Sp. P. occidentalis occidentalis

Known in Puerto Rico as Pelícano Pardo Official SEO name Pelícano Alcatraz

___________________________________________________________________________________

Clasificación Cientifica// Scientific classification

Orden: Pelecaniformes

Familia: Pelecanidae

Género: Pelecanus

Especie: P. occidentalis

___________________________________________________________________________________

Fun Facts:

The Brown Pelican flies singly or in small flocks, sometimes almost touching the ocean surface to take advantage of the "ground effect" i.e., increased lift from the cushion of air that forms under the wing near a flat surface. It hunts for schools of small fish or shrimp, and suddenly dives straight down to capture a school in its huge throat pouch. M. Oberle -Puerto Rico's Birds in Photographs

It then tilts its head back and drains the water out before dining on its catch. Frigatebirds and Laughing Gulls sometimes steal its food

Although the pelican is generally cautious about humans’ approach, sometimes it boldly lands on a dock or even in a swimming pool! It breeds throughout the year with peak nesting activity from April to June and from November to January; building large stick nests usually in traditional colony sites on offshore islands. M. Oberle -Puerto Rico's Birds in Photographs

The Brown Pelican was on the federal endangered species list, but is frequently seen feeding in coastal areas. Its nesting success declined due to egg damage from the insecticide DDT, but has increased with the ban on that insecticide. The population in Puerto Rico experiences low fledging success. Major die-offs---primarily of juvenile pelicans--- occur regularly. Nevertheless, the population has experienced a major recovery since a ban on DDT was placed. Population estimates place the total number of individuals arround 620,000 on its range.

This phenomenon is not well understood. Dozens of pelicans in Puerto Rico have been documented to have died while trying to swallow the South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, an escaped aquarium fish native to South America. Nesting colonies are susceptible to disturbance by human visitors and nest predators. The Caribbean population numbers only 1,500 nesting pairs, but migrants from North America also winter in the West Indies M. Oberle -Puerto Rico's Birds in Photographs

Datos Curiosos:

El Pelícano Pardo vuela solo o en pequeñas bandadas, a veces casi tocando la superficie del mar. Al volar a poca altura sobre el mar, se aprovecha del cojín de aire que se forma bajo las alas y sobre las aguas tranquilas para mantenerse a flote. Vuela en busca de cardúmenes de pequeños peces o camarones y de repente se deja caer verticalmente al agua para capturar un grupo entero en su enorme saco gular. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

Ya en la superficie, echa la cabeza para atrás para filtrar el alimento antes de tragar, aunque de vez en cuando las Tijeretas y las Gaviotas Gallegas le roban la comida. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

Esta especie es generalmente arisca pero a veces se posa con toda confianza en los muelles y hasta se le ha visto flotando en una piscina. Anida a lo largo de todo el año, con picos de actividad reproductora de abril a junio y de noviembre a enero. Construye grandes nidos de ramas en colonias tradicionales situadas en cayos. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

El Pelícano Pardo se encontraba en la lista federal de especies en peligro de extinción, aunque actualmente es un residente permanente común y es observado con frecuencia mientras pesca en las costas marinas. Su éxito reproductivo disminuyó con el daño causado a los huevos por el DDT, pero con la prohibición del insecticida ha mejorado. La población en Puerto Rico sufre de un bajo éxito reproductivo.

Grandes mortandades---principalmente de pelícanos juveniles-ocurren regularmente, un fenómeno que no se entiende del todo. Las colonias de cría son susceptibles a los disturbios humanos y los depredadores de nidos. La población en el Caribe consiste de 1,500 parejas nidificantes, número que aumenta con la llegada de individuos migratorios de América del Norte en invierno. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

Tercer lugar: “Morir en El Salvador” presentado por Francisco Javier Campos, de El Salvador. Formato fotogalería

Programa Desarrollo Humano y Migraciones.

A Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Black Swan, photographed in Brasília's Zoo, Brazil.

The Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia.

Taxonomy:

Black swans were first seen by Europeans in 1697, when Willem de Vlamingh's expedition explored the Swan River, Western Australia.

