View allAll Photos Tagged points
Fingerprint worksheet used to identify points of comparison of certain ridge characteristics for the purposes of matching prints. Photographed with a 4x5 Speed Graphic at the Canadian Police College in Ottawa.
Lance Stroll is on his cool down lap and waving to his hometown crowd after racing his way to points following the end of the 2019 Canadian Grand Prix.
Monument dedicated to the memory of John George Howard.
Photograph by Michael A. J. Rumig.
HALLOWEEN Rock N' Roll MUSIC SOUNDTRACK background suggestions for Halloween & Friday the 13th:
Friday the 13th by Thelonious Monk or Theme From Firday the 13th by Manfredini or Tomorrow Never Knows by The Beatles or Dr. Wu by Steely Dan or their other song Kid Charlemagne or the song Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps) by David Bowie or I Put A Spell On You by Scremin' Jay Hawkins or The Witch by The Sonics or the Witches' Rave by Jeff Buckley or Walking With A Ghost by Tegan & Sara or This is Halloween by Marilyn Manson or Monster Mash by Bobby "Borris" Pickett and the Beach boys did this to on their Live Album or Burning Down the House by Talking Heads or Love Potion # 9 by The Searchers or Free Fallin' by Tom Petty or Super Freak by Rick James or The Snake by Johnny Rivers or Spooky by Classics IV or Phantom of the Opera by Iron Maiden or Feed My Frankenstein by Alice Cooper or Clap For The Wolfman(Jack) by Canada's - The Guess Who and also another Canadian group is April Wine and their song Sign Of The Gypsy Queen or as Ian Tyson told me personally at the Mariposa Folk Festival in Orillia, Ontario the greatest folk song in his opinion ever written is The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald by the Canada's legendary Gordon Lightfoot or his other song If You Could Read My Mind or another Canadian doing Spiderman Theme by Michael Buble or Beware The Friendly Stranger by Boards of Canada or check out Fogbounded Creepy Music album Xenophobia on You Tube or The Slender Man Song by Brentalfloss or Behold The Darkness by Medwyn Goodall or Suspiria Theme - 1977 by Goblin or Maggot Dream by Death Cube K or Atmospheres by Gyorgy Ligeti or Volume Alpha by Minecraft or Pokemon G/R/B/Y Lavender Town Remix or check this out on Youtube Hatsune Miku - "結ンデ開イテ羅刹ト骸(Hold, Release; Rakshasa and Carcasses)" Eng subbed or Lavender Town theme(Depressive Black Metal Version) by Anit or for some fabulous creepy listening check this one out called Tidal Tempest Bad Future(Extended) by Sonic CD or The Bottom Feeder by Nurse With Wound or Gwely Mernans by Aphex Twin or Blood On Satan's Claw by Reverend Bizarre or Love Me Forever by Motorhead or +Everything by Limp Bizkit or Creeping Death by Metallica or Blind by KoRn or White Wedding by Billy Idol or his other song called Dancing With Myself or The Visitors by Abba or Purple People Eater by Sheb Wooley or Ghostbusters by Ray Parker, Jr. or This Is Halloween by Gary Gee or The Adams Family by Vic Mizzy orThe Cask Of Amontillado by Alan Parsons Project or The Raven (Long Version) by Alan Parsons Project or Halloween by Aqua or Witches Promise by Juthro Tull or Witches - Aqualords by Dark Horse or Witches by Switchblade Symphony or Witche's Brew by Palmer Hap or Witch Queen Of New Orleans by Redbone or Wicca the Witches Song by Marianne Faithful or When You're Evil by Voltaire or Werewolves Of London by Warren Zevon or We Only Come Out At Night by Smashing Pumpkins or Transylvania Twist by Ex-Voto or Tito and Tarantula by After Dark or The Time Warp by Rocky Horror or Thriller by Michael Jackson(the ultimate classic) or Strange Brew by Cream or Nightmare on My Street by DJ Jazzy Jeff & Fresh Prince or Monster by the B-52's or Friend Of The Devil by Grateful Dead or (Don't Fear) The Reeper by Blue Oyster Cult or Zombie Stomp by Ozzy Osborne and Rob Zombie or the Halloween Volume II soundtrack from Mannheim Steamroller or The X-Files Theme by Enya or Bloodletting (The Vampire Song) by Concrete Blonde or Sympathy For The Devil by The Rolling Stones or Devil In Disguise by Elvis or JJ Cale's version or Devil Inside by Inxs or Race with the Devil by Gene Vincent or The Ghost by Jim Morrison(Lizard Man) and The Doors and then one of the kings of the country boys is It's A Monster's Holiday by Buck Owens and the words will sure to turn your twists or Season of the Witch(Sunshine Superman) by Donavan or Season of the Witch by Brian Augur, Julie Driscoll & Trinity or Toccata and Fugue in d Minor, s. 565 (Anton AHeiller, organist) or Sorceror's Apprentice (Magic?) (transcribedand performed by Peter Richard Centre or Cauldron of Cerridwen(Emerging) by Kay Gardner or Ghosts in the Landscape(Terma) by Tuu & Nick Parkin or All Souls Night by Loreena McKennitt or Strange Brew by Cream or The Burning Times by Charlie Murphy or This is Halloween by Danny Elfman or Witchy Women by The Eagles orFlight of the Magicians by David Michael & Randy Mead or Magic Man by Heart or Arrival To Nowhere by Numina or White Rabbit by The Great Society or The Earth, The Air, The Fire, The Water(ACirle is Cast by Libana or Ghost(Sacred Sacrifice) by Fountain's M.U.S.E or Totem(Picture Music) by Klaus Schulze or Voodoo Child by Jimi Hendrix or The Ghost In Me(Wanderlust) by Terra Ambient or You Must Be A Witch(Nuggets vol.3, Rhino) by The Lollipop Shoppe or Green Eyed Lady by Sugarloaf.
This is some fine Halloween Rockin' and whatever to amuse and stimulate your senses come what the 31st or for any other Friday the 13th!
Is it TRICK or is it TREAT or is it Friday the 13th!
