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A long planned visit to Leeds to record the church.
Leeds is just off the M20, and nearby to Leeds Castle, which means the roads are often busy. St Nicholas is on the main road leading up the down, but before the road gets narrow as it winds between the timber framed houses. Thankfully there is good parking next door, so we were able to get off the main road and out of the traffic, as unbeknown to us, there was a classical music show on that night, and most of Kent were going and in the process of arriving.
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One of the largest twelfth-century towers in Kent. The arch between tower and nave is of three very plain orders with no hint of the usual zigzag moulding of the period, and is so large that a meeting room has recently been built into it. The nave has three bay aisles and short chapels to north and south of the chancel. The outstanding rood screen was partially reconstructed in 1892, and runs the full width of nave and aisles - with the staircase doorways in the south aisle. That the chancel was rebuilt in the sixteenth century may be seen by the plain sedilia through which is cut one of two hagioscopes from chapels to chancel. The north chapel contains some good seventeenth- and eighteenth-century tablets and monuments. The stained glass shows some excellent examples of the work of Heaton, Butler and Bayne (south aisle) whilst there is an uncharacteristically poor example of the work of C.E. Kempe & Co. Ltd. in the north aisle. The church has recently been reordered to provide a spacious, light and manageable interior with excellent lighting and a welcoming atmosphere without damaging the character of the building.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Leeds
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LEEDS
IS the next parish southward from Hollingborne. Kilburne says, that one Ledian, a chief counsellor to king Ethelbert II. who began his reign in 978, raised a fortress here, which was called in Latin, from him, Ledani Castrum, and in process of time in English, LEEDS. This castle was afterwards demolished by the Danes, and continued in that situation till the time of the Norman conquest.
THE PRESENT CASTLE is situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, adjoining to Bromfield, which includes a part of the castle itself. It is situated in the midst of the park, an ample description of it the reader will find hereafter. The Lenham rivulet takes its course through the park, and having supplied the moat, in which the castle stands, and the several waters in the grounds there, and having received into it the several small streamlets from Hollingborne, and one from the opposite side, which comes from Leeds abbey, it flows on, and at a small distance from Caring street, in this parish, adjoining to Bersted, the principal estate of which name there belongs to the Drapers company, it turns a mill, and then goes on to Maidstone, where it joins the river Medway. The high road from Ashford and Lenham runs close by the outside of the pales of Leeds park, at the northern boundary of the parish next to Hollingborne, and thence goes on towards Bersted and Maidstone, from which the park is distant a little more than five miles; here the soil is a deep sand, but near the river it changes to a black moorish earth. Southward from the castle the ground rises, at about three quarters of a mile south-west from it is Leeds abbey, the front of which is a handsome well-looking building, of the time of queen Elizabeth. It is not unpleasantly situated on a gentle eminence, and is well watered by a small stream which rises just above it, and here turns a mill. It is well cloathed with wood at the back part of it, to which the ground still keeps rising; adjoining to the abbey grounds westward is Leeds-street, a long straggling row of houses, near a mile in length, having the church at the south end of it; here the soil becomes a red unfertile earth much mixed with slints, which continues till it joins to Langley and Otham.
LEEDS was part of those possessions given by William the Conqueror to his half-brother Odo, bishop of Baieux; accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of that prelate's lands, in the survey of Domesday, taken in the year 1080.
Adelold holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Esiedes. It was taxed at three sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and twenty-eight villeins, with eight borderers, having seven carucates. There is a church, and eighteen servants. There are two arpends of vineyard, and eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of twenty bogs, and five mills of the villeins. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth sixteen pounds, the like when be received it, now twenty pounds, and yet it pays twentyfive pounds. Earl Leuuin held it.
Of this manor the abbot of St. Augustine has half a suling, which is worth ten shillings, in exchange of the park of the bishop of Baieux. The earl of Ewe has four denns of this manor, which are worth twenty shillings.
The mention of the two arpends of vineyard in the above survey, is another instance of there having been such in this county in early times, some further observations of which the reader will find in the description of the parish of Chart Sutton, not far distant, and he will likewise observe, that at the above time the bishop of Baieux had a park here, which he acquired by exchange with the abbot of St. Augustine, who must therefore have had possessions here before that time.
On the bishop of Baieux's disgrace, about four years after the taking of the above-mentioned survey, this estate, among the rest of his possessions, became consiscated to the crown.
After which it was granted by king William to the eminent family of Crevequer, called in antient charters Creveceur, and in Latin, De Crepito Corde, who at first made Chatham in this county their seat, or caput baroniæ, i. e. the principal manor of their barony, for some time, until they removed hither, being before frequently written Domini de Cetham.
Robert, son of Hamon de Crevequer, who had probably a grant of Leeds from the Conqueror, appears to have held it of the king, as of his castle of Dover, in capite by barony, their barony, which consisted of five knight's sees, being stiled Baronia de Crevequer . (fn. 1) He erected the castle here, to which he asterwards removed the capital seat of his barony. This castle being environed with water, was frequently mentioned in antient writings by the name of Le Mote. In the north-west part of it he built a chapel, in which he placed three canons, which on his foundation of the priory of Leeds, in the 19th year of king Henry I. he removed thither.
His descendant, Hamon de Crevequer, lived in the reign of king Henry III. in the 19th year of which, he was joined with Walterand Teutonicus, or Teys, in the wardenship of the five ports, and the next year had possession granted to him of the lands of William de Albrincis or Averenches, whose daughter and heir Maud he had married. He died in the 47th year of king Henry III. possessed of the manor of Ledes, held of the king in capite, as belonging to his barony of Chatham; upon which Robert, his grandson, viz. son of Hamon his son, who died in his life-time, succeeded him as his heir, and in the 52d year of that reign, exchanged the manor of Ledes, with its appurtenances, together with a moiety of all his fees, with Roger de Leyburne, for the manors of Trottesclyve and Flete. He lest William de Leyburne, his son and heir, who in the 2d year of king Edward I. had possession granted to him of the manor of Ledes, as well as of the rest of his inheritance, of which Eleanor, countess of Winchester, his father's widow, was not endowed. (fn. 2)
His son, William de Leyborne, observing that the king looked on the strength of this fortress with a jealous eye, in the beginning of king Edward Ist.'s reign reinstated the crown in the possession of both the manor and castle; and the king having, in his 27th year married Margaret, sister of Philip, king of France, he settled them, being then of the clear yearly value of 21l. 6s. 8d. among other premises, as part of her dower. She survived the king her husband, who died in 1307, and in the 5th year of the next reign of king Edward II. by the king's recommendation, appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, a nobleman of great power and eminence, and much in that prince's favor, governor of this castle. (fn. 3) She died possessed of them in the 10th year of that reign; on which they came once more into the hands of the crown, and in the beginning of the next year the king appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, above-mentioned, governor of this castle, as well as of that of Bristol. In the 11th year of that reign, the king granted to him in see, this manor and castle, and the advowson of the priory of Ledes, in exchange for the manor of Addresley, in Shropshire. Being possessed of great possessions, especially in this county, he was usually stiled, the rich lord Badlesmere of Ledes. Being pussed up through ambition and his great wealth, he forgot his allegiance, and associated himself with the earl of Lancaster, and the discontented barons; which the king being well informed of, resolved, if possible, to gain possession of this strong fortress of Ledes: to effect which, under pretence of the queen's going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, she set forward for that city with a large train of attendants, and, with a secret intention of surprising this castle, sent her marshal with others of her servants, to prepare lodging for her and her suit in it. The lord Badlesmere's family, that is, his wife, son, and four daughters, were at that time in it, together with all his treasure, deposited there for safety, under the care of Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, who refused the queen's servants admittance, and on her coming up, peremptorily persisted in denying her or any one entrance, without letters from his lord. The queen, upon this, made some attempt to gain admittance by force, and a skirmish ensued, in which one or more of her attendants were slain, but being repulsed, she was obliged to relinquish her design, and to retire for a lodging elsewhere.
The king, chagrined at the failure of his scheme, and highly resenting the indignity offered to the queen, sent a force under the earls of Pembroke and Richmond, to besiege the castle; (fn. 4) and those within it finding no hopes of relief, for though the lord Badlesmere had induced the barons to endeavours to raise the siege, yet they never advanced nearer than Kingston, yielded it up. Upon which, the lady Badlesmere and her children were sent prisoners to the tower of London, Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, was hung up, and the king took possession of the castle, as well as of all the lord Badlesmere's goods and treasures in it. But by others, Thomas de Aldone is said to have been castellan at this time, and that the castle being taken, he, with the lord Badlesmere's wife, his only son Giles, his daughters, Sir Bartholomew de Burgershe, and his wife, were sent to the tower of London by the king's order; and that afterwards, he caused Walter Colepeper, bailiff of the Seven Hundreds, to be drawn in a pitiable manner at the tails of horses, and to be hung just by this castle; on which Thomas Colepeper, and others, who were with him in Tunbridge castle, hearing of the king's approach, sled to the barons.
