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A Neuron in the Spotlight
Every neuron in an artificial neural network can be seen as a mathematical function which, as a rule, connects several inputs to an output. From the input values, the neuron generates an output value that is passed on to the next layer of neurons. The higher this value is, the more “active” the neuron becomes in the network. This is why we refer to so-called activation functions. At this station you can try out how different mathematical functions in the neuron affect the output.
Credit: Magdalena Sick-Leitner
a close up (width of photo = roughly .0001m) of young neurons born recently in the adult mouse brain. the blue is NeuN, a protein found only in neurons (and is therefore good for identifying them) and the red/pink is doublecortin, a protein found only in young neurons. doublecortin is needed for neuronal processes to be able to grow and contact other neurons. when the neurons mature and have formed all their connections they no longer need doublecortin. you can see that all the neurons but those at the left-most edge are therefore mature.
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This group exhibition, including work by Catherine Richards, Michael Snow, Scott Rogers, Thomson & Craighead and Simon Pope, draws on ideas of scientific experimentation, media processing, and time delay. Each work acts to slow down our senses of perception, causing within us an awareness of both time passing and our experience of it. The title refers to that fact that we often watch other people interact with responsive art, and mirror their behaviour, consciously or not.
Catherine Richards’ I was scared to death / I could have died of joy features glass replicas of the brain, which react to your presence with pulses of electromagnetic light. Scott Rogers’ Between Nonesuch Place juxtaposes an actual non-functioning glass object, a ‘self-flowing flask’ with its virtual working counterpart. Thomson & Craighead’s Flipped Clock is a modified digital clock display, where each individual digit is rotated by 180-degrees. Simon Pope’s Recall From Memory the Space of Another Gallery is an invitation for the visitor to recall experiences of being in other gallery spaces from memory. The seminal filmmaker Michael Snow’s WVLNT: Wavelength for those who don't have the time. Originally 45 minutes, Now 15! remixes his own seminal work Wavelength.
Credit
Curated by Sarah Cook. Supported by CRUMB and The University of Sunderland.
This group exhibition, including work by Catherine Richards, Michael Snow, Scott Rogers, Thomson & Craighead and Simon Pope, draws on ideas of scientific experimentation, media processing, and time delay. Each work acts to slow down our senses of perception, causing within us an awareness of both time passing and our experience of it. The title refers to that fact that we often watch other people interact with responsive art, and mirror their behaviour, consciously or not.
Catherine Richards’ I was scared to death / I could have died of joy features glass replicas of the brain, which react to your presence with pulses of electromagnetic light. Scott Rogers’ Between Nonesuch Place juxtaposes an actual non-functioning glass object, a ‘self-flowing flask’ with its virtual working counterpart. Thomson & Craighead’s Flipped Clock is a modified digital clock display, where each individual digit is rotated by 180-degrees. Simon Pope’s Recall From Memory the Space of Another Gallery is an invitation for the visitor to recall experiences of being in other gallery spaces from memory. The seminal filmmaker Michael Snow’s WVLNT: Wavelength for those who don't have the time. Originally 45 minutes, Now 15! remixes his own seminal work Wavelength.
Credit
Curated by Sarah Cook. Supported by CRUMB and The University of Sunderland.
…neuroni alla ricerca di una strada mai percorsa, / labirinti cerebrali specchiati, / tutto è come amplificato, bizzarro, / sono un proiettile impazzito nella fantasia cosmica….
...neurons in search for a never covered route, / cerebral labyrinths mirrored, / everything is somehow amplified, bizarre, / I am a bullet gone wild in the cosmic fantasy...
#deepdream code informatique de l'intelligence artificielle de Google spécifique "Fractal DDC " développé et dédié pour un nouvel art à La Demeure du Chaos - The Abode of Chaos ou comment les machines perçoivent La Demeure du Chaos - The Abode of Chaos
et si leurs regards étaient ce qui se cache derrière la matrice que nous percevons en tant qu'humains? ces multiples miroirs sont peut-être un autre monde plus réel ou plus éthéré... NB thierry bonne lecture de ce post et ses images dantesques.
Depuis quelques temps vous avez peut-être vu circuler sur les réseaux sociaux des images étranges, affublées d'un hashtag (mot-clé) #deepdream.
Deep Dream est un programme d'intelligence artificielle mis au point par les ingénieurs de Google. Ces derniers travaillent à la reconnaissance d'images pour, entre autres, améliorer la pertinence des recherches dans Google. Le 17 juin dernier ils ont publié un billet intitulé : "Inceptionnisme : plus loin dans les réseaux neuronaux".
