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Balat (IsIstanbul
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey
Toponymy
Main article: Names of Istanbul
Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) is the first known name of the city. Around 660 BC,[note 1] Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded a Doric colony on the present-day Istanbul, and named the new colony after their king, Byzas.[12] After Constantine I (Constantine the Great) made the city the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD, the city became widely known as Constantinopolis or Constantinople, which, as the Latinised form of "Κωνσταντινούπολις" (Kōnstantinoúpolis), means the "City of Constantine".[13] He also attempted to promote the name Nea Roma ("New Rome"), but this never caught on.[14] Constantinople remained the official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
By the 19th century, the city had acquired a number of names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans often used Stamboul alongside Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, but Turks used the former name only to describe the historic peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. Pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu, which is still in use today.[15] However, with the Turkish Postal Service Law of 28 March 1930, the Turkish authorities formally requested foreigners to adopt İstanbul, a name in existence since the 10th century,[16] as the sole name of the city within their own languages.[17]
Etymologically, the name "İstanbul" (Turkish pronunciation: [isˈtanbuɫ], colloquially [ɯsˈtambuɫ]) derives from the Medieval Greek phrase "εἰς τὴν Πόλιν" [is tin ˈpolin] or, in the Aegean dialect, "εἰς τὰν Πόλιν" [is tan ˈpolin] (Modern Greek "στην Πόλη" [stin ˈpoli]), which means "in the city" or "to the city".[13][16] In modern Turkish, the name is written "İstanbul", with a dotted İ, as the Turkish alphabet distinguishes between a dotted and dotless I. Also, while in English the stress is on the first syllable ("Is"), in Turkish it is on the second syllable ("tan"). Like Rome, Istanbul has been called "The City of Seven Hills" because the oldest part of the city is supposedly built on seven hills, each of which bears a historic mosque.[18]
History
First settlements
Main article: Byzantium
Byzantine remains of a column found at Byzantium's acropolis, located today within the Topkapı Palace complex.
Recent construction of the Marmaray tunnel unearthed a Neolithic settlement underneath Yenikapı on Istanbul's peninsula. Dating back to the 7th millennium BC, before the Bosphorus was even formed, the discovery indicated that the peninsula was settled thousands of years earlier than previously thought.[19] Thracian tribes established two settlements—Lygos and Semistra—on the Sarayburnu, near where Topkapı Palace now stands, between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. On the Asian side, artifacts have been found in Fikirtepe (present-day Kadıköy) that date back to the Chalcolithic period.[20] The same location was the site of a Phoenician trading post at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC as well as the town of Chalcedon, which was established by Greek settlers from Megara in 685 BC.[10]
However, the history of Istanbul generally begins around 660 BC,[note 1] when the settlers from Megara, under the command of King Byzas, established Byzantion (Latinised as Byzantium) on the European side of the Bosphorus. By the end of the century, an acropolis was established at the former locations of Lygos and Semistra, on the Sarayburnu.[12] The city experienced a brief period of Persian rule at the turn of the 5th century BC, but the Greeks recaptured it during the Greco-Persian Wars.[21] Byzantium then continued as part of the Athenian League and its successor, the Second Athenian Empire, before ultimately gaining independence in 355 BC.[22] Long protected by the Roman Republic, Byzantium officially became a part of the Roman Empire in AD 73.
Byzantium's decision to side with the usurper Pescennius Niger against Roman Emperor Septimus Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195, two years of siege had left the city devastated.[23] Still, five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity.[24]
Rise and fall of Constantinople
Main article: Constantinople
Further information: Fall of Constantinople
Created in 1422 by Cristoforo Buondelmonti, this is the oldest surviving map of Constantinople and the only one that predates the Ottoman conquest.
When Constantine I defeated Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis in September 324, he effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire.[25] Just two months later, Constantine laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. Intended to replace Nicomedia as the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named Nea Roma (New Rome); however, most simply called it Constantinople ("the city of Constantine"), a name that persisted into the 20th century.[26] Six years later, on 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of an empire that eventually became known as the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire.[27]
The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward and becoming a center of Greek culture and Christianity.[27][28] Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sofia, which remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years.[29] The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople developed in the city, and its leader is still one of the foremost figures in the Greek Orthodox Church. Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east as well as from the advance of Islam.[28] During most of the Middle Ages and the latter part of the Byzantine period, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in the western world.[30]
The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 signaled the end of the Byzantine Empire.
Constantinople began to decline after the Fourth Crusade, during which it was sacked and pillaged.[32] The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire, which was divided into splinter states.[33] However, the Latin Empire was short-lived, and the Byzantine Empire was restored, weakened, in 1261.[34] Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair,[35] and its population had dwindled to forty thousand from nearly half a million during the 9th century.[36][37]
Various economic and military policies instituted by Andronikos II, such as the reduction of forces, weakened the empire and left it more vulnerable to attack.[38] In the mid-14th century, the Ottoman Turks began a strategy by which they took smaller towns and cities over time, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly.[39] Finally, on 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman Emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.[40][41] Hours later, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sofia and summoned an imam to proclaim the Islamic creed, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque.[42]
Name - 'Onäm Viking'
Note - Operated by CityJet
Construction Number (MSN) - 15398
Aircraft Type - Canadair CL-600-2D24 Regional Jet CRJ-900LR
First Flight - 27. Feb 2016
Test registration - C-GWFX
Airframe Status - Active
If you look at the four previous photographs, you'll be able to see how the the framework of notes on the whiteboard, and the drawn images, became this final page of notes. You can read more about this in this entry on my blog at andrewbwatt.wordpress.com
Original Sources of the images:
1. Olmec head: based on picture in class textbook, p. 12.
2. Maya Worker
3. Aztec Warrior from the Florentine Codex
4. Inca — Emperor Pachacuti and Wiracocha
WORK Emotion CR 2P (Step Rim)
GT Silver (GTS) Finish
19x11.0 +13 A-Disk
5x114.3
Note: shown with optional Emotion Center Cap (Flat / Black, W120186)
Image Note: Kastellet transformer station in Oslo was designed by architects Carl and Jørgen Berner in 1925. It was part of the system that supplied the area around Oslo with electric power.