After which the lord Badlesmere, being taken prisoner in Yorkshire, was sent to Canterbury, and there drawn and hanged at the gallows of Blean, and his head being cut off, was set on a pole on Burgate, in that city. Upon which the manor and castle of Leeds, became part of the royal revenue and the castle remained in a most ruinous condition till the year 1359, anno 34 Edward III. in which year that munisicent prelate, William of Wickham, was constituted by the king, chief warden and surveyor of his castle of Ledes, among others, (fn. 5) having power to appoint all workmen, to provide materials, and to order every thing with regard to building and repairs; and in those manors to hold leets and other courts of trespass and misdemeanors, and to enquire of the king's liberties and rights; and from his attention to the re-edisying and rebuilding the rest of them, there is little doubt but he restored this of Leeds to a very superior state to whatever it had been before, insomuch, that it induced king Richard to visit it several times, particularly in his 19th year, in which several of his instruments were dated at his castle of Ledes; and it appears to have been at that time accounted a fortress of some strength, for in the beginning of the next reign, that unfortunate prince was, by order of king Henry IV. sent prisoner to this castle; and that king himself resided here part of the month of April in his 2d year.
After which, archbishop Arundel, whose mind was by no means inferior to his high birth, procured a grant of this castle, where he frequently resided and kept his court, whilst the process against the lord Cobham was carrying forward, and some of his instruments were dated from his castle of Ledes in the year 1413, being the year in which he died. On his death it reverted again to the crown, and became accounted as one of the king's houses, many of the principal gentry of the county being instrusted with the custody of it:
In the 7th year of king Henry V. Joane of Navarre, the second queen of the late king Henry IV. being accused of conspiring against the life of the king, her son-in-law, was committed to Leeds-castle, there to remain during the king's pleasure; and being afterwards ordered into Sir John Pelham's custody, he removed her to the castle of Pevensey, in Sussex.
In the 18th year of king Henry VI. archbishop Chichele sat at the king's castle of Leeds, in the process against Eleanor, duchess of Gloucester, for forcery and witchcrast.
King Edward IV. in his 11th year, made Ralph St. Leger, esq. of Ulcomb, who had served the office of sheriff of this county three years before, constable of this castle for life, and annexed one of the parks as a farther emolument to that office. He died that year, and was buried with his ancestors at Ulcomb.
Sir Thomas Bourchier resided at Leeds castle in the 1st year of king Richard III. in which year he had commission, among others of the principal gentry of this county, to receive the oaths of allegiance to king Richard, of the inhabitants of the several parts of Kent therein mentioned; in which year, the king confirmed the liberties of Leeds priory, in recompence of twentyfour acres of land in Bromfield, granted for the enlargement of his park of Ledes.
In the 4th year of king Henry VIII. Henry Guildford, esq. had a grant of the office of constable of Leeds castle, and of the parkership of it; and in the 12th year of that reign, he had a grant of the custody of the manor of Leeds, with sundry perquisities, for forty years. He died in the 23d year of that reign, having re-edisied great part of the castle, at the king's no small charge.
But the fee simple of the manor and castle of Leeds remained in the hands of the crown, till Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted them, with their appurtenances in the parishes of Leeds, Langley, and Sutton, to Sir Anthony St. Leger, lord deputy of Ireland, to hold in capite by knight's service.
His son, Sir Warham St. Leger, succeeded him in this manor and castle, and was afterwards chief governor of Munster, in Ireland, in which province he was unfortunately slain in 1599, (fn. 6) but before his death he alienated this manor and castle to Sir Richard Smyth, fourth son of Thomas Smyth, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called Customer Smyth.
Sir Richard Smyth resided at Leeds castle, of which he died possessed in 1628, and was buried in Ashford church, where there is a costly monument erected to his memory.
Sir John Smith, his only son, succeeded his father, and resided at Leeds castle, and dying s. p. in 1632, was buried in this church; upon which his two sisters, Alice, wife of Sir Timothy Thornhill, and Mary, of Maurice Barrow, esq. became his coheirs, and entitled their respective husbands to the property of this manor and castle, which they afterwards joined in the sale of to Sir T. Culpeper, of Hollingborne, who settled this estate, after his purchase of it, on his eldest son Cheney Culpeper, remainder to his two other sons, Francis and Thomas. Cheney Culpeper, esq. resided at Leedscastle for some time, till at length persuading his brother Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, (then his only surviving brother, Francis being dead. s. p.) to cut off the entail of this estate, he alienated it to his cousin Sir John Colepeper, lord Colepeper, only son of Sir John Culpeper, of Wigsell, in Sussex, whose younger brother Francis was of Greenway-court, in Hollingborne, and was father of Sir Thomas Culpeper, the purchaser of this estate as before-mentioned.
Sir John Colepeper represented this county in parliament in the 16th year of king Charles I. and being a person, who by his abilities had raised himself much in the king's favor, was made of his privy council, and chancellor of the exchequer, afterwards master of the rolls, and governor of the Isle of Wight. During the troubles of that monarch, he continued stedfast to the royal cause, and as a reward for his services, was in 1644 created lord Colepeper, baron of Thoresway, in Lincolnshire.
After the king's death he continued abroad with king Charles II. in his exile. During his absence, Leeds-castle seems to have been in the possession of the usurping powers, and to have been made use of by them, for the assembling of their committee men and sequestrators, and for a receptacle to imprison the ejected ministers, for in 1652, all his estates had been declared by parliament forfeited, for treason against the state. He died in 1660, a few weeks only after the restoration, and was buried at Hollingborne. He bore for his arms, Argent, a bend ingrailed gules, the antient bearing of this family; he left by his second wife Judith, daughter of Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, several children, of whom Thomas was his successor in title and estates, and died without male issue as will be mentioned hereafter, John succeeded his brother in the title, and died in 1719 s. p. and Cheney succeeded his brother in the title, and died at his residence of Hoston St. John, in 1725, s. p. likewise, by which the title became extinct; they all, with the rest of the branch of the family, lie buried at Hollingborne. Thomas, lord Colepeper, the eldest son, succeeded his father in title, and in this manor and castle, where he resided, and having married Margaret, daughter of Signior Jean de Hesse, of a noble family in Germany, he left by her a sole daughter and heir Catherine, who intitled her husband Thomas, lord Fairfax, of Cameron, in Scotland, to this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood.
The family of Fairfax appear by old evidences in the hands of the family to have been in possession of lands in Yorkshire near six hundred years ago. Richard Fairfax was possessed of lands in that county in the reign of king John, whose grandson William Fairfax in the time of king Henry III. purchased the manor of Walton, in the West Riding, where he and his successors resided for many generations afterwards, and from whom descended the Fairfax's, of Walton and Gilling, in Yorkshire; of whom, Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Gilling, was created viscount Fairfax, of the kingdom of Ireland, which title became extinct in 1772; and from a younger branch of them descended Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, who lived in queen Elizabeth's reign, and changed the original field of his coat armour from argent to or, bearing for his arms, Or, 3 bars gemelles, gules, surmounted of a lion rampant, sable, crown'd, of the first, and was father of Sir. T. Fairfax, who was, for his services to James and Charles I. created in 1627 lord Fairfax, baron of Cameron, in Scotland. He died in 1640, having had ten sons and two daughters; of whom, Ferdinando was his successor; Henry was rector of Bolton Percy, and had two sons, Henry, who became lord Fairfax, and Bryan, who was ancestor of Bryan Fairfax, late commissioner of the customs; and colonel Charles Fairfax, of Menston, was the noted antiquary, whose issue settled there.
