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Discover a world of rich history during your visit to Lincoln castle, nestling in the heart of historic Lincoln.
The castle hosts an exciting events program and offers free guided tours. These provide a fascinating insight into the history of Lincoln and its castle.
The castle is home to the Lincoln Magna Carta, dating back to 1215, as well as the Charter of the Forest. Lincoln castle is the only place where you can see the two documents together in the world.
Join one of the experienced tour guides to discover more about the history of Lincoln Castle. The guides will take you through the ages from the origins of the castle in 1068 to the Victorian times when the castle was used as a prison.
Experience the magnificent views of the cathedral, the city of Lincoln and the surrounding countryside from the extensive wall walks during your visit to the castle.
Find speciality, vintage and retro stores on Steep Hill, voted 'Britain's Best Street 2012'. The Strait, at the bottom end of Steep Hill has a range of fashion and designer stores.
Discover the historic part of Lincoln by shopping on Steep Hill and The strait. These lovely old streets offer a wide variety of independent and speciality shops, a lot of them housed in the oldest buildings of the city. This shopping area provides a great selection of food and drink, exclusive and vintage clothing, old book stores and other speciality shops.
Lincoln Cathedral, one of Europe’s finest Gothic buildings and an icon for Lincoln dominates Lincoln's skyline. Lincoln Cathedral has been the tallest building in the world. Yet, in spite of its size, it is filled with intricate detail. In Lincoln Cathedral the architects of the Gothic style perhaps reached the pinnacle of their art. It is an absolute must see for anyone visiting Lincoln. Floor Tours run from Monday to Saturday, which are suitable for all. They usually last around an hour and cover all aspects of the Cathedral: from architecture, history with a few interesting stories thrown in along the way. Roof Tours are also run throughout the year excluding Sundays. It takes approximately 90 minutes and will give you fantastic views of the inside of one of the Cathedral roofs as well as getting up close to the wonderful stained glass windows. Tower Tours - this tour takes you up the highest tower and once at the top you will get an amazing 360 degree view of the surrounding area.
. . . 2. 3. 2007 - this is the first day of a funeral ceremony in Bori for a High Class Woman. She died on 18. 1. 2007 at the age of 85 years. The ceremony will last for one week. Today we will see the showing of the water buffalos, pigs, cow, horse, deer and chicken. All these animals are offered to be the servants of the died woman in her new life after death in Puya. We will see buffalo fighting. Men bet for the winner of those fightings. Two buffalos fight each other - the one running away lost the fight!
If you wonder why the quality of the pictures is a little less: these are no photographs - it all are snapshots of my videos! So sorry for the less resolution, but I think, they are worth to be shown.
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The Toraja are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja"). Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognized this animist belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").
The word toraja comes from the Bugis Buginese language term to riaja, meaning "people of the uplands". The Dutch colonial government named the people Toraja in 1909. Torajans are renowned for their elaborate funeral rites, burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as tongkonan, and colorful wood carvings. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.
Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in autonomous villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of tourism in Indonesia: it was exploited by tourism developers and studied by anthropologists. By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model - in which social life and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo - to a largely Christian society. Today, tourism and remittances from migrant Torajans have made for major changes in the Toraja highland, giving the Toraja a celebrity status within Indonesia and enhancing Toraja ethnic group pride.
ETHNIC IDENTITY
The Torajan people had little notion of themselves as a distinct ethnic group before the 20th century. Before Dutch colonization and Christianization, Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity. Although complexes of rituals created linkages between highland villages, there were variations in dialects, differences in social hierarchies, and an array of ritual practices in the Sulawesi highland region. "Toraja" (from the coastal languages' to, meaning people; and riaja, uplands) was first used as a lowlander expression for highlanders. As a result, "Toraja" initially had more currency with outsiders - such as the Bugis and Makassarese, who constitute a majority of the lowland of Sulawesi - than with insiders. The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the Tana Toraja Regency. Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups - the Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and seafarers), the Makassarese (lowland traders and seafarers), the Mandarese (traders and fishermen), and the Toraja (highland rice cultivators).
HISTORY
From the 17th century, the Dutch established trade and political control on Sulawesi through the Dutch East Indies Company. Over two centuries, they ignored the mountainous area in the central Sulawesi, where Torajans lived, because access was difficult and it had little productive agricultural land. In the late 19th century, the Dutch became increasingly concerned about the spread of Islam in the south of Sulawesi, especially among the Makassarese and Bugis peoples. The Dutch saw the animist highlanders as potential Christians. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the Dutch Reformed Church began missionary work aided by the Dutch colonial government. In addition to introducing Christianity, the Dutch abolished slavery and imposed local taxes. A line was drawn around the Sa'dan area and called Tana Toraja ("the land of Toraja"). Tana Toraja was first a subdivision of the Luwu kingdom that had claimed the area. In 1946, the Dutch granted Tana Toraja a regentschap, and it was recognized in 1957 as one of the regencies of Indonesia.
Early Dutch missionaries faced strong opposition among Torajans, especially among the elite, because the abolition of their profitable slave trade had angered them. Some Torajans were forcibly relocated to the lowlands by the Dutch, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the elites. Ultimately, the Dutch influence did not subdue Torajan culture, and only a few Torajans were converted. In 1950, only 10% of the population had converted to Christianity.
In the 1930s, Muslim lowlanders attacked the Torajans, resulting in widespread Christian conversion among those who sought to align themselves with the Dutch for political protection and to form a movement against the Bugis and Makassarese Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 (following Indonesian independence), southern Sulawesi faced a turbulent period as the Darul Islam separatist movement fought for an Islamic state in Sulawesi. The 15 years of guerrilla warfare led to massive conversions to
CHRISTIANITY
Alignment with the Indonesian government, however, did not guarantee safety for the Torajans. In 1965, a presidential decree required every Indonesian citizen to belong to one of five officially recognized religions: Islam, Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism), Hinduism, or Buddhism. The Torajan religious belief (aluk) was not legally recognized, and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To make aluk accord with the law, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, Aluk To Dolo ("the way of ancestors") was legalized as a sect of Agama Hindu Dharma, the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia.
SOCIETY
There are three main types of affiliation in Toraja society: family, class and religion.
FAMILY AFFILIATION
Family is the primary social and political grouping in Torajan society. Each village is one extended family, the seat of which is the tongkonan, a traditional Torajan house. Each tongkonan has a name, which becomes the name of the village. The familial dons maintain village unity. Marriage between distant cousins (fourth cousins and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens kinship. Toraja society prohibits marriage between close cousins (up to and including the third cousin) - except for nobles, to prevent the dispersal of property. Kinship is actively reciprocal, meaning that the extended family helps each other farm, share buffalo rituals, and pay off debts.
Each person belongs to both the mother's and the father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia. Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings.
Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the Tana Toraja Regency, each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group; sometimes, villages would unite against other villages. Relationship between families was expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (tongkonan), practically signed by the exchange of water buffalo and pigs on ritual occasions. Such exchanges not only built political and cultural ties between families but defined each person's place in a social hierarchy: who poured palm wine, who wrapped a corpse and prepared offerings, where each person could or could not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even what piece of meat constituted one's share.
CLASS AFFILIATION
In early Toraja society, family relationships were tied closely to social class. There were three strata: nobles, commoners, and slaves (slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch East Indies government). Class was inherited through the mother. It was taboo, therefore, to marry "down" with a woman of lower class. On the other hand, marrying a woman of higher class could improve the status of the next generation. The nobility's condescending attitude toward the commoners is still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.
