View allAll Photos Tagged objective
The objective of this piece called Spanish Amore was to take a portrait (Pinterest) and do a painterly approach after making pattern stamps and redressing from the Mets art works. Background made from pattern brushes.
Microscope lens setup. Effectively extension tubes and a extension tube to RMS cone adapter giving approx 160mm from focal plane to objective. A USB mini LED lamp fed from a rechargeable battery block (that goes in my pocket). The disc near then of the cone is actually a twin flash mount.
Parts. Sony A6000, Sony to EOS lens adapter, EOS to M42 adapter, M42 extension tubes, M42 to RMS cone, 4X 160mm microscope lens.
I already had these but obviously the adapters depend on the camera body in use but you need to get to M42 for the RMS adapter. The most common RMS adapter is a flat disc, if you use this you will need to use more M42 extension tubes.
camera: Linhof Kardan TE
objective: Rodenstock Sironar-N f5,6 150mm MC
light: 1 continuous light lamp with 50x70cm soft box
light meter: Gossen Spot-Master
exposure: f11 - 1/4 second
film: 4x5 Fomapan 200
film developing: Jobo MultiTank2 - Kodak Xtol 1+1 - 20C° - 9 minute
fixer: Ilford Rapid Fixier
scanner: Epson Perfection 4990 Photo
10x objective, focus stacked.
Brian Tomlinson photography:
Website: www.bt-photography.co.uk
Instagram: www.instagram.com/bt_photo
Trying to be as objective as I can (with limited capabilities), the images in the collage are as follows:
Top - RAW (As Shot): NEF File Straight from a Nikon D7000 (No Post Production)
Middle - Nikon Camera Raw: Manual Process (No Photoshop Post Production)
Bottom - Lightroom CC: "Auto" (with some minor adjustments) and "Enhance" (No Photoshop Post Production, but scaled down to fit in the comparison collage)
For the RogueOlympics on www.RogeuBricks.de I built a camera with only 101 parts, which you can find on my stream.
I liked this first 101 parts MOC so much, that I decided to build it again - but then without part limit.
The camera itself is only build with LEGO parts and, the Nintendo set tiles fitting perfectly for the screen on the backside. Also the objektive is brick build in this one.
Aqualrell, schwarze Kreide auf Papier | Watercolor, black chalk on paper
Rudolf Schlichter
Currently in the exhibition “Splendor and misery. New Objectivity in Germany" ("Glanz und Elend. Neue Sachlichkeit in Deutschland") in the Leopold Museum in Vienna
www.leopoldmuseum.org/en/exhibitions/142/splendor-and-misery
Rudolf Schlichter (* December 6, 1890 in Calw; † May 3, 1955 in Munich) was a German artist and writer. He is considered one of the most important representatives of the critical-realist style category of Verism within the New Objectivity art movement.
The objective was to take a photo of something that represents you.
The subject is a book and glasses.
Well I view myself as an avid book reader so i felt that having a book in the picture was only right. Also, my glasses are also a big part of my personality, i feel like every accessory that i put on reflects my style and who i am.
Machine and objective: Canon EOS 450D, Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 II.
Locale: España, Sevilla.
Photographer: F.MartínezLedesma
Velocidad: 1/2000s
ISO: 100
Apertura: f/1,8
Focal: 50mm.
El otoño es una segunda primavera en la que cada hoja es una flor.
- Albert Camus -
Autumn is a second spring where every leaf is a flower.
- Albert Camus -
En mis tardes de otoño a la luz de esos pequeños rayos de sol...
- F.MartínezLedesma -
…Nunca me han interesado ni el poder ni la fortuna lo que admiro son las flores que crecen en la basura…
DERECHOS DE AUTOR:
Todas las fotografias de este sitio, estan protegidas por el real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril, por el que se aprueba el texto Refundido de la LEY DE PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL. Queda totalmente prohibida su reproducción total o parcial sin el expreso consentimento de su autor. Si estás interesado en adquirir alguna copia, o los derechos de reproducción de alguna de las fotografias aqui publicadas, contacta con el autor. Si la finalidad de las fotografias deseadas no es con fines lucrativos, igualmente debes contactar con el autor indicando el uso que se dará a las imagenes.
COPYRIGHT:
All photographs on this site are protected by Royal Decree Law 1 / 1996 of 12 April, approving the revised text of the Copyright Law. It is strictly forbidden to reproduce in whole or in part without the express consent from the author. If you are interested in purchasing any copy or reproduction rights for any of the photographs published here, please contact the author. If the desired purpose of the photographs is not for profit, you should also contact the author indicating the use which will be the images.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved.
Coruscant Underworld
Night Life District.
Clúb Ice.
Objective: Clean out the Underworld...
-- LOG ENTRY --
Well, the city is starting to look like itself again. There's still plenty of problems lurking in the shadows, Imperials and thugs are still on the prowl, but the city looks good...
Ever since we left the Night Life District I've been hearing whispers of Imperial activity in the area. Specifically out of Clúb Ice. Hate to say it but that makes sense, thats where we were first attacked when delivering supplies. Of course though I'm going to have to wait this one out. We are still waiting for a few groups to finish up their tasks before we move on. Hozz has pretty much made it clear already that we are going to be clearing out the rest of the city after a few days of rest. He suspects the Imps won't be prepared.
----
A few days have passed and the rest of the teams have finished up cleaning and rebuilding. Hozz met with us to go over the plan for the next couple of weeks. After he dismissed the group he came over to Jehk and I who were standing towards the back. He told us that he had a special mission for us. For me. One of the men who killed my wife and came back to finish me off has been spotted repeatedly entering and leaving the nightclub. Hozz said this might be my only chance for a while to stick a knife in old Admiral Jud's side...