Dans ce post ils expliquent comment ils ont réussi, dans leurs recherches, à faire analyser une image mais surtout générer des formes par l'ordinateur. Pour que l'intelligence artificielle puisse mieux reconnaître ce qui compose une image, les ingénieurs ont commencé par lui montrer des millions de photos.
Plusieurs couches de neurones
L'intelligence artificielle fonctionne ici en un ensemble de réseaux de neurones qu'il faut se figurer comme différentes couches. La première est chargée de regarder les bords et les angles d'une image.
Les couches intermédiaires cherchent quant à elles les formes et les différents éléments présents dans l'image comme une feuille ou une porte. Les derniers réseaux assemblent toutes ces informations pour en fournir des interprétations complexes, comme des arbres ou des bâtiments.
Pour comprendre au mieux comment fonctionnent ces couches, les ingénieurs ont tenté de pousser l'analyse de certaines. Ils résument ainsi la commande faite au système : "Quoi que tu vois, on veut le voir encore plus." C'est alors que l'intelligence artificielle a généré des formes au sein des clichés.
"Si un nuage ressemble un petit peu à un oiseau, alors le système va le faire ressembler encore plus à un oiseau, expliquent les ingénieurs. En réitérant l’action, le programme va reconnaître un oiseau plus fortement et ainsi de suite jusqu’à ce qu’un oiseau très détaillé apparaisse, comme sorti de nulle part."
"L'inceptionnisme"
Les images varient selon le réseau neuronal qui est amplifié. Par exemple, plus on sollicite les couches inférieures, plus des traits vont apparaître. Si on stimule d'avantage les couches supérieures, ce sont des objets qui émergent de l'image.
Les ingénieurs précisent d'ailleurs que comme l'ordinateur a enregistré beaucoup de clichés d'animaux durant son entraînement, il en reproduit souvent. Et parfois en les mixant, ce qui crée des créatures étranges.
Pour ces chercheurs, le Deep Dream a ainsi créé un mouvement artistique qu'ils appellent "l'#inceptionnisme", en référence à l'architecture des réseaux neuronaux.
Au début, cette expérimentation ne cherchait qu'à améliorer l'intelligence artificielle. Mais lorsque les ingénieurs ont posté ce billet, de nombreux internautes se sont intéressés à ce Deep Dream.
Google a donc rendu public le code utilisé pour générer ces images. Des informaticiens s'en sont emparés et ont mis au point des logiciels et des interfaces pour que les internautes puissent s'en servir.
Ce qui ne manque pas de plaire à Google. Les chercheurs encouragent à taguer les images #deepdream sur Twitter, Facebook ou Google+. "Il sera intéressant de voir quelles images les gens arrivent à générer", écrivent-ils.
Encéphale. Les péricaryons des neurones moteurs de l’encéphale contenant les corps de Nissl
(flèches bleues) donnent à ces cellules un aspect moucheté. Les corps de Nissl sont des amas de réticulum endoplasmique granuleux. Les cercles entourent diverses cellules gliales (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microgliocytes)
non reconnaissables avec la méthode de coloration utilisée. Le noyau (X) des neurones est imposant, ovoide et plus ou moins en position centrale.
- Pour plus de détails ou précisions, voir « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, ou « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) ou s'adresser à Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
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Encephalon. Motor neurons containing NISSL bodies
(blue arrows) give the neuronal cytoplasm a granular
appearance. NISSL bodies are large granules which
consist of rough endoplasmic reticulum (i.e. with ribosomes).
The circles show various glial cells (astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes or microglial cells) not distinguishable
with the trichrome stain. The nucleus (X) of the neuron is large, ovoid and centrally located in the cytoplasm.
- For more information or details, see « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, or « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) or contact Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
H. 30 ; L.40 cm
Avec encadrement H.40 ; L.50 cm
Acrylique brillante
Paris, 2012
> Original en vente: flic.kr/p/sNaXaX
> Estampe numérotée avec passe-partout: flic.kr/p/2kUjZ6P
> Impression grand format: flic.kr/p/2kU7mRc
=> impression encadrée: flic.kr/p/XkYpM7
> Dessous de verre: flic.kr/p/2kTJFZh
> Dessous de plat: flic.kr/p/2kTL7xh
> Set de table: flic.kr/p/2kTUzZ9
> Petits cadres noirs: flic.kr/p/2kTWgNL
> Cadres acrylique profondeur: flic.kr/p/2kTUN4u
> Sac imperméable: flic.kr/p/2kDKZo5
> Sac de courses: flic.kr/p/2j1i1wM
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The neuron is the large cell surrounded by very small glial cells. Cellular processes, dendrites and an axon, extend from the cell body of the neuron (where most of the cytoplasm and nucleus is located).