I wonder what Gene, and Alice and Ozzie and Marilyn are doing on the 31st?
Check out these websites for More HALLOWEEN MUSIC:
top40.about.com/od/top10lists/tp/halloweensongs.htm
www.rocknrollview.com/blog/2009/10/13/13-killer-rock-n-ro...
itunes.apple.com/ca/album/100-halloween-rock-n-roll/id406...
This site here is one of the best with links: creepypasta.wikia.com/wiki/Recommended_Listening_Music
www.amazon.com/Halloween-Rock-Roll-Party-Sha/dp/B000000K82
www.imdb.com/title/tt0373883/soundtrack
And on Facebook this site: www.facebook.com/shoutingthomasthetorments
Also from this site is this poem:
gluvlee.blogspot.ca/2012/02/halloween-2010.html
Gramma Luvlee’s Good Friend Fred
Here lies Fred, my dear departed friend.
I know he wished to be here til the end.
Fred was a fun man a giving man too.
He wanted to share his body parts with you!
1) Fred was a golly man with a great big gut.
Let's pass around his intestines just for luck.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
Twisted and shriveled in a bunch
just like they were after his lunch.
( A long thin balloon filled with jello & oiled)
2) His fingers were long, almost pure white.
Lets pass around a few, no need for fright.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
Pretty greasy & slimy, he lived in a cave.
Never really had time to bathe.
(Slightly cooked & cooled & oiled baby carrots)
3) His toes were grimy from wearing no shoes.
Short & stubby and a little bit blue.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
His toenails are long and a little bit brittle.
Don’t mind the wet, it’s just his spittle!
(Cold Vienna sausages)
4) One eye went left, the other right.
Poor Fred had really bad eyesight!
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
Handle them gently for they may roll.
Fred would hate if they fell from the bowl!
(2 Large peeled grapes)
5) Now Fred he wasn’t a very smart man.
We found his brain stuffed in a can.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
Give them a squeeze, there’s not a lot.
I guess old Fred, his mind is shot!
(I rounded the corners on three sponges and put a rubber band in the center to hold them together. It sort of resembled a brain. Then I soaked them in cold water. You could also use a cooked cauliflower.)
6) Fred’s bones were brittle, dry & old.
Give them a crack, if you’re so bold.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
The rats have chewed them, you can too!
But wipe them first, there may be goo!
(Pretzel rods)
7) Now one thing Fred couldn’t be called
was billiard ball, hairless, slick or bald!
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
His crowning glory, styled with spit.
They ladies liked to run their fingers through it!
(Fake Fur)
8) It stopped beating with a start.
Poor Fred’s little slimy heart.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
His heart it stopped no more to thump.
Please don’t scream if it starts to jump!
(A large tomato, blanched & peeled)
9) Fred was proud of his pearly whites.
A good set of choppers kept him feed right.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
His teeth were strong unlike his eyesight.
Be careful when you touch them, they might bite!
(Corn Nuts)
10) Just like Van Gough, he only had one ear.
But he heard just fine, perfectly clear.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
A little bit shriveled because of age.
But an ear nonetheless, it says on this page.
(Dried apricot)
11) The last thing we found was Fred’s strong hands.
They were down deep, covered in sand.
Fresh from the grave, wet & cold.
Just a little slimy, just a little old!
Cold and stiff as they were when he died.
Hold one or you’ll think that I lied.
I WANNA GO TO SYRIA - THE SHOOTING OF SAMMY YATIM
A VIDEO OF THIS SONG WILL BE RELEASED SOON.
Words & Music By MICHAEL A. J. RUMIG
. . . . . . . . . Starting with the sound of bullets and or maybe the sound of a haunting bell ringing nine times!
Key of Open D Minor
VERSE 1
I wanna go to Syria
But now I stay in this paranoia
Gonna ride the TTC
Get me home safely
VERSE 2
Dundas Street Friday mid-night
Turned out to be a fearful flight
Catch a ride on the Red Rocket
Got my token in my pocket
PRE-CHORUS
This summer I hear nine shots
Eight bulls eyes on the dot.
After getting all of those layers
Then finally they got me tasered
REFRAIN
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
Down I go
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
A cop on a roll
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
You think they'd know
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
Why is it sooooooooo
LEAD GUITAR SOLO
VERSE 3
Neon lights torments Toronto
This vision you get onto
Surrounded by cops in rage
I'm cornered in this cage
VERSE 4
Cut off by men in black
No one has got my back
Last ride on the TTC
Why did it have to be
VERSE 5
I wanna go to Syria
Now I stay in this paranoia
Gonna ride No. 4058
Destiny has got my fate
2nd PRE-CHORUS
This summer I hear nine shots
Eight bulls eyes on the dot.
After getting all of those layers
Then finally they got me tasered
2nd REFRAIN
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
Down I go
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
A cop on a roll
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
You think they'd know
Shoot me up, Shoot me up
Why is it sooooooooo
(For the ending repeat the last line)
ENDING
bell Then finally they got me tasered.........
Get me home safely
bell Then finally they got me tasered.........
Canada's land of opportunity
bell Then finally they got me tasered.........
Why did it have to be
bell Then finally they got me tasered.........
bell Why Why Why
Why is it so
bell Oh Why Why Why
Why must I die
bell Why Why Why
Do Cops ever Cry
bell Oh Why Why Why
bell Why must I die die die
. . . . . . . . . ending maybe with the sound of a haunting bell ringing nine times!
When I was at Ryerson at this time a fellow student was there and behind the troops when this following event happened at OHIO.
After the troops killed 4 students in Ohio, Neil Young went into the woods and wrote his classic signature song 'Ohio'.
The Ohio song: www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkg-bzTHeAk
A documentary on Ohio: www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdCpI2qdsd8
ohio- neil young
movie for a history project
ohio- neil young
movie for a history project
If you are looking for a CORN MAZE or two to enjoy anywhere in the United States, you may find it at this web site: www.cornmazesamerica.com/directory.php?state=US
And here: www.funtober.com/cornmaze/
For Canada: puzzles.about.com/od/cornmazes/qt/CDNCornMaze.htm
And here: kccbigcountry.hubpages.com/hub/Corn-Mazes-in-Canada
If you are looking for HAUNTED HOUSES in United States go here: www.trutv.com/conspiracy/paranormal/haunted-houses/galler...