-- END LOG --
Cray and Jehk got a team together, they wanted to keep it small since it was known more people would only slow them down. This wasn't a very big club and luckily they were able to get a map of the building after helping their friend Konn Sunseeker.
The team consisted of Cray and Jehk along with a few of the higher ranking fighters within the group named Jack and Schwartz. They armed themselves at the safe house in the fine-arts district and went over the plan again making sure everyone was on the same page.
"We aren't sure how many people let alone enemies are going to be in here. The traffic around the area has decreased since we've showed up to fix stuff but since we are done people might start crawling back out of the woodwork. Just stay on your toes. Jack will take lead, followed by Me and then Jehk. Schwartz you watch our backs.
Cray had gone over this plan plenty of times in his head. He needs this plan to work so he can avenge his beloved wife. Admiral Jud's men messed with the wrong bull, and Cray is going to make sure him and his team get that message across.
Cray then laid out the pictures of who they were looking for. Everyone staining the images into their heads. It's time to move, they grab their gear and head towards Clúb Ice.
The walk to the club this time was much different than the first, everyone had their eyes fixated on what was ahead. No one was worried about anything but the mission at hand. People shifting through the shadows were not a worry to Cray or Jehk anymore. Upon arriving at the nightclub everything seemed to be in order. The team got ready to breach the front door. Schwarts planting the charge then moving to the back of the group again.
*tic*
*tic*
*beep beep beep*
*BOOM*
The group rushes in, checking corners but moving swiftly down the main hall and into a tunnel. The thumping of club music growing, the lights strobing pink and blue. They make their way towards the end of the tunnel and around a corner, coming face to face with a group of Jud's men around a table. Jack and an Imperial Officer exchange shots first. Both being hit however the Officer faced a lesser fate than Jack who was only brushed by the energy bolt. The rest of the men pushed in the room, Cray diving out of the way in order to avoid getting shot.
They made quick work of the Imps, Cray stepping up to the man who had affected his life in such a negative way. He puts a foot on his chest while the man is barely able to breathe. He coughs begging Cray to stop.
"You should've listened when my wife was asking you for mercy." Cray retorts, putting one in his chest to seal the deal.
_________________________________________
Hey! Thanks for checking out Phase 3 of the Mission "Return to Coruscant." I didnt have an awful lot of time to build this one however I tried to make up for it with the figs and story. I hope you enjoy some of the smaller details and lighting! I still had a ton of fun creating this and I hope you all find it interesting!
Objective to post an image that would cause the viewer to stop and really have to take a second look to try and figure out what they are looking at ..... just playing around with Photoshop :0)
"Mémoire objective" / "Objective Memory" - Sculpture de Catherine Widgery (1993).
John G. Diefenbaker Building (1958), Ottawa
Biorhiza pallida (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) agamic female (prepared, dead specimen). Length: 6 mm
Last work closing the year 2011. Hope the next will be more fruitful for every Flickr contact of mine. 90 exposures taken with the Mitutoyo BD Plan APO 10/0.28 microscope objective @ 11,7x. Single flash light diffused with white office paper cylinder. Combined in Zerene Stacker (PMax). Picture is uncropped, but resized to 3000x2000px.
camera: Linhof Kardan TE
objective: Schneider Symmar-S 210mm f5,6
light: 2 continuous light lamp with 50x70cm soft box + reflector
light meter: Sekonic L-308B
exposure: f8 - 1/8
film: Fomapan 100/80
film developing: self made D-76 Stock - 19C° - 7:35 minute
agitation: continuous first 30 sec, then 4 inversions per min.
fixer: Ilford Rapid Fixier
scanner: Epson Perfection 4990 Photo
Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Sciapus sp.
234 shots taken with Nikon BD Plan 20x microscope objective at 16× magnfication on the sensor. Field of view is 1,5mm×2,25mm. Stacked in four parts in Zerene Stacker.
Subjectively Objective #2. The old Janesville City Ice Building built in 1858. Janeville, Wisconsin, USA.
I'm very excited to show you a brand new conceptual series I've been shooting the past month! A nice change from my norm subject matter of travel, lifestyle, landscapes, models, and nature. Retro / old "gems" in simple environments. Subtle colors, angular uncluttered compositions.
I hope you enjoy...
#subjectivelyobjective #janesville #wisconsin #rockcounty #mattanderson #retro #fineart
Thanks for viewing. You can visit my website by clicking here: www.mattandersonphotography.com
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©2018 Matt Anderson All Rights Reserved. This image is not available for use on websites, blogs or other media without permission of the photographer. Hey, just E-mail me me if you have usage questions. Also, if you want to buy an awesome fine art print of this image.
The Volkswagen Beetle—officially the Volkswagen Type 1—is an economy car that was built by the German company Volkswagen (VW) from 1938 until 2003. It has a rear-engine design with a two-door body style and is intended for five occupants (later, Beetles were restricted to four people in some countries).
The need for a people's car (Volkswagen in German), its concept and its functional objectives were formulated by the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, who wanted a cheap, simple car to be mass-produced for his country's new road network (Reichsautobahn). Members of the National Socialist party, with an additional dues surcharge, were promised the first production, but the Spanish Civil War shifted most production resources to military vehicles to support the Nationalists under Francisco Franco.
Lead engineer Ferdinand Porsche and his team took until 1938 to finalise the design. Béla Barényi is credited with conceiving the original basic design for this car in 1925, notably by Mercedes-Benz, on their website, including his original technical drawing, five years before Porsche claimed to have done his initial version. The influence on Porsche's design of other contemporary cars, such as the Tatra V570, and the work of Josef Ganz remains a subject of dispute. The result was the first Volkswagen, and one of the first rear-engined cars since the Brass Era. With 21,529,464 produced, the Beetle is the longest-running and most-manufactured car of a single platform ever made.
