El consejero de Hacienda y Economía del Gobierno Vasco, Pedro Azpiazu, ha participado esta mañana en un desayuno informativo organizado por Executive Forum, con la colaboración de Enviser. El portavoz del grupo parlamentario vasco, Aitor Esteban, ha acompañado al consejero y le ha presentado destacando su “visión de justicia social” en el desempeño de su trabajo y su amplio conocimiento de los diferentes tipos de realidades, fruto de su experiencia previa en diversas administraciones.

 

Azpiazu ha comenzado su discurso acerca de las perspectivas de desarrollo económico en la próxima década advirtiendo que “ya se está” produciendo una ralentización. Sin que se esperase que esta tendencia llegase a alcanzar los niveles de la crisis anterior, el consejero ha reconocido que “la escasa resiliencia de nuestra economía sigue siendo una asignatura pendiente que no hemos terminado de superar, aunque creo que podemos estar más cerca de conseguirlo”. En este sentido, ha explicado que se prevé un crecimiento del 1,9% para 2020, frente al 2,2% del año pasado. A su juicio, estos seguirían siendo unos datos positivos teniendo en cuenta el entorno europeo y, sobre todo, que desde que se inició la recuperación en 2014 se han mantenido años de crecimiento entorno al 3%.

 

Con respecto al problema del paro, Apiazu ha considerado que esta escasa resiliencia sería una de las principales causas de las altas tasas de paro durante los periodos de crisis. Pese a ello, se ha mostrado optimista valorando factores como la propia tasa decreciente del paro, el carácter excepcional de la anterior crisis y la expectativa de que “en la próxima década asistiremos a unas enormes necesidades de relevo de la generación del baby boom, que llega a la jubilación, mientras que se reduce la población de forma natural”.

 

En relación con al crecimiento del País Vasco, el consejero ha afirmado que “somos muy conscientes de lo que representa un reducido tamaño como el nuestro en esta era del capitalismo global”, así como que “los temas de competitividad son una seña de identidad del Gobierno vasco”. Por este motivo, ha explicado que trabajan por construir su ventaja competitiva y lograr una alta productividad, “aunque sabemos bien que ni podemos ni queremos aspirar a ser una gran ciudad global”. En esta línea, ha aludido al Índice de Competitividad Regional de la Comisión Europea, que destacaría que “en España la divergencia es enorme y que solo el País Vasco lucha por seguir la estela irresistible de Madrid”, ya que “la ventaja de las capitales es abrumadora”.

 

De este modo, Azpiazu ha denunciado que en España “las capitales se lo llevan todo” y que sea el país de la Unión Europea “con mayor disparidad en 2019 entre su región más competitiva y la menos competitiva”. Por tanto, ha reivindicado que Euskadi siga siendo “un pequeño gran motor dentro de la geografía económica”, para lo cual “necesitamos poder desplegar nuestra propia idiosincrasia, nuestras instituciones y ser fieles a los valores de nuestra sociedad”.

    

before the pandemic

Experiment with converted IR camera using a polarizing filter and HDR software. AEB +/-2 total 3 exposures processed with Photomatix.

 

High Dynamic Range (HDR)

 

High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.

 

HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.

 

The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.

 

Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).

 

In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).

 

Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.

 

In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.

 

An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.

 

Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.

 

Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.

 

Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range

 

Tone mapping

Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.

 

Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include

 

Adobe Photoshop

Aurora HDR

Dynamic Photo HDR

HDR Efex Pro

HDR PhotoStudio

Luminance HDR

MagicRaw

Oloneo PhotoEngine

Photomatix Pro

PTGui

 

Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.

 

HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.

 

History of HDR photography

The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.

 

Mid 20th century

Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.

 

Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.

 

With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.

 

Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.

 

Late 20th century

Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.

 

In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.

 

In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.

 

Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.

 

In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.

 

Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.

 

On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.

 

The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.

 

21st century

In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.

 

On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.

 

HDR sensors

Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.

 

Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging

 

Infrared Photography

 

In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)

 

When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.

 

The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.

 

Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by CEK Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.

 

Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.

 

Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures, a notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie The Bride Came COD.

 

False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but KODAK AEROCHROME III Infrared Film 1443 has been discontinued.

 

Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like f/2.0 can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. However, it should be noted that diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.

 

Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.

 

Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.

 

As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.

 

Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. However, despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from EFKE, ROLLEI, and ILFORD are still available, but these formulations have differing sensitivity and specifications from the venerable KODAK HIE that has been around for at least two decades. Some of these infrared films are available in 120 and larger formats as well as 35 mm, which adds flexibility to their application. With the discontinuance of Kodak HIE, Efke's IR820 film has become the only IR film on the marketneeds update with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm, the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.

  

Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the remaining colors to reach the film. The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.

 

In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.

 

There is no currently available digital camera that will produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although the equivalent images can be produced by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.

 

Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.

 

In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.

 

Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the centre of the image as their coatings are optimised for visible light and not for IR.

 

An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.

 

Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.

 

While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.

 

Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.

 

Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.

 

Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".

 

Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.

 

Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see Infrared spectrum#Commonly used sub-division scheme). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera#Uncooled infrared detectors). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography

 

Mês passado tive um saldo bem comportado, mas nesse apareceu muita coisa.

 

Vários aí teriam entrado no de janeiro se eu tivesse encontrado com a May antes, na verdade. =p

 

E o pior é que misturei tudo para tentar organizar pelos vidrinhos e não pelo que chegou junto. Só para dar mais trabalho na hora de explicar. hauhauhaha

 

Os La Femme para carimbo (Branco Neon e Vermelho) vieram de uma compra na Pop Colors. Quando soubemos que estava tudo em promoção porque a loja ia acabar a May fez uma compra para nós.

 

Ravelly (Raquel, Salmão e Celeste) foram comprados aqui mesmo, numa ida ao Centro. A marca já é vendida aqui há um bom tempo, mas eu não tinha nenhum vidrinho.

 

Os Hits para carimbo (Preto Noturno - que veio azul -, Prata Lunar e Branco Nevasca) vieram da Pop.

 

O Hits Flocado (Poderosa) foi a Fran quem conseguiu para mim em SP. Obrigada, Fran! =*

 

Os tints da Blant (Violeta, Laranja e Verde Lima) e a cerinha da Anita vieram da Pop.

 

A garrafinha cheia de estrelinhas lindas foi presente da Bah. Obrigada! *.*

 

Os Jade sand (Detoxi, Sand Storm, Extravaganza, Sahara Desert e Sugar Touch) vieram da Pop. Por incrível que pareça só agora comprei sands da marca. Agora só falta a primeira coleção. =p

 

O Na Mira 3D foi a May quem comprou outro e me deu o que ela tinha. E os L'Apogée (London, London e Futurista) foi ela quem conseguiu também. Tava procurando muito por eles porque são muito bons para carimbar.

 

Os Verona (Jade, Coral e Granada) comprei aqui pelo Centro.

 

O Revlon (Marmalade) foi a Carol quem conseguiu para mim em SP. Obrigada, Carol! <3

 

O mini Anita (Advogada) foi presente da Su, que veio passar o carnaval aqui em Fortaleza com a gente. Foi ela quem trouxe os vidrinhos da SP para nós. Obrigada! <3

 

Su, foi bom demais poder conhecê-la pessoalmente! AMEI! Tu sabes que a minha casa estará sempre aberta para te receber de novo quantas vezes quiseres. E da próxima vez passa mais tempo por aqui porque foi pouco. =***

 

Para terminar o saldo, tem 1/2 pizza da Bourjois (Orange Outrant e Ni Vernis Bleu) e uma história longa. Fiz uma compra no site da Época em janeiro, aproveitando uma promoção muito boa, e peguei 4 vidrinhos dessa coleção porque queria garantir logo uma pizza completa. As compras na Época sempre chegaram rápido e nunca tive problemas, mas dessa vez a SEFAZ aqui do estado resolveu trollar todo mundo e segurou o pacote por lá. Aliás, está lá até hoje (fiz a compra no começo de janeiro, acho que no dia 05). Precisei fazer várias reclamações na loja e na transportadora e não resolviam nada. Tentei contato com a SEFAZ e nunca consegui que me atendessem. Até que um dia entrei em contato com a loja dizendo que não tinha mais condições de aguentar a situação e que gostaria que mandassem minha compra de outra maneira. Para minha tristeza, estavam faltando 2 cores que pedi, mas preferia que mandassem assim mesmo. Enviaram o resto da minha compra dor Sedex e, quando a caixa sair da SEFAZ e voltar para a loja mandarão as cores que faltaram. Não faço a menor ideia de quando isso acontecerá, então minha pizza ficará esperando a outra metade indefinidamente. Pelo menos sei que estou com as duas cores garantidas (que, por sinal, eram as que eu mais queria) a não ser que demore mais um mês lá sem sair do lugar. Se demorar tanto assim vou pedir o dinheiro de volta mesmo. (Fim do meu choroco.)

  

Esse mês 11 vidrinhos foram embora.

my friend sues brought these to me today.

she thought the frost was going to get them last night but they were spared!!!

happy day,

 

www.facebook.com/expomare www.facebook.com/lucaquerzolifotografo www.facebook.com/maurofotografo www.facebook.com/tourvirtuale

 

#SanLorenzoAlMare # #Expomare2015 #Imperiapost #Expomare #MarinadiSanLorenzo #Sciallino

Present day Krankenhaus on this site of Kreisklinik Aschersleben-Staßfurt GmbH. Just out of picture to the left the river Bode and Bridge of German Soviet Friendship in the Foerderstedter Strasse.

Stassfurt

She is a much more youthful version :)

present

Ganhei da Elô esta máscara fofinha, com cheirinho delicioso e topinho de renda, além de um chá de hibisco muito gostoso. Da Lu Gastal, veio este tecido maravilhoso.Já sabem que adorei, né? muuuuuuito obrigada !!!Tô trabalhando, meninas, trabalhando...

she is present

/

ella está presente

Shown here is an image of Case 1 of the "'The Inevitable Present': Integration at William & Mary" Exhibit located in the Marshall Gallery (1st Floor Rotunda) and the Read & Relax area of Swem Library at the College of William & Mary, on display from February 4th 2013 to August 13th 2013

 

The following is a transcription of the labels in this case:

 

In late 1950, the Dean of the Department of Jurisprudence, Dudley W. Woodbridge reinforced the statements of the Board of Visitors and the Alumni Gazette when he told a meeting of the Norfolk and Portsmouth Bar Association that William & Mary would accept African American applicants.

 

Edward Augustus Travis was the first African American law student at William & Mary entering in the 1951 fall semester and graduating in August 1954 with a BCL degree, making him the first African American alumnus of William & Mary. Travis, born in Reed’s Ferry, Virginia, had attended Hampton Institute and graduated from Florida A&M before applying to William & Mary. Travis passed away in Newport News in November 1960.

 

While William & Mary had cracked open a door to integration, other battles continued throughout the nation, including in Washington, D.C. The Coordinating Committee for the Enforcement of the D.C. Anti-Discrimination Laws sent this flyer to William & Mary president Alvin Duke Chandler asking him to share the group’s boycott of department store Hecht’s with students. There is no indication in the records of the Office of the President if Chandler shared this information with students or others.

 

Hulon Willis was the first African American student admitted to William & Mary. He began in the summer 1951 term, pursuing his masters of education. At the time of his admision, Willis was already a graduate of Virginia State College (now Virginia State University) and a teacher in the Norfolk school system. He earned his degree from William & Mary in August 1956. The William & Mary Alumni Association’s Hulon Willis Association, a constituent group founded in 1992 by and for African American alumni, was named in honor of Willis, preserving his name and place in the university’s history for the future.

 

As a graduate student, Willis naturally had a different experience on campus than today’s undergraduate students. During the summers when he was attending classes, Willis lived on Braxton Court in a boarding house operated by Miss Gwen Skinner. When they attended football games at William & Mary, Hulon & Alyce Willis sat in the student section, not in the end zone where other African Americans were seated in the segregated stadium. When Willis was inducted into Kappa Delta Pi, an education honor society, according to Mrs. Willis another member told the group that he would be not be a part of an organization that admitted an African American. The group told this member he could leave and Willis was inducted in August 1956. As an alumnus, Willis joined the Order of the White Jacket, an Alumni Association constituent group for those who worked in campus dining halls, Colonial Williamsburg restaurants, and other dining establishments. After earning his graduate degree, Willis became an assistant professor at Virginia State University and then the director of campus police.

 

Like all students applying to William & Mary at the time, Willis was required to include a photograph of himself with his application. In a 2005 oral history interview with Jenay Jackson ’05, Hulon Willis’ wife Alyce, who had encouraged her husband to apply to William & Mary, recounted that upon receiving his acceptance letter in March 1951, she wondered if the photograph had fallen off his application. But a few weeks later, William & Mary released a public statement, announcing that Willis was the first African American student admitted to the institution. Willis was accepted not because the institution was opening its doors to all potential African American students, but because of the case brought by Gregory Swanson against the University of Virginia in 1950 after he was denied admission to the university’s School of Law. The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Swanson could not be barred from admission because of his race. Willis was pursuing his master’s degree specializing in physical education and since that program of study was not offered by a state-supported institution accepting African American applicants, William & Mary could not decline to admit Willis based solely on his race. The college established a procedure to confer with Attorney General J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. in Richmond on the admission of African American applicants beginning in the 1950s. William & Mary specifically wished to avoid a court case, while some, like A. W. Bohannan, who wrote to President Pomfret in May 1951 after Hulon Willis’ admission, saw forcing applicants to take the institution to court as the next step in preventing integration.