Nobles, who were believed to be direct descendants of the descended person from heaven, lived in tongkonans, while commoners lived in less lavish houses (bamboo shacks called banua). Slaves lived in small huts, which had to be built around their owner's tongkonan. Commoners might marry anyone, but nobles preferred to marry in-family to maintain their status. Sometimes nobles married Bugis or Makassarese nobles. Commoners and slaves were prohibited from having death feasts. Despite close kinship and status inheritance, there was some social mobility, as marriage or change in wealth could affect an individuals status. Wealth was counted by the ownership of water buffaloes.
Slaves in Toraja society were family property. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women - a crime punishable by death.
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
Toraja's indigenous belief system is polytheistic animism, called aluk, or "the way" (sometimes translated as "the law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of Torajan people came down from heaven using stairs, which were then used by the Torajans as a communication medium with Puang Matua, the Creator. The cosmos, according to aluk, is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld. At first, heaven and earth were married, then there was a darkness, a separation, and finally the light. Animals live in the underworld, which is represented by rectangular space enclosed by pillars, the earth is for mankind, and the heaven world is located above, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods include Pong Banggai di Rante (god of Earth), Indo' Ongon-Ongon (a goddess who can cause earthquakes), Pong Lalondong (god of death), and Indo' Belo Tumbang (goddess of medicine); there are many more.
The earthly authority, whose words and actions should be cleaved to both in life (agriculture) and death (funerals), is called to minaa (an aluk priest). Aluk is not just a belief system; it is a combination of law, religion, and habit. Aluk governs social life, agricultural practices, and ancestral rituals. The details of aluk may vary from one village to another. One common law is the requirement that death and life rituals be separated. Torajans believe that performing death rituals might ruin their corpses if combined with life rituals. The two rituals are equally important. During the time of the Dutch missionaries, Christian Torajans were prohibited from attending or performing life rituals, but were allowed to perform death rituals. Consequently, Toraja's death rituals are still practised today, while life rituals have diminished.
CULTURE
TONGKONAN
Tongkonan are the traditional Torajan ancestral houses. They stand high on wooden piles, topped with a layered split-bamboo roof shaped in a sweeping curved arc, and they are incised with red, black, and yellow detailed wood carvings on the exterior walls. The word "tongkonan" comes from the Torajan tongkon ("to sit").
Tongkonan are the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with the tongkonan are important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically the tongkonan represents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin. According to Torajan myth, the first tongkonan was built in heaven on four poles, with a roof made of Indian cloth. When the first Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.
The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and is usually done with the help of the extended family. There are three types of tongkonan. The tongkonan layuk is the house of the highest authority, used as the "center of government". The tongkonan pekamberan belongs to the family members who have some authority in local traditions. Ordinary family members reside in the tongkonan batu. The exclusivity to the nobility of the tongkonan is diminishing as many Torajan commoners find lucrative employment in other parts of Indonesia. As they send back money to their families, they enable the construction of larger tongkonan.
WOOD CARVINGS
To express social and religious concepts, Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). Wood carvings are therefore Toraja's cultural manifestation.
Each carving receives a special name, and common motifs are animals and plants that symbolize some virtue. For example, water plants and animals, such as crabs, tadpoles and water weeds, are commonly found to symbolize fertility. In some areas noble elders claim these symbols refer to strength of noble family, but not everyone agrees. The overall meaning of groups of carved motifs on houses remains debated and tourism has further complicated these debates because some feel a uniform explanation must be presented to tourists. The image to the left shows an example of Torajan wood carving, consisting of 15 square panels. The center bottom panel represents buffalo or wealth, a wish for many buffaloes for the family. The center panel represents a knot and a box, a hope that all of the family's offspring will be happy and live in harmony, like goods kept safe in a box. The top left and top right squares represent an aquatic animal, indicating the need for fast and hard work, just like moving on the surface of water. It also represents the need for a certain skill to produce good results.
Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table below), as well as abstracts and geometrical designs. Nature is frequently used as the basis of Toraja's ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and geometries with regularities and ordering. Toraja's ornaments have been studied in ethnomathematics to reveal their mathematical structure, but Torajans base this art only on approximations. To create an ornament, bamboo sticks are used as a geometrical tool.
FUNERAL RITES
In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most elaborate and expensive event. The richer and more powerful the individual, the more expensive is the funeral. In the aluk religion, only nobles have the right to have an extensive death feast. The death feast of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands and lasts for several days. A ceremonial site, called rante, is usually prepared in a large, grassy field where shelters for audiences, rice barns, and other ceremonial funeral structures are specially made by the deceased family. Flute music, funeral chants, songs and poems, and crying and wailing are traditional Toraja expressions of grief with the exceptions of funerals for young children, and poor, low-status adults.
The ceremony is often held weeks, months, or years after the death so that the deceased's family can raise the significant funds needed to cover funeral expenses. Torajans traditionally believe that death is not a sudden, abrupt event, but a gradual process toward Puya (the land of souls, or afterlife). During the waiting period, the body of the deceased is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the tongkonan. The soul of the deceased is thought to linger around the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which it begins its journey to Puya.
Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of water buffalo. The more powerful the person who died, the more buffalo are slaughtered at the death feast. Buffalo carcasses, including their heads, are usually lined up on a field waiting for their owner, who is in the "sleeping stage". Torajans believe that the deceased will need the buffalo to make the journey and that they will be quicker to arrive at Puya if they have many buffalo. Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a machete is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Some of the slaughtered animals are given by guests as "gifts", which are carefully noted because they will be considered debts of the deceased's family. However, a cockfight, known as bulangan londong, is an integral part of the ceremony. As with the sacrifice of the buffalo and the pigs, the cockfight is considered sacred because it involves the spilling of blood on the earth. In particular, the tradition requires the sacrifice of at least three chickens. However, it is common for at least 25 pairs of chickens to be set against each other in the context of the ceremony.
There are three methods of burial: the coffin may be laid in a cave or in a carved stone grave, or hung on a cliff. It contains any possessions that the deceased will need in the afterlife. The wealthy are often buried in a stone grave carved out of a rocky cliff. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family. A wood-carved effigy, called Tau tau, is usually placed in the cave looking out over the land. The coffin of a baby or child may be hung from ropes on a cliff face or from a tree. This hanging grave usually lasts for years, until the ropes rot and the coffin falls to the ground.
In the ritual called Ma'Nene, that takes place each year in August, the bodies of the deceased are exhumed to be washed, groomed and dressed in new clothes. The mummies are then walked around the village.
DANCE AND MUSIC
Torajans perform dances on several occasions, most often during their elaborate funeral ceremonies. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife. First, a group of men form a circle and sing a monotonous chant throughout the night to honour the deceased (a ritual called Ma'badong). This is considered by many Torajans to be the most important component of the funeral ceremony. On the second funeral day, the Ma'randing warrior dance is performed to praise the courage of the deceased during life. Several men perform the dance with a sword, a large shield made from buffalo skin, a helmet with a buffalo horn, and other ornamentation. The Ma'randing dance precedes a procession in which the deceased is carried from a rice barn to the rante, the site of the funeral ceremony. During the funeral, elder women perform the Ma'katia dance while singing a poetic song and wearing a long feathered costume. The Ma'akatia dance is performed to remind the audience of the generosity and loyalty of the deceased person. After the bloody ceremony of buffalo and pig slaughter, a group of boys and girls clap their hands while performing a cheerful dance called Ma'dondan.
As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during harvest time. The Ma'bugi dance celebrates the thanksgiving event, and the Ma'gandangi dance is performed while Torajans are pounding rice. There are several war dances, such as the Manimbong dance performed by men, followed by the Ma'dandan dance performed by women. The aluk religion governs when and how Torajans dance. A dance called Ma'bua can be performed only once every 12 years. Ma'bua is a major Toraja ceremony in which priests wear a buffalo head and dance around a sacred tree.