Although designed in the 1930s, due to World War II, civilian Beetles only began to be produced in significant numbers by the end of the 1940s. The car was then internally designated the Volkswagen Type 1, and marketed simply as the Volkswagen. Later models were designated Volkswagen 1200, 1300, 1500, 1302, or 1303, the first three indicating engine displacement, the last two derived from the model number.
The car became widely known in its home country as the Käfer (German for "beetle", cognate with English chafer) and was later marketed under that name in Germany, and as the Volkswagen in other countries. For example, in France it was known as the Coccinelle (French for ladybug).
The original 18.6 kW (24.9 hp) Beetle was designed for a top speed around 100 km/h (62 mph), which would be a viable cruising speed on the Reichsautobahn system. As Autobahn speeds increased in the postwar years, its output was boosted to 27 kW (36 hp), then 30 kW (40 hp), the configuration that lasted through 1966 and became the "classic" Volkswagen motor. The Beetle gave rise to multiple variants: mainly the 1950 Type 2 'Bus', the 1955 Karmann Ghia, as well as the 1961 Type 3 'Ponton' and the 1968 Type 4 (411/412) family cars, ultimately forming the basis of an entirely rear-engined VW product range.
The Beetle marked a significant trend, led by Volkswagen, and then by Fiat and Renault, whereby the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout increased from 2.6 percent of continental Western Europe's car production in 1946 to 26.6 percent in 1956. In 1959 even General Motors launched an air-cooled, rear-engined car, the Chevrolet Corvair—which also shared the Beetle's flat engine and swing axle architecture.
Over time, front-wheel drive, and frequently hatchback-bodied cars would come to dominate the European small-car market. In 1974, Volkswagen's own front-wheel drive Golf hatchback succeeded the Beetle. In 1994, Volkswagen unveiled the Concept One, a "retro"-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Beetle, and in 1998 introduced the "New Beetle", built on the contemporary Golf platform with styling recalling the original Type 1. It remained in production through 2010, and was succeeded in 2011 by the Beetle (A5), the last variant of the Beetle, which was also more reminiscent of the original Beetle. Production ceased altogether by 2019.
In the 1999 Car of the Century competition, to determine the world's most influential car in the 20th century, the Type 1 came fourth, after the Ford Model T, the Mini, and the Citroën DS.[
Nicosia ( Greek : Λευκωσία (Lefkosia), English : Nicosia), located in the middle of the island of Cyprus , is the capital of the Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus . It is the most populous city of Cyprus and the most important cultural, industrial, trade and transportation center. Nicosia is located at 35°10' north, 33°21' east.
The city is divided into two by the border called the Green Line . Although de jure the Republic of Cyprus has the administration of the entire city, de facto it only has control over South Nicosia . Northern Nicosia is under the rule of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and is considered to be under Turkish occupation by the international community. The two sectors are separated by a Buffer Zone administered by United Nations Peacekeeping Forces . With the 1960 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, the Turkish Municipality of Nicosia was granted legal status.
Nicosia is known as "Lefkosia" (Λευκωσία) in Greek and "Nicosia" in English .
The first name of the area where the city is located was "Ledra". This name is also written as "Ledrae", "Lidir", "Ledras", "Ledron" and "Letra". Later, this city was destroyed and when it was rebuilt by Leucus, the city was named "Lefkotheon" (Λευκόθεον - city of the white gods). This name was also occasionally referred to as "Ledron". Later, the words "Kermia" and "Leucus" (Λευκούς) were used for the city. In the 7th century, Hierocles, a Byzantine geographer, mentioned the city as Lefkousia (Λευκουσία) in his book Synekdemos (Vademecum) . In the 13th century , the Patriarch of Constantinople referred to Nicosia as Kalli Nikesis (Καλλι Νίκησις - Beautiful Victory). A writer and monk, St. Neophytos referred to Nicosia as "Leucopolis" (Lefkopolis - White City) in a sermon he gave around 1176. Since the 10th century, the name "Nicosia" has become generally accepted. In the 18th century, Greek Cypriot historian Archimandrite Kyprianos stated that another name for Nicosia was "Photolampos" (Shining with Light).
There are various claims that the city is referred to as "Nicosia" and similar forms in European languages. According to one claim, the Latins replaced the first syllable of the word, "Lef", with "Ni" because they could not pronounce it. Another claim is that the name derives from the name "Kallinikesis". A writer from Sicily named Sindaco connects the name "Nicosia" to the town named "Nicosia" in Sicily and claimed that King Tancred from this town was with Richard I during the siege of Cyprus and named the city after his own town. . Another claim is that the name "Nicosia" emerged during the rebellion of the city's people against the Knights Templar in 1192. A German priest named Ludolf named the city "Nycosia" between 1341 and 1363. HAS Dearborn, in his book published in 1819, says that another name for Nicosia is "Nicotia". In 1856, William Curry stated that the Greeks called the city "Escosie" and the Western Europeans called it "Licosia".
The name of the city is mentioned in Ottoman documents as "Nicosia" or "medine-i Nicosia" . In addition, in a letter regarding the conquest of Nicosia in 1570, the name of the city is mentioned as "Nicosia". Kâtip Çelebi refers to the city as "Nicosia" (which is sometimes used today).
The first settlement in the area where Nicosia is located took place in the Neolithic Age . The date of the first settlement is approximately 3000-4000 BC. In 1050 BC or in the 7th century BC, a city called " Ledra " was founded in the region. This city had an important place among the other city kingdoms on the island. During archaeological excavations, a Greek inscription written in the 4th century BC was found indicating the existence of a temple dedicated to Aphrodite in Ledra. By around 330 BC it had shrunk to a small village. When this city was destroyed due to earthquakes , in 200 BC, Leucus, the son of Ptolemy I Soter , founded the city that is today Nicosia.