And here: www.hauntworld.com/americas_scariest_best_haunted_houses
For HAUNTED HOUSES in Canada: www.hauntedhouse.com/canada/
And here: paranormal.boomja.com/Haunted-Canada-31326.html
And INTERNATIONALLY: directorywww.haunted-places.com/International.htm
So long dare Spookies!
I choose this pattern because I fell in love with pinwheels. I was a little unsure about trying the prairie points but they ween't that bad.
www.modabakeshop.com/2009/03/pinwheel-baby-quilt.html
hummingbirdhollowquilts.blogspot.com/2010/06/i-love-love-...
where did all this spiral start
an acquaintance or a friend?
the victim points his outstretched finger
while the plaintiff stands accused
does it even matter now it's asked
it was merely a gang of youths
some with more than a sprinkling of promise
and others with their cards marked
through blatant disregard
it all got way out of hand
the same story they'd all been warned of
but they fell victim of the same curiosity that murdered the previous cat
they fell out of touch to all's tethered end
some are still looking for help in the eyes of the blind
CP train 800 with a pair of CSXT motors creeps into Hartland Wisconsin and past my wide angle lenz that stretches the nose of the lead unit almost to the point of the switch lead.
JCPenney opened at the Five Points Mall in 1978. This location closed in April 2014.
Five Points Mall opened in 1978 as North Park Mall. Original anchor tenants were Hills, JCPenney, Meis, and Sears. In 2008 the mall went under renovation. Since the renovation there has been a mass exodus of stores. Sears closed its store in early 2013 and JCPenney closed in early 2014.
Goat Island (previously called Iris Island) is a small island in the Niagara River, in the middle of Niagara Falls between the Bridal Veil Falls and the Horseshoe Falls. The island is at the southwest corner of the City of Niagara Falls (and of Niagara County), New York, in the United States and is part of Niagara Falls State Park.
Goat Island has no residents, but is a destination for tourists visiting the falls on the U.S. side. It has several viewing points, including from Terrapin Point. Goat Island is connected to the U.S. mainland by two bridges that carry foot, car, and trackless train traffic, and to the smaller Luna Island (adjacent to the American Falls) by a pedestrian bridge. Goat Island is largely wooded and is interlaced with foot trails. The Cave of the Winds tour elevator provides access down to the foot of the falls.
The island was formed during the recent retreat of the falls as it cut inward (upstream) through the Niagara Escarpment. The Niagara River's channel splits in two above the falls, creating two sets of falls, one on either side of the island. In 1959–60, the island's eastern side was extended about 8.5 acres (34,000 m2) for additional parking and a helicopter pad. Fill was provided from excavation for the construction of the Robert Moses State Parkway.[citation needed] In 1954–1955 the area between the Terrapin Rocks and Goat Island was filled in, creating Terrapin Point.
In the early 1980s, the United States Army Corps of Engineers filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point. All together 400 feet (120 m) of the Horseshoe Falls was eliminated, including 100 feet (30 m) on the Canadian side. According to author Ginger Strand, the Horseshoe Falls is now entirely in Canada. Other sources say "most of" Horseshoe Falls is in Canada.
The island's western end is slowly being eroded by the falls and the entire island will eventually disappear as the falls erode further upstream. The waters around Goat Island are relatively shallow and studded with islets and rocks, many of them scenes of dramatic rescues and rescue attempts.
John Stedman—an early pioneer and miller—kept a herd of goats on the island. Upon returning to the island after the terrible winter of 1780, he found all but one of them had died, thus giving the island its name.
The island's preservation as parkland is due to the early efforts of Augustus Porter, who in the middle 19th century recognized the long-term value of the falls as a tourist attraction. Porter purchased the island and allowed a group of Tuscarora Native Americans to live on it and sell their crafts to the tourists who came to the falls by stagecoach and early railroads. In spite of pressure, Porter refused to tame the environment on the island. In 1817, he built a toll bridge to the island for tourists. It was swept away by ice, so another was built the following year downstream. Basil Hall called it "one of the most singular pieces of engineering in the world". Almost seven hundred feet long, it soon became the region's best-travelled walkway.
In 1885, the island was included in the Niagara Reservation State Park which is the oldest state park in the U.S.
The island is home to the Tesla Monument which honors the Serbian-American inventor, Nikola Tesla. The statue was given to the United States by the government of Yugoslavia in 1976. The statue's sculptor is Frano Kršinić (1897–1982), a renowned Yugoslav sculptor. In mid-2016, the statue was moved to Stedman's Bluff, the section of the island that overlooks the Bridal Veil Falls and the American Falls, to increase popularity.
In 1879, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, wrote that he had travelled four thousand miles throughout the continent "without finding elsewhere the same quality of forest beauty which was once abundant about the falls, and which is still to be observed in those parts of Goat Island where the original growth of trees and shrubs had not been disturbed..." Olmsted concluded the spray from the Falls created a natural nursery for indigenous plant life. Since that time, regular mowing of the Goat Island meadow, heavy foot traffic, and the incursion of invasive species have significantly changed the island's floral landscape.
Part of H. G. Wells's 1908 novel The War in the Air is set on Goat Island. During the fictional invasion of the U.S. by the forces of Imperial Germany, depicted in the book, the protagonist is stranded on the island, with bridges to the mainland having been destroyed in the fighting, and is involved in a grim battle for survival with two equally stranded German soldiers.
The Niagara River is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and the state of New York in the United States (on the east). There are differing theories as to the origin of the river's name. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra, meaning "point of land cut in two".
The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 58 kilometres (36 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion. The total drop in elevation along the river is 99 metres (325 ft). The Niagara Gorge extends downstream from the Falls and includes the Niagara Whirlpool and another section of rapids.