A traditional musical instrument of the Toraja is a bamboo flute called a Pa'suling (suling is an Indonesian word for flute). This six-holed flute (not unique to the Toraja) is played at many dances, such as the thanksgiving dance Ma'bondensan, where the flute accompanies a group of shirtless, dancing men with long fingernails. The Toraja have indigenous musical instruments, such as the Pa'pelle (made from palm leaves) and the Pa'karombi (the Torajan version of a jaw harp). The Pa'pelle is played during harvest time and at house inauguration ceremonies.
LANGUAGE
The ethnic Toraja language is dominant in Tana Toraja with the main language as the Sa'dan Toraja. Although the national Indonesian language is the official language and is spoken in the community, all elementary schools in Tana Toraja teach Toraja language.Language varieties of Toraja, including Kalumpang, Mamasa, Tae' , Talondo' , Toala' , and Toraja-Sa'dan, belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language from the Austronesian family. At the outset, the isolated geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects between the Toraja languages themselves. After the formal administration of Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects have been influenced by other languages through the transmigration program, introduced since the colonialism period, and it has been a major factor in the linguistic variety of Toraja languages. A prominent attribute of Toraja language is the notion of grief. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja culture has characterized their languages to express intricate degrees of grief and mourning. The Toraja language contains many terms referring to sadness, longing, depression, and mental pain. Giving a clear expression of the psychological and physical effect of loss is a catharsis and sometimes lessens the pain of grief itself.
ECONOMY
Prior to Suharto's "New Order" administration, the Torajan economy was based on agriculture, with cultivated wet rice in terraced fields on mountain slopes, and supplemental cassava and maize crops. Much time and energy were devoted to raising water buffalo, pigs, and chickens, primarily for ceremonial sacrifices and consumption. Coffee was the first significant cash crop produced in Toraja, and was introduced in the mid 19th century, changing the local economy towards commodity production for external markets and gaining an excellent reputation for quality in the international market .
With the commencement of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. In Toraja, a coffee plantation and factory was established by Key Coffee of Japan, and Torajan coffee regained a reputation for quality within the growing international specialty coffee sector Multinational oil and mining companies opened new operations in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Torajans, particularly younger ones, relocated to work for the foreign companies - to Kalimantan for timber and oil, to Papua for mining, to the cities of Sulawesi and Java, and many went to Malaysia. The out-migration of Torajans was steady until 1985. and has continued since, with remittances sent back by emigre Torajans performing an important role within the contemporary economy.
Tourism commenced in Toraja in the 1970s, and accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1984 and 1997, a significant number of Torajans obtained their incomes from tourism, working in and owning hotels, as tour guides, drivers, or selling souvenirs. With the rise of political and economic instability in Indonesia in the late 1990s - including religious conflicts elsewhere on Sulawesi - tourism in Tana Toraja has declined dramatically. Toraja continues to be a well known origin for Indonesian coffee, grown by both smallholders and plantation estates, although migration, remittances and off-farm income is considered far more important to most households, even those in rural areas.
TOURISM AND CULTURAL CHANGE
Before the 1970s, Toraja was almost unknown to Western tourism. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 visitors attended the funeral ritual of Puang of Sangalla, the highest-ranking nobleman in Tana Toraja and the so-called "last pure-blooded Toraja noble." The event was documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited the regency and in 1981, Torajan sculpture was exhibited in major North American museums. "The land of the heavenly kings of Tana Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, embraced the outside world.
In 1984, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism declared Tana Toraja Regency the prima donna of South Sulawesi. Tana Toraja was heralded as "the second stop after Bali". Tourism was increasing dramatically: by 1985, a total number of 150,000 foreigners had visited the Regency (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists), and the annual number of foreign visitors was recorded at 40,000 in 1989. Souvenir stands appeared in Rantepao, the cultural center of Toraja, roads were sealed at the most-visited tourist sites, new hotels and tourist-oriented restaurants were opened, and an airstrip was opened in the Regency in 1981.
Tourism developers have marketed Tana Toraja as an exotic adventure - an area rich in culture and off the beaten track. Western tourists expected to see stone-age villages and pagan funerals. Toraja is for tourists who have gone as far as Bali and are willing to see more of the wild, "untouched" islands. However, they were more likely to see a Torajan wearing a hat and denim, living in a Christian society. Tourists felt that the tongkonan and other Torajan rituals had been preconceived to make profits, and complained that the destination was too commercialized. This has resulted in several clashes between Torajans and tourism developers, whom Torajans see as outsiders.
A clash between local Torajan leaders and the South Sulawesi provincial government (as a tourist developer) broke out in 1985. The government designated 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional tourist attractions. Consequently, zoning restrictions were applied to these areas, such that Torajans themselves were barred from changing their tongkonans and burial sites. The plan was opposed by some Torajan leaders, as they felt that their rituals and traditions were being determined by outsiders. As a result, in 1987, the Torajan village of Kété Kesú and several other designated tourist attractions closed their doors to tourists. This closure lasted only a few days, as the villagers found it too difficult to survive without the income from selling souvenirs.
Tourism has also transformed Toraja society. Originally, there was a ritual which allowed commoners to marry nobles (puang) and thereby gain nobility for their children. However, the image of Torajan society created for the tourists, often by "lower-ranking" guides, has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy. High status is not as esteemed in Tana Toraja as it once was. Many low-ranking men can declare themselves and their children nobles by gaining enough wealth through work outside the region and then marrying a noble woman.
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This is a photograph from the 1st round of the 2015 Mullingar Road League which was held in Belvedere House and Gardens, Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland on Wednesday 6th May 2015 at 20:00. This year the 5KM was ran on a modified route based on the route from the last couple of years. Tonight the final 1KM stayed within the Belvedere Gardens bringing runners down to the lakeside for a second time and finishing along the aptly named Stream Of Life. The route modification meant that the race offered a slightly faster route than the hill finish of previous years.
The race is promoted by Mullingar Harriers for the Pat Finnerty Memorial Cup. Competitors need to run 3 races out of the 4 races in May (any order) to be considered in the overall placing in categories at the conclusion of the league. Over 350 people took part in tonight's event. The weather was perfect for running with sunshine with just a little breeze. The new finish area provided a nice space for runners to stay around and chat in the evening sunshine. The Mullingar Road League 2015 has started off successfully and looks to add to the success in the history of this great series.
The "Road League" is something of a misnomer but is an indication of the League's origins on the roads around Ladestown Mullingar prior to it's move into Belvedere in 2008. The Road League is the envy of many other races in the country as the Belvedere locations offers a completely traffic free 5KM route.