The city's importance began to increase in the late Byzantine period. In the 7th century, it became the capital of the island during the Arab raids.
It fell into the hands of Richard I in 1191 . It was the capital of the island during the period when the Knights Templar purchased and dominated the island. A rebellion broke out in the city on 11 April 1192. The knights suppressed this uprising with a massacre and then left the island.
The Lusignans purchased the island and Nicosia remained their capital. During the Lusignan period, he built many new buildings in the city. During the Venetian period, most of these were demolished and used in the construction of walls. During this period, the Lusignans also built walls around the city. These walls were in the shape of an irregular pentagon . There were no walls in the city before. King Henry I built the first walls with two towers in 1211, Peter I built a third tower, and Henry II built the first walls. Henry had the city completely surrounded by walls. The city became quite wealthy during this period. Nicosia was one of four dioceses on the island. It also became the center of an archdiocese in 1212. During this period, events were taking place between Greeks and Latins, and bloody conflicts broke out in the city in 1313 and 1360.
Nicosia has been damaged by many earthquakes throughout its history. The 1222 Cyprus earthquake was felt strongly in the city and caused great damage. In November 1330, a flood occurred in the city and three thousand people lost their lives. In addition, the city was heavily damaged by the Genoese in 1373 and the Mamluks in 1426.
On February 26, 1489, Nicosia, along with the entire island, came under the rule of the Republic of Venice . Just before the Ottoman conquest of the island, the Venetians inspected the walls and found them too weak. According to the new plans, the walls of Nicosia were reduced from eight miles to three miles. Meanwhile, all buildings outside the new walls were destroyed. According to a claim, the route of Kanlıdere was changed by the Venetians. Another claim is that the Ottomans changed the route of the stream to save the city from floods.
During the conquest of Cyprus by the Ottomans , Nicosia was the third largest settlement taken. Piyale Pasha and his army took action to take Nicosia on 22 July 1570. On July 25, Nicosia was besieged. Clashes began on July 27, as the Venetians did not accept the Ottomans' demands to surrender the castle. The fact that the walls were very strong ensured that Nicosia would not fall. At dawn on 9 September 1570, a new attack was launched and troops of more than 20 thousand people conquered Nicosia.
As part of the settlement of Turks in Cyprus during the Ottoman period, the settlement of the Turkish population in Nicosia, as well as in the entire island, started in 1572. Non-professional Greeks in the city were settled in the neighborhoods outside the city and replaced by Turks. According to a census made during this period, the city had 31 neighborhoods. In two of them ("Ermiyan" and "Karaman"), the Armenian population was in the majority.
During the Ottoman period, Nicosia first served as the capital of the State of Cyprus as the center of a district called "Mountain Kaza", and later became a sanjak . During the Ottoman period, St. Large churches such as the Sophia Cathedral were converted into mosques. Nicosia - Larnaca road was built. The gates of the city were opened at sunrise and closed at sunset. The Governor, Judge, Interpreter and Greek Archbishop resided in Nicosia. William Kimbrough Pendleton states that in 1864 most of the houses in the city were made of clay brick. As a result of a major earthquake in 1741, one minaret of the Selimiye Mosque collapsed and had to be rebuilt. There were riots in the city in 1764 and 1821.
On July 12, 1878, Nicosia, along with the rest of the island, came under British rule . British troops entered the city through the Kyrenia Gate and hoisted the first British flag on the Değirmen Bastion next to the Paphos Gate . Nicosia Municipality was established in 1882. Under British rule, Nicosia grew outside the city walls. Between 1930 and 1945, villages such as Ortaköy , Strovolos , Büyük Kaymaklı , Küçük Kaymaklı began to merge with the city, and the first settlements were made in regions such as Yenişehir . On January 1, 1944, Ayii Omoloyitadhes was included in the municipal boundaries. In order to provide access outside the city, the walls on the sides of the Paphos Gate in 1879, the Kyrenia Gate in 1931, and the Famagusta Gate in 1945 were cut. In 1905, a train station was built in Büyük Kaymaklı and train services to Nicosia started, this practice ended in 1955. In 1912, the first electricity came to the city. Also in the same year, kerosene-powered street lamps were replaced with electric ones. Under British rule, the sewer network was cleaned and the roads were repaired. On October 17, 1947, as a result of an explosion in the power plant that supplied energy to the city, the city was left without electricity for 116 days.
In 1895, Greeks attacked the Turks in the Tahtakale region of Nicosia. In 1931, Greeks rebelled against British rule and burned the government building. Founded in 1955, EOKA attacked public buildings and the radio station in the city against British rule.
The Republic of Cyprus was established on 16 August 1960 . The flag of the Republic of Cyprus was hoisted in the House of Representatives at midnight that night, ending British rule on the island. In accordance with Article 173 of the 1960 constitution, a Greek (Nicosia -Greek Municipality) and a Turkish ( Nicosia Turkish Municipality ) municipality were established on the island. On the night of 20–21 December 1963, the events known as " Bloody Christmas " began. Zeki Halil and Cemaliye Emirali were killed as a result of fire opened on cars in Tahtakale district of Nicosia. Between 23-30, Küçük Kaymaklı was besieged. On the night of 23-24 January, 11 people were killed in the Kumsal region, and the family of Turkish major Nihat İlhan was killed in the incident known as the Kumsal Raid. An attack was carried out against the Turks in the Kanlıdere region. As a result of the events, the governments of Turkey , Greece and the United Kingdom met on 30 December 1963 . As a result of this meeting, the border , also known as the Green Line, was drawn, dividing the city into Turkish and Greek parts. The reason why this border is called the "Green Line" is that the pen of the United Nations official who drew the line on the map was green. The borders of the city were finalized with the Cyprus Operation carried out in 1974 by the order of Turkish Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit .
On 29 March 1968, the suburbs of Eylence , Büyük Kaymaklı, Küçük Kaymaklı, Pallouriotissa , Strovolos (partially) and Kızılay were also included in the municipal borders. Following the de facto division of the city, the area under the administration of the Republic of Cyprus continued to grow in a southerly direction. North Nicosia also continued to grow and merged with outlying villages such as Gönyeli (which has a separate municipality) and Hamitköy (which is part of the Nicosia Turkish Municipality).
Kermiya Border Gate was opened in 2003, and Lokmacı Gate was opened in 2008 .
Nicosia is located in a central point of the island of Cyprus, in the central parts of the Mesarya Plain .
Nicosia has a hot semi-arid climate according to the Köppen climate classification . The hottest months are July and August, and the coldest months are January and February. The month with the most rainfall is January. Nicosia is one of the warmest places on the island.
Nicosia is located in the center of the geological formation called Nicosia Formation. This region dates back to the Lower Pliocene period. Gray, yellow and white marl layers, sandy and yellow limestones and sparse conglomerate bands are frequently encountered. The reconnection of the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean resulted in the rise of sea water and the formation of new sediments, which formed the Nicosia Formation. Underneath Nicosia is the Nicosia- Serdarlı aquifer , which has an area of 60 km² .
The riverside parts of Nicosia city, especially Kanlıdere , have a great biodiversity. [88] In a research conducted in the streams in a 12.5 km diameter area of the city, which is rich in vegetation (especially in stream beds), 185 different plant species belonging to 62 different families were identified. Among these, there are four endemic and 16 rare species. The most common tree species found on the banks of streams in the city is the eucalyptus tree (various types can be found). There is a total of 0.262 square kilometers of forest area in the Nicosia Central agricultural region of Northern Cyprus . Two kilometers outside Nicosia (in its southern part), within the boundaries of the Municipality of Eylence, is the Pedagogical Academy National Forest Park, and to the south of the city is the Athalassa National Forest Park. In Northern Nicosia, there is the Nicosia Forest Nursery, which is 0.5 hectares in size.
The habitats of animals in the stream beds in some parts of the city are in danger. The reeds along the streams host many animals, especially bird species. Many creatures such as kingfishers , water chickens , striped turtles and chameleons live on the banks of the streams . There are especially many turtles in the streams.
Nicosia is the commercial center of Cyprus. The city hosts the central banks of the Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus .
The city of Nicosia is divided into two parts in terms of urbanization, these are old Nicosia (the area inside the walls) and new Nicosia (outside the walls). In Old Nicosia, the roads are narrow and there are dead ends. In New Nicosia, there is more vertical and horizontal development over a wider area. Junctions and roads are wider, parks occupy larger areas.
In Nicosia during the Ottoman period, Greeks and Turks lived mixed in some neighborhoods, and in some neighborhoods, one of them was the majority. Mosques can be found in Turkish neighborhoods and churches in Greek neighborhoods. Armenians also lived in the city. The houses of the Armenians who used to live in Köşklüçiftlik were all made of cut stone and had their own unique architecture. Bay windows are a common feature in houses in Old Nicosia . The Büyük Han is one of the most advanced architectural works on the island, and today it is a cultural center where various activities such as exhibitions, sales of antiques and traditional items, and shadow plays take place.
There are fourteen museums in the part of Nicosia south of the Green Line. The Cyprus Museum was founded in 1888 and exhibits hundreds of archaeological artifacts brought from all over the island. The house of Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios, who worked as a translator for the Divan during the Ottoman period, built in 1793, is used as an ethnography museum. In the northern part of the city, the number of museums is six. Derviş Pasha Mansion is used as an ethnography museum.
Although there are many theaters in the south of the city, the headquarters of the Cyprus Theater Association is in Nicosia. The State Theater Building, built in the 2000s, formerly hosted this institution, which suffered from inadequate facilities, and is not allowed to be used by any other theater organization. Nicosia Municipality Theatre, built in 1967, has a capacity of 1220 people. In the north, the Turkish Cypriot State Theater performs plays and organizes tours; but it does not have a hall. Also in the north is the Nicosia Municipal Theater, which was established in 1980. The Cyprus Theater Festival, jointly organized by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality and Nicosia Municipal Theatres, is a large organization attended by institutions such as Istanbul City Theatres , and all of these can be held in only two halls.
There are nineteen cinemas in the southern part of the city, six of which are owned by a company called K Cineplex, and thirteen are owned by other companies. In the north of the city, the number of cinemas is four.
Two waterways built during the Ottoman period were used in Nicosia until the mid-20th century. These waterways were Arab Ahmed and Silihtar waterways. Apart from this, water extracted from wells was also used.
Telegraph was first used in the city in 1873. In 1936, a public telephone network was established covering the entire island and Nicosia.
The migration to the city of Nicosia as a result of the Cyprus Operation in 1974 caused problems such as development, transportation, sewerage, housing shortage and lack of infrastructure in the city.
Since Nicosia is a divided city, the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus education systems are implemented in the city. A university called Near East University in North Nicosia , Cyprus International University, Mediterranean Karpaz University, Anadolu University 's open education faculty, apart from these, colleges such as Atatürk Teachers Academy and Police School There are. In the area under the control of the Republic of Cyprus , there are universities named University of Cyprus , Open University of Cyprus , Frederick University , University of Nicosia , [132] and European University of Cyprus.
In the Nicosia District of the Republic of Cyprus, there are 42 secondary schools, 133 primary schools and three kindergartens. There are a total of 30 primary schools, kindergartens and special education centers at the primary level in the Nicosia district of Northern Cyprus .
