their mothers over their fathers. Males may invest additional support in rearing offspring as a form of courtship to win favor of the group's dominant female. However, evidence indicates that time spent carrying infants does not correlate with a male's overall copulation frequency.

Since only one female in a group breeds, heavy investment in infant care ensures that all offspring survive until independence. Accordingly, cotton-top tamarins bear excessive costs to care for the group's young. Male carriers, especially paternal carriers, incur large energetic costs for the sake of the group's young. This burden may cause some male cotton-tops to lose up to 10–11% of their total body weight. The large weight loss may occur from reduced food intake as infant-carrying inhibits foraging ability for a carrier. The trend of male-carrier weight loss and decreased food intake is in contrast to the dominant female's periovulatory period, when she gains weight after increasing her own food intake and relinquishing much of her infant-carrying duties.

Altruism

While caregiving by males appears to be altruistic, particularly in cotton-top sires, the costs of infant care may in fact be tolerated for selfish reasons. Namely, the costs to male weight and foraging ability may in turn promote consecutive pregnancies in dominant females, thereby providing more offspring bearing the sire's genes. Additionally, the cooperative breeding structure of cotton-tops can change with group size and parental experience. First-time sires spend a greater amount of time carrying the infant than experienced ones, and in smaller groups, sires do a greater proportion of carrying and feeding the infant than in larger groups, where helpers take on more of the work. Total care for infants remains constant with varying group size, and infant outcome is not significantly different in groups that have differing levels of experience in raising offspring.

The cooperative breeding hypothesis predicts that cotton-top tamarins engage with this young-rearing paradigm, and in turn naturally embrace patterns of prosocial behavior. These monkeys engage in such behavior by acting altruistically within their groups in caring for infants, vocalizing alarm calls, and in sharing food. Though some studies indicate that cotton-top tamarins have the psychological capacity to participate in reciprocally mediated altruism, it is unclear whether the cotton-top tamarin acts solely using judgements on reinforcement history.

Other studies involving cotton-top tamarins have hinted that positive reciprocity and reciprocal altruism are irrelevant in the prosociality of these primates.[20] Some researchers believe these primates tend to cooperate for selfish reasons and in situations where they incur some benefit for themselves. That is, cooperation in cotton-top tamarins can be better described by mutualism than by true altruism.

Tamarins in captivity have shown the ability to distinguish other individuals based on cooperative tendencies and past behavior. Cotton-tops ultimately use this information to guide future cooperation. Brief periods of defection tend to cause swift, irreparable breakups between these primates and their cooperators. To avoid this, cotton-top tamarins may make economically driven decisions based on the projected incentives of a potential cooperator.

Spite and aggression

Despite an expansive array of altruistic behaviors, cotton-top tamarins engage in great bouts of spite through negative reciprocity and punishment. They have been observed to immediately start denying cooperation with monkeys that deny them benefits. Further, in captivity, these primates are not observed to increase altruistic behavior with fellow primates that are committed fully to cooperation. Based on this, researchers believe that repeated interactions in a cooperative society like that of the cotton-top tamarin can heighten the chances that an individual will designate behavioral punishments to others in its group. This reaction has also been observed in other species. However, these reciprocal punishments, or relative lack of altruistic actions, may alternatively happen as a result of response facilitation that increases the chances of a cotton-top punishing another primate after watching that individual perform a similar action.

Another way to look at punishment in cotton-top tamarins is by observing their aggressive behavioral responses within and between groups, as well as between species. The cotton-top tamarin, like many marmosets, other tamarins, and specifically those in the genus Saguinus, stages aggressive displays almost exclusively towards fellow monkeys that belong to the same gender. These intrasexual displays of aggression are more frequent in females, and are vital when a breeding female is forcing both subadult and adult females to emigrate out of a familial group.

Though aggression can occur within groups, the response towards intruders of another species is much more drastic and can involve a sexual dimorphism in displays. Females typically employ scent-marking intruder response tactics, whereas males are more prone to vocalizing threats, physical aggression, and piloerection. Scent-marking in cotton-top tamarins is done in two ways: either using anogenital scent-marking, or suprapubic scent-marking. The ability to use both of these separate glandular fields for threat signals may indicate females have developed diverging evolutionary threats through differential use of these markings. These variable signals may be used to sign a territorial encounter, or serve as a reproductive signal. The intensity of female threats are generally comparable when directed at intruders of either genders. In contrast, male cotton-tops are considerably more threatening towards fellow males than towards females.