We have an extensive set of photographs from tonight in the following Flickr Album: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/16772614064/
Timing and event management was provided by Precision Timing. Results are available on their website at www.precisiontiming.net/results.aspx with additional material available on their Facebook page (www.facebook.com/davidprecisiontiming?fref=ts) See their promotional video on YouTube: www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-7_TUVwJ6Q
Photographs from the last number of years of the Mullingar Road League are found at the bottom of this text
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS
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If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
Links to previous Mullingar Road League Photographs from over the years
Our photographs from Round 1 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644508131856/
Our photographs from Round 2 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644261638039/
Our photographs from Round 3 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644769714481/
Our photographs from Round 4 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644840050706/
Road League 2014 Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/patfinnertyroadleague?fref=ts (Requires Facebook logon)
YouTube Video for the Promotion of the 2014 Road League: www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfvVVwrkgTM
A Vimeo Video for the Promotion of the 2013 Road League: vimeo.com/64875578
Our photographs from Round 5 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633794985503/
Our photographs from Round 4 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633604656368/
Our photographs from Round 3 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633470510535/
Our photographs from Round 2 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633451422506/
Our photographs from Round 1 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633397519242/
Belvedere House and Gardens on Google Street View: goo.gl/maps/WWTgD
Chip Timing Results from Precision Timing: www.precisiontiming.net/results.aspx
Belvedere House and Gardens Website: www.belvedere-house.ie/
Mullingar Harriers Facebook Group Page: www.facebook.com/groups/158535740855708/?fref=ts
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2012 (1,800 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157629780992768/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2011 (820 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157626524444213/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2010 (500 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157624051668808/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2009 (250 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157617814884076/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2008 (150 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157605062152203/
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This is a photograph is one of a set of photographs from the Castlepollard 5KM Road Race and Fun Run 2013 which was held in Castlepollard, Co. Westmeath, Ireland on Wednesday 14th August 2013 at 20:00. The race is hosted by North Westmeath Athletic Club. The race has grown in stature and popularity over the years and is now one of the most well attended road races in the midlands. The race offers prizes in all categories. Castlepollard 5KM Road Race attempts to support young runners and walkers by organising a range of underage races around the town square before the adult race at 20:00. Profits from the race go towards grassroots athletics in the region - North Westmeath Athletics, Schools Cross Country, and local community games. Due to the slightly late start and the fading light it was difficult to capture as many photographs as normal and we ended up with many blurs and mistakes. This photograph belongs to a larger set of photographs from the race event which are accessible at this link [http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157635070120285/]
Event Management and Race Timing were provided by PRECISION TIMING: See their website at [www.precisiontiming.net/result/racetimer] and their Facebook Page at [www.facebook.com/davidprecisiontiming?fref=ts]
The Castlepollard 5KM can be considered as the final major race in summer road racing in the midlands as with the fading light of the late summer comes less opportunities to hold races in the evening time. Castlepollard is a small town located in North County Westmeath amongst the lakes of Lough Lene and Lough Derravagh.
Viewing this on a smartphone device?
If you are viewing this Flickr set on a smartphone and you want to see the larger version(s) of this photograph then: scroll down to the bottom of this description under the photograph and click the "View info about this photo..." link. You will be brought to a new page and you should click the link "View All Sizes".
Overall Race Summary
Participants: There was about 470 participants which is a significant increase on previous years.
Weather: This was a warm humid night. There was little or no breeze which made for very favourable conditions for 5KM racing.
Course: The race begins near the Church and ino the town square and proceeds directly out the R395 towards Coole and Edgeworthstown. The first KM is flat and quick allowing the field to spread out. The race then enters the Tullynally Castle estate and proceeds up the tree-lined avenue. The gardens, like the castle are on a magnificent scale, taking in nearly 12 acres. This allows the race to make a big loop of the gardens with a quick downhill stretch followed by a sharp climb before the race rejoins it's outgoing path for the final 1.5KM of the race. The final 800M from the gate of the Castle grounds to the finish is as the first - fast and flat and allows for a great finish at the GAA grounds.
Location Map: See the links below: goo.gl/maps/J6HUl (Google Satellite Imagery)
Refreshments: There was a very impressive selection of refreshments provided for participants in the GAA hall afterwards.
Some Useful Links
Homepage of Tullynally Castle and Gardens: www.tullynallycastle.com/
Castlepollard Wikipedia Page: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlepollard
Race start line: goo.gl/maps/Ge9ro (Google Satellite Imagery)
Race finish line: goo.gl/maps/J6HUl (Google Satellite Imagery)
Showers and Changing Area: Castlepollard GAA club grounds (about 500m from race start and very close to race finish) goo.gl/maps/Aab9M (Google Satellite Imagery)
Our Flickr Photographs from Castlepollard 5KM 2011: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157627404031092/
Our Flickr Photographs from Castlepollard 5KM 2010: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157624655001130/
Our Flickr Photographs from Castlepollard 5KM 2009: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157622023529006/
Castlepollard 5KM 2013 RESULTS will be available on PRECISION TIMING www.precisiontiming.net/result/racetimer
Castlepollard 5KM Event Page on Facebook www.facebook.com/events/322287434568207/
How can I get a full resolution copy of these photographs?
All of the photographs here on this Flickr set have a visible watermark embedded in them. All of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available offline, free, at no cost, at full image resolution WITHOUT watermark. We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us. This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember - all we ask is for you to link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. Taking the photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc.
If you would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
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The Gardner Mountain WSA offers outstanding opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation in the forms of hiking, fishing, hunting, and sightseeing.
BLM photo by Rachel Woita.
Steep canyon walls with a limited number of access points and steep mountainous terrain are natural barriers that affect human movement within the WSA and enhance the primitive character.
BLM photo.
LATITUDE/LONGITUDE
43.781302 / -106.971859
DIRECTIONS
There is no direct public access to the Gardner Mountain Wilderness Study Area. Access is predominately controlled by adjacent private landowners and landowner permission is required to cross any private lands. However, the Gardner Mountain WSA may be legally accessed via the Gardner Mountain Foot and Horse Trail in combination with cross-country travel through steep topography. The trail is accessed via Interstate 90, exit 254 (Kaycee). Head west on WY-191/Mayoworth-Slip Road for about 14 miles. Fork left onto Slip Road and continue 6.7 miles up a series of switchbacks. Turn left at a two-track almost at the top of the hill and head downhill to the parking area. The route to the WSA requires hiking or horseback riding approximately seven miles from the Gardner Mountain Trailhead. A land status map and compass or GPS unit are strongly recommended. The Gardner Mountain Foot and Horse Trail is open to hikers and horseback riders. The trail ambles through a mountain meadow and then follows a ridgeline overlooking the Gardner Mountain WSA. Please respect private property boundary signs and practice Leave No Trace!
PHONE 307-684-1100
EMAIL buffalo_wymail@blm.gov
ADDRESS Buffalo Field Office
1425 Fort Street
Buffalo, WY 82834
VA’s annual Brain Trust summit offers platform for innovations in brain health and head trauma
From a software platform for traumatic brain injury to a virtual reality device that assists Veterans with behavioral health issues, 15 competitors pitched a diversity of ideas during demo day at the Brain Trust: Pathways to InnoVAtion summit, hosted by VA on May 18 in Boston. The annual two-day event assembled more than 350 invited participants from the federal government, private industry, professional sports, medical research, caregivers and Veteran communities to collaborate and advance discussions around the prevention and treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion. “We have an unbelievable opportunity to accelerate the speed of change,” said retired Army Lt. Gen. Patricia Horoho, CEO of Optum Military and Veterans Group, to the 15 industry and academic innovators who had come to pitch their ideas on TBI and head trauma to a panel of judges. “Today, the impossible gets challenged.”After reviewing a series of short presentations from competitors, the judges selected three winners: The Daptly Display, a gesture and voice-controlled assistant for the home or office; Save a Warrior: A peer-to-peer, archetypal approach for healing combat trauma and moral injury; and Recovery Acceleration Program for mild TBI by King-Devick Technologies. The winners will have the potential opportunity to implement and deploy their innovations with VA. “We feel incredibly honored to be selected as a winner of the VA Innovation awards, which will further our opportunity to provide services to our Veterans,” said Steve Devick, CEO of King-Devick Technologies, who explained how his project would help Veterans impacted by TBI. “The King-Devick technologies innovations are related to the fact that eye movements and vision are responsible for approximately 55 percent of brain function. “As a result, implementing our recovery acceleration program by involving these pathways leads to faster concussions and TBI recovery when used with standard remediation. Additionally, caregivers can measure defects in eye movements, which may lead to dosage changes in chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease. ” During the event, VA officials announced key partnerships with several influential organizations, including: Amazon, which donated 100 Echo devices with Alexa voice service to VA’s Assistive Technology Labs to help meet the needs of Veterans; Cohen Veterans Bioscience, which is coordinating efforts with VA to integrate data across dozens of labs to facilitate breakthroughs in trauma-related disorders; Booz Allen Hamilton; Comcast; Concussion Legacy Foundation; GE; IBM; Infinite Hero Foundation; Johnson & Johnson; Optum; Outward Bound; PenFed Foundation, Philips; the Warrior Care Network and the National Institutes of Health, which is co-hosting a ‘State of the Science’ workshop in 2018 that will focus on Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and other neurodegenerative diseases. (By Paula Paige. VA photo/ Robert Turtil)
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Stokely Carmichael, chair of the All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party, is shown outside the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. November 3, 1972 where he offered support to Native Americans who had seized the building.