The roads on the island were built to be centered in Nicosia and unite in Nicosia. All important roads meet in Nicosia. During the Ottoman period, only the Larnaca road was built, and the previously built roads were in ruins. Under British rule, these roads were rebuilt and a regular postal service was established between Nicosia and other cities. The first car arrived in the city in 1907. The first bus services from the city started in 1929, these services departed from the Kyrenia Gate and went to Strovolos, Aydemet and Büyük Kaymaklı. [139] Train services started between Nicosia and Famagusta on 21 October 1905 . Train services were organized from Nicosia to approximately 30 stops. Train services ended on December 31, 1951. Nicosia International Airport was opened in 1949 . This airport is in the Buffer Zone today and is not used.
Today, there is a bus service in the Republic of Cyprus controlled part of the city run by a company called Nicosia Bus Company . All buses leave from the terminal in Solomos Square and make stops every 20 to 30 minutes. There are plans to expand the bus line, increase the frequency of services and renew the bus fleet. The Department of Public Works signed an agreement to establish tram and light rail lines between Nicosia - Larnaca and Limassol . There are motorways such as A1 and A2 from the city . In addition to developing this road network, there are also projects to improve the roads within the city. Apart from this, there are also taxis . Air transportation to the city is provided by Larnaca International Airport (44 km away) and Paphos International Airport . Larnaca Airport is used more than Paphos Airport.
LETTAŞ company also has buses in North Nicosia. The first municipal bus was put into operation on the Göçmenköy-Yenişehir route on January 15, 1980, during Mustafa Akıncı 's term as mayor. Starting from 1984, this service was transformed into a public transportation network within the municipality and started to provide service, and later the same vehicles were privatized to be operated by the LETTAŞ company. There is a bus terminal in the Yenişehir area. The airport used by the northern part of the city is Ercan Airport . Transportation to the airport is provided by buses. It is also possible to reach the city by taxi and minibus .
Nicosia Municipality is a sister city with the following cities:
Germany Schwerin , Germany (1974)
Greece Athens , Greece (1988)
Ukraine Odessa , Ukraine (1996)
Iranian Shiraz , Iran (1999)
Romania Bucharest , Romania (2004)
Chinese Shanghai , China (2004)
The city has also collaborated with the following cities:
Russia Moscow , Russia (1997, 2002, 2003-2004, 2006-2008)
Italy Nicosia , Italy (2000-2002)
Chinese Qingdao , China (2001)
Greece Athens , Greece (2001, 2003)
Finland Helsinki , Finland (2003)
Syria Damascus , Syria (2003)
Croatia Zagreb , Croatia (2004)
Malta Valletta , Malta (2007)
Sister cities of Nicosia Turkish Municipality
Türkiye Izmir , Turkey (2019)
Türkiye Ankara , Turkey (1988)
Türkiye Bursa , Turkey
North Macedonia Kumanovo , North Macedonia (2007)
Gagauzia Comrat , Gagauzia
Türkiye Gaziantep Turkey
Türkiye Istanbul Turkey
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
Tiny shell photographed with a microscope using a 2,5x objective. Apprx 6 panels stitched in microsoft ICE. Had to drastically reduce the image size for uploading.
A present from my cat, who brought the shell inside stuck to her fur, so i realised i had a new subject to shoot. :)
”Seriously Lisa.. do you like EVER stop think about ANYONE else than yourself?
What do you mean?
”Its just like..” (You say, squinting to the pictures) when you dress like that TOTALLY slutty, you like clearly send signals that help surpress women like total sexobjects! And like.. just because you are cheap, doesn't necessarily mean that all girls like.. you know, want to have sex. Do you like EVER stop to think about that!?”.
Well come to think of it, not really, but...
”And also the whole like slim line anorexia model thing, COME ON! Like anyone REALLY look like that. You're one of those, who like.. help force women into having these like totally unrealistic ideals. Lisa, you SERIOUSLY need to dress down and.. like,, gain some weight if ANYONE is EVER going to believe you are a real T-girl and not some.. some.. like.. roadside commercial or something. Get real! ”
But I do think of others, actually that is why I made the videoclip. I thought that you would like it!
”Again Lisa you're just... just SO inconsiderate, like that video is something ANY female would want to see! You like really made sure of that walking in stilettos in such way you deliberately make others out to be like.. inferior or something, But I suppose you like thrive on making other people feel bad about themself, like you have this superiority thing going. That's just precisely the distinct symptoms of like a psychopath or something, who like get off on taking advantage of the female sex.”
But actually an old lady passed as I was shooting the pictures. She did look curiously I must admit, but she didn't seem at all to be either offended or provoked. But of course I couldn't be entirely sure that....
”And like,, what if that had been an old man Lisa? Ever think about THAT!?”
How.. What do you mean...?
”Like if it had been an old man and he like.. saw you, and immediately had a stroke, brain hemorrhage or a heart attack, then it would be like.. YOUR fault Lisa, killing a person because you are this ”natural born ego”. Calling yourself a communist. Ha!”
But, I was just taking a walk testing my new red stilettos, because it is better taking them for a test walk before REALLY going out in them, to sort of test them ”Live” so to speak and...
”That´s another thing Lisa. RED STILETTOS!?! Like just how often do you walk down the street seeing girls stroll around in RED stilettos!? And you know why Lisa? Because red is like a REALLY adult female colour and having red stilettos is the same thing as to say ”Look at me I am extremely feminine and I like just HAVE to point that out” Now how OMEGA self centered is that now Lisa!?”
But, I think they are pretty!
”Me me me... think Lisa, there is like MANY more females than you in this world and you should like just know that you are like reflecting a degrading, humiliating, cheap view upon women and like that is TOTALLY disgraceful and you should be ashamed Lisa... really like.. guilty of betraying like.. like.. the entire population of women on earth. Effectively destroying everything that women has worked for like.. the last 100 years. Like you are taliban or something? Is that what the hair is really all about?”