Power plants on the river include the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations (built in 1922 and 1954) on the Canadian side, and the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant (built in 1961) on the American side. Together, they generate 4.4 gigawatts of electricity. The International Control Works, built in 1954, regulates the river flow. Ships on the Great Lakes use the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, on the Canadian side of the river, to bypass Niagara Falls.
The Niagara River also features two large islands and numerous smaller islands. Grand Island and Navy Island, the two largest islands, are on the American and Canadian sides of the river, respectively. Goat Island and the tiny Luna Island split Niagara Falls into its three sections, the Horseshoe Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and American Falls. Unity Island lies further upstream, alongside the city of Buffalo.
The Niagara River and its tributaries, Tonawanda Creek and the Welland River, formed part of the last section of the Erie Canal and Welland Canal. After leaving Lockport, New York, the Erie Canal proceeds southwest until it enters Tonawanda Creek. After entering the Niagara River, watercraft then proceed southward to the final lock, where a short section of the canal allows boats to avoid the turbulent shoal water at the river intake and enter Lake Erie. The Welland Canals used the Welland River as a connection to the Niagara River south of the falls, allowing water traffic to safely re-enter the Niagara River and proceed to Lake Erie.
History
The Niagara River and trees are depicted in the painting.
Watercolour by Elizabeth Simcoe depicting the Niagara River from Queenston Heights, c. 1793
Niagara River at Queenston, Ontario, then known as Queenstown, Upper Canada, c. 1805 watercolour
The Niagara River and Falls have been known outside of North America since the late 17th century, when Father Louis Hennepin, a French explorer, first witnessed them. He wrote about his travels in A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (1698).
The Niagara River was the site of the earliest recorded railway in America. It was an inclined wooden tramway built by John Montresor (1736–1799), a British military engineer, in 1764. Called "The Cradles" and "The Old Lewiston Incline", it featured loaded carts pulled up wooden rails by rope. It facilitated the movement of goods over the Niagara Escarpment in present-day Lewiston, New York.
In 1781, the Niagara Purchase was signed, involving a 6.5-kilometre-wide (4.0 mi) strip of land bordering the west bank of the Niagara River, connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
Several battles occurred along the Niagara River, which was historically defended by Fort George (Canadian side) and Fort Niagara (American side) at the mouth of the river and Fort Erie (Canadian side) at the head of the river. These forts were important during the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War in the United States) and the American Revolutionary War. The Battle of Queenston Heights took place near the river in the War of 1812.
The river was an important route to liberation before the American Civil War, as many African-Americans escaping slavery on the Underground Railroad crossed it to find freedom in Canada. The Freedom Crossing Monument stands on the bank of the river in Lewiston to commemorate the courage of the escaping slaves and the local volunteers who helped them secretly cross the river.
In the 1880s, the Niagara River became the first waterway in the world harnessed for large-scale generation of hydroelectricity.
On the Canadian side of the river the provincial agency Niagara Parks Commission maintains all of the shoreline property, including Fort Erie, except the sites of Fort George (a National Historic Site maintained federally by Parks Canada), as a public greenspace and environmental heritage.
On the American side, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation maintains several state parks adjacent to Niagara Falls and the Niagara River.
Today, the river is the namesake of Niagara Herald Extraordinary at the Canadian Heraldic Authority.
The Niagara River is listed as a Great Lakes Areas of Concern in The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada.
The Niagara River has a long history of both road and rail bridges spanning the river, both upstream and downstream of the Falls. This history includes numerous bridges that have fallen victim to the harsh conditions of the Niagara Gorge, such as landslides and icepacks.
United States Coast Guard Fort Niagara Station was once a United States Army post. There are no Canadian Coast Guard posts along the river. Fort Mississauga, Fort George and Fort Erie are former British and Canadian military forts (last used 1953, 1965 and 1923 respectively) and are now parks.
Navy Island Royal Naval Shipyard was used by the French Navy in the 18th century as a naval base and by the Royal Navy from 1763 as a small shipyard, and abandoned around 1818 after the ratification of the Rush–Bagot Treaty in 1817.
On the Canadian side the Niagara Parkway travels along the River from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie.
NY 18F lines the river on the state side from Fort Niagara to Lewiston. Niagara Scenic Parkway on the state side only travels along the River from the Falls to Lewiston. The remaining river sections (with some interruptions) are covered by the LaSalle Expressway, NY 384, NY 266 and I-190 (Niagara Thruway) / New York Thruway.
New York, sometimes called New York State, is a state in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders New Jersey and Pennsylvania to its south, New England and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec to its north, and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. With almost 19.6 million residents, it is the fourth-most populous state in the United States and eighth-most densely populated as of 2023. New York is the 27th-largest U.S. state by area, with a total area of 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2).
New York has a varied geography. The southeastern part of the state, known as Downstate, encompasses New York City, the most populous city in the United States, Long Island, the most populous island in the United States, and the lower Hudson Valley. These areas are the center of the New York metropolitan area, a sprawling urban landmass, and account for approximately two-thirds of the state's population. The much larger Upstate area spreads from the Great Lakes to Lake Champlain, and includes the Adirondack Mountains and the Catskill Mountains (part of the wider Appalachian Mountains). The east–west Mohawk River Valley bisects the more mountainous regions of Upstate, and flows into the north–south Hudson River valley near the state capital of Albany. Western New York, home to the cities of Buffalo and Rochester, is part of the Great Lakes region and borders Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Central New York is anchored by the city of Syracuse; between the central and western parts of the state, New York is dominated by the Finger Lakes, a popular tourist destination. To the south, along the state border with Pennsylvania, the Southern Tier sits atop the Allegheny Plateau, representing the northernmost reaches of Appalachia.
New York was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that went on to form the United States. The area of present-day New York had been inhabited by tribes of the Algonquians and the Iroquois Confederacy Native Americans for several thousand years by the time the earliest Europeans arrived. Stemming from Henry Hudson's expedition in 1609, the Dutch established the multiethnic colony of New Netherland in 1621. England seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it the Province of New York. During the American Revolutionary War, a group of colonists eventually succeeded in establishing independence, and the former colony was officially admitted into the United States in 1788. From the early 19th century, New York's development of its interior, beginning with the construction of the Erie Canal, gave it incomparable advantages over other regions of the United States. The state built its political, cultural, and economic ascendancy over the next century, earning it the nickname of the "Empire State." Although deindustrialization eroded a significant portion of the state's economy in the second half of the 20th century, New York in the 21st century continues to be considered as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability.