Communication

The cotton-top tamarin vocalizes with bird-like whistles, soft chirping sounds, high-pitched trilling, and staccato calls. Researchers describe its repertoire of 38 distinct sounds as unusually sophisticated, conforming to grammatical rules. Jayne Cleveland and Charles Snowdon performed an in-depth feature analysis to classify the cotton-top's repertoire of vocalizations in 1982. They concluded that it uses a simple grammar consisting of eight phonetic variations of short, frequency-modulated "chirps"—each representing varying messages—and five longer constant frequency "whistles". They hypothesize that some of these calls demonstrate that the cotton-top tamarin uses phonetic syntax, while other calls may be exemplars of lexical syntax usage. Each type of call is given a letter signifier; for example, C-calls are associated with finding food and D-calls are associated with eating. Further, these calls can be modified to better deliver information relevant to auditory localization in call-recipients. Using this range of vocalizations, the adults may be able to communicate with one another about intention, thought processes, and emotion, including curiosity, fear, dismay, playfulness, warnings, joy, and calls to young.

Language acquisition

Over the first 20 weeks after a cotton-top tamarin is born, it is not fully capable of producing the range of vocalizations that an adult monkey can. Despite this limitation on speech producibility, researchers believe that language acquisition occurs early on with speech comprehension abilities arising first. Infants can at times produce adult-like chirps, but this is rarely done in the correct context and remains inconsistent across the first 20 weeks of life. Regardless, infant cotton-tops are able to respond in behaviorally appropriate ways to varying contexts when presented with adult chirps. This indicates that verbal perception is a quickly acquired skill for offspring, followed closely by auditory comprehension, and later by proper vocal producibility.

Castro and Snowdon (2000) observed that aside from inconsistent adult-like chirping, cotton-top infants most often produce a prototype chirp that differs in vocalization structure from anything seen in the full adult range of vocalizations. Infants are thought to imitate adult speakers, which use differing calls in various contexts, but by using solely the infant prototypical chirp. For instance, adult cotton-tops are known to significantly reduce the amount of general alarm calling in the presence of infants. This is likely adapted so that adults in close proximity to the group's young do not attract attention of predators to infant-dense areas. Additionally, infants reduce their prototype chirping in the presence of predators. Whether infants are shadowing the calling behavior of adults or they are comprehending danger remains unclear. However, researchers argue that young cotton-top tamarins are able to represent semantic information regardless of immature speech production.

To confirm the notion that language acquisition occurs as a progression of comprehension before production, Castro and Snowdon (2000) showed that infants respond behaviorally to vocalizing adults in a fashion that indicates they can comprehend auditory inputs. When an adult produces a C-call chirp, used to indicate food preference and when navigating to a food source, an infant approaches the adult caller to be fed, but do not use the prototype calling as a proxy for C-calls. This finding argues for the idea that infants are able to understand vocalizations first, and later acquire the ability to communicate with adult vocalizations.

General calling

Among the typical cotton-top tamarin communicative vocalizations, the combination long call (CLC) and the alarm call (AC) are the most heavily represented in the literature. CLCs encompass a range of contact calls that are produced by isolated individuals using chirps and whistles. This type of call is also used for seemingly altruistic alarm calls, thus adding to its range of cooperative behaviors. It is issued in the presence of kin when a threatening llamas predator is seen. Predators of the cotton-top tamarin include snakes, ocelots, tayras, and most notably, hawks. Early observations by Patricia Neyman even showed that cotton-tops produce diverse sets of alarm calls that can discriminate the presence of birds of prey versus ground-based predators.

CLCs involve the production of complex sequence multisyllabic vocalizations. Researchers have argued that long calls exhibit individual differences, thus can carry information sufficient for recipients to determine caller identity. Using habituation-discrimination paradigms in language experiments, this theory has been confirmed multiple times in literature. However, the individual syllables within a complete CLC vocalization in isolation of each other do not transfer sufficient information to communicate messages between monkeys. Scientists thus consider the whole, intact string of vocalizations to be the unit of perception for CLCs in the cotton-top tamarin. These examinations may confirm that cotton-tops incorporate a lexical syntax in areas of their communication.