The black swan was described scientifically by English naturalist John Latham in 1790. It was formerly placed into a monotypic genus, Chenopis.

The common name ‘Swan’ is a gender neutral term, but ‘cob’ for a male and ‘pen’ for a female are also used, as is ‘cygnet’ for the young. Collective nouns include a ‘bank’ (on the ground) and a ‘wedge’ (in flight). Black Swans can be found singly, or in loose companies numbering into the hundreds or even thousands.

Description:

Black Swans are primarily black feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers.

A mature Black Swan measures between 110 and 142 cm (43-56 in) in length and weighs 3.7–9 kg (8.1-20 lbs). Its wing span is between 1.6 and 2 metres (5.3-6.5 ft). The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an "S".

The Black Swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water or in flight, as well as a range of softer crooning notes. It can also whistle, especially when disturbed while breeding and nesting.

The Black Swan is unlike any other Australian bird, although in poor light and at long range it may be confused with a Magpie Goose in flight. However, the black swan can be distinguished by its much longer neck and slower wing beat.

Distribution:

The species has a large range, with figures between one to ten million km² given as the extent of occurrence. The current global population is estimated to be up to 500,000 individuals. No threat of extinction, or significant decline in population has been identified with this numerous and widespread bird.

The Black Swan is common in the wetlands of south western and eastern Australia and adjacent coastal islands. In the south west the range ecompasses an area between North West Cape, Cape Leeuwin and Eucla; while in the east it covers are large region bounded by the Atherton Tableland, the Eyre Peninsula and Tasmania, with the Murray Darling Basin supporting very large populations of black swans. It is uncommon in central and northern Australia.

The Black Swan’s preferred habitat extends across fresh, brackish and salt water lakes, swamps and rivers with underwater and emergent vegetation for food and nesting materials. Permanent wetlands are preferred, including ornamental lakes, but black swans can also be found in flooded pastures and tidal mudflats, and occasionally on the open sea near islands or the shore.

Black Swans were once thought to be sedentary, but the species is now known to be highly nomadic. There is no set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse immigration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas.

Black Swans, like many other water fowl, lose all their flight feathers at once when they moult after breeding, and they are unable to fly for about a month. During this time they will usually settle on large, open waters for safety.

Introduced populations

Before the arrival of the Māori in New Zealand, a sub-species of the Black Swan known as the New Zealand Swan had developed in the islands, but was apparently hunted to extinction. In 1864, the Australian Black Swan was introduced to New Zealand as an ornamental waterfowl, and populations are now common on larger coastal or inland lakes, especially Rotorua Lakes, Lake Wairarapa and Lake Ellesmere, and the Chatham Islands.[6] Black Swans have also naturally flown to New Zealand, leading some people to consider them a native rather than exotic species, although the present population appears to be largely descended from deliberate introductions.

The Black Swan is also very popular as an ornamental waterbird in Western Europe, especially Britain, and escapes are commonly reported. As yet the population in Britain is not considered to be self-sustaining and so the species is not afforded admission to the official British List, but the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust have recorded a maximum of nine breeding pairs in the UK in 2001, with an estimate of 43 feral birds in 2003/04 (though that is undoubtedly an under-estimate given the level of monitoring undertaken).

A colony of Black Swans in Dawlish, Devon has become so well associated with the town that the bird has been the town's emblem for forty years.

Behaviour:

When swimming, black swans hold their necks arched or erect, and often carry their feathers or wings raised in an aggressive display. In flight, a wedge of black swans will form as a line or a V, with the individual birds flying strongly with undulating long necks, making whistling sounds with their wings and baying, bugling or trumpeting calls.

Nesting:

Generally, black swans nest in the wetter winter months (February to September), occasionally in large colonies. A typical clutch contains 4 to 8 greenish-white eggs that are incubated for about 35–40 days. After hatching, the cygnets are tended by the parents for about 6 months until fledging, and may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water.