The state attracts visitors from all over the globe, with the highest count of any U.S. state in 2022. Many of its landmarks are well known, including four of the world's ten most-visited tourist attractions in 2013: Times Square, Central Park, Niagara Falls and Grand Central Terminal. New York is home to approximately 200 colleges and universities, including two Ivy League universities, Columbia University and Cornell University, and the expansive State University of New York, which is among the largest university systems in the nation. New York City is home to the headquarters of the United Nations, and it is sometimes described as the world's most important city, the cultural, financial, and media epicenter, and the capital of the world.
The history of New York begins around 10,000 B.C. when the first people arrived. By 1100 A.D. two main cultures had become dominant as the Iroquoian and Algonquian developed. European discovery of New York was led by the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 followed by the first land claim in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626, the Dutch thought they had bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans.[1] In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York and Albany, brother of King Charles II. New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies.
New York played a pivotal role during the American Revolution and subsequent war. The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies. The Sons of Liberty were active in New York City to challenge British authority. After a major loss at the Battle of Long Island, the Continental Army suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area, leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans, convincing France to formally ally with them. New York's constitution was adopted in 1777, and strongly influenced the United States Constitution. New York City was the national capital at various times between 1788 and 1790, where the Bill of Rights was drafted. Albany became the permanent state capital in 1797. In 1787, New York became the eleventh state to ratify the United States Constitution.
New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century, including the first steamboat line in 1807, the Erie Canal in 1825, and America's first regularly scheduled rail service in 1831. These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes.
Due to New York City's trade ties to the South, there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the American Civil War and the mayor proposed secession. Far from any of the battles, New York ultimately sent the most soldiers and money to support the Union cause. Thereafter, the state helped create the industrial age and consequently was home to some of the first labor unions.
During the 19th century, New York City became the main entry point for European immigrants to the United States, beginning with a wave of Irish during their Great Famine. Millions came through Castle Clinton in Battery Park before Ellis Island opened in 1892 to welcome millions more, increasingly from eastern and southern Europe. The Statue of Liberty opened in 1886 and became a symbol of hope. New York boomed during the Roaring Twenties, before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and skyscrapers expressed the energy of the city. New York City was the site of successive tallest buildings in the world from 1913 to 1974.
The buildup of defense industries for World War II turned around the state's economy from the Great Depression, as hundreds of thousands worked to defeat the Axis powers. Following the war, the state experienced significant suburbanization around all the major cities, and most central cities shrank. The Thruway system opened in 1956, signaling another era of transportation advances.
Following a period of near-bankruptcy in the late 1970s, New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center, attracted more immigration, and hosted the development of new music styles. The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century, hosting most national news channels and broadcasts. Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned. The state's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry, and the state transitioned into service industries.
The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 BC. Around AD 800, Iroquois ancestors moved into the area from the Appalachian region. The people of the Point Peninsula complex were the predecessors of the Algonquian peoples of New York. By around 1100, the distinct Iroquoian-speaking and Algonquian-speaking cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed. The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present-day New York, into Pennsylvania around the Great Lakes. For centuries, the Mohawk cultivated maize fields in the lowlands of the Mohawk River, which were later taken over by Dutch settlers at Schenectady, New York when they bought this territory. The Iroquois nations to the west also had well-cultivated areas and orchards.
The Iroquois established dominance over the fur trade throughout their territory, bargaining with European colonists. Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the Iroquoian confederacy. Situated at major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement, the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans, which is also to say that the settlers, whether Dutch, French or English, were caught up with the Iroquois as well. Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes; they typically lived along rivers, streams, or the Atlantic Coast. But, both groups of natives were well-established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them. The natives had "a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting, gathering, manufacturing, and farming...[and were] a mosaic of Native American tribes, nations, languages, and political associations." The Iroquois usually met at an Onondaga in Northern New York, which changed every century or so, where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations.
Tribes who have managed to call New York home have been the Iroquois, Mohawk, Mohican, Susquehannock, Petun, Chonnonton, Ontario and Nanticoke.
In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, explored the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay. On April 17, 1524, Verrazzano entered New York Bay, by way of the Strait now called the Narrows. He described "a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass" and he adds: "that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats". He landed on the tip of Manhattan and perhaps on the furthest point of Long Island.
In 1535, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, became the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean, sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal.
On April 4, 1609, Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, departed Amsterdam in command of the ship Halve Maen (Half Moon). On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River. He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the Mohawk River and the Hudson. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614.
In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Christiaensen, built Fort Nassau (now Albany) the first Dutch settlement in North America and the first European settlement in what would become New York. It was replaced by nearby Fort Orange in 1623. In 1625, Fort Amsterdam was built on the southern tip of Manhattan Island to defend the Hudson River. This settlement grew to become the city New Amsterdam.
The British conquered New Netherland in 1664; Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum. The colony and New Amsterdam were both renamed New York (and "Beverwijck" was renamed Albany) after its new proprietor, James II later King of England, Ireland and Scotland, who was at the time Duke of York and Duke of Albany The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000–8,000.
Thousands of poor German farmers, chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany, migrated to upstate districts after 1700. They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough to own a slave).
Large manors were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century, including Livingston, Cortlandt, Philipsburg, and Rensselaerswyck. The manors represented more than half of the colony's undeveloped land. The Province of New York thrived during this time, its economy strengthened by Long Island and Hudson Valley agriculture, in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the Port of New York; the colony was a breadbasket and lumberyard for the British sugar colonies in the Caribbean. New York's population grew substantially during this century: from the first colonial census (1698) to the last (1771), the province grew ninefold, from 18,067 to 168,007.