 

New Journal and Guide, 28 August 1954

This article is available through the ProQuest Historical Newspapers database at

proxy.wm.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview...

 

William & Mary’s first non-white undergraduate student was Art Matsu, ’28. Born to a Scottish mother and Japanese father, Matsu was an exceptional athlete who was successfully recruited from Cleveland by William & Mary to play quarterback and became captain of the football team. He also played basketball, baseball, ran track, became a member of the 13 Club and the Varsity Club, and took part in other student activities. But Matsu's attendance did not open the door widely to Asian American students. William & Mary’s student body would include only a handful of Asian and Asian American students throughout the 1930s-1950s.

 

The Colonial Echo, William & Mary’s yearbook, has been digitized by Swem Library and all volumes from 1899-1995 are available from the W&M Digital Archive at digitalarchive.wm.edu/colonialecho/.

 

Searching for a specific yearbook?

Contact Swem Library’s Special Collections Research Center at spcoll@wm.edu or 757-221-3090 to inquire if copies from your William & Mary years are available.

 

William & Mary admitted its first African American students under President John E. Pomfret. Pomfret would depart William & Mary soon after Willis and Travis were admitted due to the unrelated football scandal of 1951. He was replaced by former admiral Alvin Duke Chandler who was new to academia.

 

Correspondence, internal memos, and other materials relating to integration were filed by the Office of the President in the 1950s-1960s under the heading “Negro Education.” After being transferred to the University Archives, these folder titles were maintained to document the organization and practices of the office and the era.

 

You can both listen to and read Alyce Willis’ 2005 oral history interview at hdl.handle.net/10288/600.

 

The Swem Library and William & Mary’s Lemon Project conduct oral history interviews to document the stories and lives of college alumni, faculty, and staff. To volunteer, contact Swem Library’s Special Collections Research Center at spcoll@wm.edu or 757-221-3090.

 

Center for Student Diversity Records, UA 260,

Series 1: Office of Minority Student Affairs

Read more of The Black Presence at William and Mary at hdl.handle.net/10288/16118

 

The Flat Hat, 1 May 1951.

hdl.handle.net/10288/3781

 

The Flat Hat student newspaper, first published in 1911, was digitized by Swem Library and is available from the W&M Digital Archive at digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/20

 

Jacqueline Filzen’s 2012 Charles Center Summer Research paper “African Americans at the College of William and Mary from 1950-1970” offers further information on this subject and provided much useful material for this exhibit. The paper can be read at hdl.handle.net/10288/17049

 

From the Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library at the College of William and Mary. See swem.wm.edu/research/special-collections for further information and assistance.

Irkoutsk présente la plus grande variété d'architecture en bois du XIXième siècle en Sibérie. Sur l'ensemble des villes de Sibérie, seules Tobolsk et Irkoutsk ont conservé leur aspect historique. On peut voir des maisons en bois dans le centre d'Irkoutsk. Si on fait 500 m dans la rue Lénine depuis le monument à Lénine vers l'église Krestovozdvijenskaïa, on atteint le vieux quartier d'Irkoutsk avec son architecture en bois caractéristique. Les rues Timiriazéva, Podgornaïa et Lapina sont quelques-unes des rues qui n'ont pas été détruites par l'incendie de 1879.

Just a present for Lindee and Maura.

Ponte Vecchio - Florence - Italy

 

All rights reserved - Copyright © Matteo Campinoti

 

All images are exclusive property and may not be copied, downloaded, reproduced, transmitted, manipulated or used in any way without expressed, written permission of the photographer.

  

2008_03_18_DSC_2721x4

Jade-Alexandria Trombino's awesome Piggybank full of paperstars!

1st birthday and the present is bigger than the birthday boy.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

  

Some background:

The Swedish Air Force was created on July 1, 1926 when the aircraft units of the Army and Navy were merged. Because of the escalating international tension during the 1930s the Air Force was reorganized and expanded from four to seven squadrons. When World War II broke out in 1939 further expansion was initiated and this substantial expansion was not finished until the end of the war.

Although Sweden never entered the war, a large air force was considered necessary to ward off the threat of invasion and to resist pressure through military threats from the great powers. By 1945 the Swedish Air Force had over 800 combat-ready aircraft, including 15 fighter divisions.

 

At the onset of World War II, the Swedish Air Force (Flygvapnet) was equipped with largely obsolete Gloster Gladiator (J 8) biplane fighters. To augment this, Sweden ordered 120 Seversky P-35 (J 9) and 144 P-66 Vanguard (J 10) aircraft from the United States. However, on 18 June 1940, United States declared an embargo against exporting weapons to any nation other than Great Britain. As the result, the Flygvapnet suddenly faced a shortage of modern fighters. Several other foreign alternatives were considered: the Finnish VL Myrsky and Soviet Polikarpov I-16 were unsatisfactory, and while the Mitsubishi A6M Zero was available, delivery from Japan was impractical. The only way out appeared to be a modern, indigenous fighter aircraft.

 

The origins of the Saab 19 date back before the onset of WWII. Just in time for the American embargo, Saab presented to the Ministry on Sep 4th 1939 a fighter that had been meant to replace the obsolete Gloster Gladiators. The aircraft carried the internal development code ‘L-12’ and had been designed in collaboration with US engineers in Sweden, who were to aid with license production of Northrop 8-A 1s and NA-16-4 Ms.

 

The L-12 looked very much like the contemporary, Japanese Mitsubishi A6M “Zero”. The aircraft was a very modern all-metal construction with fabric-covered control surfaces. The L-12 was to be powered by a 1.065 hp Bristol Taurus and maximum speed was calculated to be 605 km/h. Its relatively heavy armament consisted of four wing-mounted 13.2mm guns and two synchronized 8 mm MGs on top of the engine, firing through the propeller arc.

 

The design was quickly approved and the new aircraft was to be introduced to the Flygvapnet as the ‘J 19A’. Production aircraft would be outfitted with a more powerful Bristol Taurus II, giving 1.400 hp with 100-octane fuel and pushing the top speed to 630 km/h. But the war’s outbreak spoiled these plans literally over night: the L-12 had to be stopped, as the intended engine and any import or license production option vanished. This was a severe problem, since production of the first airframes had already started at Trollhättan, in the same underground factory where the B 3 bomber (license-built Ju-86K of German origin with radial engines) was built. About 30 pre-production airframes were finished or under construction, but lacked an appropriate engine!

 

With only half of a promising aircraft at hand and the dire need for fighters, the Swedish government decided to outfit these initial aircraft with non-license-built Wright R-2600-6 Twin Cyclone radial engines with an output of 1.600 hp (1.194 kW). The fuselage-mounted machine guns were deleted, due to the lack of internal space and in order to save weight, and the modified machines were designated J 19B. This was only a stop-gap solution, though. P&W Twin Wasp engines had also been considered as a potential power plant (resulting in the J 19C), but the US didn't want to sell any engines at that time to Sweden and this variant never materialized.

 

An initial batch of 24 J 19B aircraft was eventually completed and delivered to F3 at Lidköping in late 1940, while airframe construction was kept up at small pace, but only seven more J 19Bs were completed with R-2600 engines. Uncompleted airframes were left in stock for spares, and further production was halted in mid 1941, since the engine question could not be solved sufficiently.

 

The J 19B proved to be a controversial aircraft, not only because of its dubious engine. While it was basically a fast and agile aircraft, the heavy R-2600 engine was rather cumbersome and not suited for a fighter. Handling in the air as well as on the ground was demanding, due to the concentration of weight at the aircraft’s front – several J 19Bs tipped over while landing.

As a consequence, the J 19B simply could not live up to its potential and was no real match for modern and more agile fighters like the Bf 109 or the Spitfire – but the Swedish equipment shortages kept the machines in service throughout WWII, even though primarily in a ground attack role and fulfilling other secondary line duties.

 

Towards the end of WWII, the J 19’s intended role was eventually filled by the indigenous FFVS J 22 fighter – ironically, it could be outfitted with a license-built P&W Twin Wasp. By that time about forty J 19 airframes were more or less complete, just lacking a proper engine. Mounting the now available Twin Wasp to these had seriously been considered, but the aircraft’s performance would not suffice anymore. Consequently, a thorough modification program for the J 19 was started in late 1944, leading to the highly modified post-WWII J 19D with a liquid-cooled Packard engine.

 

No J 19 ever fired in anger during WWII or was involved in battle, since Sweden remained neutral and stayed out of any conflict with its neighbors at war. Another major problem for the Swedish Air Force during World War II was simply the lack of fuel: Sweden was surrounded by countries at war and could not rely on imported oil. Instead, domestic oil shales were heated to produce the needed petrol, which was rather allocated to the interceptor units, though.

 

After WWII, the remaining dozen J 19Bs were kept in service and soldiered on until 1948, when all remaining aircraft were scrapped. Additionally, Wright was also paid the overdue license fees for the originally unlicensed engines. The late-war J 19D served on for some time, though, together with the J 26 fighters, until 1950, when both were replaced by de Havilland Vampires and the Swedish Air Force underwent a rapid modernization into the jet age.

  

Saab J 19B General characteristics

Crew: One

Length: 9.06 m (29 ft 9 in)

Wingspan: 12.0 m (39 ft 4 in)

Height: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in)

Wing area: 22.44 m² (241.5 ft²)

Empty weight: 1,680 kg (3,704 lb)

Loaded weight: 2,410 kg (5,313 lb)

Aspect ratio: 6.4

 

Powerplant:

1× Wright R-2600-6 Twin Cyclone radial engine, rated at 1.600 hp (1.194 kW)

 

Performance

Maximum speed: 590 km/h (366 mph) at 4.550 m (14.930 ft)

Cruise speed: 340 km/h (210 mph)

Landing speed: 140 km/h (90 mph)

Range: 1.337 km (830 mi; 721 nmi)

Service ceiling: 10.000 m (33.000 ft)

Rate of climb: 15.7 m/s (3,100 ft/min)

 

Armament:

4× 13.2 mm (0.53 in) M/39A (Browning M2) machine guns with 500 RPG in the outer wings

Underwing hardpoints for a total of 500 kg (1.100 lb)

  

The kit and its assembly

The Saab J 19 never saw the hardware stage, but it was a real life project that was actually killed through the outbreak of WWII and the lack of engines. Anyway, it was/is called the “Swedish Zero” because it resembled the Japanese fighter VERY much – wing shape, fuselage, even the cockpit glazing! Since I had an unused Hobby Boss Zero (a late model) in store, I decided to build a personal J 19 whif, just in case it would have entered service…

 

Much of the Zero was taken OOB – Hobby Boss kits are of simple construction, but they have thick/massive material which makes conversions rather difficult, so I changed anything that was easy to handle. This includes:

● A new R-2600 engine, from a Matchbox B-25 Mitchell bomber

● New horizontal stabilizers from a Matchbox Brewster Buffalo

● A new propeller with spinner

● Main landing gear was inverted, so that the wheel discs face inwards

● Wheels from a Brewster Buffalo

● New retractable tail wheel, from a P-51 Mustang

● A Matchbox pilot was added to the cockpit, as well as some details

  

Painting and markings

I did not want to use a typical olive green/light blue Swedish livery on this one, even though it would have been the most suitable option. Furthermore, I would not fall for the popular splinter scheme (Viggen style), which would by far not have been appropriate for the intended early WWII era. What to do…?

 

I did some legwork and found the Swedish B 3 bombers (Ju 86K), which were actually produced in Trollhättan under license in the late 30ies These wore various camouflage schemes, including German RLM colors, even the pre-WWII Luftwaffe splinter scheme in RLM 61, 62, 63 and 65. That made me curious, since I expected the colors to have a sharp contrast and make the Swedish and squadron markings stand out – but I did not go for the splinter look, I rather based my livery on a late B 3 scheme.

 

Painting was done with free hand and brushes, using Model Master enamels from the Authentic range, namely 2075 Dunkelbraun, 2076 Grün, 2077 Hellgrau and 2078 Hellblau as basic tones. These semi-gloss enamels are – in contrast to the other WWII RLM tones from the brand – easy to use and create a very fine finish.

 

Some weathering was done through dry-painting with lighter shades on the panels and leading edges, and a thin black ink wash was applied in order to emphasize the fine recessed panel lines of the Hobby Boss kit. Later some smoke and soot stains were added with dry-brushed matt black.

 

Only a few decals were applied: the Swedish roundels come from a TL Modellbau aftermarket sheet, the code numbers on nose and tail from a Swedish Fiat CR.42 Falco. The yellow color on the propeller boss was generally associated with a 3rd squadron, and the ‘3’ on the fuselage was lent from an Airfix Saab Draken. Plain and simple.

  

In the end, a simple whif, and it still looks a lot like a Zero – but so did the J 19! I am not truly happy with the RLM tone cammo, it almost looks like a winter scheme? But after taking pics with a forest background, both scheme and colors seem very appropriate for that environment, blending shapes. And it looks far more interesting than a pure olive green aircraft, doesn’t it?

 

As a side note: if you ever consider building a Star Trek Klingon ‘Bird of Prey’, consider RLM 62 as you basic color of choice!

BRAINTREE -- Cardinal Seán P. O'Malley presented 116 Cheverus Award Medals to laypersons, deacons and religious during a 3 p.m. Vespers service yesterday on the Feast of Christ the King, at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston's South End.

 

First presented in 2008 at the celebration to mark the conclusion of the archdiocese's bicentennial year, the annual award recognizes Catholics for their dedicated service to the Church. The medal is named for the archdiocese's first bishop, Jean-Louis Lefebvre de Cheverus, who led the diocese from 1808 until his return to France in 1824. Bishop Cheverus died in 1836 as the Archbishop of Bordeaux.

