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Mining and deforestation.
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This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Hugo Ahlenius, Riccardo Pravettoni
Photos taken in mid-late July, 2020 during a visit to Svalbard. These photos were taken during a brief "green" travel window with freedom of movement between Denmark, Norway, and Svalbard. With significant care and caution, I joined a small group for several days in Longyearbyen before taking a six day sailing trip with Hurtigruten up to the far northern tip of Svalbard, where we crossed 80 degrees north, and then returned to Longyearbyen. During the trip we also paused at the Russian settlement of Barentsberg.
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This is the site of an old clay mining operation in Golden, Colorado. Soft clay horizons occurred between hard sandstone intervals of the Laramie Formation. The beds here are vertically oriented - structural tilting occurred during the Laramide Orogeny in the Tertiary. The Laramie Formation is a nonmarine, coastal plain to deltaic succession of mostly mixed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks - sandstones, siltstones, claystones, and coals.
After clay mining ceased, the site became a landfill for ash from coal burning operations. Landfill activity buried many dinosaur footprints preserved in the Laramie Formation sandstones. The locality is now a "fossil preserve" with dinosaur footprints, plant fossils, and other features that can be closely examined along trails. An odd-looking golf course makes up the rest of the old clay mine.
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Two versions of on-site signage:
Clay Mining
Since 1877, five generations of the Parfet Family have mined clay from this area. Previously operated as the Parfet Clay Pit, the ceramic and brick industry used clay from this area primarily for bricks and sewer pipe. The Governor’s mansion, East and South High Schools in Denver, and the Jefferson County Hall of Justice in Golden were built from the distinctive tan bricks.
The clay, deposited in lakes and swamps 68 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous, is part of the Laramie Formation. Uplift of the modern day Rocky Mountains some 67-55 million years ago tilted the rock strata to their near vertical position. The clay layers were excavataed as trenches, leaving the vertical fins of sandstone visible today. Trace fossils such as dinosaur tracks and leaf impressions are visible on many of the remaining sandstone walls. The pits on either side of the trail contain fossil footprints that have yet to be detailed.
Logs, wedged horizontally between the sandstone walls, served as a warning device to miners. If the walls started to give way, the miners would hear the logs creak or “sing” and move to safety.
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Clay Mining
Clay from the Fossil Trace Golf Course, previously operated as the Parfet Clay Pits, has been mined for the ceramic and brick industries since 1877 by five generations of the Parfet family. The predominant uses of this clay were for brick and sewer pipe. The tan brick was used to build the Governor’s mansion, East and South High Schools in Denver and the Jefferson County Hall of Justice in Golden. The clay was deposited in small ponds and depressions about 70 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period and became part of the Laramie Formation. The rock strata were tilted vertical by the uplift of the modern day Rocky Mountains to the west approximately 60-65 million years ago. Clay layers were excavated as trenches, leaving vertical fins of sandstone, which contain trace fossils. The sandstone was originally sand which was deposited when adjacent streams overflowed their banks during flood events.
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Stratigraphy: Laramie Formation, Maastrichtian Stage, upper Upper Cretaceous
Locality: outcrops at Parfet Prehistoric Preserve, southern side of the town of Golden, Colorado, USA
Asteroid miner 3D-prints spacecraft prototype with alien metal | MINING.com ift.tt/1UEmq4f Ingo Valgma ift.tt/1IXzr6f
1947 peoples optical building was demolished in 1995 but the five limestone bas-relief panels showing canadian industry were saved.
they now reside in the queen street subway station lobby.
Photo by Colleen Unroe. Please share and repost #apprising #stopmtr
appalachiarising.org/donations-needed-for-legal-support-o...
A Mining Bee (Andrena sp.) on a flower in Big Bend National Park.
Raynox DCR-150 mounted on my Panasonic FZ8.
Mining bee (Colletes hederae) emerging from its burrow in a vertical wall of sandy earth. Arne, Dorset, UK.
Seit 1951 arbeitete mein Vater im Kalibergwerk. This photo was taken in a potash mine about 600 metres below surface.
Showers at The Dry where the miners’ lockers were kept.
Tin was mined at Geevor from the 18th Century under the name East Levant Mine until 1840, then North Levant from 1851 to 1891, when it was closed. It became Geevor Mine in 1911. Tin mining was badly affected by collapses in the price of tin in the 1980s, but despite efforts to keep the mine running, it closed down in 1990, the pumps being turned off in 1991, flooding the mine. There is tin in the mine, but extraction is economically unviable. Later it was turned into a tourist attraction.
Publication: Engineering News - Record
Date of Publication: Sept 5, 1946
This image has been digitally watermarked and is subject to copyright, use without permission prohibited. © C. Hille
Full Quality Version available at: Download TIFF from MAGIC
Title: Atlas accompanying volume III on Mining industry / United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel; Clarence King, Geologist in charge.
Conference: United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel (1867-1881)
Other title: Mining industry atlas
Publisher: New York : J. Bien, [187-?].
Subjects: Mines and mineral resources --United States --Maps.
Location: Babbidge Map Library Double Oversize-NonCirculating-Level 4
Call Number: G1201.H1 U53 1870
Old mining exploration road leading up to the Burwash Uplands. Following the road sure beats thrashing through 12 feet tall willow bushes.
And old "Beam" single-cylinder steam engine used in Colorado mining. Used for pumping and lifting, these engines were not efficient and were replaced by other types. But gold (and silver, ...) were powerful incentives so the mining folks did not wait for efficiency - they wanted things "yesterday", if not sooner.
So critical to the war effort was Pennsylvania's anthracite that a Richmond newspaper contended that Confederate General Lee had concocted a plan to destroy its coal mining operations during his 1863 invasion of the Keystone State.