New York in the American Revolution
Further information: John Peter Zenger, Stamp Act Congress, Invasion of Canada (1775), New York and New Jersey campaign, Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War, and Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
New York played a pivotal role in the Revolutionary War. The colony verged on revolt following the Stamp Act of 1765, advancing the New York City–based Sons of Liberty to the forefront of New York politics. The Act exacerbated the depression the province experienced after unsuccessfully invading Canada in 1760. Even though New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts, the group sought common ground between the King and the people; however, compromise became impossible as of April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. In that aftermath the New York Provincial Congress on June 9, 1775, for five pounds sterling for each hundredweight of gunpowder delivered to each county's committee.
Two powerful families had for decades assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters. With few exceptions, members long associated with the DeLancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown, while members of the Livingston faction became Patriots.
New York's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies. The British assembled the century's largest fleet: at one point 30,000 British sailors and soldiers anchored off Staten Island. General George Washington barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776; General Sir William Howe was successful in driving Washington out, but erred by expanding into New Jersey. By January 1777, he retained only a few outposts near New York City. The British held the city for the duration, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets.
In October 1777, American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga, later regarded as the war's turning point. Had Gates not held, the rebellion might well have broken down: losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson–Champlain corridor, which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union.
Upon war's end, New York's borders became well–defined: the counties east of Lake Champlain became Vermont and the state's western borders were settled by 1786.
Many Iroquois supported the British (typically fearing future American ambitions). Many were killed during the war; others went into exile with the British. Those remaining lived on twelve reservations; by 1826 only eight reservations remained, all of which survived into the 21st century.
The state adopted its constitution in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers. It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists—mainly "downstaters" (those who lived in or near New York City) who supported a strong national government—and Antifederalists—mainly upstaters (those who lived to the city's north and west) who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution, wrote the first essay of the Federalist Papers. He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but the state ratified it in 1788.
In 1785, New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790; George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in front of Federal Hall in 1789. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted there, and the United States Supreme Court sat for the first time. From statehood to 1797, the Legislature frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and New York City. Thereafter, Albany retained that role.
In the early 19th century, New York became a center for advancement in transportation. In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind. By 1815, Albany was the state's turnpike center, which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory.
In 1825 the Erie Canal opened, securing the state's economic dominance. Its impact was enormous: one source stated, "Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state, created a vast economic hinterland for New York City, and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state's interior." In that year western New York transitioned from "frontier" to settled area. By this time, all counties and most municipalities had incorporated, approximately matching the state's is organized today. In 1831, the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad started the country's first successful regularly–scheduled steam railroad service.
Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier. Buffalo and Rochester became boomtowns. Significant migration of New England "Yankees" (mainly of English descent) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled "Yorkers" (mainly of German, Dutch, and Scottish descent). More than 15% of the state's 1850 population had been born in New England[citation needed]. The western part of the state grew fastest at this time. By 1840, New York was home to seven of the nation's thirty largest cities.
During this period, towns established academies for education, including for girls. The western area of the state was a center of progressive causes, including support of abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights. Religious enthusiasms flourished and the Latter Day Saint movement was founded in the area by Joseph Smith and his vision. Some supporters of abolition participated in the Underground Railroad, helping fugitive slaves reach freedom in Canada or in New York.
In addition, in the early 1840s the state legislature and Governor William H. Seward expanded rights for free blacks and fugitive slaves in New York: in 1840 the legislature passed laws protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave-catchers. One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves, and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery, (as happened to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs in 1841, who did not regain freedom until 1853.) In 1841 Seward signed legislation to repeal a "nine-month law" that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free. After this, slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed, as was the case in some other free states. Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children, leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied (some had segregated schools).
New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century: in 1809 Washington Irving wrote the satirical A History of New York under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker, and in 1819 he based Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Hudson Valley towns. Thomas Cole's Hudson River School was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley. The first baseball teams formed in New York City in the 1840s, including the New York Knickerbockers. Professional baseball later located its Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. Saratoga Race Course, an annual summer attraction in Saratoga Springs, opened in 1847.
A civil war was not in the best interest of business, because New York had strong ties to the Deep South, both through the port of New York and manufacture of cotton goods in upstate textile mills. Half of New York City's exports were related to cotton before the war. Southern businessmen so frequently traveled to the city that they established favorite hotels and restaurants. Trade was based on moving Southern goods. The city's large Democrat community feared the impact of Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 and the mayor urged secession of New York.
By the time of the 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter, such political differences decreased and the state quickly met Lincoln's request for soldiers and supplies. More soldiers fought from New York than any other Northern state. While no battles were waged in New York, the state was not immune to Confederate conspiracies, including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada.
In January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in states that were still in rebellion against the union. In March 1863, the federal draft law was changed so that male citizens between 20 and 35 and unmarried citizens to age 45 were subject to conscription. Those who could afford to hire a substitute or pay $300 were exempt. Antiwar newspaper editors attacked the law, and many immigrants and their descendants resented being drafted in place of people who could buy their way out. Democratic Party leaders raised the specter of a deluge of freed southern blacks competing with the white working class, then dominated by ethnic Irish and immigrants. On the lottery's first day, July 11, 1863, the first lottery draw was held. On Monday, July 13, 1863, five days of large-scale riots began, which were dominated by ethnic Irish, who targeted blacks in the city, their neighborhoods, and known abolitionist sympathizers. As a result, many blacks left Manhattan permanently, moving to Brooklyn or other areas.
In the following decades, New York strengthened its dominance of the financial and banking industries. Manufacturing continued to rise: Eastman Kodak founded in 1888 in Rochester, General Electric in Schenectady, and Endicott-Johnson Shoe Company in the Triple Cities are some of the well-known companies founded during this period. Buffalo and Niagara Falls attracted numerous factories following the advent of hydroelectric power in the area. With industry blooming, workers began to unite in New York as early as the 1820s. By 1882, the Knights of Labor in New York City had 60,000 members. Trade unions used political influence to limit working hours as early as 1867. At the same time, New York's agricultural output peaked. Focus changed from crop-based to dairy-based agriculture. The cheese industry became established in the Mohawk Valley. By 1881, the state had more than 241,000 farms. In the same period, the area around New York harbor became the world's oyster capital, retaining that title into the early twentieth century.