Participants in the Trail of Broken Treaties took over the building the previous day after police attempted to evict them despite the group having permission to stay.
Carmichael offered to “support this movement 100 percent. The question of Native Americans is not just a question of civil rights. This land is their land,”
Carmichael continued, “…we have to agree to do whatever we can to provide help…there can be no settlement until their land is returned to them.”
A civil rights leader, antiwar activist, and Pan-African revolutionary, Stokely Carmichael is best known for popularizing the slogan “Black Power,” which in the mid 1960s galvanized a movement toward more militant and separatist assertions of black identity, nationalism, and empowerment and away from the liberal, interracial pacifism of Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
Carmichael was born in 1941 in Port of Spain, Trinidad. His family moved to New York City, New York when he was eleven. He showed promise as a young student and was accepted into the mostly white Bronx High School of Science in 1956.
He began his radicalization through his high school friendship with Eugene Dennis Jr., son of a U.S. Communist Party leader.
He attended Howard University and joined the local Non-Violent Action Group (NAG) and the newly formed Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960.
He participated in local Washington, D.C. actions, including staging a sit-in at the offices of Attorney General Robert Kennedy when former NAG activist Dion Diamond was arrested for insurrection when he walked onto the campus of Southern University.
He participated in SNCC sit-ins and Freedom Rides throughout the Deep South, and when SNCC turned its attention to voter registration, Carmichael led the campaign that established the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, a symbolic forerunner to the Black Panther Party.
In 1964 Carmichael graduated from Howard and, along with other young SNCC activists, became increasingly frustrated with the movement’s reliance on white liberals and its advocacy of non-violent reform, especially in the wake of the Democratic Party’s betrayal of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
In May 1965 Carmichael was elected to replace John Lewis as SNCC chairman, formalizing the shift in SNCC ideology.
During a 1966 march in Selma, Alabama, Carmichael first proclaimed “Black Power.” The slogan, and Carmichael’s subsequent efforts to both define it and put it into practice, turned him into a media celebrity and a lightning rod for white criticism and government repression.
“Black Power” fragmented the liberal civil rights coalition of the 1950s and early 1960s but inspired subsequent groups such as the Black Panther Party, which despite ideological disagreements named Carmichael as its Honorary Prime Minister in 1968.
Carmichael spent the last decades of his life abroad, denouncing U.S. racism and imperialism while working to build the All African Peoples Revolutionary Party.
He changed his name to Kwame Ture in 1978, in honor of his friends and political allies, Pan-African leaders Sekou Touré and Kwame Nkrumah. In 1969 Ture settled permanently in Conakry, Guinea where he died of prostate cancer in 1998.
--Carmichael biography is partially excerpted from The Black Past.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsjEuaSjJ
Photo by Joseph Silverman. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Local Police offered a procession of Tribute to Bristol’s own Gary Powell on Friday, March 2, 2018. As Pastor Sheets pronounced to the family and friends of Gary Powell on Fri. March 2, 2018, “This is not a funeral - this is a celebration of the life of a man who left an impression on everyone he met.” Family, friends and all whom he met in his journey on Earth learned a life lesson from him. His wife Linda Powell and his children, grandchildren and stepchildren will attest that he was also a well-loved man. He was the local Coin Man who could teach you something you didn’t even know that you needed to know. He was retired from the Bristol Police Dept., and he loved his old police car so much that he bought it when the Town sold it, and would drive it in the Homecoming Parade. At the family luncheon held Friday afternoon, the family raised their glasses of his favorite diet Red Pop in a joyful toast of love for him. Just the Facts: Gary R. Powell, Nov. 30, 1940 to February 24, 2018. He passed away at The Maples in Goshen, IN. He owned the Interstate Coin Exchange in Bristol and was a retired Reserve Officer of the Bristol Police Department. Memorial contributions may be given to the Bristol Indiana Police Dept. Reserves.
We are proud to offer both in Stock Crystal Tattoos and Custom Sticker Tattoos design pieces, all made to the highest standards. Buzz Tattoos offers a variety of conventional and modern designs at really highly competitive prices. Each item we make is designed and produced by skilled craftsmen. We invite you to explore our site; you will find that it is our craftsmanship, materials, and quality that set us apart. They make a great set worn all together but you can easily use each piece alone to mix with any other outfit and make them more precious and stylish. They can be perfect complement to any another outfit but they can also look great as contemporary jewelry.
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We are proud to offer both in Stock Crystal Tattoos and Custom Sticker Tattoos design pieces, all made to the highest standards. Buzz Tattoos offers a variety of conventional and modern designs at really highly competitive prices. Each item we make is designed and produced by skilled craftsmen. We invite you to explore our site; you will find that it is our craftsmanship, materials, and quality that set us apart. They make a great set worn all together but you can easily use each piece alone to mix with any other outfit and make them more precious and stylish. They can be perfect complement to any another outfit but they can also look great as contemporary jewelry.
Sticker Body Tattoos (Crystal Tattoos, Belly Tattoos, Lower Back Tattoos, Glitter Tattoos, Crystal Pasties & various kind of Sticker Temporary Tattoos) come in different colored plastic stones and are available in all sorts of swirly patterns, flowers, tribal, butterflies, celtic and stars. They're easy to use too - with peel off backs and self-adhesives that sticks to your skin without any problem & the glue used on our Temporary Tattoos is skin friendly & lab tested. We can also provide Customized & OEM Packaging as per the need of client which makes it easier for our client to sell & promote.
We are the Manufacturer & Supplier of Sticker Tattoos, Personalized Temporary Tattoos, Crystal Tattoos, Glitter Tattoos, Belly Tattoos, Crystal Armbands, Fake Tattoos, Sticker Tattoo Manufacturer (Sticker Body Tattoos Supplier, Jewel Tattoo Makers) with a difference.
Our clients are from all over the world, from USA, Sweden, New Zealand, Russia, Italy, Canada, France, Australia, Germany, Japan, Latvia, Austria, Spain, UK, Romania & various other countries of Europe & all over the world.
We can also provide you Personalized Sticker Tattoos, Custom Crystal Tattoos, Custom Made Crystal Tattoo Jewels as per your own requirements. We will work with you, one on one, to design and create your dream personalized stick on crystal tattoo.
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Jurong Bird Park, collection of more than 8,000 birds from 600 species, offers visitors an experience that is entertaining as well as educational. The whole family can enjoy the entertaining Birds n Buddies Show and be enthralled by the birds of prey in the King of the Skies show and in the Fuji World of Hawks. The bird shows at the Pools Amphitheatre featuring flamingoes, macaws, hornbills and cockatoos are both spectacular and funny, and recommended particularly for children. To watch magnificent birds of prey in action, catch the 'Fuji World of Hawks' show!