A Black Swan nest is essentially a large heap or mound of reeds, grasses and weeds between 1 and 1.5 metres (3-4½ feet) in diameter and up to 1 metre high, in shallow water or on islands. A nest is reused every year, restored or rebuilt as needed. Both parents share the care of the nest. Like other swans, the black swan is largely monogamous, pairing for life (about 6% divorce rate). Recent studies have shown that around a third of all broods exhibit extra-pair paternity.

Sexuality:

An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are homosexual and they steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. Several swan species exhibit lifelong homosocial behaviours, and the same phenomenon can also be found in a number of other water-birds, notably geese and flamingos, where it serves as a flexible life strategy.

In swans, the pair is the central social unit. The birds reinforce the unit with frequent preening and sex. When one dies the other will usually live out the remainder of its life alone, which is also the norm for male-female couples. The pair builds nests, raise cygnets and defends the territory. Two cobs, being bigger and stronger than a cob (male) and a pen, (female) can hold down a larger territory, and provide their cygnets with more to eat.

Such same-sex pairs represent a major fitness bonus to a pen, and pens without partners will seek out these couples, have sex with one or other of the cobs and lay eggs in their nest. She is then chased off, not being a part of the pair, and the cobs raise the cygnets themselves. Having access to more food the brood have up to ten times the survival rate of a brood with a heterosexual swan couple. From an evolutionary point of view, this is a very rewarding strategy for the cobs as well.

This situation only holds true as long as a nest and/or a territory is in short supply. The two males will have a fitness loss in that they (1) have no guarantee they are the actual fathers of the cygnets (not being bonded with the female) and (2) will have to split reproduction between them.

A same-sex lifestyle will be advantageous in some situations, but not in others. However, having a partner is a requisite for building a nest and keeping a territory, and an opposite-sex partner may not always be available when forming pairs. Thus, the ability to form a male pair is a normal part of the black swan’s social behaviour and an example of a flexible life strategy in the species.

Conservation:

The Black Swan is protected under the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974. It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Australian culture:

Main article: Black Swan emblems and popular culture

The Black Swan was a literary or artistic image, even before the discovery of Cygnus atratus. Cultural reference has been based on symbolic contrast and as a distinctive motif.

The Black Swan's role in Australian heraldry and culture extends to the first founding of the colonies in the eighteenth century. It has often been equated with antipodean identity, the contrast to the white swan of the northern hemisphere indicating 'Australianess'. The Black Swan is featured on the flag, and is both the state and bird emblem, of Western Australia; it also appears in the Coat of Arms and other iconography of the state's institutions.

Fotografado no Zoológico de Brasília, Brasil.

Um texto, em português, da Wikipédia:

O Cisne-negro (Cygnus atratus) é uma ave aquática australiana . É a ave oficial do estado da Austrália Ocidental.

Pertence à família Anatidae, a que pertencem os patos, gansos, e cisnes.

Podem-se encontrar em todos os estados da Austrália. O animal adulto pode pesar até 9 kg. Ao contrário de muitas outras aves aquáticas, os cisnes negros não têm hábitos migratórios. Passam a sua vida no local onde nasceram.

Nidificam em grandes aterros que constroem, no meio de lagos poucos profundos. Os ninhos são utilizados de ano para ano, reparando-se e reconstruindo-se quando necessário. O ninho está tanto ao cuidado do macho quanto ao cuidado da fêmea. Quando as crias já estão aptas para nadar, com a sua plumagem definitiva, é comum ver famílias inteiras em busca de alimento nos lagos.

Os cisnes são aves aquáticas da sub-família Anserinae, que inclui também os gansos. No seu conjunto formam o género Cygnus, sendo caracterizados pelo longo pescoço e por patas curtas. A sua distribuição geográfica é diversificada, sendo os cisnes do hemisfério norte brancos, enquanto que os do hemisfério sul apresentam plumagem por vezes colorida. Os cisnes formam casais monogâmicos e constroem ninhos onde chocam entre 3 a 8 ovos. Se a nidificação falha, é comum os membros do casal procurarem outro parceiro.