Ferdinando, the second lord Fairfax, in the civil wars of king Charles I. was made general of the parliamentary forces, and died at York in 1646. His son, Sir Thomas Fairfax, succeeded him as lord Fairfax, and in all his posts under the parliament, and was that famous general so noted in English history during the civil wars, being made commander in chief of all the parliamentary forces; but at last he grew so weary of the distress and confusion which his former actions had brought upon his unhappy country, that he heartily concurred in the restoration of king Charles II. After which he retired to his seat at Bilborough, in Yorkshire, where he died in 1671, and was buried there, leaving by Anne, daughter and coheir of Horatio, lord Vere of Tilbury, a truly loyal and virtuous lady, an only daughter; upon which the title devolved to Henry Fairfax, esq. of Oglesthorpe, in Yorkshire, his first cousin, eldest son of Henry, rector of Bolton Percy, the second son of Thomas, the first lord Fairfax. Henry, lord Fairfax, died in 1680, and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, fifth lord Fairfax, who was bred to a military life, and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. He represented Yorkshire in several parliaments and marrying Catherine, daughter and heir of Thomas, lord Colepeper, possessed, in her right this manor and castle, and other large possessions, as before-mentioned. (fn. 7)
He died possessed of them in 1710, leaving three sons and four daughters, Thomas, who succeeded him as lord Fairfax; Henry Culpeper, who died unmarried, in 1734; and Robert, of whom hereafter. Of the daughters, Margaret married David Wilkins, D. D. and prebendary of Canterbury, and Francis married Denny Martin, esq. Thomas, lord Fairfax, the son, resided at Leeds-castle till his quitting England, to reside on his great possessions in Virginia, where he continued to the time of his death. On his departure from England, he gave up the possession of this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood, to his only surviving brother, the hon. Robert Fairfax, who afterwards resided at Leeds-castle, and on his brother's death unmarried, in 1782, succeeded to the title of lord Fairfax. He was at first bred to a military life, but becoming possessed of Leeds castle, he retired there, and afterwards twice served in parliament for the town of Maidstoue, as he did afterwards in two successive parliaments for this county. He was twice married; first to Marsha, daughter and coheir of Anthony Collins, esq. of Baddow, in Essex, by whom he had one son, who died an instant; and, secondly, to one of the daughters of Thomas Best, esq. of Chatham, who died s. p. in 1750. Lord Fairfax dying s. p. in 1793, this castle and manor, with the rest of his estates in this county, came to his nephew the Rev. Denny Martin, the eldest son of his sister Frances, by Denny Martin, esq. of Loose, who had before his uncle's death been created D. D. and had, with the royal licence, assumed the name and arms of Fairfax. Dr. Fairfax is the present possessor of this manor and castle, and resides here, being at present unmarried.
A court leet and court baron is held for the manor of Leeds, at which three borsholders are appointed. It is divided into six divisions, or yokes as they are called, viz. Church-yoke, Ferinland-yoke, Mill-yoke, Russerken-yoke, Stockwell-yoke, and Lees-yoke.
The Bodleian Library, the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library with over 11 million items. In its current incarnation it has a continuous history dating back to 1602, after Thomas Bodley (a former fellow of Merton College) wrote in 1598 to the Vice Chancellor of the University offering to support the development of the library.
The Bodleian Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street. These range in date from the late medieval Duke Humfrey's Library to the New Bodleian of the 1930s.The Schools Quadrangle (sometimes referred to as the "Old Schools Quadrangle", or the "Old Library") was built between 1613 and 1619 by adding three wings to the Proscholium and Arts End. Its tower forms the main entrance to the library, and is known as the Tower of the Five Orders. The Tower is so named because it is ornamented, in ascending order, with the columns of each of the five orders of classical architecture: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite.
The astronomer Thomas Hornsby observed the transit of Venus from the Tower of the Five Orders in 1769.
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In the Nine Years War Speyer was occupied on 28 September in 1688 by French troops. When the French General Montclar finally announced that he had orders to destroy the entire city except the cathedral, brought the Speyerer citizens its furniture and household effects, as far as they could not carry it away with the carts provided by the French in the cathedral and piled it there several meters high. On 31 May 1689, the city was finally set on fire. After the fire had spread to the vicinity of the cathedral, it was succeded to prevent the flames from spreading by hammering of adjacent roofs and putting up water tanks. By a thunderstorm on the night of 2 June but the fire was so strongly fanned that even the multiple extinguishing of the burning west end could not prevent that the fire eventually spread to the poorly accessible east dome. In this chaos invaded French soldiers in the cathedral and plundered the upper imperial and royal tombs. Only the tombs of the Salian were spared except the grave of Henry V, as they were very deep in the ground and the soldiers apparently fled from the cathedral where they left their digging equipments. Those were found at the opening of imperial tombs in 1900. Also spared was the Madonna as it was stored in a shrine. It was after its rescue brought in the Frankfurter Catherine's church and during the recolonisation of Speyer returned in the cathedral. Because of the tremendous heat the vault in the western part became fragile and collapsed. The eastern part, however, resisted the flames. It was after the repopulation of Speyer closed by a wall and further used for worship. 1755 the upper portion of the residual west end with the two towers because of the danger of collapse had to be removed.
In the second half of the 18th century was enough money availabe to build the western part of the cathedral again. Under Franz Ignaz Michael Neumann, the son of the famous baroque architect Balthasar Neumann, 1772-1778 the yawning gap in the western part of the nave has been closed in its original form. The almost completely torn down west end was under inclusion of the Romanesque porch replaced by a contemporary Baroque facade. However, it had only 100-year existence. Still today the rupture especially in using other bricks can be seen, the overall picture, however, is uniform. This early act of reconstructive preservation of historical monuments in spite of everything can be explained by the rather scarce funds of the city: A baroque new construction of the main building as a consequence also would have had the new construction of the choir to obtain an aesthetically pleasing spatial impression.
In 1794, revolutionary troops devastated the cathedral, and the house of God was deconsecrated. In the process, the entire interior was lost, and the portrait of Mary there was destroyed. Under Napoleon Bonaparte, the French troops used the cathedral as a cowshed and as food and material store. After in the Peace of Luneville of 9 February 1801 the left-bank areas binding under international law were ceded to France, the ownership of the cathedral passed to the French government. In Concordat of July 15, 1801 respectively in the Bull of Circumscription "Qui Christi Domini vices" of the November 29, 1801 recognized Pope Pius VII the dissolution of the diocese of Speyer and the assignment of the local Catholic church to the diocese of Mainz. Since the cathedral was dilapidated, due to the building assessment of architect Peter Henrion it should be demolished in 1805, the remainder of the west-wing (west-bau) being turned into a triumphal arch. However, the city council of Speyer refused to take over the for the demolition necessary costs. After the bishop of Mainz, Joseph Ludwig Colmar, had used his good relations with the wife of Napoleon, Empress Joséphine de Beauharnais and the French Culture Minister, Jean Etienne Portalis to convince them of the outstanding cultural importance of the cathedral, Napoleon agreed to withdraw the already issued demolition disposal. By imperial decree of 23 September 1806, he ordered the return of the cathedral to the Catholics of Speyer, which in it were also made responsible for the future maintenance costs. As at this time the as a church foundation established Speyer Cathedral Parish was the only in the town existing Catholic legal person, this one took over in a public ceremony on 3 November 1806 from the hands of mayor Ludwig Sonntag, as the representative of the Frenche State, the ownership of the cathedral.
After Napoleon's defeat, the diocese on the left-Rhenish area was newly established in 1817, and the cathedral not only served as a parish, but in addition again as a bishop's church; 1818-1822 it was restored and 1822 newly consecrated. 1846-1853 created the painters Johann Schraudolph and Joseph Schwarzmann commissioned by Ludwig I of Bavaria frescoes in Nazarene style.
On behalf of the former Bavarian King Ludwig I, the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and the Duke Adolph of Nassau, in 1854-1858 was undertaken the new construction of the west-bau in neo-Romanesque style. Heinrich Hübsch, one of the most renowned architects of early Historicism, oriented himself freely to the original west-bau taking up central tower and two smaller flanking towers, however, he deviated from the draft both in the choice of materials as in the proportions considerably. The renovation of the west facade and the decoration of the cathedral were considered in the 19th century as "great work". Ludwig I was convinced that for a long time nothing greater had been created as the frescoes in the cathedral of Speyer.
At the turn of the 20th century, there was a change of mood: Georg Dehio complained in 1916 even cautiously among the disasters that have hit the dome the changes of the 19th century were not the smallest.