Since tamarins can discriminate between predatory threats using varying vocalizations, recipients of an AC are thought to extract various complex signals from this form of communication. Primarily, cotton-tops are able to glean the identity of the cooperating tamarin through differences in individuals' alarm calls. Further, adults are able to discriminate the gender of callers from their ACs and determine the range of calls within a related tamarin's alarm calling repertoire. Alarm call-based identification is postulated to play a number of functional roles in the cotton-top tamarin. Firstly, an AC recipient is able to identify a cooperating tamarin, and by recognizing which in their group it is, be able to judge the reliability of the AC from past experience. This may arise from a selective pressure for being able to statistically determine the amount of risk present, and how endangered an individual and its group are.

Additionally, being able to localize auditory signals may help determine predator location, especially in the presence of a second AC from a different tamarin in the group. This can help confirm predator presence, type (e.g. flying versus ground-based), and support the recipient in triangulating a predator's location. In the context of the cotton-top's cooperative breeding groups, this is postulated as being adaptive for determining the variable risk to one's group members. For example, a call recipient is able to determine which of its kin are and are not at risk (e.g. young offspring, mates, subordinates, relatives, carriers, etc.) and plan subsequent actions accordingly.

Food calls

The cotton-top tamarin makes selective, specialized vocalizations in the presence of food. These include the C-call, produced when a cotton-top approaches and sorts through food, and the D-call, which is associated with food retrieval and is exhibited while eating.

C-call chirping is believed to be an honest signal for communicating food preference, and a cotton-top tamarin more often and more rapidly vocalizes with these chirps when approaching a highly favored food source. Functionally, this behavior may inform other tamarins of the actions the caller will take in a feeding context and whether a preferable food source is available. Despite this research indicating that food calls may be informative to fellow group mates, other observations of cotton-tops show that quantity and distribution of food and audience do not significantly alter a caller's food-centered vocalizations.

The cotton-top tamarin is seen to produce food calls both in the presence and absence of group members. Additionally, response to food calls are directed back to an original caller independent of visual confirmation of a food source. While this may appear to be a result from a very primitive form of communication, Roush and Snowdon (2005) maintain that the food-calling behavior confers some mentally representable information about food to recipient tamarins.

Conservation status

The wild population is estimated at 6,000 individuals, with 2,000 adults. This species is critically endangered, and was listed in "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates between 2008 and 2012." The publication lists highly endangered primate species and is released every two years by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group. The cotton-top tamarin was not selected for the 2012–2014 publication.

Habitat destruction through forest clearing is the main cause of this collapse, and the cotton-top has lost more than three-quarters of its original habitat to deforestation, while the lowland forest in which it lives has been reduced to 5% of its historical range. This land is then used for large-scale agricultural production (i.e. cattle) and farming, logging, oil palm plantations, and hydroelectric projects that fragment the cotton-top tamarin's natural range.

The illegal pet trade and scientific research have also been cited as factors by the IUCN. While biomedical studies have recently limited their use of this species, illegal capture for the pet trade still plays a major role in endangering the cotton-top. Before 1976, when CITES listed the species under Appendix I banning all international trade, the cotton-top tamarin was exported for use in biomedical research.

In captivity, the cotton-top is highly prone to colitis, which is linked to an increased risk of a certain type of colon cancer. Up to 40,000 individuals were caught and exported for research into those diseases, as well as Epstein-Barr virus, for the benefit of humans. The species is now protected by international law. Although enough individuals are in captivity to sustain the species, it is still critically endangered in the wild.

The Proyecto Tití ("Project Tamarin") was started in 1985 to provide information and support in conservation of the cotton-top tamarin and its habitat in northern Colombia. Proyecto Tití's programs combine field research, education, and community programs to spread awareness about this endangered species and encourage the public to participate in its protection. It now has partner status with the Wildlife Conservation Network.

In January 2015, two captive cotton-top tamarins at the Alexandria Zoological Park in Alexandria, Louisiana, died when a caretaker left them outside overnight in temperatures as low as 30 °F. One other individual survived.

[Credit: en.wikipedia.org]

UK continues to lead on Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict by Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office

Former President of Kosovo, Ms Atifete Jahjaga at the Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative (PSVI) event in London, 13 March 2017.