 

The oval-shaped medal is made of sterling silver and bears a likeness of Bishop Cheverus based on the Gilbert Stuart portrait. On the reverse side is Bishop Cheverus' coat of arms.

 

The medal recipients are chosen for their service to the Church and God's people. Most recipients are nominated by their pastor, forwarded by their area vicar and approved by their regional bishop and Cardinal O'Malley. Some recipients are personally selected by Cardinal O'Malley.

 

Each year, one-third of the parishes of the archdiocese are asked to nominate a parishioner. The criteria given to pastors is that the nominee should be a lay person who has served the parish well over an extended period of time and has done so in a quiet, unassuming and, perhaps, unrecognized fashion.

  

Also, each of the regional bishops is asked to nominate a religious and a deacon from his region with similar qualifications. The Central Ministries of the archdiocese also make nominations from among religious, deacons and lay persons who serve on archdiocesan committees or lead important ministries.

 

With this year's group of recipients the total number of individuals and couples who have been named Cheverus medalists stands at 726. There were 93 recipients in 2013, 121 in 2012, 97 in 2011, 98 in 2010 and 133 in 2009. There were 68 awardees in 2008.

 

Friends and family members of the honorees are welcome to attend the service at the cathedral. The presence of the pastor and a delegation of parishioners is also encouraged to help underscore the parish's appreciation for the service of the honoree.

 

Cheverus Award recipients 2014

 

Ms. Tete Adeleke, Sacred Hearts, Malden

 

Ms. Ana Gladys Amaya, Hispanic Community/Sacred Heart, Roslindale

 

Ms. Rosemary Angeramo, St. Adelaide, Peabody

 

Mrs. Dona Bacco, St. Rose of Lima, Topsfield

 

Mr. Alfred Belanger, St. Mary, Plymouth

 

Mr. Robert Berlo, St. Mary, Quincy

 

Mrs. Mary Blasi, St. Kateri Tekakwitha, Plymouth

 

Mrs. Jolyne Boyle St. Mary Star of the Sea, Beverly

 

Sister Patricia Boyle, CSJ, Pastoral Center Ministries

 

Mrs. Patricia Buckjune, Our Lady of Grace, Pepperell

 

Mr. Joseph Burke, St. Bernadette, Randolph

 

Mrs. Mary Caruso, St. Benedict Parish, Somerville

 

Mrs. Patricia Chevalier, St. John the Evangelist, N. Chelmsford

 

Mr. David (Dung) Chi Ngo, Vietnamese Community/Sacred Hearts, Malden

 

Sister Elizabeth Clarke, SHCJ, North Region

 

Brother David K. Coakley, OSB, South Region

 

Sister Mary Pedro Conway, SMSM, Archdiocese of Boston

 

Mrs. Florence Cranshaw, St. Theresa of Lisieux, Sherborn

 

Mr. Paul Francis Creegan Sr., St. Margaret of Scotland, Lowell

 

Ms. Helen Cross, Patronage of St. Joseph, Somerville

 

Ms. Kathleen E. Crozier, Our Lady of Victories, Boston

 

Sister Ellen Dabrieo, Brazilian Community/St. John the Baptist, Peabody

 

Mrs. Kelly Damon, St. Thecla, Pembroke

 

Mrs. Audanette David, Haitian Community/St. Matthew, Dorchester

 

Mr. James Davidson, Holy Ghost Parish, Whitman

 

Mr. Victor DeLeon, St. Mary of the Assumption, Lawrence

 

Mrs. Maria Della Porta, St. Leonard of Port Maurice, (Sacred Heart Church)

 

Ms. Claire Detora, Archdiocese of Boston

 

Mr. Nellio DiTullio, St. Joseph, Quincy

 

Ms. Doris DiTullio, St. Anthony of Padua, Everett

 

Mrs. Joan Donnelly, St. Marguerite D'Youville, Dracut

 

Mr. Timothy Donovan, St. Jerome, Weymouth

 

Mrs. Concetta Donovan, Our Lady Star of the Sea, Marblehead

 

Ms. Marie Aurore Dorcely, Haitian Community/St. Anne, Somerville

 

Mr. Daniel Falvey, Blessed Sacrament, Walpole

 

Ms. Janet A. Farrell, St. Cecilia, Ashland

 

Mr. and Mrs. Kevin and Lynne Feeney, St. Raphael, Medford

 

Ms. Donna Felzani, St. Anthony Padua, Revere

 

Ms. Joan Ferguson, St. Bridget, Maynard

 

Mr. Fernando Fernandez-Arellano, Our Lady of the Assumption, East Boston

 

Deacon Marcio O. Fonseca, Central Region/St. Mark, Dorchester

 

Mr. James Fowkes, St. Bridgid, South Boston

 

Dr. David Gabriel, St. Thomas the Apostle, Salem/Peabody (Posthumous)

 

Mr. Edio Galvez, Hispanic Community/St. Columbkille, Brighton

 

Mr. and Mrs. David and Kathleen Gannon, St. Richard of Chichester, Danvers

 

Ms. Phyllis Giordano, Society of St. James/St. Stephen, Boston

 

Mrs. Francis H. Girard, St. Theresa of Lisieux, Sherborn

 

Mr. Mel Gouthro, St. Mary, Wrentham

 

Ms. Ann Grady, St. Mary of the Angels, Roxbury

 

Brother Robert Green, CFX, North Region

 

Deacon James Greer, Pastoral Center Ministries

 

Ms. Doreen Gulledge, St. Peter, Cambridge

 

Mr. Richard Howard, St. Agnes, Reading

 

Ms. Jean Hunt, St. Ann, Dorchester (Neponset)

 

Brother John R. Jaskowiak, OFM , Central Region

 

Mr. Robert D. Keefe, St. Anthony Shrine, Boston

 

Ms. Ann J. Kleponis, St. Peter (Lithuanian Parish), South Boston

 

Mr. William L. Lajuenesse, St. Matthias, Marlborough

 

Mr. Richard LaPorte, Archdiocese of Boston

 

Ms. Margaret LaRoche, Our Lady Help of Christians, Newton

 

Ms. Pilar Latorre, Archdiocese of Boston

 

Mr. Robert J. Lavoie, St. John the Evangelist, Hopkington

 

Mr. William Lawless, St. John the Baptist, Quincy

 

Mr. Derryl Lawrence, St. Peter, Plymouth

 

Sister Mary Joan Lofgren, CSJ, South Region

 

Dr. Francis Lombardo, St. Eulalia, Winchester

 

Ms. Anne M. Lynch, Our Lady of Lourdes, Jamaica Plain

 

Mr. William MacDonald, St. Mary, Georgetown

 

Ms. Mary Magner, St. Thomas Aquinas, Nahant

 

Mrs. Ellie Martin, St. Dorothy, Wilmington

 

Ms. Mary Mc Ginn, St. John the Evangelist, Swampscott

 

Mr. John McClellan, St. James, Stoughton

 

Sister Maureen McDonough, OCarm/F, West Region

 

Mr. William "Skip" Miller, St. Vincent de Paul, South Boston

 

Sister Virginia Mulhern, SDNdeN, Central Region

 

Mr. Hung Nguyen, St. Mary, Randolph

 

Ms. Mary O'Rourke, St. Brendan, Dorchester

 

Mrs. Maribelle Ortiz, Hispanic Community/St. Patrick, Brockton

 

Mr. Remo Palomba, St. Thomas Aquinas, Jamaica Plain

 

Mrs. Anne Paradis, St. Augustine, Andover

 

Deacon John W. Pepi, St. Bridget, Maynard

 

Mrs. Jane B. Piacentini, St. George, Framingham

 

Mr. Wayne Pickles, Corpus Christi, Lawrence

 

Mr. Lee Pimentel, St. Francis of Assisi, Dracut

 

Mr. Joseph Puleo, St. Florence, Wakefield

 

Deacon Luis Rivera, North Region

 

Ms. Suzanne Robotham, St. Joseph, Belmont

 

Mr. Paul Roche, St. Bonaventure, Manomet

 

Ms. Susan Rudolph, St. John the Evangelist, Cambridge

 

Mrs. Carolyn N. Ryan, Sacred Heart, Weymouth

 

Deacon Kenneth N. Ryan, South Region

 

Mrs. Rose Shea, Cheverus Centennial School, Malden

 

Mr. Joseph Shubster, Holy Name, West Roxbury

 

Mrs. Katia Silva, Immaculate Conception, Stoughton

 

Ms. Angela Siraco, Our Lady of the Assumption

 

Mr. Don Soule, St. Martha, Plainville

 

Mrs. Patricia Souza, Brazilian Community/St. Anthony, Somerville

 

Ms. Patricia Strumm, Gate of Heaven, South Boston

 

Mr. John K. Sullivan, St. Gregory, Dorchester

 

Sister Margaret L. Sullivan, CSJ, Pastoral Center Ministries

 

Mr. Kam Sylvestre, Our Lady of Grace, Chelsea/Everett

 

Mr. Walter Symolon, St. Francis Xavier, Weymouth

 

Ms. Ida Toro, St. Patrick, Watertown

 

Mr. Paul Tousignant, St. Rita, Lowell

 

Ms. Mary Ellen Valeri, St. Pius V, Lynn

 

Ms. Mercedes Vazquez, St. Christopher, Dorchester

 

Mrs. Josephine Vendetti, Sacred Heart of Jesus, Cambridge

 

Dr. Miriam Vincent, St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Boston

 

Ms. Rachel Voiland, St. Lucy, Methuen

 

Mr. Lloyd Wajda, Archdiocese of Boston

 

Sister Agnes Wan, St. Joseph, Boston

 

Mr. Donald Wark, St. Anne, Salem

 

Mr. Arthur Whittemore, Department of Youth Services

 

Mr. John Wilhelm, St. Paul, Hamilton/Wenham

 

Mr. Benjamin A. Williams, St. Ann, West Bridgewater

 

Mr. Stephen Zrike Sr., St. Jude, Norfolk

 

Photos by George Martell - BCDS, Archdiocese of Boston 2014

(further information is available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History of the City St. Pölten

In order to present concise history of the Lower Austrian capital is in the shop of the city museum a richly illustrated full version on CD-ROM.

Tip

On the occasion of the commemoration of the pogroms of November 1938, the Institute for Jewish History of Austria its virtual Memorbuch (Memory book) for the destroyed St. Pölten Jewish community since 10th November 2012 is putting online.

Prehistory

The time from which there is no written record is named after the main materials used for tools and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Using the latest technologies, archaeologists from archaeological finds and aerial photographs can trace a fairly detailed picture of life at that time. Especially for the time from the settling down of the People (New Stone Age), now practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, in the territory of St. Pölten lively settlement activity can be proved. In particular, cemeteries are important for the research, because the dead were laid in the grave everyday objects and jewelry, the forms of burial changing over time - which in turn gives the archeology valuable clues for the temporal determination. At the same time, prehistory of Sankt Pölten would not be half as good documented without the construction of the expressway S33 and other large buildings, where millions of cubic meters of earth were moved - under the watchful eyes of the Federal Monuments Office!

A final primeval chapter characterized the Celts, who settled about 450 BC our area and in addition to a new culture and religion also brought with them the potter's wheel. The kingdom of Noricum influenced till the penetration of the Romans the development in our area.

Roman period, migrations

The Romans conquered in 15 BC the Celtic Empire and established hereinafter the Roman province of Noricum. Borders were protected by military camp (forts), in the hinterland emerged civilian cities, almost all systematically laid out according to the same plan. The civil and commercial city Aelium Cetium, as St. Pölten was called (city law 121/122), consisted in the 4th Century already of heated stone houses, trade and craft originated thriving urban life, before the Romans in the first third of the 5th Century retreated to Italy.

The subsequent period went down as the Migration Period in official historiography, for which the settlement of the Sankt Pöltner downtown can not be proved. Cemeteries witness the residence of the Lombards in our area, later it was the Avars, extending their empire to the Enns.

The recent archaeological excavations on the Cathedral Square 2010/2011, in fact, the previous knowledge of St.Pölten colonization not have turned upside down but enriched by many details, whose full analysis and publication are expected in the near future.

Middle Ages

With the submission of the Avars by Charlemagne around 800 AD Christianity was gaining a foothold, the Bavarian Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee establishing a daughter house here - as founder are mentioned the brothers Adalbert and Ottokar - equipped with the relics of St. Hippolytus. The name St. Ypolit over the centuries should turn into Sankt Pölten. After the Hungarian wars and the resettlement of the monastery as Canons Regular of St. Augustine under the influence of Passau St. Pölten received mid-11th Century market rights.

In the second half of the 20th century historians stated that records in which the rights of citizens were held were to be qualified as Town Charters. Vienna is indeed already in 1137 as a city ("civitas") mentioned in a document, but the oldest Viennese city charter dates only from the year 1221, while the Bishop of Passau, Konrad, already in 1159 the St. Pöltnern secured:

A St. Pöltner citizen who has to answer to the court, has the right to make use of an "advocate".

He must not be forced to rid himself of the accusation by a judgment of God.

A St. Pöltner citizen may be convicted only by statements of fellow citizens, not by strangers.

From the 13th Century exercised a city judge appointed by the lord of the city the high and low jurisdiction as chairman of the council meetings and the Municipal Court, Inner and Outer Council supported him during the finding of justice. Venue for the public verdict was the in the 13th Century created new marketplace, the "Broad Market", now the town hall square. Originally square-shaped, it was only later to a rectangle reduced. Around it arose the market district, which together with the monastery district, the wood district and the Ledererviertel (quarter of the leather goods manufacturer) was protected by a double city wall.