Im Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieg wurde Speyer am 28. September 1688 von Französischen Truppen besetzt. Als der französische General Montclar schließlich verkündete, er habe den Befehl, die gesamte Stadt außer den Dom zu zerstören, brachten die Speyerer Bürger ihre Möbel und ihren Hausrat, soweit sie ihn nicht mit den durch die Franzosen bereitgestellten Karren wegschaffen konnten, in den Dom und stapelten ihn mehrere Meter hoch. Am 31. Mai 1689 wurde die Stadt schließlich in Brand gesetzt. Nachdem sich das Feuer bis in die Umgebung des Domes ausgebreitet hatte, gelang es, das Übergreifen der Flammen durch das Einschlagen von benachbarten Dächern und das Aufstellen von Wasserbehältern zu verhindern. Durch einen Gewittersturm in der Nacht zum 2. Juni wurde das Feuer aber so stark angefacht, dass selbst das mehrfache Löschen des brennenden Westbaus nicht verhinderte, dass sich das Feuer schließlich bis in die schlecht zugängliche Ostkuppel ausbreitete. In diesem Chaos drangen französische Soldaten in den Dom ein und plünderten die oberen Kaiser- und Königsgräber. Nur die Gräber der Salier blieben bis auf das Grab Heinrichs V. verschont, da sie sehr tief im Boden lagen und die Soldaten den Dom offenbar fluchtartig verließen, wobei sie ihre Grabgeräte zurückließen. Diese fand man bei der Öffnung der Kaisergräber im Jahr 1900. Ebenfalls verschont blieb das Marienbildnis, da es in einem Schrein gelagert wurde. Es wurde nach seiner Bergung in die Frankfurter Katherinenkirche gebracht und bei der Wiederbesiedlung Speyers in den Dom zurückgebracht. Durch die gewaltige Hitze wurde das Gewölbe im Westteil brüchig und stürzte ein. Der Ostteil hingegen hielt den Flammen stand. Er wurde nach der Wiederbesiedlung Speyers durch eine Mauer abgeschlossen und wurde für Gottesdienste weiter benutzt. 1755 mussten der obere Bereich des stehen gebliebenen Westbaus mit den beiden Türmen wegen Einsturzgefahr abgetragen werden.
In der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts war genügend Geld vorhanden, den Westteil des Doms wieder aufzubauen. Unter Franz Ignaz Michael Neumann, dem Sohn des berühmten Barockbaumeisters Balthasar Neumann, wurde 1772–1778 die klaffende Lücke im westlichen Teil des Langhauses in der ursprünglichen Form geschlossen. Das fast völlig abgetragene Westwerk wurde unter Einbeziehung der romanischen Vorhalle durch eine zeitgemäße barocke Fassade ersetzt. Sie hatte jedoch nur gut 100 Jahre Bestand. Heute noch ist der Bruch vor allem an der Verwendung anderer Mauersteine zu erkennen, das Gesamtbild jedoch einheitlich. Dieser frühe Akt einer rekonstruktiven Denkmalpflege lässt sich mit den trotz allem eher begrenzten Geldmitteln der Stadt erklären: Ein barocker Neubau des Langhauses hätte auch den Neubau des Chors zur Folge haben müssen, um einen ästhetisch ansprechenden Raumeindruck zu erhalten.
Im Jahr 1794 verwüsteten Revolutionstruppen den Dom, und das Gotteshaus wurde profaniert. Dabei ging die ganze Innenausstattung verloren, auch das Marienbildnis wurde dabei zerstört. Unter Napoleon Bonaparte nutzten die französischen Truppen den Dom als Viehstall sowie als Futter- und Materiallager. Nachdem im Frieden von Lunéville vom 9. Februar 1801 die linksrheinischen Gebiete völkerrechtlich verbindlich an Frankreich abgetreten worden waren, ging das Eigentum am Dom an die französische Regierung über. Im Konkordat vom 15. Juli 1801 bzw. in der Zirkumskriptionsbulle „Qui Christi Domini vices“ vom 29. November 1801 anerkannte Papst Pius VII die Aufhebung des Bistums Speyer und die Zuordnung der dortigen katholischen Gemeinde zum Bistum Mainz. Da der Dom baufällig war, sollte er infolge eines Baugutachtens des Architekten Peter Henrion im Jahr 1805 abgerissen werden, wobei der Rest des Westbaus zum Triumphbogen umgebaut werden sollte. Der Stadtrat von Speyer weigerte sich jedoch, die für den Abriss notwendigen Kosten zu übernehmen. Nachdem der Mainzer Bischof Joseph Ludwig Colmar seine guten Beziehungen zur Frau Napoleons, Kaiserin Joséphine de Beauharnais sowie zum französischen Kultusminister Jean Etienne Portalis dazu genutzt hatte, diese von der überragenden kulturellen Bedeutung des Doms zu überzeugen, erklärte sich Napoleon einverstanden, die bereits erlassene Abrissverfügung zurückzunehmen. Mit kaiserlichem Dekret vom 23. September 1806 verfügte er die Rückgabe des Doms an die Katholiken von Speyer, die darin auch für die künftigen Unterhaltskosten verantwortlich gemacht wurden. Da zu diesem Zeitpunkt die als Kirchenstiftung errichtete Speyerer Domgemeinde die einzige in der Stadt existierende katholische juristische Person war, übernahm diese im Rahmen einer öffentlichen Zeremonie am 3. November 1806 das Eigentum an der Kathedrale aus der Hand des Bürgermeisters Ludwig Sonntag als dem Vertreter des französischen Staats.
Nach der Niederlage Napoleons wurde das Bistum 1817 auf linksrheinischem Gebiet neu errichtet, und der Dom diente nicht mehr nur als Pfarr-, sondern daneben auch wieder als Bischofskirche; 1818–1822 wurde er saniert und 1822 neu geweiht. 1846–1853 schufen die Maler Johann von Schraudolph und Joseph Schwarzmann im Auftrag Ludwig I. von Bayern Fresken im Nazarener Stil.
Im Auftrag des ehemaligen bayerischen Königs Ludwig I., des österreichischen Kaisers Franz Joseph I. und des Herzogs Adolph von Nassau kam es zu einer Neuerrichtung des Westbaus 1854–1858 im neoromanischen Stil. Heinrich Hübsch, einer der renommiertesten Architekten des frühen Historismus, orientierte sich frei am ursprünglichen Westbau, indem er Mittelturm und zwei kleinere Flankentürme aufgriff, wich jedoch von der Vorlage sowohl bei der Materialwahl wie bei den Proportionen erheblich ab. Die Erneuerung der Westfassade und die Ausmalung des Doms wurden im 19. Jahrhundert als „großes Werk“ angesehen. Ludwig I. war der Überzeugung, dass seit langer Zeit nichts Größeres geschaffen worden sei als die Fresken im Speyerer Dom.
Um die Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert kam es zu einem Stimmungsumschwung: Georg Dehio beklagte 1916 sogar vorsichtig, unter den Unglücken, die den Dom getroffen hätten, seien die Veränderungen des 19. Jahrhunderts nicht die kleinsten gewesen.
Now "Ordering sweets on the web" is trend here in Japan as we can order fancy cakes without going all the way to Kyoto from Tokyo!
Some shops are doing really good and we even have "ranking page" to know what to buy :D
So, here I tried one to start. "Uji-Maccha-Rolled-Cake" made of Green tea.
It actually tasted good and now I became one of those excited sweet funs!
From the Swallowtail Garden Seeds collection of botanical photographs and illustrations. We hope you will enjoy these images as much as we do.
So a bunch of my Amazon orders came in lol. I really wanted the 2016 Holiday Barbie with the Claudette sculpt and she was $15, I knew if I waited any longer she’s going to go for bonkers prices later on.
I figured I pick up another doll or two to save on shipping so I grabbed a Batman doll to steal his body, and picked up this Henry Higgins doll cuz I’ve been wanting a brown suit but they’ve all been $30+ and Henry here was $23 so.
Claudette’s dress is BIG though it sheds glitter and literally feels like a tent due to the plastic fabric. I actually really liked Model Muse bodies cuz the solid vinyl legs and dynamic poses make them good candidates for modeling clothing and photography, but this one? It’s AWFUL. The legs are hollow plastic and there’s messy seams everywhere so it’s basically garbage.
Batman is a weird one but I have no issues with him asides from his head looking like a burping potato and ALL his accessories are super soft vinyl, so I can’t imagine these surviving very well.
Henry Higgin’s suit is a Jacket and combination shirt and pants thing but… I miss this level of quality from Mattel. The fabric is hemmed, the jacket is fully lined and it just feels so much better than either of these other dolls lol. However his shoe did explode off and the box is degrading a lot so yeah.
Nice to be home; but another misty, dank drizzly day found me skulking around Saddleworth during my lunch hour trying to get a reasonable image. The rain was that fine it got everywhere; I had to wipe my lens between each image, light was poor so thought I’d head to this derelict pub and as I hoped for a bit of contrast between the white painted walls and the grim weather!
The pub is called the Horse and Jockey and closed in the early 90's, it was severely damaged by fire in 1997; it’s now slowly succumbing to the moorland weather and gravity.
Serpent detail on the west door.