Espécies

Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) - Cisne-negro

Cygnus melanocorypha (Molina, 1782) - Cisne-de-pescoço-preto

Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) - Cisne-branco

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1831 - Cisne-trombeteiro

Cygnus columbianus (Ord, 1815) - Cisne-pequeno

Cygnus bewickii Yarrel, 1830 - Cisne-de-bewick

Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cisne-bravo

Cisnes na Cultura:

O Patinho Feio, um conto de Hans Christian Andersen

O Lago dos Cisnes, um bailado

Cisne Negro Companhia de Dança (Brasil)

Os cisnes aparecem na face nacional das Moedas de euro finlandesas

Cygnus é o nome de uma constelação.

Río Lagartos, Yucatán, México, Peninsula de Yucatan

14-nov-12

Tangara Escarlata. Scarlet Tanager. Piranga olivacea.

Laguna de las Ilusiones

Villahermosa, Tabasco, México

09-Mayo-2013

Although they are supposedly a very common bird, I never saw them around Oakland before. Today I felt very lucky to be able to capture a shot of this little young guy.

Apparently they lay beautifully colored turquoise eggs.

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Thank you for viewing my photograph!

Tennessee Warbler, Reinita Verdilla, Cazadorcita, by Luis Vargas, San Rafaél de Escazú, San José, Costa Rica, noviembre 2010.

Reino: Animalia

Filo: Chordata

Clase: Aves

Orden: Passeriformes

Familia: Parulidae

Género: Oreothlypis

Especie: O. peregrina

(Wilson, 1811)

Habana, 17 de junio de 2021.- En la mañana de este jueves sesionó de manera virtual la XIV Reunión del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Asuntos Migratorios y Consulares entre la República de Cuba y los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. La delegación cubana estuvo presidida por el viceministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Gerardo Peñalver Portal, mientras que la delegación mexicana estuvo encabezada por el subsecretario de Relaciones Exteriores, Maximiliano Reyes Zúñiga. Foto: Félix San Nicolás / MINREX

A Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Black Swan, photographed in Brasília's Zoo, Brazil.

The Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia.

Taxonomy:

Black swans were first seen by Europeans in 1697, when Willem de Vlamingh's expedition explored the Swan River, Western Australia.

The black swan was described scientifically by English naturalist John Latham in 1790. It was formerly placed into a monotypic genus, Chenopis.

The common name ‘Swan’ is a gender neutral term, but ‘cob’ for a male and ‘pen’ for a female are also used, as is ‘cygnet’ for the young. Collective nouns include a ‘bank’ (on the ground) and a ‘wedge’ (in flight). Black Swans can be found singly, or in loose companies numbering into the hundreds or even thousands.

Description:

Black Swans are primarily black feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers.

A mature Black Swan measures between 110 and 142 cm (43-56 in) in length and weighs 3.7–9 kg (8.1-20 lbs). Its wing span is between 1.6 and 2 metres (5.3-6.5 ft). The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an "S".

The Black Swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water or in flight, as well as a range of softer crooning notes. It can also whistle, especially when disturbed while breeding and nesting.

The Black Swan is unlike any other Australian bird, although in poor light and at long range it may be confused with a Magpie Goose in flight. However, the black swan can be distinguished by its much longer neck and slower wing beat.

Distribution:

The species has a large range, with figures between one to ten million km² given as the extent of occurrence. The current global population is estimated to be up to 500,000 individuals. No threat of extinction, or significant decline in population has been identified with this numerous and widespread bird.

The Black Swan is common in the wetlands of south western and eastern Australia and adjacent coastal islands. In the south west the range ecompasses an area between North West Cape, Cape Leeuwin and Eucla; while in the east it covers are large region bounded by the Atherton Tableland, the Eyre Peninsula and Tasmania, with the Murray Darling Basin supporting very large populations of black swans. It is uncommon in central and northern Australia.

The Black Swan’s preferred habitat extends across fresh, brackish and salt water lakes, swamps and rivers with underwater and emergent vegetation for food and nesting materials. Permanent wetlands are preferred, including ornamental lakes, but black swans can also be found in flooded pastures and tidal mudflats, and occasionally on the open sea near islands or the shore.

Black Swans were once thought to be sedentary, but the species is now known to be highly nomadic. There is no set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse immigration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas.