The dependence of St. Pölten of the bishop of Passau is shown in the municipal coat of arms and the city seal. Based on the emblem of the heraldic animal of the Lord of the city, so the Bishop of Passau, it shows an upright standing wolf holding a crosier in its paw.

Modern Times

In the course of the armed conflict between the Emperor Frederick III . and King Matthias of Hungary pledged the Bishop of Passau the town on the Hungarian king. From 1485 stood Lower Austria as a whole under Hungarian rule. The most important document of this period is the awarding of the city coat of arms by King Matthias Corvinus in the year 1487. After the death of the opponents 1490 and 1493 could Frederick's son Maximilian reconquer Lower Austria. He considered St. Pölten as spoils of war and had no intention of returning it to the diocese of Passau. The city government has often been leased subsequently, for instance, to the family Wellenstein, and later to the families Trautson and Auersperg.

That St. Pölten now was a princely city, found its expression in the coat of arms letter of the King Ferdinand I. from 1538: From now on, the wolf had no crosier anymore, and the from the viewer's point of view left half showed the reverse Austrian shield, so silver-red-silver.

To the 16th Century also goes back the construction of St. Pöltner City Hall. The 1503 by judge and council acquired house was subsequently expanded, rebuilt, extended and provided with a tower.

A for the urban history research important picture, painted in 1623, has captured scenes of the peasant uprising of 1597, but also allows a view to the city and lets the viewer read some of the details of the then state of construction. The economic inconveniences of that time were only exacerbated by the Thirty Years War, at the end of which a fifth of the houses were uninhabited and the citizenry was impoverished.

Baroque

After the successful defense against the Turks in 1683, the economy started to recover and a significant building boom began. Lower Austria turned into the land of the baroque abbeys and monasteries, as it is familiar to us today.

In St. Pölten, the change of the cityscape is closely connected to the Baroque architect Jakob Prandtauer. In addition to the Baroquisation of the interior of the cathedral, a number of buildings in St. Pölten go to his account, so the reconstruction of the castle Ochsenburg, the erection of the Schwaighof and of the core building of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Englische Fräuleins - English Maidens) - from 1706 the seat of the first school order of St.Pölten - as well as of several bourgeois houses.

Joseph Munggenast, nephew and co-worker of Prandtauer, completed the Baroquisation of the cathedral, he baroquised the facade of the town hall (1727) and numerous bourgeois houses and designed a bridge over the Traisen which existed until 1907. In the decoration of the church buildings were throughout Tyroleans collaborating, which Jakob Prandtauer had brought along from his homeland (Tyrol) to St. Pölten, for example, Paul Troger and Peter Widerin.

Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II: Their reforms in the city of the 18th Century also left a significant mark. School foundings as a result of compulsory education, the dissolution of the monasteries and hereinafter - from 1785 - the new role of St. Pölten as a bishop's seat are consequences of their policies.

1785 was also the year of a fundamental alteration of the old Council Constitution: The city judge was replaced by one magistrate consisting of five persons, at the head was a mayor. For the first mayor the painter Josef Hackl was chosen.

The 19th century

Despite the Napoleonic Wars - St. Pölten in 1805 and 1809 was occupied by the French - and despite the state bankruptcy of 1811, increased the number of businesses constantly, although the economic importance of the city for the time being did not go beyond the near vicinity.

Against the background of monitoring by the state secret police, which prevented any political commitment between the Congress of Vienna and the 1848 revolution, the citizens withdrew into private life. Sense of family, fostering of domestic music, prominent salon societies in which even a Franz Schubert socialized, or the construction of the city theater were visible signs of this attitude.

The economic upswing of the city did not begin until after the revolution of the year 1848. A prerequisite for this was the construction of the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway, moving Vienna, Linz, soon Salzburg, too, in a reachable distance. The city walls were pulled down, St. Pölten could unfold. The convenient traffic situation favored factory start-ups, and so arose a lace factory, a revolver factory, a soap factory or, for example, as a precursor of a future large-scale enterprise, the braid, ribbon and Strickgarnerzeugung (knitting yarn production) of Matthias Salcher in Harland.

In other areas, too, the Gründerzeit (years of rapid industrial expansion in Germany - and Austria) in Sankt Pölten was honouring its name: The city got schools, a hospital, gas lanterns, canalization, hot springs and summer bath.

The 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th Century the city experienced another burst of development, initiated by the construction of the power station in 1903, because electricity was the prerequisite for the settlement of large companies. In particular, the companies Voith and Glanzstoff and the main workshop of the Federal Railways attracted many workers. New Traisen bridge, tram, Mariazell Railway and other infrastructure buildings were erected; St. Pölten obtained a synagogue. The Art Nouveau made it repeatedly into the urban architecture - just think of the Olbrich House - and inspired also the painting, as exponents worth to be mentioned are Ernst Stöhr or Ferdinand Andri.

What the outbreak of the First World War in broad outlines meant for the monarchy, on a smaller scale also St. Pölten has felt. The city was heavily impacted by the deployment of army units, a POW camp, a military hospital and a sick bay. Industrial enterprises were partly converted into war production, partly closed. Unemployment, housing emergency and food shortages long after the war still were felt painfully.

The 1919 to mayor elected Social Democrat Hubert Schnofl after the war tried to raise the standard of living of the people by improving the social welfare and health care. The founding of a housing cooperative (Wohnungsgenossenschaft), the construction of the water line and the establishment of new factories were further attempts to stimulate the stiffening economy whose descent could not be stopped until 1932.

After the National Socialist regime had stirred false hopes and plunged the world into war, St. Pölten was no longer the city as it has been before. Not only the ten devastating bombings of the last year of the war had left its marks, also the restrictive persecution of Jews and political dissidents had torn holes in the structure of the population. Ten years of Russian occupation subsequently did the rest to traumatize the population, but at this time arose from the ruins a more modern St. Pölten, with the new Traisen bridge, district heating, schools.

This trend continued, an era of recovery and modernization made the economic miracle palpable. Already in 1972 was - even if largely as a result of incorporations - exceeded the 50.000-inhabitant-limit.

Elevation to capital status (capital of Lower Austria), 10 July 1986: No other event in this dimension could have become the booster detonation of an up to now ongoing development thrust. Since then in a big way new residential and commercial areas were opened up, built infrastructure constructions, schools and universities brought into being to enrich the educational landscape. East of the Old Town arose the governmental and cultural district, and the list of architects wears sonorous names such as Ernst Hoffmann (NÖ (Lower Austria) Landhaus; Klangturm), Klaus Kada (Festspielhaus), Hans Hollein (Shedhalle and Lower Austrian Provincial Museum), Karin Bily, Paul Katzberger and Michael Loudon ( NÖ State Library and NÖ State Archive).

European Diploma, European flag, badge of honor, Europe Price: Between 1996 and 2001, received St. Pölten numerous appreciations of its EU commitment - as a sort of recognition of the Council of Europe for the dissemination of the EU-idea through international town twinnings, a major Europe exhibition or, for example, the establishment and chair of the "Network of European medium-sized cities".

On the way into the 21st century

Just now happened and already history: What the St. Pöltnern as just experienced sticks in their minds, travelers and newcomers within a short time should be told. The theater and the hospital handing over to the province of Lower Austria, a new mayor always on the go, who was able to earn since 2004 already numerous laurels (Tags: polytechnic, downtown enhancement, building lease scheme, bus concept) - all the recent changes are just now condensed into spoken and written language in order to make, from now on, the history of the young provincial capital in the 3rd millennium nachlesbar (checkable).

www.st-poelten.gv.at/Content.Node/freizeit-kultur/kultur/...

|--------------------------------------------------------------

|--26 nov, 30 nov , 3 déc 2016 ECQ Présentations des élèves|Students' show

|--28-nov-2015 ECQ Présentations des élèves|Students' show

|--29-nov-2014 ECQ Présentations des élèves|Students' show

|--27-nov-2013 ECQ Présentations des élèves|Students' show

|--------------------------------------------------------------

2016 - "Les déferlantes" - "Cabaret de Noël"

2015 - "Les pierres vivantes" - "Cabaret de Noël"

2014 - "Le bal des mariés" et "HOP"

|--------------------------------------------------------------

| Plus d'images de Cirque... | More images on Circus...

 

Réf : _DSC0996_1280

Esses papais nóeis foram minha última produção... são embalagens para presente, abaixo da barba tem abertura para a barriga... uma graça, não é?

 

Ahhhh... quero agradecer as 10.000 visitas...!!! êbaaaa!!!!

 

Brigaduuuu!!!!

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Central_High_School

 

Cultural Center, Flint, Michigan.

Saturday, June 4, 2022.

"I discovered that my obsession for having each thing in the right place, each subject at the right time, each word in the right style, was not the well-deserved reward of an ordered mind but just the opposite: a complete system of pretense invented by me to hide the disorder of my nature. I discovered that I am not disciplined out of virtue but as a reaction to my negligence, that I appear generous in order to conceal my meanness, that I pass myself off as prudent because I am evil-minded, that I am conciliatory in order not to succumb to my repressed rage, that I am punctual only to hide how little I care about other people’s time. I learned, in short, that love is not a condition of the spirit but a sign of the zodiac."

— Gabriel García Márquez (Memories of My Melancholy Whores)

Événement lors du califat de Muawiya Ier

La mort de Moughirah Ibn Shou’bah et la nomination de Samourah Ibn Joundoub pour Basra

  

Cette même année, en l’an 49 de l’Hégire (669), décéda le respectable Compagnon et le général héros al-Moughirah Ibn Shou’bah Ibn Abi ‘Amir Ibn Mas’oud ath-Thaqafi, qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui. Il est mort poignardé et fut enterré à Koufa. D’autres ont rapporté que sa mort fut en l’an 50 (669) et d’autres en l’an 51 de l’Hégire (670).

  

Il est connu que Moughirah Ibn Shou’bah devint musulman l’année de la bataille de la Tranchée. Il était présent à Houdaybiyah et au pacte de Ridwan. Il combattit lors des batailles des Apostats, à Yamamah. Il participa à la conquête de la Syrie, à Yarmouk et à la conquête de la Perse et de l’Iraq à Qadissiyah. Il resta à l’écart de la Fitnah et lors de l’appel au Jugement par le Livre d’Allah sous ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui), il rejoignit les rangs de Mou’awiyah, qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux.

  

Lorsque Moughirah Ibn Shou’bah mourut, Mou’awiyah rajouta à Ziyad Ibn Abi Soufyan la gouvernance de Basra et de Koufa. Ziyad Ibn Abi Soufyan nomma Samourah Ibn Joundoub al-Khazari (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui) gouverneur de Basra.

  

Samourah Ibn Joundoub combattit en compagnie du Messager d’Allah (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui) et il était implacable envers les khawarije. S’il était informé de la présence de l’un d’entre eux, il se chargeait de le tuer lui-même tellement il les détestait et disait : « Les pires créatures vivant sous le ciel, ils jettent la mécréance sur les Musulmans et rendent licite leur sang ». Samourah mourut en l’an 59 de l’Hégire (678), puisse Allah lui faire miséricorde.

  

Quand Samourah prit son poste en charge, il alla directement à la mosquée de Koufa, monta sur la chair de prêche et fit un discours. Lorsqu’il eut finit certaines personnes se levèrent et le haranguèrent. Il s’assit le temps de les laisser finir tout en ordonnant à sa garde de se mettre aux portes de la mosquée. Puis il demanda aux gens de Koufa présent de sortir de la mosquée quatre par quatre. Il leur dit : « Quiconque d’entre vous jurera par Allah qu’il n’a pas cherché à me juger sera libre. Quiconque ne jurera pas sera emprisonné et expulsé ».

  

Certains ont rapporté que le nombre de personnes n’ayant pas juré s’éleva à trois tandis que d’autres ont rapporté le nombre de huit. Il ordonna que leurs mains soient tranchées. Le crime de ces gens est d’avoir manqué de respect et de considérer celui en charge de leurs affaires comme moins que rien.

  

A ceux qui se poseront la question, pourquoi une telle violence, il faut se rappeler les graves évènements qui secouèrent la nation islamique de l’époque ou plus de soixante-dix-mille Musulmans trouvèrent la mort suite à la grande Fitnah qui débuta avec l’assassinat du troisième Calife Bien Guidé ‘Uthman Ibn ‘Affan (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui). Samourah voulut empêcher dès son arrivée la résurgence de tels troubles en appliquant à ceux qui seraient tentés et aux fauteurs de troubles un dur châtiment afin qu’ils soient une leçon pour tous.

  

Si le gouverneur perdait le contrôle des évènements, ils pourraient s’ensuivre à nouveau d’inquiétants évènements. Samourah voulut immédiatement couper court à cette éventualité connaissant sa haine des khawarije.

  

Ceci doit servir d’exemple pour faite face à de tels évènements dans le futur. L’histoire des Omeyyades est pleine de révoltes, de guerres, de divisions, de rebellions et de luttes fratricides.

  

Il fallait mettre fin aux troubles, dont les effets furent extrêmement néfastes pour les Musulmans, d’une manière impitoyable et appliquer aux subversifs un très dur châtiment. Il n’y a aucun intérêt à laisser faire les gens d’innovations, de convoitises et les révolutionnaires. Ils ne doivent pas être abandonnés mais traités obligatoirement comme il se doit et rapidement pour éviter les effets funestes qu’entrainent leurs actions, ceci bien évidemment dans l’état islamique ou la Loi d’Allah est appliquée dans son intégralité. Mais vous êtes-vous jamais demandé si vous étiez prêts pour un état islamique ou bien les cœurs cacheraient quelques hypocrisies ?