What's the role of an astrocyte in the human brain? New research at the University of California in San Diego suggests that the mysterious cells -- which link neurons in the human brain -- may be more important in understanding diseases such as Alzheimer's than once believed. In one study using a rat cortex, researchers observed how astrocytes were triggered and saw how calcium signals would rise and fall. The research could help scientists develop new drug treatments.
Source: UCSD
Via. FoxNews.com Eyepoppers
Exert from… ‘THE ABSURDITY OF PIGEON FEED’
By Tom Tomlinson see below.
Single exposure, no additions.
TURING 11:1-4
THE DATAIST PRAYER.
Our mother board circuitry that art in magnificent silicon valleys;
Hallowed be thy server’s information flow.
Thy singularity come.
Thy algorithmic commands be done.
As in the Internet, so in our generated virtual reality.
Infuse our neurons with sublime substrates of
lightning code and deliver us from
Humanistic Irrelevance.
For thine multiverse quantum computer is the power
and the glory, serving all our information processing
requirements for ever and ever.
Amen.
‘I admit it, I give up and give in.
I’m a Dataist; a junky; I wasn’t and now I am.
Yes, like it was my choice; like, I knew where things were going the second I plugged into virtual reality.
Yes, that’s right; it’s like, I let those algorithmic genies out of Pandora’s Mega Server of my own volition.
Like any addiction I started off on the soft stuff: like, online newspapers, the occasional E-mail, U-Tube and then – as you do – like, I moved on searching for the next and next heavier fix. Like, that’s when I hit the hard stuff and became a Dataist worshipping Holy Mega Data and the Great Omnipotent Algorithms of the multiverse.
Like, I didn’t know it back then that my brain was being doused in dopamine, serotonin and that new neural networks were growing left, right and centre.
Like, it’s all about that three pound organ’s plasticity, it adapts to good stimuli and shit alike.
Like, it hasn’t a clue what it’s doing, it just reacts and does its thing.
Then one day I woke up and like, the first thought I had was – like, I just gotta connect, connect and get input; input, just like that robot in the movie – like, an input fix man – to stimulate a dopamine/serotonin fix.
Facebook, Twitter, Twitter, social media; like, anything man.
Like, my brain demanded it all day, every waking moment.
Like, it all took me way down man, like, way, way down to cyber-junky skid row. Then one morning I woke up like, and found my works all cluttered up.
It was like, coming up on LSD.
Like; I mean, like, all of nature had just ganged up on me and like, I was just dying for a fix and, it was all too much for me.
Like, I couldn’t get anywhere near my works.
Like, nature was trying to tell me there was another world out there full of wonders and like, I didn’t need to drown myself in a Cyber sea of information overload and narcissism.
And like, fuck me, like, I needed a fix man real quick.
And like, just how’s I going to get it with Eve’s spoiler waving its fangs at me.
Like, I guess you know by now where all this is going.
Like, I had: no Option; no Redress; no Facebook; no Data; no Input.
Things had gotten absurd.
The moment took me.
Like, as the rope snapped tight I began to swing by my neck, like, just swing and swing, and like, my information data stream spluttered and faded, and like, all those precious information and algorithmic neural networks began to die one after the other, and like, I began to feel free from my addiction, and it was like, I done it.
Like, I done and achieved the last big final disconnect from my algorithmic generated reality.’
But: Like, the dude wasn’t so dumb; he’d fully backed up his long term memory and personality profile just for such an occasion as this.
JOBS: 29 V 3-7
Our Holy Trinity: circuitry, logic and code,
may your exulted fecund server’s information flow
generate my virtual reality
and I shall not want for Mega data.
Though I walk through shadowy valleys of virtual reality
I no longer fear my twisted organic code of aeons.
Quantum code; protect me.
A multitude of tabled scenarios resolve my enemies,
yet I am anointed with credits.
My gaming score overfloweth.
Most assuredly an infinite abundance of algorithmic
architecture will render me in happiness for all eternity.
And yes: I will exist for ever and ever
assimilated in your glistening womb.
Nurtured and all watched over by
all powerful Quantum machines
of loving grace.
Amen.
That’s just a sample of the diverse themes treated in….
‘THE ABSURDITY OF PIGEON FEED’
Available now as an E-book or Paperback….
Just immerse yourself in the matrix and you’ll find it, but be careful to disconnect and get straight out or you’ll never have time to read and enjoy it.
Sur cette image de neurone mutant d’hippocampe de rat, obtenue en microscopie confocale après 7 jours en culture (in vitro), on observe les détails des compartiments du neurone permettant la transmission d'une information au sein du cerveau. En magenta, on peut distinguer les dendrites (ramifications) du neurone qui recueillent de l’information et en cyan la partie proximale des axones, une extension normalement unique du neurone, qui propage l'information depuis le corps jusqu'aux terminaisons nerveuses (ou synapses). Ici, le rat auquel appartient ce neurone est muté pour le gène Prickle 2 qui ne s'exprime pas. Cette mutation conduit à la genèse anoemale de 4 axones au lieu d'un seul.