Prevent UCR by LOS aNGELES tIMES

Joining Forces to Prevent Violence Against Women by United States Mission Geneva

The first event of 2016 in the Salon Series jointly organized by the the U.S. Mission’s Future She Deserves initiative and Women@TheTable explored “Men & Boys, Women & Girls: Preventing Gender-Based Violence.” Ambassador Pamela Hamamoto urged participants to act as catalysts for change, focusing the collective expertise of International Geneva on addressing a global epidemic that represents a public health and human rights concern for every country. "Gender based violence knows no social, economic, or national boundaries," Ambassador Hamamoto said. "It's a human rights violation, a public health challenge, but also a barrier to civic, social, political and economic participation."

The group was joined by Nazir Afzal, OBE, former Chief Crown Prosecutor for the North West of England, a global leader on child protection and violence against women and girls. Afzal emphasized that working to prevent violence is every bit as essential as prosecution. “Fifteen years ago I realized that prosecution was actually a failure. Because by the time you prosecute somebody, somebody has been harmed.” Educating children that women’s rights are human rights needs to start much earlier, ideally in kindergarten, Afzal stressed. “Until such time as we educate it out, working with as young people as possible, we are going to have this issue for generations and generations.”

US Mission Photos: Eric Bridiers

LAFD Teamwork Prevents Apartment Residents from Being Displaced by Los Angeles Fire Department

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SOUTH LOS ANGELES - When significant structural damage from a non-injury vehicle collision threatened to displace residents of a two story apartment building in the 800 block of East 79th Street, crews from the Los Angeles Fire Department - including an LAFD Urban Search and Rescue unit, quickly swung into action on September 3, 2016. Stabilizing the building to the satisfaction of an on-site Inspector from the City's Department of Building & Safety, the LAFD effort allowed the occupants of 4 apartment units to safely remain in their homes throughout the long holiday weekend, until permanent repairs could be made.

LAFD Incident: 090316-0648

Photo Use Permitted via Creative Commons - Credit: LAFD Photo | Jim Holland

prevent and treat. by Nicole Mountz

Ambuiberica. P.M.A Iveco Eurocargo by Emergencias ZGZ

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Preventivo Baja España-Aragón 2011

B.C. invests in a better future for plastics by Province of British Columbia

Preventing plastic waste, reducing emissions and creating clean-tech jobs are just a few benefits of the 14 new projects under the CleanBC Plastics Action Fund, as well as a boost of more than double the previous funding for further projects. Minister George Heyman, Minister Selina Robinson, Minister Jagrup Brar, and Parliamentary Secretary Aman Singh tour Vitacore Industries Inc.

Clean drinking water and latrines help prevent disease spread by EU Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid

The Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU presented their Post Gu assessment in early September 2014. The situation has further deteriorated, due to a combination of drought, surging food prices and armed conflict. Over 1 million people are now in crisis and face acute food insecurity, up by 20 percent from 857, 000 just six months ago. The number of acutely malnourished children is 218,000, of whom 43,800 are severely malnourished and at immediate risk of death.

Over three million people are now in need of humanitarian assistance. The indicators from 2010 and 2014 are very similar, and in some cases worse now.

Mogadishu Internally Displaced People (IDP) remain in emergency despite reasonable humanitarian access. The recent influx of newly displaced people into the overcrowded and under-served Afgoye Corridor (also known as K7-13) is one of the reasons. The additional 10M EUR that European Commission’s Humanitarian aid and Civil Protection department ((ECHO) has made available are being contracted quickly and non-governmental and United Nations partners are using the funds for scaling up their response. ©Abdullahi Abdisalan/ EU/ ECHO

"How to Save a Life: Speaking Up to Prevent Medical Errors." by Seton Hall University

Sorrel King, founder of the Josie King Foundation and a national advocate for patient safety awareness, spoke at Seton Hall on September 17, 2014, as part of the School of Health and Medical Sciences' Interprofessional Perspectives Speaker Series. Her talk was titled "How to Save a Life: Speaking Up to Prevent Medical Errors."

Seville Jan 2016 (5) 780 - Around and about the Metropol Parasol in Plaza de la Encarnacion at the other end of the day this time - waiting for the sunset by Mark Schofield