Immigration increased throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Starting with refugees from the Great Famine of Ireland in the 1840s, New York became a prominent entry point for those seeking a new life in the United States. Between 1855 and 1890, an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through Castle Clinton at Battery Park in Manhattan. Early in this period, most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. Ellis Island opened in 1892, and between 1880 and 1920, most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews, Poles, and other Eastern and Southern Europeans, including many Italians. By 1925, New York City's population outnumbered that of London, making it the most populous city in the world. Arguably New York's most identifiable symbol, Liberty Enlightening the World (the Statue of Liberty), a gift from France for the American centennial, was completed in 1886. By the early 20th century, the statue was regarded as the "Mother of Exiles"—a symbol of hope to immigrants.
New York's political pattern changed little after the mid–19th century. New York City and its metropolitan area was already heavily Democrat; Upstate was aligned with the Republican Party and was a center of abolitionist activists. In the 1850s, Democratic Tammany Hall became one of the most powerful and durable political machines in United States history. Boss William Tweed brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s. Based on its command of a large population, Tammany maintained influence until at least the 1930s. Outside the city, Republicans were able to influence the redistricting process enough to constrain New York City and capture control of the Legislature in 1894. Both parties have seen national political success: in the 39 presidential elections between 1856 and 2010, Republicans won 19 times and Democrats 20 times.
By 1901, New York was the richest and most populous state. Two years prior, the five boroughs of New York City became one city. Within decades, the city's emblem had become the skyscraper: the Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913, surpassed by 40 Wall Street in April 1930, the Chrysler Building in 1930, the Empire State Building in 1931, and the World Trade Center in 1972 before losing the title in 1974.
The state was serviced by over a dozen major railroads and at the start of the 20th century and electric Interurban rail networks began to spring up around Syracuse, Rochester and other cities in New York during this period.
In the late 1890s governor Theodore Roosevelt and fellow Republicans such as Charles Evans Hughes worked with many Democrats such as Al Smith to promote Progressivism. They battled trusts and monopolies (especially in the insurance industry), promoted efficiency, fought waste, and called for more democracy in politics. Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions.
Democratic political machines, especially Tammany Hall in Manhattan, opposed woman suffrage because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters. By the time of the New York State referendum on women's suffrage in 1917, however, some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage, leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum's passage.
Following a sharp but short-lived Depression at the beginning of the decade, New York enjoyed a booming economy during the Roaring Twenties. New York suffered during the Great Depression, which began with the Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday in 1929. The Securities and Exchange Commission opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected governor in 1928, and the state faced upwards of 25% unemployment. His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency, established in 1931, was the first work relief program in the nation and influenced the national Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York–style relief programs across the country via his New Deal. In 1932, Lake Placid was host to the III Olympic Winter Games.
As the largest state, New York again supplied the most resources during World War II. New York manufactured 11 percent of total United States military armaments produced during the war and suffered 31,215 casualties. The war affected the state both socially and economically. For example, to overcome discriminatory labor practices, Governor Herbert H. Lehman created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Act in 1945, banning employment discrimination. The G.I. Bill of 1944, which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education, forced New York to create a public university system since its private universities could not handle the influx; the State University of New York was created by Governor Dewey in 1948.
World War II constituted New York's last great industrial era. At its conclusion, the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods. Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice. Companies moved to the south and west, seeking lower taxes and a less costly, non–union workforce. Many workers followed the jobs. The middle class expanded and created suburbs such as the one on Long Island. The automobile accelerated this decentralization; planned communities like Levittown offered affordable middle-class housing.
Larger cities stopped growing around 1950. Growth resumed only in New York City, in the 1980s. Buffalo's population fell by half between 1950 and 2000. Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State's population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980. California and Texas both surpassed it in population.
New York entered its third era of massive transportation projects by building highways, notably the New York State Thruway. The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats, who referred to it as "Dewey's ditch" and the "enemy of schools", because the Thruway disproportionately benefited upstate. The highway was based on the German Autobahn and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States. It was within 30 miles (50 km) of 90% of the population at its conception. Costing $600 million, the full 427-mile (687 km) project opened in 1956.
Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics. He began as a liberal, but grew more conservative: he limited SUNY's growth, responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot, and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws. The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975. The state took substantial budgetary control, which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence.
The Executive Mansion was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo. Late–century Democrats became more centrist, including US Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1977–2001) and New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1978–1989), while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party. They gained power through the elections of Senator Alfonse D'Amato in 1980, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1993, and Governor George Pataki in 1994. New York remained one of the most liberal states. In 1984, Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to carry the state, although Republican Michael Bloomberg served as New York City mayor in the early 21st century.
In the late 20th century, telecommunication and high technology industries employed many New Yorkers. New York City was especially successful at this transition. Entrepreneurs created many small companies, as industrial firms such as Polaroid withered. This success drew many young professionals into the still–dwindling cities. New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents. The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses. Some people believe that changes in policing created a less threatening environment; crime rates dropped, and urban development reduced urban decay.
This in turn led to a surge in culture. New York City became, once again, "the center for all things chic and trendy". Hip-hop and rap music, led by New York City, became the most popular pop genre. Immigration to both the city and state rose. New York City, with a large gay and lesbian community, suffered many deaths from AIDS beginning in the 1980s.
New York City increased its already large share of television programming, home to the network news broadcasts, as well as two of the three major cable news networks. The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times became two of the three "national" newspapers, read throughout the country. New York also increased its dominance of the financial services industry centered on Wall Street, led by banking expansion, a rising stock market, innovations in investment banking, including junk bond trading and accelerated by the savings and loan crisis that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York.
Upstate did not fare as well as downstate; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions. The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997. City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area, but did not increase proportionately in population. High-tech industry grew in cities such as Corning and Rochester. Overall New York entered the new millennium "in a position of economic strength and optimism".