  

En l’an 50 de l’Hégire (670), décéda le respectable Compagnon Abou Moussa al-Asha’i. Il est ‘Abdallah Ibn Qays Ibn Soulaym des Ash’ariyine qui sont des tribus Kahlan et Qahtaniyah. Abou Moussa al-Asha’i (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui) a une grande histoire. Il est le conquérant d’Ispahan, d’al-Ahwaz et un des deux juges lors du conflit suite à l’assassinat de ‘Uthman Ibn ‘Affan (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui). D’autres ont rapporté que sa mort eut lieu en l’an 53 de l’Hégire (673). Nous avons rapporté les deux versions sur lesquels les historiens sont en désaccord et qui ne sont que des désaccords minimes.

  

Durant cette année, Bousr Ibn Abi Artat et Soufyan Ibn Awf al-Azdi attaquèrent conjointement les territoires byzantins tandis que Fadalah Ibn ‘Oubayd al-Ansari les attaqua par mer.

  

La conquête de Tunis et la construction de la ville de Kairouan

  

Durant cette même année, Mou’awiyah Ibn Houdayj, le gouverneur d’Egypte et d’Ifriqiyah[1], fut désisté par Mou’awiyah Ibn Abi Soufyan et remplacé par ‘Ouqbah Ibn Nafi’ al-Fihri pour l’Ifriqiyah et Maslamah pour l’Egypte et ensuite pour Ifriqiyah. ‘Ouqbah conquit Tunis (ifriqiyah) et la ville de Kairouan (qayrawan). Muhammad Ibn ‘Omar a rapporté que l’emplacement de la ville était mauvais à cause du grand nombre de serpents, de fauves, et d’autres animaux du même genre. Quand Allah Exalté Tout Puissant et Grand les appela, aucun animal ne resta et les bêtes de proies emportèrent leurs petits. ‘Ouqbah Ibn Nafi a dit : « Lorsque nous nous sommes installé, les animaux s’enfuirent de leurs repaires en nous blâmant ».

  

Zayd Ibn Abi Habib, un homme de l’armée égyptienne dit : « Nous arrivâmes avec ‘Ouqbah Ibn Nafi’ qui fut la première personne à faire un plan de la ville. Il l’a divisa en quartiers, construisit des maisons pour les gens et la mosquée. Nous restâmes avec lui jusqu’à ce qu’il fut désisté. Il était le meilleur des gouverneurs et le meilleur commandant ».

  

Puis, Mou’awiyah désista Mou’awiyah Ibn Houdayj d’Egypte et ‘Ouqbah Ibn Nafi’ d’Ifriqiyah et nomma à leur place, Maslamah Ibn Moukhallad pour toute l’Afrique du Nord et l’Egypte à l’ouest. Il fut le premier gouverneur pour qui l’ouest entier, l’Egypte, Barqah, Tripoli (tarablous) et Tunis fut combiné. Maslamah Ibn Moukhallad nomma son domestique al-Mouhajir pour Tunis et démit ‘Ouqbah Ibn Nafi’ de ses fonctions. Maslamah resta gouverneur d’Egypte et de l’ouest jusqu’à la mort de Mou’awiyah Ibn Abi Soufyan.

  

Certains ont dit que cette même année, al-Hakam Ibn ‘Amr al-Ghifari décéda à Merv après son retour d’une razzia contre les gens de la montagne d’al-Ashall.

  

Le raid d’al-Hakam Ibn ‘Amr contre al-Ashall

  

Alors qu’al-Hakam Ibn ‘Amr se trouvait au Khorasan. Ziyad lui écrivit : « Les armes des gens de la montagne d’al-Ashall sont de feutre et leurs vaisselles d’or ». Ibn ‘Amr les attaqua, puis se retira et lorsque ses forces atteignirent le milieu du défilé, l’ennemi prit des pistes secrètes et l’encercla. Ne sachant que faire, il délégua le commandement de l’armée à al-Mouhallab qui résista et finit par capturer un de leurs chefs à qui il dit : « Choisis : sois je te tue ou alors tu nous sors de cette passe ». L’homme lui dit alors : « Allume un feu sur l’une de ces routes, ordonne que les bagages soient amenés, et tourne toi vers cette route afin que les gens pensent que tu as commencé à voyager le long de celle-ci. Alors, ils vont se rassembler sur cette route et vous abandonneront les autres. Alors laisse-les, prends une autre route et ils ne pourront vous attaquer avant que vous ayez quitté le défilé. Il fit ainsi et ils purent s’échapper avec un immense butin jusqu’à Hérat avant de retourner à Merv.

  

Ziyad écrivit à al-Hakam et lui dit : « Par Allah, si tu survie, je te décapiterais certainement ! » Parce que Ziyad lui écrivit précédemment lorsqu’il fut informé de l’immense quantité qu’il avait pris, lui disant : « L’émir des croyants m’a écrit pour lui demander de lui choisir de l’or, de l’argent et des objets précieux pour son usage personnel. Ne fait rien avant d’avoir procéder à sa demande. » Al-Hakam lui répondit au dos de sa lettre : « Ta lettre vient de me parvenir dans laquelle tu mentionnes que l’émir des croyants t’a ordonné ceci et cela. Mais sache que le Livre d’Allah Exalté, Tout-Puissant et Grand, est prioritaire au désir de l’émir des croyants. Par Allah, si « les cieux et la terre formaient une masse compacte[2] » un serviteur doit craindre Allah à Lui les Louanges et la Gloire. Allah Exalté et Loué soit-Il, lui fournira une sortie ». Il dit alors aux soldats d’aller prendre leur part du butin, après qu’il eut mis de côté le cinquième, il le divisa équitablement entre eux. Al-Hakam dit alors : « O Grand Seigneur, si Tu considères que ce que j’ai fait est juste alors prends-moi ». Et, il mourut peu après dans la capitale du Khorasan à Merv après avoir nommé Anas Ibn Abi Ounas son successeur.

  

Les Musulmans s’installent au Khorasan

  

En l’an 51 de l’Hégire (671), Fadalah Ibn ‘Oubayd attaqua en hiver le territoire byzantin et Bousr Ibn Abi Artat, en été.

  

Ziyad nomma ar-Rabi’ Ibn Ziyad al-Harithi gouverneur du Khorasan après la mort d’al-Hakam Ibn ‘Amr al-Ghifari. Al-Hakam nomma Anas Ibn Abi Ounas pour lui succéder dans sa juridiction après sa mort et Anas conduisit la prière sur al-Hakam à sa mort et avant de mourir, al-Hakam écrivit à Ziyad pour l’informer de la nomination d’Anas. Ziyad le désista et le remplaça par Khoulayd Ibn ‘AbdAllah al- Hanafi avant d’être remplacé à son tour, après n’être resté qu’un mois gouverneur, par Rabi’ Ibn Ziyad al-Harithi. Les gens partirent avec leurs familles au Khorasan ou ils s’établirent de manière permanente tandis que peu après Ziyad désista ar-Rabi’.

  

Quand ar-Rabi’ arriva au Khorasan, il conquit pacifiquement Balkh après que les gens de la ville l’ai fermée[3] suite au traité de paix conclut avec al-Ahnaf Ibn Qays. Il conquit le Qouhistan par la force et comme il y avait des Turcs dans ses régions, il les combattit. Il en tua certains avant que les autres ne s’enfuient. L’un des survivants étaient Nizak Tarkhan que Qoutaybah Ibn Mouslim tua quand il fut gouverneur. Certains ont rapporté que lors de sa campagne ar-Rabi’ traversa le fleuve Oxus avec son domestique, Farroukh et sa servante Sharifah. Il pilla et revint sans avoir été inquiété si bien qu’il libéra Farroukh.

  

Le premier Musulman qui but de l’eau du fleuve fut un domestique d’al-Hakam à l’aide de son bouclier. Il en donna à al-Hakam qui en but et fit ses ablutions avant d’exécuter deux unités de prières au-delà du fleuve et il fut la première personne à le faire.

  

La mort de Houjr Ibn ‘Adiyy Ibn Jaballah al-Kindi

  

Toujours en l’an 51 de l’Hégire (670) fut tué Houjr Ibn ‘Adiyy Ibn Jaballah al-Kindi. Houjr Ibn ‘Adiyy comme certains l’ont dit était un respectable Compagnon (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui) mais la plupart des rapporteurs de Hadith, comme l’a signalé al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir, ne lui reconnaissent pas de mérite.

  

Houjr Ibn ‘Adiyy était un adorateur ascète, un général héros qui prit le parti de ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui). Il était à l’époque de Moughirah Ibn Shou’bah (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui), émir de Koufa et un de ceux qui le critiquèrent. Moughirah qui était un homme lucide le mit plusieurs fois en garde contre les conséquences néfastes de tels propos alors que l’obéissance et le respect sont dus au Sultan.

  

Un jour Moughirah lui dit : « O Houjr, soit perdu, crains le Seigneur ! O Houjr, soit perdu, crains le sultan ! Crains sa colère, crains son rang car parfois la colère du sultan met fin à des individus tels que toi ! »

  

Moughirah le mettait en garde mais il l’excusait et lui pardonnait.

  

L’Imam Tabari a rapporté dans son livre d’Histoire que Moughirah, alors qu’il approchait de sa fin, implora le pardon pour ‘Uthman Ibn ‘Affan (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux). Il dit : « O Seigneur pardonne à ‘Uthman Ibn ‘Affan et récompense le des meilleurs récompenses pour ses actions. Il appliqua Tes Lois et suivit la Sounnah de Ton Messager (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui). Il nous unifia, nous protégea et fut tué injustement. O grand Seigneur pardonne à ses partisans, à ses amis, à ceux qui l’aiment et le protégèrent et à ceux qui cherchèrent à le venger puis il implora contre ceux qui l’avait tué ».

  

Houjr se leva un jour dans la mosquée et se mit à crier en mal contre Moughirah si bien que tous ceux qui étaient présents et à l’extérieur l’entendirent. Il dit : « Tu ne fais pas attention à ceux à qui tu portes préjudices par tes actes. Ou sont nos bien que tu as arrêté de nous donner. Viens nous voir et distribuent nous les car ils ne t’appartiennent pas. Tu es devenu renommé avec la mort de l’Emir des Croyants (sous-entendu ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui)) et un support pour les criminels (sous-entendu les partisans de Mou’awiyah (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux) ».

  

At-Tabari a rapporté qu’un tiers de l’assistance s’est levé avec lui et se mirent à scander : « Houjr a dit la vérité ».

  

Al-Moughirah descendit du Minbar et rentra chez lui. Ses gens le rejoignirent et le critiquèrent à propos des sa réaction aux propos de Houjr. Cela allait conduire à deux évènements :

  

- Le premier, l’habitude des gens à se rebeller contre les dirigeants et l’autre la colère du calife à Damas contre Moughirah. Les gens lui demandèrent :

  

- « Après qui tu en as ? » Il répondit :

  

- « Moughirah ! Car je l’ai tué. Comment l’ai-je tué ? Il viendra un émir après moi et il le considérera comme moi et il lui fera comme il a fait avec moi. Il le tuera à sa première remarque. Ma fin approche et je ne veux pas pousser les gens de Syrie à tuer les meilleurs d’entre eux et à faire couler leur sang. Eux seront content tandis que moi je serais perdu. Afin que dans ce monde Mou’awiyah en tire de l’honneur tandis que Moughirah sera humilié le jour de Qiyamah ».

  

Lorsque Ziyad Ibn Abi Soufyan prit en charge son poste, il mit en garde Houjr Ibn ‘Adiyy et lui conseilla de ne pas répéter ce qu’il faisait lors du vivant de Moughirah. Ziyad lui dit : « Sache que je te connais, j’étais en compagnie de ton père pour une affaire que tu connais (sous-entendu qu’ils étaient des partisans de ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui). Si ton sang venait à couler une seule goutte, sache alors que je te viderais de tout ton sang. Retiens ta langue et reste à l’écart des problèmes afin que les ignorants ne te suivent pas ». Et Houjr qui connaissait Ziyad comprit bien ses paroles menaçantes.

  

Ziyad partageait son temps entre Koufa et Basra ou il restait six mois dans chacune des villes pour gérer les affaires des Musulmans.

  

Lorsqu’il partit pour Basra, les shiites de Koufa vinrent trouver Houjr et ils se réunirent régulièrement chez lui ou ils insultaient Mou’awiyah (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui) et le reniaient.

  

Le secrétaire de Ziyad à Koufa, ‘Amr Ibn Hourayth, le mit en garde contre ses activités et lui envoya un messager qui lui dit :

  

- « Qui sont ces gens qui se réunissent chez toi alors que l’émir t’a mis en garde ? » Houjr Ibn ‘Adiyy lui répondit :

  

- « Ils critiquent ce que vous faites. Maintenant va-t’en ! » Et il le renvoya durement en lui disant :

  

- « Fait attention à toi et surveille ton dos ! »

  

Lorsque l’homme revint à ‘Amr et l’informa, celui-ci fit envoyer un messager à Ziyad lui demandant de revenir sur le champ à Koufa à cause de la gravité de la situation pouvant engendrer rapidement une révolte.

  

Lorsque Ziyad entendu le messager et les graves nouvelles, il revint sur le champ et dit : « Par Allah je vais couper le fil du coup du traitre obtus ».