The Penguin Parade enclosure, in a re-created Antarctic setting, houses more than 200 penguins of five species. Within the Penguin Parade enclosure, there are some 50 other sea-birds such as the inca terns and puffins. Another highlight is the colorful Hornbills and Toucans exhibit, the world's largest collection of Southeast Asian Hornbills.Jurong Bird Park
The Southeast Asian Birds Aviary houses in its 24 individual aviaries and a main walk-in aviary, more than 100 species of birds from the equatorial jungles of Southeast Asia. The birds' natural equatorial habitat is re-created within this exhibit, including simulated tropical thunderstorms everyday at noon.
One of the newly opened areas of the park is the African Waterfall Aviary, home to more than 1,500 free-flying African birds. This is an enclosed sexton of the park with many small tropical birds and a beautiful man-made waterfall.
The Lory Loft showcases the Lory, a native bird of Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Visitors can enter, traverse and exit Lory Loft at treetop level, allowing for a bird eye’s view of the majestic panorama. From beginning to end, the Lory Loft provides visitors with a 360 degrees elevated view of the environs.
Jurong Bird Park presents “The Early Bird Breakfast Show”, featuring a rare opportunity to get up close and personal with some of its prized birds, which includes Big John, a 45-year-old Sulphur Crested Cockatoo, Merlin-the Yellow-Naped Amazon, Eclectus Parrots and more. Visitors will get the chance to mingle with these birds while having breakfast amidst the lush surroundings of the Jurong Bird Park. The programme takes place at the Bongo Burgers Terrace daily, with breakfast starting at 8.30am and the show beginning at 9.15am. For reservations, call (65) 6661 7856.
The Bird Discovery Centre, a living classroom is where visitors will be able to find the answers to their questions on birds as well as see the different stages of a bird’s life from an embryo to an egg, come up close to the now-extinct Elephant bird, specimens of birds’ anatomies, and many more. The Bird Discovery Centre is open to visitors from 8.30am to 6.00pm daily.
The Bird Park added yet another feather to its cap with the addition of The Riverine - a simulated natural freshwater river habitat featuring over 20 species of ducks, fishes and turtles.
The best way to start a tour of the Bird Park is to board the modern, air-conditioned panorail system. Its route covers the entire Park, providing excellent elevated views of the various exhibits. A walking tour is then suggested, using the Park's footpaths and map.
Open: 8:30 am - 6 pm (daily) (Last ticket sale at 5.30pm)
Admission: SGD 18 adults, SGD 12 children (3-12 years)
... offers substantial improvements in the order picking process
read more: www.crown.com/uk/forklifts/order-picker-quickpick-remote....
Darlene Lane offers an escape to Provence, France on Salt Spring Island. She travels to the South of France to source the finest of French fabrics in the most current of contemporary designs. The result is a market booth that seems to glow with the bright colours of Mediterranean sunshine from bags, cushions and table linens. Her most popular items are table cloths with a protective "wipe clean" surface. Table cloths are available in a range of sizes for square, round or rectangular tables.
(If you'd like to use any of these photos for anything pls contact Kris Krüg first - kriskrug@gmail.com or 778. 898. 3076. Thank you! (c) (r) (tm) 2016)
Squirting bath toys offer a simple, interactive way to pack big fun into a compact space.
With this pack of four ocean animal squirters, you can introduce marine-inspired play and teach your child about sea creatures, all at the same time.
Each brightly-coloured bath toy floats, squirts water, and is sized just right for little hands to grasp and squeeze.
They’re also durable, so you don’t have to worry about chipping or breaking.
See what adventures unfold when you add these ocean friends to your bathtime mix!
Water-squirting sea characters
Easy for little hands to grasp
Endless bath time squirting fun
Bright and vibrant interactive colours
Set of 4 squirts
Ideal for 9+ months
1931 - 1933
After the First World War, Peugeot develops a light commercial range using the chassis of tourer cars and offers versions adapted to the need of professional users. From now on the light commercial range will be part of the Automobiles Peugeot standard offer. Therefore, the 201 T opens the way to the Peugeot light commercial range to follow, pick-up, vans and light trucks.
1.122 cc
4 Cylinder
23 HP
Vmax : 60 km/h
1.676 ex.
Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot
Carrefour de l’Europe
Sochaux
France
July 2015
Since there is often much confusion about the origin of The Blue Hour, I offer this little essay as an attempt to explain what is going on. How am I qualified to do this? I'm an astrophysicist and a visual neuroscientist. I have studied extensively the properties of the atmosphere of our planet Earth and also, in preparation for future astronomical observations with the next generation of large space and groundbased telescopes, the likely properties of earth-like exoplanets. I am also looking at the visual adaptations made by animals that spend large amounts of their time hunting or being hunted in the deep blue of the twilit environment.
The Blue Hour
An explanation of the nature and physical cause of the phenomenon
by Robert (Bob) Fosbury
The Blue Hour (l'heure bleue) is the period of twilight starting when the Sun dips to a few degrees below the horizon and ending as the sky darkens towards night at the end of astronomical twilight (and in the reverse sequence at sunrise). The light from the sky reaching us and our surroundings during this period, especially during the central part called nautical twilight, is extremely blue; much bluer than a typical clear blue sky during daylight.
This phenomenon occurs under both clear and cloudy conditions since the physical process that causes it is quite distinct from that which causes the daytime blue sky (Rayleigh scattering). Indeed, the twilight blue has a distinctly different hue since it contains also a strong deep-red component that is near the limit of our visual sensitivity and therefore not vary apparent to our eyes. This particular hue is well represented by the the artist's pigment 'ultramarine', the famously expensive pigment derived from the lapis lazuli imported 'across the seas' from the ancient mines in Afghanistan. See the famous painting by Titian in the National Gallery: www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/titian-bacchus-and-a...
The twilight blue results from the strong absorption of yellow, orange and red light during the long passage of sunlight as it passes almost horizontally through the atmosphere near sunset and sunrise. It works out that, on the horizon, the sunlight has to traverse around forty times as much atmosphere to reach us as it does if it is overhead at noon in the tropics.
The blue-coloured culprit for this theft of the orange is ozone ( www.bipm.org/en/bipm/chemistry/gas-metrology/ozone/ ), a fragile and very active molecule consisting of three, rather than the more normal two, oxygen atoms and occupying a layer in the atmosphere between altitudes of about fifteen and forty kilometres. This is the gas that protects life on Earth from the devastating effect that ultraviolet radiation would have on us if this component of sunlight were to reach ground level. While the orange absorption — resulting from what we call the 'Ozone Chappuis band' — is very much weaker than the protective ultraviolet absorption, the long atmospheric path at twilight strengthens its effect enough for it to have a profound effect on colour. The visual effect of this removal of much of the yellow, orange and red light is to leave the blue light to travel through a more transparent atmosphere to reach our eyes from the whole sky.
A good question to ask at this point would be: "OK, you say that ozone removes the orange light when the sun is on the horizon, But the sun is a bright orange at that time! — so what is going on?" Well, yes, that is a good question. To answer it we have to understand the meaning of two of the words that appear in my explanation above: scattering and absorption.
Scattering, as in 'Rayleigh scattering', is when a photon of light approaches an air (mostly oxygen or nitrogen) molecule in the atmosphere where the interaction between the two can bounce the light into a different direction without any change of colour. This is the way that photons from the sun can become part of the blue sky rather than reach us as direct sunlight. Scattering steals part of the sunlight and makes it into the blue sky. The light is changed in direction but not lost. The physics tells us that this kind of scattering is more likely to happen for blue light than for red: hence the sky blue. The sun looks orange/red on the horizon because a lot of the blue light has been removed from the solar image in your eye and been given to the blue sky. Rest assured however that the image of the orange sun would be a lot brighter if the ozone layer was removed!