Bildenotat: Den nyklassisistiske Kastellet transformatorstasjon i Oslo er tegnet i 1925 av arkitektene Carl og Jørgen Berner. Den inngikk i Aker Elektrisitetsverks forsyningsring rundt hovedstaden.
Date/Dato: 15.09.2010
Photographer/Fotograf: Sissel Riibe
Feel free to use the photos, but please make sure you attribute the photographer and mention NVE as the source.
Bruk gjerne bildene, men vennligst oppgi fotografens navn og angi NVE som kilde.
Format: Digital
Archive/Arkiv:
Image ID/Bilde ID:
This is only the first shelf of the collection, but please note that they are alphabetized.
For FGR - !flickr notes (feel free to add notes)
Perman collection Image V-1 manned variant--Please tag these photos so information can be recorded.---Note: This material may be protected by Copyright Law (Title 17 U.S.C.)--Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum
Title: United States $5.00 (five dollars) national currency
County of Origin: Harris County
Place of Issue: Houston
Currency Type: National Bank Note
Denomination: $5.00
Bank Issuer: The Union National Bank of Houston
Bank Charter Number: 9712
Date Issued: Mar. 21, 1910.
Series: 1902 Plain Back
Vignette: Recto (L) 'Ben. Harrison'. Verso (C) 'Landing of the Pilgrims'
Notes: This $5.00 National Bank Note was issued in Houston in 1910 by The Union National Bank of Houston. Bank serial number: 39317. Treasury serial number: X547768B.
Signatures: W. T. Vernon. Register of the Treasury.; Lee McClung Treasurer of the United States.; D. W. [illegible] Cashier.; J. S. Rice President.
Dimensions: 8 x 19 cm
Upload File Name: rowe_barr_harriscounty_houston_1054_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. For more information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/tbn/id/1909
View the Rowe-Barr Collection of Texas Currency digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/tbn/
Texas Money National U.S. United States Currency Paper Banks Notes Note Banknote Banknotes Chartered Bank Banking
Went to The Junction where weird lives and wasn't disappointed. On the way to a favorite pub I saw this BMW with Post-It notes covering the glass, lights and plates ( saving me some work ). I looked at it for a while and wandered off. Bet there's a good story here.
Handwritten note on the other side of the photo: "Taking it easy in our back yard at Johnson Air Station, Japan, July 1962."
A woman sits in a foldable aluminum webbed chaise lounge chair while her sons play in their kiddie pool. A bamboo fence surrounds the yard, and a Japanese wagasa umbrella provides some protection from the sun. On the right-hand side, the blurred face of a neighbor peers over the fence.
A Vintage Photos Theme Park photo for the theme of kiddie pools (or a regular swimming pool if no kiddie pool).
Notes from the AppsWorld Europe 2013 panel "The Internet of Things Revolution - Functional, Usable, Wearable" with Tamara Roukaerts, Saverio Romeo, Paul Lee, Ben Moir and Mike Barlow.
Creative Commons Attribution. Please credit as: Ann Wuyts (@vintfalken) for www.jini.co - CC By 2.0
My husband makes my lunch because I am lazy. He usually puts a note in it. I have these taped over 1/3 of my cubicle wall at work.
Mountain Transit #111. One of the company's first Thomas C2's. Rear emergency door was replaced over the summer of 2015. Obviously the door doesn't entirely match the configuration of the bus. Note the top of the door is yellow. This is my route bus for the 2016-2017 school year. The bus knowingly served on Colchester 19 from August 2012 to February 2014, served on Colchester 11 from February 2014 to December 2014, became a general spare from December 2014 to August 2015, served on Milton 4 for the 2015-2016 school year, then Colchester 10. It's likely been used on other routes prior. This was my last ride on this bus for the 16-17 school year and may be retired this summer. STA #077073
Airplane doodles on my Galaxy Note II phone. I always planned on using my phone to draw more but it only seems to happen while flying, and that's not very often. I started the ogre the last time I flew to New Mexico over new years. I just finished him up a little more. I did the girl during my two hour flight home today. Someday I'll do more drawing. Maybe if I get the Note 3.
The pages of my Field Notes notebook are coming loose at the staples. Time to switch to a new one, I guess. I think I have some new blank notebooks around here somewhere.
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The Zebra F-701 fine-point pen isn't my favorite to write with, but I've never had one leak in my pocket, which has been an issue with gel and roller ball pens.
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I needed some working-on-stuff trousers. Several of the belt loops on my inexpensive denim jeans are broken and the knees are worn through. I thought I'd try a pair of Wrangler "carpenter pants."
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After nearly a month of daily wear, the Seestern DOX01 wristwatch is proving to be an adequate "tool watch."
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Amusing comment I read online today, specifically about pocket notebooks but applicable to pretty much any "boutique" product:
"'You haven't heard of it and they're impossible to get' died out with the hipsters in 2019."