  

Puis il envoya à Houjr trois compagnons du Messager d’Allah (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui) : ‘Adiyy Ibn Hatim at-Tahi, Jarir Ibn ‘Abdillah al-Bajali et Khalid Ibn ‘Ourfouta al-Leythi, Leythi des Bani Bakr Ibn ‘Abdel Manaf Ibn Kinanah, (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux).

  

D’autres ont dit que c’était Khalid Ibn ‘Ourfouta Ibn Sou’ayr al- ‘Oudri : Hanif Ibn Zouhra (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux) et cela n’a pas d’importance.

  

Lorsqu’ils rencontrèrent Houjr, ils parlèrent avec lui mais il ne leur répondit pas. Plutôt, il dit à son serviteur :

  

- « O ghoulam, as-tu attaché le chamelon ? » ‘Adiyy Ibn Hatim lui dit :

  

- « Es-tu possédé ? Nous te parlons de choses sérieuses et tu nous dit : « O ghoulam, as-tu attaché le chamelon ? »

  

Puis, ils retournèrent à Ziyad et ne l’informèrent que de choses légères pour qu’il ne se mette pas en colère contre eux et lui demandèrent d’avoir pitié de lui.

  

Et il lui arriva ce que personne des Arabes n’attendait ni même Moughirah. Ziyad envoya la police mettre de nouveau en garde Houjr et son clan ne lui fut d’aucune utilité comme l’a rapporté Ibn Kathir. La police le ramena à Ziyad qui l’emprisonna dix jours.

  

Lorsque Houjr sortit, il rejoignit ses amis. Ziyad les envoya à Mou’awiyah en Syrie, en compagnie de soixante-dix personnes qui témoigneraient que :

  

- Houjr et ses partisans encourageaient les gens à la désobéissance, à la révolte et à la guerre contre l’émir,

  

- Qu’ils avaient rompu le pacte d’obéissance à l’émir,

  

- Qu’ils s’étaient mis à l’écart de la communauté,

  

- Qu’ils cherchaient à semer la division parmi les Musulmans,

  

- Qu’ils insultaient le calife, et chacune de ces accusations était passible de la peine de mort !

  

Houjr Ibn ‘Adiyy fut emmené en Syrie avec treize de ses compagnons à Mardj Adra près de Damas. Le motif d’accusation de Ziyad fut lue à Mou’awiyah puis les gens témoignèrent. Lorsqu’ils eurent finit, Mou’awiyah étonné de leur comportement leur demanda :

  

- « Que pensez-vous de ces accusations des vôtres ? »

  

Puis il écrivit à Ziyad et lui dit : « Parfois je pense que leur mise à mort est meilleure que leur libération et parfois, je pense que leur pardon est meilleur que leur mise à mort ».

  

Lorsque le message parvint à Ziyad, il lui répondit : « Je reste perplexe des choix qui se sont imposés à toi. Si tu penses qu’ils ont un quelconque intérêt ne me renvoie pas Houjr et ses compagnons ».

  

Les gens du peuple de Syrie de la famille de certains des accusés se levèrent pour intercéder en leur faveur. Mou’awiyah pardonna à six d’entre eux mais il refusa l’intercession de Malik Ibn Houbayrah as-Sakouni al-Kindi en faveur de Houjr, Houjr al-Kindi.

  

Mou’awiyah lui dit je ne peux accepter ton intercession parce que ce membre de ta tribu est leur chef et j’ai peur que la ville de Koufa échappe à mon contrôle à cause de ses agissements. Mou’awiyah ordonna que les six soient relâchés et que tous les autres soient exécutés.

  

Les tombes furent creusées et les linceuls préparés. Houjr demanda à faire ses ablutions puis pria deux unités de prières tandis que Houdbah Ibn Khayad se présenta avec son sabre pour l’exécuter. On lui dit :

  

- « Peut-être n’es-tu pas encore prêt ». Houjr répondit :

  

- « Comment ne serais-je pas encore prêt alors que je vois la tombe creusée, le linceul et le sabre affûté (sous-entendu la mort) ».

  

Lorsque la mère des croyants Saydah ‘Ayshah (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’elle), qui se trouvait à Médine l’Illuminée, entendit parler de ces révoltes orchestrés par Houjr et son transfert en Syrie, elle envoya ‘AbderRahmane Ibn al-Harith al-Makhzoumi (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui) à Mou’awiyah pour lui demander de libérer Houjr. Mais ‘AbderRahmane Ibn al-Harith arriva trop tard et ‘Ayshah fut très fâchée par la mort de Houjr.

  

Lorsque Mou’awiyah vint à Médine et demanda à entrer pour saluer la Mère des croyants, ‘Ayshah refusa de le recevoir alors qu’il était le calife des Musulmans. Et elle dit : « Il ne rentrera jamais chez moi. »

  

Ibn Kathir (puisse Allah lui faire miséricorde) a dit dans « al-Bidayah wal Nihayah » que Mou’awiyah se justifia longuement et réussit à rentrer chez elle et que ‘Ayshah (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’elle) lui pardonna.

  

Il est aussi rapporté que Mou’awiyah (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui) lui dit qu’il avait tué cet homme pour l’intérêt général des gens et que c’était préférable à leur corruption.

  

Il est aussi rapporté que ‘AbdAllah Ibn ‘Omar (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux) se trouvait assit au marché lorsqu’il entendit les nouvelles de la mort de Houjr, il pleura et sanglota longuement.

  

Lorsque ‘AbderRahmane Ibn al-Harith al-Makhzoumi rencontra Mou’awiyah, il lui demanda :

  

- « As-tu tué Houjr Ibn al-Abdar ? » Mou’awiyah lui répondit :

  

- « Sa mort m’est préférable que je tue avec lui des gens que tu ne connais pas (sous-entendu : il vaut mieux tuer un seul homme que d’en tuer des milliers) ».

  

La mort de Houjr fut aussi un des évènements douloureux du règne des Omeyyades.

  

La mort de plusieurs Compagnons du Prophète en l’an 51

  

En l’an 51 de l’Hégire (670), mourut un grand nombre de Compagnons. Nous ne pouvons pas tous les nommer ici mais nous allons en citer seulement quelqu’un.

  

- Sa’id Ibn Zayd Ibn ‘Amr Ibn Noufayl (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui), un des grands Compagnons et l’un des dix compagnons à qui fut annoncé le Paradis de leur vivant par le Messager d’Allah (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui). Il mourut à Médine.

  

- ‘AbdAllah Ibn Ounays al-Jouhani (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui). Il participa à tous les évènements excepté Badr. Il fut témoin à al-‘Aqabah.

  

- Abou Bakra, le respectable Compagnon (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui).

  

- Jarir Ibn ‘AbdAllah al-Bajali (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui) qui devint musulman au mois de Ramadan de l’année 10 de l’Hégire (631).

  

Boukhari a rapporté dans son Sahih que Jarir a dit : « Chaque fois que le Prophète (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui) m’a vu, il m’a vu le sourire au lèvre. Je me suis plain auprès de lui de ma difficulté à tenir sur un cheval. Alors il frappa ma poitrine du plat de la main et dit « O Grand Seigneur rends le ferme et un guide qui guide » ».

  

Ahmad a aussi rapporté de lui dans son Mousnad que le Prophète (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui) lui dit : « N’allez-vous pas me débarrasser de Dzoul Khalassah[4] ! »

  

Jarir dit : « Nous sortîmes au nombre de cinquante cavaliers et nous l’avons détruit ou brûlé jusqu’à la laisser comme un chameau galeux. Puis, j’envoyais un messager en informer le Messager d’Allah (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui) qui lui dit : « O Prophète d’Allah ! Par Celui qui t’a envoyé avec la vérité, je ne suis pas venu avant de l’avoir détruit et laissé comme un chameau galeux ! Alors le Prophète (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui) dit cinq fois de suite : « Puisse Allah bénir les chevaux d’Ahmas[5] et leurs hommes. » Alors je lui dis : « O Messager d’Allah, je suis un homme qui a du mal à se tenir sur un cheval ». Alors il (Saluts et Bénédictions d’Allah sur lui) mit sa main sur ma figure si bien que je senti la fraicheur de sa main et il dit : « O Grand Seigneur ! Fais un de lui un guide qui guide ».

  

Jarir Ibn ‘Abdallah al-Bajali participa aux conquêtes d’Iraq et combattit lors de la bataille d’al-Qadissiyah (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui).

  

En l’an 52 de l’Hégire (672), Soufyan Ibn ‘Awf al-Azdi attaqua le territoire byzantin. Al-Waqidi a aussi affirmé qu’il trouva la mort et qu’il désigna ‘AbdAllah Ibn Mas’adah al-Fazari comme son successeur avant de mourir.

  

D’autres ont dit que cette année aussi, Bousr Ibn Abi Artat accompagné de Soufyan Ibn ‘Awf al-Azdi razzièrent le territoire byzantin. Tandis que d’autres ont dit que ce fut Muhammad Ibn ‘AbdAllah ath-Thaqafi qui commanda l’attaque.

  

La conquête de Rhodes et la mort de Ziyad Ibn Abi Soufyan

  

En l’an 53 de l’Hégire (672), ‘AbderRahmane Ibn Oumm al-Hakam ath-Thaqafi attaqua le territoire byzantin.

  

Jounadah Ibn Abi Oumayyah al-Azdi conquis Rhodes[6], une île dans la mer. Les Musulmans s’y établirent, l’a cultivèrent et acquirent des biens. Le bétail paissait la journée dans les prairies avant d’être rentrés dans la forteresse à la tombée de la nuit. Ils établirent aussi un guet pour les prévenir de toutes surprises venant de mer. Ils causèrent un grand désarroi aux Byzantins parce qu’ils bloquaient leurs navires. Mou’awiyah leur envoyait régulièrement des vivres et dépensait pour eux tandis que l’ennemi les craignaient. Quand Mou’awiyah décéda, Yazid Ibn Mou’awiyah les rapatria.

  

Il est n’est pas inutile de préciser que sous le règne de Mou’awiyah (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui), les conquêtes ne cessèrent pas.

  

Au mois de Ramadan de cette même année décéda Ziyad Ibn Abi Soufyan. Juste auparavant, il envoya un message à Mou’awiyah lui disant : « Je t’ai assujetti l’Iraq avec ma gauche, donne-moi le Hijaz que j’occupe ma droite ».

  

Lorsque les gens du Hijaz furent informés, ils en parlèrent au respectable Compagnon ‘AbdAllah Ibn ‘Omar Ibn al-Khattab (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux) qui leur dit : « Invoquez Allah qu’Il nous en débarrasse ». Puis tous ensemble, ils s’orientèrent vers la Qiblah pour implorer le Seigneur contre lui.

  

Et comme l’a mentionné Ibn Kathir, Ziyad fut poignardé par la permission d’Allah peu de temps après et Allah Exalté soit-Il écarta son mal du Hijaz et de La Mecque.

  

En l’an 54 de l’Hégire (673), Muhammad Ibn Malik attaqua le territoire byzantin en hiver et Ma’n Ibn Yazid as-Soulami en été.

  

Waqidi a rapporté que Jounadah Ibn Abi Oumayyah captura une île proche de Constantinople nommée Arwad. Muhammad Ibn ‘Omar a rapporté que les Musulmans, dont Moujahid Ibn Jabr, y restèrent durant sept années. Toubay, le fils de la femme de Ka’b dit un jour : « Voyez-vous cette marche (darajah) ? Lorsqu’elle sera enlevée, l’heure de notre retour arrivera ». Un jour de vent fort, la marche fut emportée et quelqu’un arriva, annonça la mort de Mou’awiyah avec une lettre de Yazid. Alors, nous sommes revenus. L’île devint inhabitée et après cela les habitations tombèrent en ruine tandis que les Byzantins se réjouirent de leur départ.

  

‘Oubaydillah Ibn Ziyad nommé gouverneur du Khorasan

  

‘Oubaydillah partit de Syrie pour le Khorasan à la fin de l’année 53 de l’Hégire (673) alors qu’il était âgé de vingt-cinq ans. Il envoya devant lui Aslam Ibn Zour‘ah al-Kilabi au Khorasan. ‘Oubaydillah parti accompagné par al-Ja’d Ibn Qays an-Namari qui récita des vers dans une élégie pour Ziyad. ‘Oubaydillah pleura ce jour jusqu’à ce que son turban tombe de sa tête.

  

Du Khorasan, il traversa sur un chameau l’Oxus et marcha vers les montagnes de Boukhara, Il fut donc le premier atteindre les gens de Boukhara en traversant la montagne avec une armée. Il conquit les villes de Ramithan et Baykand[7] qui dépendent de Boukhara et qu’il atteignit à partir d’elles. ‘Oubaydillah Ibn Ziyad affronta les Turcs à Boukhara alors que Qabj Khatoun, l’épouse du roi était avec son mari. Quand Allah Exalté les vainquit, les Turcs lui conseillèrent vivement de remettre ses pantoufles. Elle mit l’un d’eux tandis que l’autre fut laissé en arrière que les Musulmans acquirent et qui valait deux-cents-mille dirhams.

  

Quelqu’un a rapporté : Je n’ai jamais vu personne de plus courageux que ‘Oubaydillah Ibn Ziyad. Une armée de Turcs nous attaqua au Khorasan, et je l’ai vu combattre. Il les chargea, pénétra leurs rangs et disparu de vue puis, il éleva sa bannière ruisselante de sang.

  

‘Oubaydillah Ibn Ziyad rapporta à Basra deux-mille personnes de Boukhara. Ils étaient tous d’excellents archers. L’armée des Turcs à Boukhara était une des nombreuses armées du Khorasan qui étaient au nombre de cinq. Al-Ahnaf Ibn Qays rencontra l’une d’entre elle entre Qouhistan et Abrashahr[8], et les trois à Marghab. La cinquième armée de Qarin fut détruite par ‘AbdAllah Ibn Khazim. ‘Oubaydillah Ibn Ziyad resta deux années au Khorasan.