In 2001, New York entered a new era following the 9/11 attacks, the worst terrorist attack ever to take place on American soil. Two of the four hijacked passenger jets crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, destroying them, and killing almost 3,000 people. One flew into the Pentagon demolishing the walls. The final one was almost taken back over by the passengers aboard and crashed into an open grassland with 296 out of the 500 people dead. Thousands of New Yorkers volunteered their time to search the ruin for survivors and remains in the following weeks.
Following the attacks, plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site. 7 World Trade Center became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks. One World Trade Center, four more office towers, and a memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks are under construction as of 2011. One World Trade Center opened on November 3, 2014.
On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction of the state's shorelines, ravaging portions of New York City, Long Island, and southern Westchester with record-high storm surge, with severe flooding and high winds causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of mass transit systems. The storm and its profound effects have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of New York City and Long Island to minimize the risk from another such future event. Such risk is considered highly probable due to global warming and rising sea levels.
Lukee and its train passes over a set of points allowing access into the shed.
Red Cliff Historical Steam Railway - April 3rd 2022.
Trig points are triangulation points used as affixed survey point by the Ordnace Survey to accurately measure the UK from 1935 onwards. Each location could see at least 2 others to create a triangular mapping grid. Now satellite mapping is used but most of the points remain as an aid to walkers in remote areas possibly covered in mist.
This shows the four points that the bow attaches to the foc'sle section, giving it realatively strong support
"Over the Points" was a well produced quarterly review 'of matters concerning the Southern Railway" that was issued to first class season ticket holders during the 1930s. For many years edited by the travel writer E P Leigh - Bennett, the magazine was printed for the SR at the exemplary Curwen Press in Plaistow, London, and the issues show much of the Press's consideration of design, layout, tyefaces and typography. This inlcudes many of the adverts - both 'in-house' and external and the magazine is illustrated with vignettes relevant to the text matter, many by Victor Reinganum.
This is seen here in the illustration to 'Rail Rhapsody' that covers the electrifcation scheme of the Portsmouth 'Direct' line that was authorised in 1935 and that came into service during 1937. The vignette is of a trackside substation where the electric current was stepped down from 33kv AC to traction current of 660v DC and fed to the current conductor rails.
Images made on a fall camping trip to Huntingdon Pennsylvania. Specifically Raystown Lake - Seven Points Campgrounds.
For our Daily Topic - Gone Fishin.
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Well, we are out of the soup now and thus the atmospheric shots are done. The stark Wyoming sky will be ours for the rest of the day. I finished my hike out from the canyon, met Eddie at the SUV and ended my lala shots. We made another dash back to Medicine Bow by way of the wind farm. I guess that makes it "Medicine Blow." I am not going to entertain other interpretations, grin. We snagged some shots next to the road. I kind of liked this one as it shows way more towers in the distance and is an interesting dynamic.
Off like a shot again as we searched venues in Medicine Bow and other surveillance. Are you in our spotlight, grin? At Medicine Bow we toured the museum because we saw a crowd there and the famous hotel and even the bar could wait!
At the museum, I found that the wind farm generates 40 megawatts with these now-small blades. Their old monster test tower with dual blades that I remember, cracked a blade on the first day and went out of balance and control according to Eddie. I wonder how much power the new large blades could generate? I asked an engineer from the wind test facility south of Boulder, "What might be the difference between coal and wind generation." He replied that both generator constructions would be the same in cost but that would be the end of the comparisons. The coal plant would require continuous feedings and labor. We all know of the extensive damages to the atmosphere from the coal plant. There seems to have been a transition to three blades. I noticed that each tower had a green box at the base. I assume that was a controller that helped keep them all in sync and maintained a constant 60 hertz. Did I mention they have wind here? I wonder if these dang things would slow the wind down over Nebraska?
Random Point 49.53928568 7.02656826 was the 3rd within 24 hours — and I had to visit the 3rd federal state of Germany to get there: das Saarland.
The Random Point Generator missed the spring of the Nahe River by about 200m, the point is located on a meadow near by. I reached the point just after sunset.
On the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway BR Class31 A1A-A1A No.31206 works the loop at Duffield Station before she returns with the Duffield to Wirksworth service. I took this photograph with my Panasonic G7 on the 8th August 2017.
The driver of SNCV / NMVB 6013 has to change the points by hand in order to take the route via the lesser used route over the ship canal on 23 April 1984.
Craigmillar Castle is a ruined medieval castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is three miles south-east of the city centre, on a low hill to the south of the modern suburb of Craigmillar.
Fashionable feasts
Meals in the 1400's were very formal affairs, carried out to a strict etiquette. People were seated according to rank, with the laird and his guests at the high table. Diet was also dictated by status. Chicken, lamb and fresh pork were for upper classes; lowly ranks made do with beef and salt meat.
Here in this hall the laird dined and entertained about 70 people twice a day. Plain wooden trestle tables were covered with finely woven linen table-cloths. There was colour all around, with tapestries on the walls and across the doorways and a painted timber ceiling overhead. Music and other entertainments were provided between courses.
By the time Mary Queen of Scots stayed here, in the 16th century, fashion had changed. Day-to-day she would have eaten in her private chambers. Public dining was reserved for church feast days, marriage banquets or other celebrations-
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canmore.org.uk/site/52109/edinburgh-craigmillar-castle-ro...
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigmillar_Castle
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Originally taken and posted for the GWUK group.
Now replaced with the un-edited version
Guessed by LookaroundAnne
For me, the star of the show this weekend, wasn't an eagle at all. It was his gorgeous buck. One of the cool things about Guntersville State Park is it is covered up with dear that have no real fear of people. This makes from some great photo ops.
Photo by Roger Reetz Lovely Lizards Photography
Five Points Mall opened in 1978 as North Park Mall. Original anchor tenants were Hills, JCPenney, Meis, and Sears. In 2008 the mall went under renovation. Since the renovation there has been a mass exodus of stores. Sears closed its store in early 2013 and JCPenney closed in early 2014.
An Edinburgh trams employee changes the points manually on the approach to the depot at Gogar. Quite a few sets of points on the line need to be changed manually using point changing rods carried on each tram, these include most points in the depot complex, the crossover at Edinburgh Park, Haymarket Yards, the crossover at West End Princes Street if terminating there.