I believe you indeed speak on behalf of most women and I must say I am truly sorry you feel that way.
”As if Lisa! Cause if you were like REALLY sorry you would stop dressing like a prostitute.”
But I like looking like a prostitute!
”And what if like.. some guy saw you on the street and.. like.. got turned on, and then he turn a corner seeing an ordinary girl, but like because you fucked with his head he rapes the girl and then she like has to suffer mentally like for life, because you just don´t give shit do you Lisa? Like... I am a ninja so FUCK the world... and like fuck all that women has fought for the last century because.. I want to look sexy. * Wuhuuu * ”
But don´t you see it is really a question about personal freedom and.. well individuality, I guess?
”I can clearly see that talking sense to you Lisa is like talking to a door. It's like.. you have just set your mind to obstruct everything that just has a scent of value and tradition. Just mention the word consideration and you feel personally attacked going straight into the defensive refusing to communicate. But have it your way Lisa, I will waste no more time. If you absolutely MUST stand out a slut in full public view, you are only prevented doing so by the common laws of solicitation . Feel free, I´m just like.. saying!”
Transvestit København Danmark
”Seriously Lisa.. do you like EVER stop think about ANYONE else than yourself?
What do you mean?
”Its just like..” (You say, squinting to the pictures) when you dress like that TOTALLY slutty, you like clearly send signals that help surpress women like total sexobjects! And like.. just because you are cheap, doesn't necessarily mean that all girls like.. you know, want to have sex. Do you like EVER stop to think about that!?”.
Well come to think of it, not really, but...
”And also the whole like slim line anorexia model thing, COME ON! Like anyone REALLY look like that. You're one of those, who like.. help force women into having these like totally unrealistic ideals. Lisa, you SERIOUSLY need to dress down and.. like,, gain some weight if ANYONE is EVER going to believe you are a real T-girl and not some.. some.. like.. roadside commercial or something. Get real! ”
But I do think of others, actually that is why I made the videoclip. I thought that you would like it!
”Again Lisa you're just... just SO inconsiderate, like that video is something ANY female would want to see! You like really made sure of that walking in stilettos in such way you deliberately make others out to be like.. inferior or something, But I suppose you like thrive on making other people feel bad about themself, like you have this superiority thing going. That's just precisely the distinct symptoms of like a psychopath or something, who like get off on taking advantage of the female sex.”
But actually an old lady passed as I was shooting the pictures. She did look curiously I must admit, but she didn't seem at all to be either offended or provoked. But of course I couldn't be entirely sure that....
”And like,, what if that had been an old man Lisa? Ever think about THAT!?”
How.. What do you mean...?
”Like if it had been an old man and he like.. saw you, and immediately had a stroke, brain hemorrhage or a heart attack, then it would be like.. YOUR fault Lisa, killing a person because you are this ”natural born ego”. Calling yourself a communist. Ha!”
But, I was just taking a walk testing my new red stilettos, because it is better taking them for a test walk before REALLY going out in them, to sort of test them ”Live” so to speak and...
”That´s another thing Lisa. RED STILETTOS!?! Like just how often do you walk down the street seeing girls stroll around in RED stilettos!? And you know why Lisa? Because red is like a REALLY adult female colour and having red stilettos is the same thing as to say ”Look at me I am extremely feminine and I like just HAVE to point that out” Now how OMEGA self centered is that now Lisa!?”
But, I think they are pretty!
”Me me me... think Lisa, there is like MANY more females than you in this world and you should like just know that you are like reflecting a degrading, humiliating, cheap view upon women and like that is TOTALLY disgraceful and you should be ashamed Lisa... really like.. guilty of betraying like.. like.. the entire population of women on earth. Effectively destroying everything that women has worked for like.. the last 100 years. Like you are taliban or something? Is that what the hair is really all about?”
I believe you indeed speak on behalf of most women and I must say I am truly sorry you feel that way.
”As if Lisa! Cause if you were like REALLY sorry you would stop dressing like a prostitute.”
But I like looking like a prostitute!
”And what if like.. some guy saw you on the street and.. like.. got turned on, and then he turn a corner seeing an ordinary girl, but like because you fucked with his head he rapes the girl and then she like has to suffer mentally like for life, because you just don´t give shit do you Lisa? Like... I am a ninja so FUCK the world... and like fuck all that women has fought for the last century because.. I want to look sexy. * Wuhuuu * ”
But don´t you see it is really a question about personal freedom and.. well individuality, I guess?
”I can clearly see that talking sense to you Lisa is like talking to a door. It's like.. you have just set your mind to obstruct everything that just has a scent of value and tradition. Just mention the word consideration and you feel personally attacked going straight into the defensive refusing to communicate. But have it your way Lisa, I will waste no more time. If you absolutely MUST stand out a slut in full public view, you are only prevented doing so by the common laws of solicitation . Feel free, I´m just like.. saying!”
Transvestit København Danmark
Log of CT-7127:
I wish we had a fun objective. Our's was to get off the Rebellious. I sent Lucky onto an escape pod that could spare some room for one more man. He was more of a rookie so I allowed him to go. As Dixie, myself and the trooper who refuses to receive a nickname ran to the west side of the ship to get on the escape pods since the pod Lucky got on was the last on on the east side. We were only a few corridors away from the escape pod bay when a tiny chunck of an asteroid broke through the window. I grabbed a cable clip out of my pack and held on to a pipe in the wall. Dixie was pushed against the wall and was almost pushed out of the ship. CT-whatever the fierfek his number was, was sucked straight out the window and into space. You'd think he was going to live since we had our hazardous gear on, but no. The idiot took it off because "There was nothing that could possibly go wrong since we're so close to the pods." Well after that he was sucked into space. He obviously died. As soon as he was sucked out the ray shield went up and we floated around the corner towards the escape pod bay. I sure am glad I didn't make Lucky come with us. I'm starting to like him.