  

Puis à la fin de l’année 55 de l’Hégire (674), Mou’awiyah le nomma gouverneur de Basra à la place de ‘Abdallah Ibn ‘Amr Ibn Ghaylan.

  

En l’an 55 de l’Hégire (674), Soufyan Ibn ‘Awf al-Azdi razzia le territoire byzantin. D’autres ont dit que c’était ‘Amr Ibn Mouhriz, et d’autres ont dit ‘AbdAllah Ibn Qays al-Fazari et d’autres Malik Ibn ‘AbdAllah.

  

Les raisons qui poussèrent Mou’awiyah à l’engagement de Yazid Ibn Mou’awiyah à prendre en charge le mandat

  

En l’an 56 de l’Hégire (675), Mou’awiyah demanda aux gens de porter allégeance à son fils Yazid après lui et le nomma responsable des affaires des Musulmans. Tous les gens lui portèrent allégeance excepté cinq personnes :

  

- Al-Houssayn Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib,

  

- ‘AbdAllah Ibn ‘Omar,

  

- ‘AbdAllah Ibn Zoubayr,

  

-’AbdAllah Ibn ‘Abbas Ibn ‘Abdel Moutalib et

  

- ‘AbderRahmane Ibn Abou Bakr as-Siddiq (qu’Allah soit satisfait d’eux).

  

L’on peut se demander pourquoi Mou’awiyah nomma Yazid calife des Musulmans ? Cette question est de prime importance. Mou’awiyah dut réfléchit prudemment à la question et il en tira plusieurs conclusions.

  

- La grande Fitnah était toujours présente dans l’esprit des Musulmans et il était impératif pour eux de s’unifier auprès de leur émir et de ne pas se diviser une nouvelle fois.

  

Mais n’y avait-il pas pour Mou’awiyah Ibn Abi Soufyan des gens meilleurs que son fils Yazid pour la nomination ?

  

Certes, il ne fait aucun doute qu’il y avait des milliers de Compagnons et des dizaines de milliers de compagnon des Compagnons meilleurs que Yazid dont il ne prit même pas la peine de consulter.

  

Et il ne fait aussi aucun doute que du côté politique et juridique, que Mou’awiyah vit derrière son fils Yazid l’assurance de l’armée de Syrie et c’est un point très important que d’avoir une armée dévouée car les soldats de Syrie étaient les piliers de l’état omeyyade et ce depuis ses premiers jours. Ces soldats avaient la particularité d’écouter et d’obéir à Mou’awiyah au doigt et à l’œil mais aussi de ne jamais lui avoir désobéi !

  

Quant à Yazid, il avait l’expérience militaire. Il fut le premier commandant à avoir attaqué Constantinople, la capitale de César (qayssar) à la tête d’une armée comportant des compagnons que nous avons déjà mentionné.

  

Il fut aussi nommé émir du Hajj des Musulmans durant les années 51, 52 et 53 de l’Hégire.

  

Ainsi Mou’awiyah le nomma émir des Musulmans du fait qu’il avait de l’expérience dans les affaires des Musulmans et une stabilité politique ferme derrière lui. S’il avait abandonné les Musulmans sans émir cela aurait pu conduire à des évènements bien plus graves.

  

Avec la porte de la Fitnah ouverte avec l’assassinat du troisième Calife Martyr ‘Uthman Ibn ‘Affan (qu’Allah soit satisfait de lui), Mou’awiyah voulut prendre des précautions pour protéger les Musulmans et éviter que la porte ne s’ouvre de nouveau.

Traditio legis

Christ presenting the keys to Saint Peter & the law to Saint Paul

ivory [1150-1200] Westfalen, Germany

NYC The Cloisters collection 1979.399

 

Christ Giving the Keys to Peter and the Law to Paul (traditio clavis et legis) became an established theme in art in fourth-century Rome in order to emphasize the primacy of Peter and the importance of Paul. Early depictions of the subject are usually monumental in scale, as, for example, when they served as apse decorations, but occasionally, in the later medieval period, the event is represented in ivory. A significant departure from traditional depictions of this scene is the absence of the rock upon which Christ usually stands, which, here, has been replaced by a domed and arcaded rotunda, a vivid evocation of the church.

Source:

www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search...

A deck of tarot, a parallel world. The Making of

 

follo me at

www.facebook.com/TheBookofShadowstheLostCodeoftheTarot

Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.

 

Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.

 

The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.

 

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

GEOGRAPHY

Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.

 

Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).

 

CLIMATE

According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.

 

HISTORY

NAMES IN HISTORY

Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.

 

Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.

 

ANCIENT PERIOD

According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.

 

According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.

 

Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.

 

MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS

History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.

 

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.

 

In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".

 

The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.

 

The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.

 

The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.

 

MODERN HISTORY

In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.

 

The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.

 

For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.

 

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.

 

Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.

 

DEMOGRAPHICS

As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.

 

ECONOMY

The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.

 

CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE

Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.

 

The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.

 

LANDMARKS

JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI

The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".

 

The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.

 

The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.

 

THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI

Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.

 

GUNDICHA TEMPLE

Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.

 

The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.

 

Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.

 

SWARGADWAR

Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.

 

BEACH

The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.

 

DISTRICT MUSEUM

The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.

 

RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY

Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.

 

FESTIVALS OF PURI

Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.

 

RATH YATRA AT PURI

The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.

 

Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.

 

The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra

 

CHHERA PAHARA

The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.

 

CHADAN YATRA

In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.

 

SNANA YATRA

On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.

 

ANAVASARA OR ANASARA

Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.

 

NAVA KALEVARA

One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.

 

SUNA BESHA

Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.

 

NILADRI BIJE

Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.

 

SAHI YATRA

Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.

  

TRANSPORT

Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.

 

ARTS AND CRAFTS

SAND ART

Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.

 

APPLIQUE ART

Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.

 

CULTURE

Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.

 

EDUCATION

SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI

- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management

- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]

- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006

- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981

- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India

 

PURI PEOPLE

Gopabandhu Das

Acharya Harihar

Nilakantha Das

Kelucharan Mohapatra

Pankaj Charan Das

Manasi Pradhan

Raghunath Mohapatra

Sudarshan Patnaik

Biswanath Sahinayak

Rituraj Mohanty

 

WIKIPEDIA

...with a large content.

Another part of the Rundle Mall Christmas Display.

 

This is another one of the Present elements. elves hard at work with a Teddy Bear under construction in preparation for Christmas Eve.

 

A test for the lighting, and a few more of the internal details.

 

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Grand Tableau Antifasciste Collectif

 

Tableau antifasciste collectif datant de 1964 de Jean Jacques Lebel, Gianni Dova, Enrico Baj, Roberto Crippa, Erro, Antonio Recalcati.

La toile est un manifeste politique et pictural contre la guerre d'Algérie et la torture.

L'oeuvre est présentée, dans le cadre de l'exposition "Présenter l'irreprésentable?" par le Musée des Beaux Arts de Nantes à la HAB galerie (du 2911/14 au 22/02/15).

 

Collective painting of 1964, painted by Jean-Jacques Lebel, Gianni Dova, Enrico Baj, Roberto Crippa, Erro, Antonio Recalcati.

The painting is a political and pictural protest against the Algerian war and the torture.

It is presented by Nante's Museum of fine arts during an exhibition named "Présenter l'irreprésentable?" at the HAB gallery (from 29//11/14 to 22/05/15).

"Four-story Wilhelminian style building in baroque style with a gable roof, the ground floor is rusticated, two balconies within the pilaster structure of the upper floors, by Carl Wölfel, 1896.

 

Bayreuth (German: [baɪˈʁɔʏt], Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]; Bareid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtel Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital of Upper Franconia and has a population of 72,148 (2015). It hosts the annual Bayreuth Festival, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.

 

Bayreuth lies on the Red Main river, the southern of the two headstreams of the river Main, between the Fichtelgebirge Mountains and Franconian Switzerland. The town is also part of the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region.

 

Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken) is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative [Regierungs] region [bezirk]) of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia, which are all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern (Bavaria).

 

With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer, Upper Franconia has the world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route (Fränkische Brauereistraße) runs through many popular breweries.

 

The administrative region borders on Thuringia (Thüringen) to the north, Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) to the west, Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken) to the south-west, and Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) to the south-east, Saxony (Sachsen) to the north-east and the Czech Republic to the east.

 

After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganized and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions (German: Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk)), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers.

 

In the following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of Tyrol, addition of the Palatinate), the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Mainkreis (Main District). In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the name Mainkreis changed to Upper Franconia.

 

Next to the former episcopal residence city of Bamberg, the capital Bayreuth, the former residence city of Coburg and the classicist centre of Hof, as well as the towns of Lichtenfels, Kronach, Gößweinstein and Kulmbach, the Weißenstein Palace, Banz Abbey and the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, the scenic attractions of the River Main and the low mountain ranges of the Fichtel Mountains with the town of Wunsiedel and the Franconian Forest belong among the region's major tourist attractions. There are also numerous spas like Bad Rodach, Bad Steben, Bad Staffelstein, Bad Berneck and Bad Alexandersbad." - info from Wikipedia.

 

Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

Logic Vision Collective & Digital Alchemists present The Ritual: Gathering of the Tribes @ Chutes de Sainte Agathe Lotbiniere, Quebec, Canada August 16-19, 2013

 

Photos by Kyle Rober

www.Fractaltribe.net

www.facebook.com/Fractaltribe

 

The Ritual: The Xperience 2014:

www.facebook.com/events/415497831904495/

 

Links:

The Ritual 2013:

www.facebook.com/events/431476333570283

 

Logic Vision Collective:

www.logicvisioncollective.com/

www.facebook.com/groups/logicvisionrecs

 

------------------------------------

 

"How to I anchor these experiences and solidify these changes when I leave the forest?" And that brings me full circle back to my art practice and the question of the art object. Every festival does this for me, but every once in a while there is a festival space that goes so far to the core of my being, that it transcends everything I held to be true, and everything changes for me. This year The Ritual did that for me. '' J.S ((( )))

 

jodisharp-inprocess.blogspot.ca/2013/09/the-ritual-and-ho...

 

------------------------------------

 

The DIGITAL ALCHEMISTS are proud to present:

 

THE RITUAL: Gathering of the Tribes 2013. Where the paths of Mysticism, Spirituality & Consciousness meet... Let's Bring Back our Sacred Rituals !

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

Every year, a number of festivals are celebrated in the world. These festivals are looked forward to, for many, with a lot of enthusiasm.

Although these festivals, different kinds of rituals are performed (with utmost care), and provide you mystical experiences.

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

PROLOGUE :

 

Focused around a central element, throughout the gathering, there is a sacred container being collectively created and held, in collaboration with the Native peoples who have honored us with the use of their land.

 

We believe in the healing potential of intentional gatherings.

We have dedicated our lives for facilitating these opportunities for a collective evolution.

 

Our mission : to create the perfect transformation into Peace, Unity and Global Respect...

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

4 days Open-Air Festival

International Music acts

International Deco concept

 

More info coming soon...

Pono Pono

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

Logic Vision Collective est fier de vous présenter :

 

La Réunion des Tribus 2013

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

Chaque année, un certain nombre de festivals sont célébrés dans le monde. Ces réunions sont organisés avec beaucoup de respect et sont attendus, pour beaucoup, avec enthousiasme. Ils sont exécutés avec un soin extrême pour vous offrir une expérience psychedelique mystique unique.

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

PROLOGUE :

 

Autour d'un conteneur sacré est centré un élément, créé et collectivement gardé avec les Peuples autochtones, nous ayant honorés de l'usage de leur terre.

 

Nous croyons aux guérisons et au potentiel des intentions.

Nous consacrons nos vies à faciliter ces réunions, pour l'évolution collective.

 

Notre mission : créer une transformation parfaite dans la Paix, l'Union et le Respect Global...

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

4 Jours de Festival en Plein-Air

Artistes internationaux

Concept Déco international

 

Bientôt d'autres nouvelles...