Unfortunately for me, I could not get inside of Bishop's Cleeve church on this particular Saturday, as there was a wedding taking place. I had to make do with the exterior of this church, which luckily has some interesting features.
Bishop's Cleeve is a medium sized town just to the north of Cheltenham. I had made my way there from Tewkesbury, across flat countryside, with the Cotswold hills rising to the east. It was around midday by the time I arrived, and the weather was fine, despite storms being forcast.
I drove in through new housing estates of the usual mock georgian variety that have sprung up all over the country in the last 20 years. I could have been anywhere. It was not until I reached the centre of town that some local character appeared, with older houses built from local stone.
St. Michael's itself is quite large, and sits in a spacious and well maintained churchyard. The chancel is 14thc. decorated, and has a lovely east window which I photographed enthusiastically, only to find out later that it is 19thc. Still the tracery is very beautiful I think. The central tower was rebuilt in the 18thc. after the original one collapsed. But it is the norman features of this church, which make the exterior really special. I first looked at the south doorway, which is inside a nice little porch with norman arcading. The upper arch of this doorway is decorated with two snakes, each curled around, with their downward facing heads eating birds. There is also two orders of chevrons and one that is embattled, and good carved capitals. The west front is also norman, and has another door with chevrons and snakes, not quite as fine as the south one though.
I left St. Michael's a little disappointed that I hadn't seen the interior. Apparently there is an interesting room above the porch which is worth seeing. I might have to come back at some point.
Oil on canvas.
Simeon Marcus Larson was a Swedish landscape painter from Åtvidaberg, Östergötland. He has been recognized as "one of Sweden's foremost 19th-century painters" and labeled as "the most outstanding of the Swedish Düsseldorf painters." His paintings were known for being dramatic and primarily depicted rivers under violent skies as well as shipwrecks in storms.
Larson's father was a farm owner, but Larson did not inherit any possessions from him when he died and therefore moved to Stockholm to get a job. There he was hired by a saddle maker. This saddle maker saw Larson's talent for drawing and thought it might be of use for carriage sketches and such. Larson was therefore given permission to attend courses at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts during the evenings. While at the Academy, Larson discovered his calling for painting and made the decision to start a career dedicated to art. He completed his studies at the school between 1846 and 1848, and then moved to Helsingborg to teach painting. While living there, his painting was largely impacted by the surrounding ocean. During a visit to Copenhagen, Larson got to see the work of Danish marine artist Vilhelm Melbye, who gave lessons to Larson in marine painting. He received further education in the marine genre during the summer of 1850, when he traveled with the corvette Lagerbjelke on an expedition to the North Sea. Afterwards Larson journeyed through Norway to study fells and waterfalls.
In 1852, Larson traveled to Düsseldorf for further education. There he received training in landscape painting from the German artist Andreas Achenbach. Larson's reputation quickly spread and he frequently received orders from art dealers in the larger German cities. In 1855 he moved to Paris, where he lived for three years and painted a number of notable paintings. One of these paintings was Landskap med vattenfall (English: Landscape with waterfall), which was awarded with "honorable mention" at the World's Fair. Larson returned to Sweden in 1858 with a small fortune and decided to settle down in the province of Småland. He built a large villa outside of Vimmerby, with the intention of starting an art school there for young landscape painters. Before starting the school, however, Larson went to Copenhagen to exhibit his paintings. He spent the autumn of 1858 and the spring of 1859 traveling between Copenhagen and the nearby Swedish province of Scania. When Larson finally returned to his villa, it was burnt down in a fire. In 1860, the indigent artist left Sweden, never to return.
After staying some time in Helsinki and Saint Petersburg, Larson traveled to London in 1862 for the World's Fair. At this time, however, his talent and reputation were decreasing. With almost no assets and suffering from tuberculosis, Larson died in London on 25 January 1864.
157 and 153 sit on Track 2 in New Rochelle, having just arrived from the Arch Street Shops. Soon, they will have another set of Metro-North M7s to take back with them.
the church near the Saracen's Head and Old Grammar School - in Kings Norton village (as seen in the BBC's Restoration programme, as presented by Griff Rhys Jones)
A memorial in front of the spire in the churchyard.
The Parish Church of St Nicholas Church, Kings Norton is a church in the parish of Kings Norton, in the Church of England, Diocese of Birmingham. It is a Grade I listed building.
A church has been on this site since the 11th century. The current church may have existed as early as 1213, but most likely the 13th century. The spire was built between 1446 and 1475. The side of the church was rebuilt in the 17th century. A parish was assigned to the church in 1846.
It is a Grade I listed building.
Substantial medieval church of sandstone with nave, aisles, chancel and west tower with spire, south porch. Norman origin but predominantly late C13 and C14. Major feature of C15 west tower and spire with contemporary south porch, gabled clerestory a C17 addition chancel restored with considerable reconstruction by Ewan Christian C1863. North aisle rebuilt with the old materials and vestry added to north west end in the restoration of 1872 by W J Hopkins. The chancel retains 2 reset C12 round arched windows in the north wall, and was probably rebuilt in the early C13 with a further rebuild in the C14. Major rebuilding commenced late C13 with the 7 bay north aisle arcade, the south aisle arcade being early C14 - octagonal and quatrefoil clustered shaft piers, but one circular. Arches of 2 chamfered orders. C14 chancel arch of 2 orders with ball flower ornament to inner one, south aisle windows with hood moulds C14: north aisle windows altered in 1872 restoration. The tower and spires of the C15: 4 stages, the belfry arcade to each face with 4 2-light mullioned-transomed windows, outer ones blind, all with crocketted gabled drip moulds with finials. Crenellated parapet with corner pinnacles, the graceful octagonal spire rising above in 3 stages, the south porch also C15 with remains of a crocketed image bracket above the doorway in the gable. Inside the porch the carved corner corbels indicate the original intention to vault in stone. In C1659 (dated beam) the 3 gables containing the south clerestory were added, those to the north removed in the rebuilding of the north aisle of 1872. Good C16 and C17 monuments mostly grouped under the tower, noteworthy for its strapwork the alabaster altar-tomb with recumbent effigies of Sir Richard Grevis and 1632 and his wife. The church holds a commanding position on a hillock set in a churchyard on the north side of the green. The tower is a landmark.
Activity at the hot steaming show kitchen. Steam buns being prepared for the orders at the counter. A scene at the restaurant....kopitiam's.
Leica M3 Wetzlar DS, Leica Summarit 5cm F1.5, Kodak Tmax400-2, 400TMY-2, Home development, Stand development, TMax 1/50th at 60 minutes, 6 minutes fix
A long planned visit to Leeds to record the church.
Leeds is just off the M20, and nearby to Leeds Castle, which means the roads are often busy. St Nicholas is on the main road leading up the down, but before the road gets narrow as it winds between the timber framed houses. Thankfully there is good parking next door, so we were able to get off the main road and out of the traffic, as unbeknown to us, there was a classical music show on that night, and most of Kent were going and in the process of arriving.
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One of the largest twelfth-century towers in Kent. The arch between tower and nave is of three very plain orders with no hint of the usual zigzag moulding of the period, and is so large that a meeting room has recently been built into it. The nave has three bay aisles and short chapels to north and south of the chancel. The outstanding rood screen was partially reconstructed in 1892, and runs the full width of nave and aisles - with the staircase doorways in the south aisle. That the chancel was rebuilt in the sixteenth century may be seen by the plain sedilia through which is cut one of two hagioscopes from chapels to chancel. The north chapel contains some good seventeenth- and eighteenth-century tablets and monuments. The stained glass shows some excellent examples of the work of Heaton, Butler and Bayne (south aisle) whilst there is an uncharacteristically poor example of the work of C.E. Kempe & Co. Ltd. in the north aisle. The church has recently been reordered to provide a spacious, light and manageable interior with excellent lighting and a welcoming atmosphere without damaging the character of the building.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Leeds
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LEEDS
IS the next parish southward from Hollingborne. Kilburne says, that one Ledian, a chief counsellor to king Ethelbert II. who began his reign in 978, raised a fortress here, which was called in Latin, from him, Ledani Castrum, and in process of time in English, LEEDS. This castle was afterwards demolished by the Danes, and continued in that situation till the time of the Norman conquest.