End Log
------------------------------------------------
My first entry for the Corps. The photo is meh but this is the best I could do while I'm away.
Lomo microscope objective 4 x +nikon Bellows at 2.5x magnification. Lit with two LED lamp diffused with paper. 90 frames stacked in Zerene Stacker.
Objective - Test the 180 to see if I can image clusters
CGX mount no auto-guide
ZWO1600MM - 40 subs@ 2 seconds each
Filter Wheel - Part comes in Monday to attach to the 180 (for color RGB)
Waiting cradle rings to mount guide scope
Awaiting Starlight SCT back focuser for autofocus
Processed in IP 6.5 Quick process Digital development stretch only
Owner- smiling.
A view of Stirling Castle from the Borestone, the site of the Scot’s camp and Robert the Bruce’s command post at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. The relief of a siege of the castle was the English army’s objective in that campaign. The castle commanded a strategic position in Central Scotland being, until the early 20th century, the first major crossing over the River Forth and safe route over Flander’s Moss, a large waterlogged bog stretching westwards, The castle is somewhat different to that of the 14th Century especially with regard to the Great Hall (the large, white building) which wasn’t built until the 16th century.
Often my collage art is dominated by abstraction and geometry. This art form is the most understandable and attractive for me. My forms are created with a glitch effect from real photographs that I took. This is one of the techniques to change reality the way we are used to understanding it and to give the viewer the opportunity to see the world with my eyes, to touch my inner, non-objective world. Shapes and color. Rhythms and lines. The patterns of destiny in the intricate plexus over time are reflected in the heart by the desire to create and blend, to find new places for photography, in the flow, catching the wave in the process.
dug out a box of old microscope bits and stuck one onto the front of the camera - not the best but it still surprised me as I didn't really expect anything very much...
”Seriously Lisa.. do you like EVER stop think about ANYONE else than yourself?
What do you mean?
”Its just like..” (You say, squinting to the pictures) when you dress like that TOTALLY slutty, you like clearly send signals that help surpress women like total sexobjects! And like.. just because you are cheap, doesn't necessarily mean that all girls like.. you know, want to have sex. Do you like EVER stop to think about that!?”.
Well come to think of it, not really, but...
”And also the whole like slim line anorexia model thing, COME ON! Like anyone REALLY look like that. You're one of those, who like.. help force women into having these like totally unrealistic ideals. Lisa, you SERIOUSLY need to dress down and.. like,, gain some weight if ANYONE is EVER going to believe you are a real T-girl and not some.. some.. like.. roadside commercial or something. Get real! ”
But I do think of others, actually that is why I made the videoclip. I thought that you would like it!
”Again Lisa you're just... just SO inconsiderate, like that video is something ANY female would want to see! You like really made sure of that walking in stilettos in such way you deliberately make others out to be like.. inferior or something, But I suppose you like thrive on making other people feel bad about themself, like you have this superiority thing going. That's just precisely the distinct symptoms of like a psychopath or something, who like get off on taking advantage of the female sex.”
But actually an old lady passed as I was shooting the pictures. She did look curiously I must admit, but she didn't seem at all to be either offended or provoked. But of course I couldn't be entirely sure that....
”And like,, what if that had been an old man Lisa? Ever think about THAT!?”
How.. What do you mean...?
”Like if it had been an old man and he like.. saw you, and immediately had a stroke, brain hemorrhage or a heart attack, then it would be like.. YOUR fault Lisa, killing a person because you are this ”natural born ego”. Calling yourself a communist. Ha!”
But, I was just taking a walk testing my new red stilettos, because it is better taking them for a test walk before REALLY going out in them, to sort of test them ”Live” so to speak and...
”That´s another thing Lisa. RED STILETTOS!?! Like just how often do you walk down the street seeing girls stroll around in RED stilettos!? And you know why Lisa? Because red is like a REALLY adult female colour and having red stilettos is the same thing as to say ”Look at me I am extremely feminine and I like just HAVE to point that out” Now how OMEGA self centered is that now Lisa!?”
But, I think they are pretty!
”Me me me... think Lisa, there is like MANY more females than you in this world and you should like just know that you are like reflecting a degrading, humiliating, cheap view upon women and like that is TOTALLY disgraceful and you should be ashamed Lisa... really like.. guilty of betraying like.. like.. the entire population of women on earth. Effectively destroying everything that women has worked for like.. the last 100 years. Like you are taliban or something? Is that what the hair is really all about?”
I believe you indeed speak on behalf of most women and I must say I am truly sorry you feel that way.
”As if Lisa! Cause if you were like REALLY sorry you would stop dressing like a prostitute.”
But I like looking like a prostitute!
”And what if like.. some guy saw you on the street and.. like.. got turned on, and then he turn a corner seeing an ordinary girl, but like because you fucked with his head he rapes the girl and then she like has to suffer mentally like for life, because you just don´t give shit do you Lisa? Like... I am a ninja so FUCK the world... and like fuck all that women has fought for the last century because.. I want to look sexy. * Wuhuuu * ”
But don´t you see it is really a question about personal freedom and.. well individuality, I guess?
”I can clearly see that talking sense to you Lisa is like talking to a door. It's like.. you have just set your mind to obstruct everything that just has a scent of value and tradition. Just mention the word consideration and you feel personally attacked going straight into the defensive refusing to communicate. But have it your way Lisa, I will waste no more time. If you absolutely MUST stand out a slut in full public view, you are only prevented doing so by the common laws of solicitation . Feel free, I´m just like.. saying!”
Transvestit København Danmark