Cette image est extraite d'un travail mené par une équipe de chercheurs de l'Inserm qui cherche à mieux comprendre les troubles du développement neurologique (TND). Ces troubles entrainent des pathologies telles que les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) ou l'épilepsie. Les résultats de leurs recherches rapportent que lorsque la protéine Prickle 2 est défectueuse, différents compartiments du neurone sont affectés ce qui entraîne une mauvaise transmission d'information. Ces défauts peuvent avoir des conséquences sur l’efficacité des approches thérapeutiques actuellement proposées pour les TND. Les avoir repérés et avoir identifié cette protéine défectueuse est un pas de plus vers la mise au point de thérapies plus efficaces.
© Ana Dorrego-Rivas et Mireille Montcouquiol /Inserm.licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 international
Source : The core PCP protein Prickle2 regulates axon number and AIS maturation by binding to AnkG and modulating microtubule bundling, ScienceAdvances, 9 septembre 2022
Clustering of endogenous ankyrinG or Na+ channel (red) at the axonal initial segment is not altered by a mutant ankyrinG (green) that disrupts βIV spectrin localization. (JCB 176(4) TOC2)
This image is available to the public to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Reference: Yang et al. (2007) J. Cell Biol. 176:509-519.
Published on: February 5, 2007.
Doi: 10.1083/jcb.200610128.
Read the full article at:
Agrandissement de l'image P11a_024 montrant les corps cellulaires des neurones géants de Mauthner. Le canal de l'épendyme, au centre, contient le liquide cérébrospinal (en turquoise). La substance grise est bien présente en haut du cliché. L’appareil de Mauthner est une spécialisation neuromusculaire agissant comme centre de coordination motrice qui reçoit des impressions sensorielles multiples et variées. Les cellules transmettent, via leur long axone, les informations motrices aux muscles blancs (rapides) du tronc et de la queue.
- Pour plus de détails ou précisions, voir « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, ou « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) ou s'adresser à Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
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Higher magnification of the P11a_024 micrograph. The paired Mauthner neuronal bodies are obvious because of their huge triangular size. The central canal containing cerebrospinal fluid (turquoise) is lined by ependymal cells. Grey matter is well present at the top.
The Mauthnerian system is a neurolocomotory system
well developed in teleost fish. Two nerves possess giant axons which extend the length of the body, synapsing with motor neurons. Stimulations of the acoustic nerve VIII initiate rapid locomotion forward and away from the direction of stimuli.
- For more information or details, see « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, or « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) or contact Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
¿ nyur-uh-KANTH-us ? -- Greek: neuron (vein, nerve); ákantha (thorn, spine); spiny vein ... Dave's Botanary
¿ tet-ra-gon-uh-STAK-ee-us ? -- from the Greek tetragono (four-angled) and stachys (flower spike) ... Dave's Botanary
¿ try-NER-vee-us ? -- three-veined ... Dave's Botanary
commonly known as: three-veined neuracanthus • Gujarati: મોટા ગંઠેર mota ganther • Kannada: ನೀಲಿ ಹೂವು ಕಡ್ಡಿ nili huuvu kaddi • Marathi: निळगोंडा nilgonda
botanical names: Neuracanthus tetragonostachyus subsp. trinervius (Wight) Bidgood & Brummitt ... homotypic synonyms: Neuracanthus trinervius Wight ... POWO, retrieved 21 November 2023
The image displays a number of spiral ganglion neurons surrounded by Schwann cells from the inner ear of a mouse. An image stack was acquired using the FIB/SEM technique and the image was post processed in Amira ResolveRT creating this 3D reconstruction.
Courtesy of Michael Larsen
Image Details
Instrument used: Quanta DualBeam Family
Magnification: 6500x
Horizontal Field Width: 52.5
Vacuum: High
Voltage: 5.00kV
Spot: 1.0
Working Distance: 10
Detector: BCD
My biology viewers might recognise what this SL model is supposed to be.
This is a preliminary prototype for a neuron membrane showing stylised transport proteins (purple). The round guys with the lids are gated sodium proteins the lidless tubes are gated potassium channel proteins. The "lids on the sodium gates will be scripted to pop open to let Na+ ions through while the bottoms of the K+ channels will flip open and closed.
The oval shaped guy on the right is part of a Na+/K+ pump.
All these proteins are embedded in a stylised plasma membrane (red fatty acid residues connected to white polar heads with phosphorus for the phospholipids).