THE PRESENT CASTLE is situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, adjoining to Bromfield, which includes a part of the castle itself. It is situated in the midst of the park, an ample description of it the reader will find hereafter. The Lenham rivulet takes its course through the park, and having supplied the moat, in which the castle stands, and the several waters in the grounds there, and having received into it the several small streamlets from Hollingborne, and one from the opposite side, which comes from Leeds abbey, it flows on, and at a small distance from Caring street, in this parish, adjoining to Bersted, the principal estate of which name there belongs to the Drapers company, it turns a mill, and then goes on to Maidstone, where it joins the river Medway. The high road from Ashford and Lenham runs close by the outside of the pales of Leeds park, at the northern boundary of the parish next to Hollingborne, and thence goes on towards Bersted and Maidstone, from which the park is distant a little more than five miles; here the soil is a deep sand, but near the river it changes to a black moorish earth. Southward from the castle the ground rises, at about three quarters of a mile south-west from it is Leeds abbey, the front of which is a handsome well-looking building, of the time of queen Elizabeth. It is not unpleasantly situated on a gentle eminence, and is well watered by a small stream which rises just above it, and here turns a mill. It is well cloathed with wood at the back part of it, to which the ground still keeps rising; adjoining to the abbey grounds westward is Leeds-street, a long straggling row of houses, near a mile in length, having the church at the south end of it; here the soil becomes a red unfertile earth much mixed with slints, which continues till it joins to Langley and Otham.
LEEDS was part of those possessions given by William the Conqueror to his half-brother Odo, bishop of Baieux; accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of that prelate's lands, in the survey of Domesday, taken in the year 1080.
Adelold holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Esiedes. It was taxed at three sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and twenty-eight villeins, with eight borderers, having seven carucates. There is a church, and eighteen servants. There are two arpends of vineyard, and eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of twenty bogs, and five mills of the villeins. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth sixteen pounds, the like when be received it, now twenty pounds, and yet it pays twentyfive pounds. Earl Leuuin held it.
Of this manor the abbot of St. Augustine has half a suling, which is worth ten shillings, in exchange of the park of the bishop of Baieux. The earl of Ewe has four denns of this manor, which are worth twenty shillings.
The mention of the two arpends of vineyard in the above survey, is another instance of there having been such in this county in early times, some further observations of which the reader will find in the description of the parish of Chart Sutton, not far distant, and he will likewise observe, that at the above time the bishop of Baieux had a park here, which he acquired by exchange with the abbot of St. Augustine, who must therefore have had possessions here before that time.
On the bishop of Baieux's disgrace, about four years after the taking of the above-mentioned survey, this estate, among the rest of his possessions, became consiscated to the crown.
After which it was granted by king William to the eminent family of Crevequer, called in antient charters Creveceur, and in Latin, De Crepito Corde, who at first made Chatham in this county their seat, or caput baroniæ, i. e. the principal manor of their barony, for some time, until they removed hither, being before frequently written Domini de Cetham.
Robert, son of Hamon de Crevequer, who had probably a grant of Leeds from the Conqueror, appears to have held it of the king, as of his castle of Dover, in capite by barony, their barony, which consisted of five knight's sees, being stiled Baronia de Crevequer . (fn. 1) He erected the castle here, to which he asterwards removed the capital seat of his barony. This castle being environed with water, was frequently mentioned in antient writings by the name of Le Mote. In the north-west part of it he built a chapel, in which he placed three canons, which on his foundation of the priory of Leeds, in the 19th year of king Henry I. he removed thither.
His descendant, Hamon de Crevequer, lived in the reign of king Henry III. in the 19th year of which, he was joined with Walterand Teutonicus, or Teys, in the wardenship of the five ports, and the next year had possession granted to him of the lands of William de Albrincis or Averenches, whose daughter and heir Maud he had married. He died in the 47th year of king Henry III. possessed of the manor of Ledes, held of the king in capite, as belonging to his barony of Chatham; upon which Robert, his grandson, viz. son of Hamon his son, who died in his life-time, succeeded him as his heir, and in the 52d year of that reign, exchanged the manor of Ledes, with its appurtenances, together with a moiety of all his fees, with Roger de Leyburne, for the manors of Trottesclyve and Flete. He lest William de Leyburne, his son and heir, who in the 2d year of king Edward I. had possession granted to him of the manor of Ledes, as well as of the rest of his inheritance, of which Eleanor, countess of Winchester, his father's widow, was not endowed. (fn. 2)
His son, William de Leyborne, observing that the king looked on the strength of this fortress with a jealous eye, in the beginning of king Edward Ist.'s reign reinstated the crown in the possession of both the manor and castle; and the king having, in his 27th year married Margaret, sister of Philip, king of France, he settled them, being then of the clear yearly value of 21l. 6s. 8d. among other premises, as part of her dower. She survived the king her husband, who died in 1307, and in the 5th year of the next reign of king Edward II. by the king's recommendation, appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, a nobleman of great power and eminence, and much in that prince's favor, governor of this castle. (fn. 3) She died possessed of them in the 10th year of that reign; on which they came once more into the hands of the crown, and in the beginning of the next year the king appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, above-mentioned, governor of this castle, as well as of that of Bristol. In the 11th year of that reign, the king granted to him in see, this manor and castle, and the advowson of the priory of Ledes, in exchange for the manor of Addresley, in Shropshire. Being possessed of great possessions, especially in this county, he was usually stiled, the rich lord Badlesmere of Ledes. Being pussed up through ambition and his great wealth, he forgot his allegiance, and associated himself with the earl of Lancaster, and the discontented barons; which the king being well informed of, resolved, if possible, to gain possession of this strong fortress of Ledes: to effect which, under pretence of the queen's going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, she set forward for that city with a large train of attendants, and, with a secret intention of surprising this castle, sent her marshal with others of her servants, to prepare lodging for her and her suit in it. The lord Badlesmere's family, that is, his wife, son, and four daughters, were at that time in it, together with all his treasure, deposited there for safety, under the care of Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, who refused the queen's servants admittance, and on her coming up, peremptorily persisted in denying her or any one entrance, without letters from his lord. The queen, upon this, made some attempt to gain admittance by force, and a skirmish ensued, in which one or more of her attendants were slain, but being repulsed, she was obliged to relinquish her design, and to retire for a lodging elsewhere.
The king, chagrined at the failure of his scheme, and highly resenting the indignity offered to the queen, sent a force under the earls of Pembroke and Richmond, to besiege the castle; (fn. 4) and those within it finding no hopes of relief, for though the lord Badlesmere had induced the barons to endeavours to raise the siege, yet they never advanced nearer than Kingston, yielded it up. Upon which, the lady Badlesmere and her children were sent prisoners to the tower of London, Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, was hung up, and the king took possession of the castle, as well as of all the lord Badlesmere's goods and treasures in it. But by others, Thomas de Aldone is said to have been castellan at this time, and that the castle being taken, he, with the lord Badlesmere's wife, his only son Giles, his daughters, Sir Bartholomew de Burgershe, and his wife, were sent to the tower of London by the king's order; and that afterwards, he caused Walter Colepeper, bailiff of the Seven Hundreds, to be drawn in a pitiable manner at the tails of horses, and to be hung just by this castle; on which Thomas Colepeper, and others, who were with him in Tunbridge castle, hearing of the king's approach, sled to the barons.
After which the lord Badlesmere, being taken prisoner in Yorkshire, was sent to Canterbury, and there drawn and hanged at the gallows of Blean, and his head being cut off, was set on a pole on Burgate, in that city. Upon which the manor and castle of Leeds, became part of the royal revenue and the castle remained in a most ruinous condition till the year 1359, anno 34 Edward III. in which year that munisicent prelate, William of Wickham, was constituted by the king, chief warden and surveyor of his castle of Ledes, among others, (fn. 5) having power to appoint all workmen, to provide materials, and to order every thing with regard to building and repairs; and in those manors to hold leets and other courts of trespass and misdemeanors, and to enquire of the king's liberties and rights; and from his attention to the re-edisying and rebuilding the rest of them, there is little doubt but he restored this of Leeds to a very superior state to whatever it had been before, insomuch, that it induced king Richard to visit it several times, particularly in his 19th year, in which several of his instruments were dated at his castle of Ledes; and it appears to have been at that time accounted a fortress of some strength, for in the beginning of the next reign, that unfortunate prince was, by order of king Henry IV. sent prisoner to this castle; and that king himself resided here part of the month of April in his 2d year.
After which, archbishop Arundel, whose mind was by no means inferior to his high birth, procured a grant of this castle, where he frequently resided and kept his court, whilst the process against the lord Cobham was carrying forward, and some of his instruments were dated from his castle of Ledes in the year 1413, being the year in which he died. On his death it reverted again to the crown, and became accounted as one of the king's houses, many of the principal gentry of the county being instrusted with the custody of it:
In the 7th year of king Henry V. Joane of Navarre, the second queen of the late king Henry IV. being accused of conspiring against the life of the king, her son-in-law, was committed to Leeds-castle, there to remain during the king's pleasure; and being afterwards ordered into Sir John Pelham's custody, he removed her to the castle of Pevensey, in Sussex.