The scattered skylight will then have its orange further diminished by ozone and so make The Blue Hour even bluer. Unlike the scattering process, when ozone absorbs orange light it swallows it and does not give anything back except, perhaps, a bit of warmth.
So, in summary, the blue hour blue is different from the blue sky blue and it is a direct result of the action of the ozone layer on incoming sunlight. The eye adapts itself to this blue and tends to make the twilight look visually grey. But the camera does not adapt, unless you have it set to "automatic white-balance" in which case try setting it to "daylight" instead. Then your Blue Hour photos will really look blue!
#BlackoutCurtains - Functions offered in grey blackout curtains are considered to be easier for us to get a very good interior appearance. In fact, we can also determine some customized integration through the entire color selection. This will certainly make an impression and comfort of some parts will help us be...
We offer TPRS and Videoconferencing (http://elsse.com/tprs-webinar) & E-learning (http://elsse.com/e-learning-webinar)Webinar with a real life presenter.
Now you can participate at a TPRS video conferencing Webinar at home, at the office or wherever you are.
Our Webinar are convenient, we can bring live presenters to your desktop.
It is accessible anywhere with a high-speed Internet connection.
If you want to register please visit here
a woodcutter at work in the forest
We offer a wide range of wood products with multiple sizes to fit various needs and budgets. The most common order is 2-5 cords delivered which will last the whole heating season for most families. However we also offer half cords, quarter cords and small bundles for the more occasional wood burner or someone who does not have the need or the space to store a large quantity of firewood.
In additional to what you see here we can also fill many special requests as we often carry specialty woods not listed on the website. Always feel free to call us at 877-312-Wood(9663) or 541-537-4890 to ask any questions, put in a special request or ask what kind of "good stuff" we have in stock. For those of us that prefer email you can also send a quick request or question to info@centraloregonfirewood.com
French postcard by Imp. Georges Lang, Paris, offered by Chocolats Tobler. Image: Walt Disney.
Raja, the Tiger is a Disney animated character who made his debut in the Goofy cartoon Tiger Trouble (Jack Kinney, 1945), scripted by Bill Peet. Milt Kahn did most of Raja's animation.
In Tiger Trouble (1945), Big game hunter Goofy is riding his trusty elephant in search of a tiger. Unfortunately, while they are stopped for lunch, the tiger finds them, and soon enough, Goofy is separated from his rifle. The tiger toys with the goof for a while then peels off the sole of one shoe and heads for the foot. Meanwhile, Goofy's been preparing a hotfoot for his tormentor, which gets him a small head start on the chase that follows. After a fair bit of chasing, Goofy's elephant comes to the rescue. Bethany Cox at IMDb: "The tiger, who while looking more like a Snaggletooth sort of tiger rather than a Shere Kahn sort of tiger plays off against Goofy wonderfully, his best moments being when he loses his stripes and when he drags Goofy into the bushes. The chase through the jungle is also very thrilling. The animation is always bright and colourful, with some of the more detailed backgrounds of any Goofy cartoon, and the music has its usual energy especially when Goofy is trapped in the den and the jungle chase, sounding very much like themes from Cured Duck and Rugged Bear."
Tiger Trouble (1945) and the other Goofy shorts were produced by Walt Disney Productions, and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. They were later distributed by Buena Vista Distribution in re-releases. From 1939 to 1953, at least one short film in the Goofy series was released annually. Many of the Goofy shorts were directed by Jack Kinney. Most of the animation of Raja, the Tiger was handled by Disney animator Milt Kahl. Kahl and Jimmy MacDonald also gave Raja his voice. Kahl was usually assigned the more difficult 'straight' characters such as the realistic human characters, like the various fairy tale princes. Some of the other animators teased him about not being able to handle the broader, cartoony characters. Kahl took this as a challenge, and once others saw his work on the film, the teasing stopped. Later, Kahl animated two other tiger characters: Tigger in Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968) and Shere Kahn in Jungle Book (1967).
Sources: Bethany Cox (IMDb), John Reeves (IMDb), Disney Fandom, Wikipedia and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
Tinytux offers girls christening gowns and baptism dresses in many styles. Our christening outfits for girls have everything you need to make sure that your daughter looks best on her big day.
His Eminence Archbishop Elpidophoros offered a Memorial Service for the Gasparis Family today Saturday of Souls for Kyriakoula who lost her life in a tragic accident a year ago at St. Markella Greek Orthodox Church in Wantagh, L.I. and Blessed the Icon of Kimissis in the honor of the deceased.
Photos:© GOA/DIMITRIOS PANAGOS
Cafe 2 Eat-a-Pita offers a very substantial business, fantastic Main St. location, plenty of seating indoors as well as outdoors on the beautiful flower and plant filled patio. Open for breakfast lunch and dinner, all homemade, delicious, wonderful reputation. In business since 1997. A VERY clean and well laid out kitchen, second range in prep area, convection oven, large walk-in, and more. An opportunity to buy a thriving summer business in a busy tourism-driven town near Acadia National Park and have your winters off to do as you please! visit danamoos.com/cafe-2.html for details!
ENAI SWIM offers swimming and survival skills lessons for babies and young children with real results in as little as 4 weeks. Lessonsn offered in Thibodaux and Houma, Louisiana.
ENAI ofrece clases de natacion y sobrevivencia en el agua a bebes y niños con resultados reales en tan poco como 4 semanas. Las clases las damos en Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
Kersh Wellness offers hassle free corporate wellness programs that reduce health care costs, increase participation, and improve employee health.
This is a screen shot of the Kersh Wellness health articles acid reflux medicine cure or cause page. These screen shots are for archival purposes.
The following meta data has been assigned to this page:
Title: Wellness
Description: Wellness designed to reduce health care costs, increase participation, and improve employee health.
Keywords: wellness programs, corporate wellness programs, wellness
This is a screenshot of Kersh Wellness Wellness. I'm using this for record-keeping. Since these are from a public internet, there's no reason why anyone wouldn't be able to use them so consider these photos to be licensed under a creative commons, share-alike license for non-commercial purposes. Feel fee to use them but please give credit to Kersh Wellness and link back to the Kersh Wellness website at www.kershwellness.com .
FCA dealers offered more Jeeps to sell if they open a Jeep-alone dealership
Posted By: Alysha Webbon: September 13, 2017In: Contributors Print
By Alysha Webb, Editor and Publisher
FCA dealers that chose to open a stand-alone Jeep store will be rewarded with more than just a boost in Jeep sales. They will also receive more Jeeps to sell, Alistair J. Gardner, head of dealer network development, NAFTA at FCA USA tells Automotive Buy Sell Report.
In return for creating a Jeep-only facility, dealers will receive one unit of Jeep allocation for every $8,500 invested, says Gardner. The allocations will be in whatever model mix the dealership’s unit sales reflect and will broken out in 12 equal parts over the course of a year, he says.
“It will pay for a proportion of the new facility,” says Gardner.
Beginning in 2008, dealers were asked by FCA to invest in dealerships that brought Chrysler, Jeep, Dodge, and Ram franchises under one roof. More than 90 percent of the dealerships now have all four under one roof, according to Ralph Kisiel, manager, sales and dealer network media relations.
Now, in a bid to grow sales of its most successful brand, FCA is asking its dealers to invest in another facility. In late 2016, FCA announced plans to have stand-alone Jeep stores at some of its 2,439 dealerships in the U.S.