O Pono Pono

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

International Artists:

 

✔ PSYKOVSKY live! (Osom Music - Russia) - Psychedelia

 

✔ KASHYYYK live! (Kamino recs - Mexico) - Hitech Psychedelic Trance

 

✔ INSECTOR live! (Kamino recs - Hungary) - Hitech Psychedelic Trance

 

✔ ENICHKIN live! (Mind Expension - D-A-R-K recs - Russia) - Psychedelic Trance & Psydub

 

✔ VENSKER Djset! (Kamino recs - D-A-R-K rec | Mexico) ::: Hitech Psytrance

 

✔ PRIMORDIAL OOZE live+djset (Anti-shanti recs | D-A-R-K recs- USA) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ LUNECELL live+djset+Vjset (Occulta recs - USA) ::: Psychedelia

 

✔ AXIS MUNDI live! (Touch Samadhi - USA) :::: Psychedelic trance

 

✔ DOG OF TEARS live! (Active Meditation Music - USA) ::: Psychedelic trance

 

✔ MANIPULATION live! (Kinematic recs - USA)) ::: Psychedelic

 

✔ BRANDON ADAMS (Bom Shanka Music/Free Radical Recs/SYNC/Dreamcatcher - USA)::: Psychedelic

 

✔ THE HIPPIE DISCO PROJECT live! (D-A-R-K recs - USA)::: Groovadelic Circuit Bending

 

✔ RICCO MAZZER (Uroborous recs -Brazil) ::: Darkprog

 

✔ MISSKEY DJSET! (Arkona Creation - United Kingdom) ::: Psygressive

 

✔ Z3NKAI Djset! (PSYNON records - Switzerland)::: Psychedelic

 

✔ HARDKOR NATE live+djset ( Spacecamp Psyfari, Denver USA] ::: Psychedelic Trance

 

✔ ASCENSION LIVE+DJSET [Chilluminati, Spacecamp Psyfari, Denver USA] ::: Psychedelic Trance

 

✔ DEFTSPANK live! (D-A-R-K recs - Venezuela)::: Darkpsy

 

:::::::::::::::::::::::

 

Local Heros

 

Live-Acts:

 

✔ 1,618 live! (Montreal) ::: Progressive Psytrance

 

✔ ATHERIA live! (Geomagnetic recs - Toronto) ::: Progressive

 

✔ AURA live! (Aura Music - Montreal) ::: Psydub

 

✔ DUGONG LIVE ! (FEATURING SPECIAL GUESTS) Tom Lemann & Logan Hollow (BELLYOFTHEWHALECTRONICA inc. - Montreal) ::: Tribal Minimalism

 

✔ DER DENKER live! (Concepto Hypnotico - Montreal)::: Dark Minimal

 

✔ Dr STRANGEFUNK live! (Werk It Music - St Jerome) ::: Zenonesque

 

✔ FLORIAN MSK live! (Concepto Hypnotico - Montreal) ::: Dark Minimal

 

✔ KLOUD NIN9 live! (Glitchy Tonic - Montreal) ::: ProgDark

 

✔ SOURSWEET live! (Logic Vision recs - Montreal) ::: Psysufi

 

✔ SPACEY KOALA live! (Logic Vision recs - Montreal) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ UBER live! (Indy - Montreal) ::: Progressive

 

✔ VIRTUAL LIGHT live (Prism Code - Montreal) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ ZENTRIX live! (Digital Mind recs - Montreal) ::: Zenonesque

 

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

 

DJsets

  

✔ ALAKAZOO (Logic Vision - Samsara Festival) ::: Darkprog

 

✔ ALIEN RAINFOREST (Ajnavision recs- Ottawa) ::: Psydub

 

✔ AKSHOBHYA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ ANIMA vs NTSHANTI (OuI-R1 - Montreal) ::: Psyprog

 

✔ BANJANKRI (Organic Family - Toronto) ::: Forest Le Pendu

 

✔ BENDALA (Space Gathering - Montreal)

 

✔ CODE-AMA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Dark Grooves

 

✔ DIRTY HARRY (St Jerome) ::: Zenonesque

 

✔ EFFLUX (Montreal) ::: DMTechno

 

✔ ELVIRA (Osiris Collective - Montreal) ::: Forest Psytrance

 

✔ FIELD EQUATION (Montreal) ::: Chillstep

 

✔ G-PI (Techno Agricole - Montreal) ::: Psyprog

 

✔ JOEL MCDUFF (OUIR1 - Montreal) ::: Progressive

 

✔ KHALIL (Speakeasy - Montreal) ::: Electroswing Balkan

 

✔ KOALUNA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Troglodyte Psytrance

 

✔ KISS of VENUS (New York) ::: Psychedelic Techno

 

✔ KRIKKITT (Osiris prods - Montreal) ::: Psydub

 

✔ MACHINELF (Timewave Productions, Om Reunion Project-Toronto) ::: Progressive Psytrance

 

✔ MOHINIA (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ MYTHROPHAN (Toronto) ::: Progressive

 

✔ MYKUL ELF (Organic Family - ToMontrealronto) ::: Psybass

 

✔ NAAZ djset (D.A.R.K recs - Montreal) ::: psychedelic trance

 

✔ NAINITA (Logic Vision - Quebec) ::: Forest Psytrance

 

✔ NIKOCH (Montreal) ::: Native Tribal Trance

 

✔ NIKOLI Djset (Outer World Prods, Manifesting Magic festival - Ottawa) ::; Progressive

 

✔ NISMO (Cyberloft - Montreal) ::: Progressive

 

✔ OBSIDIAN (Logic Vision - Ottawa) ::: Psydub

 

✔ OGICHIDA (Organic Family - Toronto) ::: Forest

 

✔ OTKUN djset (kamino recs - Montreal) ::: Forest Hitech

 

✔ PLAN B (Shakti Collective - Toronto) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ PRANAPAPA (Logic Vision - Quebec) ::: Ethno Trance

 

✔ PSYBERTH (Openmind Festival - Can) ::: Psybass

 

✔ PYROTRICH (Logic Vision - Montreal) ::: Forest Psytrance

 

✔ RED ELECTRIC EARTH (Love Project - Montreal) ::: Progressive

 

✔ RON JON (Logic Vision - Ottawa) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ SABI NON STOP (Tatanka fest - Montreal) ::: Psydub

 

✔ SARA DOPSTAR (Kosmic Juice, Toronto) ::: Psyprog

 

✔ SHANGO (Logic Vision - Quebec) ::: Dakrpsy

 

✔ SPOONANI (Pounjah - Quebec) ::: Drum & Bass

 

✔ SYNTHETIK (Prism Code - Montreal) ::: Psytrance

 

✔ TRANSISCO (Om Project - Toronto) ::: Morning Psy

 

✔ WARRIORS (Big Tooth - Montreal) ::: Deep BASS

 

✔ XONICA (Logic Vision rec - Toronto) ::: Psychedelic Trance

 

✔ YGRIEGA (Sourcecode | OUI R1 - Montreal) ::: Psyprog

 

✔ ZAGA (Cosmic Juice - Toronto) ::: Progressive

 

::::::::

 

Deco Artists:

 

✔ WIZART VISIONS (USA) ::: Decoration

WizArt Visions is a visionary art project of New York based artist Olga Klimova and her team dedicated to creating an intense mind-opening visual environment for events.

www.facebook.com/pages/WizArt-Visions/444814318878170

 

✔ ORGANIC FAMILY (CAN) ::: DECO

 

✔ CESAR AR (CAN) ::: Visionnary ARt

 

✔ MYRKO (CAN) ::: Visionnary ARt

  

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

 

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

 

SERVICES

----------------------------------------

 

- Restaurant végétarien et méditerranéen / Vegetarian and mediterranean restaurant

- Kiosque de jus frais & Tchai / Fresh juice stand & Tchai

- Plage et baignade sur le site / Beach and swimming on the site

- Toilettes / WC

- Camping gratuit / Free camping

- Sécurité professionnelle et amicale sur le site / Professionnal and friendly security on the site.

  

REGLEMENT / REGULATION

---------------------------------------------

 

- Respectez l’environnement / Respect the environment

- Aucun objet en verre sur le site / No glass on the site

- Les feux sont interdits / Fires are forbidden

- Baignade interdite la nuit / No swimming at night

- Aucun animal domestique sur le site / Pets are not allowed on the site

- Aucun système de son indépendant ne sera toléré sur le site / Independant sound systems will be not tolerated on the site.

 

MERCI DE BIEN VOULOIR RESPECTER CES REGLES ! ...

THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THOSE RULES ! ...

  

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

  

The INDIAN MARKET !

 

The Ritual Festival will offer a wide assortment of food/drink, crafts, and other vendors throughout the Festival site.

 

Le RItuel Festival vous offrira un assortiment très large de restaurants ainsi qu'une variété de kiosques nous proposants des produits d'ici et d'ailleurs

 

please email us at: theritual.festival@gmail.com

  

☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯☯

  

。ॐ。*。ॐ。

ॐ。＼｜／。ॐ

--- PEACE ---

ॐ。／｜＼。ॐ

。ॐ。*。ॐ

 

With open minds and adventurous souls, there will always be sounds to move to and beats to feel.

We hope you are as excited as we are !

 

Avec l'esprit ouvert et aventureux, il y aura toujours des rythmes pour vous faire bouger et des musiques à ressentir.

Nous espérons que vous êtes aussi enthousiasmés que nous le sommes !

 

Info Contact : theritual.festival@gmail.com

  

COLLABORATORS & SPONSORS

 

Digital-Audio-Records-Kompany

Cybeloft

Kamino records

Tantruum recs

MAIA Brazil records

Osom records

Glitchy Tonic records

Organic FamilyThe DIgital ALchemists

 

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Timetables

 

Galactic Portal:

 

Vendredi / Friday

 

18:00 XONICA ::: OPENING Ceremony

19:00 Krikkitt djset :: Psychedelic

20:30 Pyrotrich djset ::: Forest Psychedelic Trance

22:00 Mohinia djset ::: Psychedelic

23:30 Shango & Nainita ::: Forest Psy

 

Samedi / Saturday

 

01:00 CAUSAI (Vancouver) ::: Psytrance

02:30 PREGAKORE (Portugal) ::: Psychedelic

04:00 VENSKER Djset! (USA) ::: Psychedelic

05:30 AXIS MUNDI live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic

07:00 Virtual Light djset ::: Morning Psy

08:30 HIPPIE DISCO live ! (USA) ::: Morning FUnky

10:00 SPACEY KOALA live :::Funky Psytrance

11:00 MISSKEY djset! (UK) ::: Progressive Trance

12:30 ATHERIA live ! (Toronto) ::: Psytrance

01:30 Dr Strangefunk live! ::: Zenonesque

02:30 Zentrix live!::: Zenonesque

03:30 Ygriega ::: Progressive Trance

05:00 KLOUD Nin9 live! ::: darkprog OTEZUKA (France) :::: Progressive

06:00 RICCO MAZZER live! (Brazil) ::: Zenonesque

07:30 FRACTAL PHONO (USA) ::: Zenonesque

09:00 LUNECELL live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic

10:30 Otkun (Montreal) ::: Psychedelic Moon

 

Dimanche / Sunday

 

00:00 KASHYYYK live! (MEXICO) ::: Hitech

03:00 INSECTOR live! (HUNGARY) ::: Hitech

06:00 PRIMORDIAL OOZE live!(USA) ::: Psychedelic

08:30 BRANDON ADAMS (USA) :: Full Power

10:00 MANIPULATION live (USA) ::: Morning

11:30 HARDKOR NATE djset (USA) ::: Psytrance

13:00 ASCENTION liveset (USA) ::: Psytrance

14:00 A.C. LYON live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic

15:30 Dugong live! ::: Dark Tribal Minimalism

17:00 Florian live! ::: Dark Minimal

18:00 Der Denker ::: Dark Minimal

20:00 Anima vs Nt Shanti ::: Psygressive

21:30 Akshobhya ::: Psychedelic

23:00 Plan B ::: Psychedelic

 

Lundi / Monday

 

00:30 DEFTSPANK live (Venezuela) ::: Psychedelic

01:30 Ogichida vs Banjankari::: Forest Psytrance

03:00 PSYKOVSKY live ! (Russia)::: Psychedelic

07:30 DOG OF TEARS live! (USA) ::: Psychedelic

09:30 NAAZ ::: Psychedelic

11:00 CODE-AMA ::: Psychedelic

12:30 RONJON ::: Psychedelic

14:00 OTEZUKA ::: Psyprog

16:00 The DIGITAL ALCHEMISTS ::: CLOSING

 

Dream Catcher Portal

 

Friday / Vendredi:

08:00 Zaga (Toronto) ::: Dark Minimal

10:00 MAJESTER (British COlumbia) ::

 

Saturday / Samedi:

 

00:00 Elvira ::: Hitech

01:30 Koaluna ::: forestpsy

03:00 Play Different live! (Toronto) ::: Psytrance

04:30 Synthetik ::: psytrance

06:00 MACHINE ELF (Toronto) ::: Psy trance

08:00 MYTHROPHAN (Toronto) ::: Progressive Trance

10:00 TRANCISCO (Toronto) ::: Progressive Psytrance

12:00 Glitch (Quebec) :: Progressive

01:30 Red ELectric Earth ::: Progresive

03:00 G-Pi ::: Minimal

04:30 Uber live! ::: Progressive

06:00 Nismo & Franky-Owl::: Progressive

07:30 Alakazoo ::: Psyprog

09:00 SARA DOPSTAR (Toronto) ::: Progressive

11:00 1,618 live! :: Psytech

 

Sunday / Dimanche

 

00:30 ZENKAI ::: Psytrance

02h30 SPOONANI vs ZENTRIX ::: Progressive

04:00 FLICKER LIGHT (Brazil) ::: Progressive

05:30 Efflux ::: Minimal

07:00 Dirty Harry ::: Zenonesque

08:30 Joel Mac Duff ::: Progressive

10:30 AURA live! (Portugal) ::: Psybient

12:00 KHALIL ::: Gypsy PsyDub

02:00 KATNIP (British Columbia) ::: Psybreaks

03:30 NIKOLI (Ottawa) ::: Temple Step

05:00 SOURSWEET live!::: IDM

07:00 LUNECELL djset! ::: Temple Step

09:00 OBSIDIAN (Ottawa) ::: Temple Step

 

Monday / Lundi

 

00:00 SPOONANI (Quebec) ::: DnB

01:30 Pranapapa ::: Progressive Dub

03:00 Psyberth djset :: Progressive Dub

04:30 KISSofVenus (USA) ::: Minimalism

06:00 RED ELECTRICH ::: Zenonesque

07:30 Transurfer ::: Progressive

09:00 Sabi Non STop ::: Psydub

10:30 Bendala ::: Psybass

12:00 MAYA EFF ::: PsyBass

 

END OF THE VORTEX _/\_ AHO

 

La JEP presente en las fiestas de El Valle por sus 164 años de parroquialización.