In the 18th year of king Henry VI. archbishop Chichele sat at the king's castle of Leeds, in the process against Eleanor, duchess of Gloucester, for forcery and witchcrast.
King Edward IV. in his 11th year, made Ralph St. Leger, esq. of Ulcomb, who had served the office of sheriff of this county three years before, constable of this castle for life, and annexed one of the parks as a farther emolument to that office. He died that year, and was buried with his ancestors at Ulcomb.
Sir Thomas Bourchier resided at Leeds castle in the 1st year of king Richard III. in which year he had commission, among others of the principal gentry of this county, to receive the oaths of allegiance to king Richard, of the inhabitants of the several parts of Kent therein mentioned; in which year, the king confirmed the liberties of Leeds priory, in recompence of twentyfour acres of land in Bromfield, granted for the enlargement of his park of Ledes.
In the 4th year of king Henry VIII. Henry Guildford, esq. had a grant of the office of constable of Leeds castle, and of the parkership of it; and in the 12th year of that reign, he had a grant of the custody of the manor of Leeds, with sundry perquisities, for forty years. He died in the 23d year of that reign, having re-edisied great part of the castle, at the king's no small charge.
But the fee simple of the manor and castle of Leeds remained in the hands of the crown, till Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted them, with their appurtenances in the parishes of Leeds, Langley, and Sutton, to Sir Anthony St. Leger, lord deputy of Ireland, to hold in capite by knight's service.
His son, Sir Warham St. Leger, succeeded him in this manor and castle, and was afterwards chief governor of Munster, in Ireland, in which province he was unfortunately slain in 1599, (fn. 6) but before his death he alienated this manor and castle to Sir Richard Smyth, fourth son of Thomas Smyth, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called Customer Smyth.
Sir Richard Smyth resided at Leeds castle, of which he died possessed in 1628, and was buried in Ashford church, where there is a costly monument erected to his memory.
Sir John Smith, his only son, succeeded his father, and resided at Leeds castle, and dying s. p. in 1632, was buried in this church; upon which his two sisters, Alice, wife of Sir Timothy Thornhill, and Mary, of Maurice Barrow, esq. became his coheirs, and entitled their respective husbands to the property of this manor and castle, which they afterwards joined in the sale of to Sir T. Culpeper, of Hollingborne, who settled this estate, after his purchase of it, on his eldest son Cheney Culpeper, remainder to his two other sons, Francis and Thomas. Cheney Culpeper, esq. resided at Leedscastle for some time, till at length persuading his brother Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, (then his only surviving brother, Francis being dead. s. p.) to cut off the entail of this estate, he alienated it to his cousin Sir John Colepeper, lord Colepeper, only son of Sir John Culpeper, of Wigsell, in Sussex, whose younger brother Francis was of Greenway-court, in Hollingborne, and was father of Sir Thomas Culpeper, the purchaser of this estate as before-mentioned.
Sir John Colepeper represented this county in parliament in the 16th year of king Charles I. and being a person, who by his abilities had raised himself much in the king's favor, was made of his privy council, and chancellor of the exchequer, afterwards master of the rolls, and governor of the Isle of Wight. During the troubles of that monarch, he continued stedfast to the royal cause, and as a reward for his services, was in 1644 created lord Colepeper, baron of Thoresway, in Lincolnshire.
After the king's death he continued abroad with king Charles II. in his exile. During his absence, Leeds-castle seems to have been in the possession of the usurping powers, and to have been made use of by them, for the assembling of their committee men and sequestrators, and for a receptacle to imprison the ejected ministers, for in 1652, all his estates had been declared by parliament forfeited, for treason against the state. He died in 1660, a few weeks only after the restoration, and was buried at Hollingborne. He bore for his arms, Argent, a bend ingrailed gules, the antient bearing of this family; he left by his second wife Judith, daughter of Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, several children, of whom Thomas was his successor in title and estates, and died without male issue as will be mentioned hereafter, John succeeded his brother in the title, and died in 1719 s. p. and Cheney succeeded his brother in the title, and died at his residence of Hoston St. John, in 1725, s. p. likewise, by which the title became extinct; they all, with the rest of the branch of the family, lie buried at Hollingborne. Thomas, lord Colepeper, the eldest son, succeeded his father in title, and in this manor and castle, where he resided, and having married Margaret, daughter of Signior Jean de Hesse, of a noble family in Germany, he left by her a sole daughter and heir Catherine, who intitled her husband Thomas, lord Fairfax, of Cameron, in Scotland, to this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood.
The family of Fairfax appear by old evidences in the hands of the family to have been in possession of lands in Yorkshire near six hundred years ago. Richard Fairfax was possessed of lands in that county in the reign of king John, whose grandson William Fairfax in the time of king Henry III. purchased the manor of Walton, in the West Riding, where he and his successors resided for many generations afterwards, and from whom descended the Fairfax's, of Walton and Gilling, in Yorkshire; of whom, Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Gilling, was created viscount Fairfax, of the kingdom of Ireland, which title became extinct in 1772; and from a younger branch of them descended Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, who lived in queen Elizabeth's reign, and changed the original field of his coat armour from argent to or, bearing for his arms, Or, 3 bars gemelles, gules, surmounted of a lion rampant, sable, crown'd, of the first, and was father of Sir. T. Fairfax, who was, for his services to James and Charles I. created in 1627 lord Fairfax, baron of Cameron, in Scotland. He died in 1640, having had ten sons and two daughters; of whom, Ferdinando was his successor; Henry was rector of Bolton Percy, and had two sons, Henry, who became lord Fairfax, and Bryan, who was ancestor of Bryan Fairfax, late commissioner of the customs; and colonel Charles Fairfax, of Menston, was the noted antiquary, whose issue settled there.
Ferdinando, the second lord Fairfax, in the civil wars of king Charles I. was made general of the parliamentary forces, and died at York in 1646. His son, Sir Thomas Fairfax, succeeded him as lord Fairfax, and in all his posts under the parliament, and was that famous general so noted in English history during the civil wars, being made commander in chief of all the parliamentary forces; but at last he grew so weary of the distress and confusion which his former actions had brought upon his unhappy country, that he heartily concurred in the restoration of king Charles II. After which he retired to his seat at Bilborough, in Yorkshire, where he died in 1671, and was buried there, leaving by Anne, daughter and coheir of Horatio, lord Vere of Tilbury, a truly loyal and virtuous lady, an only daughter; upon which the title devolved to Henry Fairfax, esq. of Oglesthorpe, in Yorkshire, his first cousin, eldest son of Henry, rector of Bolton Percy, the second son of Thomas, the first lord Fairfax. Henry, lord Fairfax, died in 1680, and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, fifth lord Fairfax, who was bred to a military life, and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. He represented Yorkshire in several parliaments and marrying Catherine, daughter and heir of Thomas, lord Colepeper, possessed, in her right this manor and castle, and other large possessions, as before-mentioned. (fn. 7)
He died possessed of them in 1710, leaving three sons and four daughters, Thomas, who succeeded him as lord Fairfax; Henry Culpeper, who died unmarried, in 1734; and Robert, of whom hereafter. Of the daughters, Margaret married David Wilkins, D. D. and prebendary of Canterbury, and Francis married Denny Martin, esq. Thomas, lord Fairfax, the son, resided at Leeds-castle till his quitting England, to reside on his great possessions in Virginia, where he continued to the time of his death. On his departure from England, he gave up the possession of this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood, to his only surviving brother, the hon. Robert Fairfax, who afterwards resided at Leeds-castle, and on his brother's death unmarried, in 1782, succeeded to the title of lord Fairfax. He was at first bred to a military life, but becoming possessed of Leeds castle, he retired there, and afterwards twice served in parliament for the town of Maidstoue, as he did afterwards in two successive parliaments for this county. He was twice married; first to Marsha, daughter and coheir of Anthony Collins, esq. of Baddow, in Essex, by whom he had one son, who died an instant; and, secondly, to one of the daughters of Thomas Best, esq. of Chatham, who died s. p. in 1750. Lord Fairfax dying s. p. in 1793, this castle and manor, with the rest of his estates in this county, came to his nephew the Rev. Denny Martin, the eldest son of his sister Frances, by Denny Martin, esq. of Loose, who had before his uncle's death been created D. D. and had, with the royal licence, assumed the name and arms of Fairfax. Dr. Fairfax is the present possessor of this manor and castle, and resides here, being at present unmarried.