Every FCA dealer can chose whether or not to participate in the stand-alone Jeep store program, says Gardner. “We aren’t going to force anyone to do it,” he says.
But, “the reality is we are targeting only those stores that really need to expand capacity. We need to increase sales dramatically,” says Gardner.
Jeep is facing a capacity squeeze in the U.S. partly a result of the forced closure of hundreds of Chrysler dealerships when the automaker driven into bankruptcy in 2009. It left the automaker short of not just sales space, but also service lanes.
“Unfortunately, during bankruptcy we reduced the dealership count by 800,” says Gardner. “That is 800 less service departments. We need more service capacity.”
Jeep sales are already rising, just not fast enough.
According to FCA, in 2015, Jeep brand sales in the U.S. were 872,908 units. The Jeep Cherokee was the best-selling model. In 2016, sales grew to 926,376 units and the Grand Cherokee was the top seller. Through August of 2017, 548,833 Jeeps have been sold, with the Grand Cherokee again ruling the roost.
FCA is heavily reliant on Jeep sales, not just in the U.S. but globally. The Jeep brand accounted for 41.3 percent of all FCA sales in the U.S. in 2016, and 46.3 percent of global sales, the automaker says.
China, the world’s largest vehicle market, is a crucial Jeep market. Despite media reports, FCA has no plans to sell the Jeep brand alone to a Chinese company, Gardner says. “We would never sell Jeep without Chrysler, Dodge and Ram,” he insists.
And if the Jeep brand were to be acquired, it would still need a dealership network, he points out.
A lifestyle brand
Performance Auto Network’s Jeep store in Centerville, Ohio
Two of the Jeep stand-alone stores are already finished; some 22 should be completed this year. Ninety more dealers have signed letters of intent. FCA aims to have 300 to 325 Jeep stores nationally by 2020, says Gardner.
“The results coming off the first stores were great,” he says.
The Jeep stores that are already in operation saw a 30 percent boost in sales in the first three months and a 10 percent sales boost in the first eight months in a flat market, says Gardner.
The Jeep stores must meet a facility image requirement, but the size will be different depending on the dealership’s sales volume, says Gardner.
Pollard Jeep dealership in Boulder, Colo.
Pollard Jeep dealership in Boulder, Colo.
The Performance Automotive Network of Ohio just had a soft opening for its Jeep-only store, in Centerville, Ohio. The grand opening is on September 23.
Shane Dever, vice president and director of operations for the Cincinnati/Dayton markets, says Performance had an empty building that had been a used car center. It was remodeled to become the Jeep store.
He is looking forward to selling not just more Jeeps, but also an array of Jeep accessories. Selling accessories is “the whole idea. It is a lifestyle brand,” says Dever, whose family owns the dealership group.
Indeed, creating a unique customer experience is “the number one reason” FCA decided to launch the Jeep-only stores, says Gardner. “We want [the customer] to have … all Jeep, all the time.”
Pollard Jeep in Boulder, Colo. accessory display
Pollard Jeep in Boulder, Colo. accessory display
Valuation hit
While the new Jeep stores may help dealers sell more Jeeps, they will hurt the value of the remaining Chrysler Dodge Ram dealerships, say buy sell professionals.
“Surely if this is to be rolled out as a national initiative it would apply downward pressure on the blue sky value of an FCA franchise,” Len Bellavia, senior partner at Bellavia Blatt & Crossett PC, tells Automotive Buy Sell Report. “The expense of construction would have to come from somewhere – and blue sky is the logical category.”
The two truck franchises – Jeep and Ram – are the most valuable part of the multi-franchise dealerships, points out Fred O’Halloran, a consultant with MD Johnson, Inc.
“When you cut that in half, taking off Jeep, I believe the two individual stores are worth less than the four-franchise dealership,” he says.
The stand-alone store may also take a bite out of the dealership’s income, says O’Halloran.
“You have split your operating income for the two stores, but your overhead costs increase because there are two stores,” he says.
Then there is the question of adding bricks and mortar at a time when the retail sales model may be changing, says Nancy Phillips of Nancy Phillips Associates Inc.
“Separation in all its glory will require yet another conglomeration of bricks and mortar all in an era looking out to an unforeseen future when it comes to the bottom line of facilities investment and how vehicles may be sold five to ten years from today,” she says.
There is also the question of state franchise laws, which “are set up to make it equal for everyone who owns the franchise,” says James Taylor, managing director of The Presidio Group
Gardner argues that the Jeep stores are not an expansion of the network. Rather, they are an expansion of the existing stores within that network.
He also wants to clear up the story floating around that FCA said it would add an additional 400 stores in the U.S.
“We have never said to anyone that we want to add 400 stores,” says Gardner. “We have no plans to add 400 stores.”
As for franchise laws, “I guarantee you it will not do anything to the state franchise laws,” says Gardner. “The first thing we did was take it to the National Dealer Council and make sure that they were comfortable with it [and that it] didn’t break any state franchise laws.”
What FCA is doing is preparing its dealers to sell “a staggering amount of Jeeps,” he says.
“Our job here is to prepare the network for an expansion of the Jeep volume in retail. Our direction is we expect to sell a lot more Jeeps even if the market is flat or slightly down.”
Offer on These please. Looking to get rid of. Top row is polo, stance, then nike. And bottom row is all nike. No hole in any of them
Wesley Community and Health Centers offers health and wholeness to its changing communities in Phoenix. Read more about this United Women in Faith-supported national mission institution in the January/February 2022 issue of response magazine: uwfaith.org/latest-news/2022/jan-feb-response-bringing-li...
Subscribe to response: uwfaith.org/resources/response-magazine/
All photos by Nile Sprague: nilestyle.com/
Lanhydrock is the perfect country house and estate, with the feel of a wealthy but unpretentious family home. Follow in the footsteps of generations of the Robartes family, walking in the 17th-century Long Gallery among the rare book collection under the remarkable plasterwork ceiling. After a devastating fire in 1881 the house was refurbished in the high-Victorian style, with the latest mod cons. Boasting the best in country-house design and planning, the kitchens, nurseries and servants' quarters offer a thrilling glimpse into life 'below stairs', while the spacious dining room and bedrooms are truly and deeply elegant
I offer private street photography workshops in Brighton Beach all year around and I have the occasional group workshop www.shootnewyorkcity.com/workshops there.
Vishwa Shanti Yoga School ( Shobahana Yog Sadan) offers one and two weeks Yoga Retreats. The course includes Asanas, Pranayama Meditation Practice, Wellness – Nutritive and Preventive Health Care Classes, Ayurveda Massages, Naturopathy, Detoxification and Spirituality. Practitioners also have chances to experience the Himalayan trek and river rafting (as per the availability). Natural vegetarian food and comfortable accommodation are added benefit to practice Yoga in full sense.
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Yoga Teacher Training in India || 200 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 300 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || Yoga Retreats in India || Yoga Courses for Beginners in India || Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 200 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 300 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh
GS Bath Remodel offers bathroom remodeling services to all of San Diego.
More Contact Details:-
>>Company name- GS Bath Remodel
>>Office Address- 4901 Morena Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92117, USA
>>Number of Employee- 4
>>Payment- Personal Checks, Paypal
>>Office Hours- Mon, 7am-8pm; Tue, 7am-8pm; Wed, 7am-8pm; Thu, 7am-8pm; Fri, 7am-8pm; Sat, 9am-10pm; Sun, .Closed
>>Email id- info@gsbathremodel.com
>>Website- www.gsbathremodel.com
>>Office Phone No- 858-815-5332