A court leet and court baron is held for the manor of Leeds, at which three borsholders are appointed. It is divided into six divisions, or yokes as they are called, viz. Church-yoke, Ferinland-yoke, Mill-yoke, Russerken-yoke, Stockwell-yoke, and Lees-yoke.
My FL tan Chloe & tan Pukifee Vanilla, Secretdoll Ethnic Person 21 and Iplehouse Pixxie Twinky have all shipped this week despite being purchased at different times! I'm so excited!!
last shout in North Skelton Club ! my mate Ian was at the bar, getting me a "lil" one, a good Whisky I like a nice single malt along with my Lager
Charles Joseph
Born in Alert Bay, British Columbia, in 1959
2014-2016
Totem in the news
Private collection
Torn from their families and placed in residential schools run by various religious orders between 1820 and 1996, Canada's Indigenous peoples were victims of a cultural genocide, recognized by the Government of Canada on May 29, 2015. This totem pole pays tribute to all the children - Joseph included - all too familiar with the humiliations and suffering meted out at these institutions. The totem is a token of reconciliation and commemoration. It is the symbol of the Northwest Coast Kwakiutl people, and their strong sense of identity and pride.
PATRON’S FAMILY AND CEDAR RING
Faces of patron’s family, nine to twelve inches wide. Each face is different. Man’s face is bigger than his son’s, and carved differently. The placement of the patron and his family at the bottom represents the origin of this particular pole. It’s a representation of the foundation of the agreement culminating in the production of this work. This is something that Charles felt strongly about. Initially, he was planning to place the man higher on the pole, nearer the chief, but the final placement felt more appropriate and is a mark of commemoration and gratitude.
Above that is a cedar ring, which looks like a rope. It symbolizes safety and security. The Kwakiutl use cedar for everything, including rope. The cedar rings are used around the neck and wrists and also for skirts during dancing. All of the carvings that are being used on the current poles and walls comes from Charles’ great-grandfather James Wadham’s. The history line of these designs belonged to this man. Every family has significant designs that belong to their households.
WILD WOMAN
The next figure on the pole is the wild woman. She is nine feet four inches tall on her knees. She has children on her lap, one on each knee. They represent the children coming back from the residential school, and she is welcoming them home. She represents female tradition and culture. The women are responsible for keeping track of the family artistic and cultural traditions. They will talk about this before meals that are accompanied by leisure and family time. Sometimes they would also act out the stories, or dance them out. The high-ranking chiefs wear a wild woman mask when they retire from their chieftainship, if that is part of the tradition of their family treasure boxes. They do this to represent their respect for the tradition keeping that is characteristic of the women.
Charles tells the children who stop by his studio the story of the wild woman, who is often carved, and whose story was used to stop children from playing too carelessly in the forest when Charles was young. Frequently, in poles, the bear has the woman in between his legs, as if he is hugging her, and his arms raised, showing his claws. Inside the paws faces are carved, representing their eventual children.
On the chest of the wild woman there is a butterfly. The butterfly represents the Turner Island tribe that Charles comes from (Mumtagila Tlowitsis). The butterfly wings look like a heart, on which it says “welcome home” in English (because the children have just returned from school… and they lost their language). The butterfly, which is used in opening ceremonies, during potlatches, for example, or a feast, or when children are named, or coming of age (when they get new names and new dances), or marriages, or celebrations for life, as an alternative to grieving (or as healing for grief) is also on top of the Numas, who is the highest-ranking man, from before the great flood. It is the butterfly that shows Numa the dry land emerging from after the flood, which he envisioned. He had all the tribes make cedar ropes, hundreds of feet long, to tie all the canoes together during the flood. Some of the canoes broke away, however, drifting all around the world. Such ceremonies are often planned by whole families, and everyone plays at least some role (provisioning gifts, for example).
KILLER WHALE
The next figure is the killer whale: nine feet. The whale has seven faces, representing six tribes known to the government, and one whose existence is disputed or ignored. That’s Charles’ tribe. Charles also laid out the seven faces partly for artistic reasons, as it balanced the pole well.
The whale leaves where it’s from, goes all the way around the world, and comes back to where it was born. There is a famous rock near Robson Bite where whales go and scratch. This is now Robson Bight Ecological Reserve, which Charles says is part of their historical territory. The same whales always come back, although modern researchers do not know where they go after the summer. Charles’ great-grandfather said that the whales were following their food sources, traveling where it was necessary. When the big tides comes in, in their different cycles, bringing the whales the right kind of food, they often can be seen playing. This happens all along the Johnson Strait. Some are transients, who go right by – twenty to a pod. The homesteaders stay around longer, and cycle around the area: they come up and head north towards Port Hardy from the Robson Bite, then up Johnson Strait, to the top end of Queen Charlotte Strait, and then down to Georgia Pass, through Broughton Strait on the mainland side, back towards Robson Bite. This would be a full day’s ride in a good fishing boat. At night, in such a boat, you can hear them blowing, right beside you, close enough to touch. Charles’ people use to go out and feed them, and rub them at the rubbing rock.
The faces represent the children who were adopted out from the reserves – all the native reserves across Canada. This pole is not just about Charles’ people, nor only about him. He had a wife and friends who were adopted out. They feel neither welcome in white society nor in the reserve. They can’t be native or white. They’re stuck between worlds. So these children were dispersed, like the whales traveling – but they could not easily come back home.
Charles becomes aware of the the animal figures he is carving during his dreams. He feels that they are there all the time, but only evident during sleep. The figures speak Kwagiulth. As far as he is concerned, his great-grandfather and great-grandmother are speaking through the animals in his dreams. Sometimes he will take a break from carving, and have an afternoon nap. He will darken his room. If he is extremely tired, and is stuck on what he is carving, his great-grandfather, great-grandmother and father will come into his dreams in the form of the animals he is carving and suggest solutions.
They also appear into the animals that he is working on. They never appear as they were in life. Their voices, however, are constant, and the dances that the animals engage are also representative of what he saw when he was young.
RAVEN (NUN, PRIEST, GOVERNMENT WORKER)
The raven is in the middle of the pole, midway between the bottom and top events. The raven is a trickster figure. He’s being used to represent the collusion between church and political state in the “assimilation” process, which produced people who didn’t make it at all – who died – and who emerged seriously wounded.
There is a nun on the left side, and a priest on the right side. This is because when you faced the residential school, the women were on the left side (the women worked with the girls) and the men on the right (working with the boys). The dormitory building was half reserved for boys and half for girls. A four-story building seemed very big to Charles when he was six.
There were kids who died. We were told they went home. The girls would get pregnant. There were abortions conducted in the infirmary, above the gym and auditorium. A nun nurse would be there for children with a bleeding rear end, or a pregnancy. It was “quarantined” so that outside people couldn’t tell what was going on in there. The nun and the priest are beside the Raven to illustrate all this.
The horns on the Raven head identify his supernatural being. This emphasizes that the bird can transform. Horns on any animal demonstrate that it can transform, during a dance or on a carving. It can change into a human – the Raven, often, into someone who plays tricks. There are stories of the Raven, transforming into a human being, but losing his voice, and only being able to caw. During a dance, sometimes a Raven will drop flour on an audience member, out of the back of the dancer’s costume, to represent bird droppings. This is part of the joke. But you have to pay that person, later, for being a good sport, maybe twenty or a hundred dollars, depending on how well the joke worked.
The Raven doesn’t like to be honest about things. He likes to play games. That’s the government worker, the Indian Agent, the staff members of the residential school, the priests and the nuns. None of them were who they were supposed to be. They dressed up like good people, but they were really something else. Charles saw this connection in a dream.
BEAR
This is a spirit bear. The spirit bear has many faces – on the palms, shoulder blades, ears. On that bear, all the faces represent the children that did not make it out of St. Mike’s – and who came out and died later, from the damage. A powerful bear story was told to Charles he was a kid. The bear patrolled our perimeter, to protect our territory. In Charles’ dream, the bear was very gentle when it was picking up the kids. Charles was climbing all over him, playing with this bear, with ten other kids.
ARCTIC FOX
Arctic Fox is an observer and an animal that careful measures its engagement with its surroundings. In the Inuit story telling, to whom the patron has connections with, the fox serves as a witness to what happened around us. Both Charles and the patron thought that one of the most important outcomes in this creative process is bearing witness to our past.
KULUS
On top of the fox, the Kulus figure stands. The wings will be out there, like a cross. The double-headed sea-serpent, the sisiutl, will be carved across there. The Kulus represents Charles chief. The cross is there, because many of Charles family members are Christian. His family members use the church for service and for death and believe it’s good for them. That’s how Charles is representing the good aspect of church-going.