Black Swans, like many other water fowl, lose all their flight feathers at once when they moult after breeding, and they are unable to fly for about a month. During this time they will usually settle on large, open waters for safety.

Introduced populations

Before the arrival of the Māori in New Zealand, a sub-species of the Black Swan known as the New Zealand Swan had developed in the islands, but was apparently hunted to extinction. In 1864, the Australian Black Swan was introduced to New Zealand as an ornamental waterfowl, and populations are now common on larger coastal or inland lakes, especially Rotorua Lakes, Lake Wairarapa and Lake Ellesmere, and the Chatham Islands.[6] Black Swans have also naturally flown to New Zealand, leading some people to consider them a native rather than exotic species, although the present population appears to be largely descended from deliberate introductions.

The Black Swan is also very popular as an ornamental waterbird in Western Europe, especially Britain, and escapes are commonly reported. As yet the population in Britain is not considered to be self-sustaining and so the species is not afforded admission to the official British List, but the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust have recorded a maximum of nine breeding pairs in the UK in 2001, with an estimate of 43 feral birds in 2003/04 (though that is undoubtedly an under-estimate given the level of monitoring undertaken).

A colony of Black Swans in Dawlish, Devon has become so well associated with the town that the bird has been the town's emblem for forty years.

Behaviour:

When swimming, black swans hold their necks arched or erect, and often carry their feathers or wings raised in an aggressive display. In flight, a wedge of black swans will form as a line or a V, with the individual birds flying strongly with undulating long necks, making whistling sounds with their wings and baying, bugling or trumpeting calls.

Nesting:

Generally, black swans nest in the wetter winter months (February to September), occasionally in large colonies. A typical clutch contains 4 to 8 greenish-white eggs that are incubated for about 35–40 days. After hatching, the cygnets are tended by the parents for about 6 months until fledging, and may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water.

A Black Swan nest is essentially a large heap or mound of reeds, grasses and weeds between 1 and 1.5 metres (3-4½ feet) in diameter and up to 1 metre high, in shallow water or on islands. A nest is reused every year, restored or rebuilt as needed. Both parents share the care of the nest. Like other swans, the black swan is largely monogamous, pairing for life (about 6% divorce rate). Recent studies have shown that around a third of all broods exhibit extra-pair paternity.

Sexuality:

An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are homosexual and they steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. Several swan species exhibit lifelong homosocial behaviours, and the same phenomenon can also be found in a number of other water-birds, notably geese and flamingos, where it serves as a flexible life strategy.

In swans, the pair is the central social unit. The birds reinforce the unit with frequent preening and sex. When one dies the other will usually live out the remainder of its life alone, which is also the norm for male-female couples. The pair builds nests, raise cygnets and defends the territory. Two cobs, being bigger and stronger than a cob (male) and a pen, (female) can hold down a larger territory, and provide their cygnets with more to eat.

Such same-sex pairs represent a major fitness bonus to a pen, and pens without partners will seek out these couples, have sex with one or other of the cobs and lay eggs in their nest. She is then chased off, not being a part of the pair, and the cobs raise the cygnets themselves. Having access to more food the brood have up to ten times the survival rate of a brood with a heterosexual swan couple. From an evolutionary point of view, this is a very rewarding strategy for the cobs as well.

This situation only holds true as long as a nest and/or a territory is in short supply. The two males will have a fitness loss in that they (1) have no guarantee they are the actual fathers of the cygnets (not being bonded with the female) and (2) will have to split reproduction between them.

A same-sex lifestyle will be advantageous in some situations, but not in others. However, having a partner is a requisite for building a nest and keeping a territory, and an opposite-sex partner may not always be available when forming pairs. Thus, the ability to form a male pair is a normal part of the black swan’s social behaviour and an example of a flexible life strategy in the species.

Conservation:

The Black Swan is protected under the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974. It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Australian culture:

Main article: Black Swan emblems and popular culture

The Black Swan was a literary or artistic image, even before the discovery of Cygnus atratus. Cultural reference has been based on symbolic contrast and as a distinctive motif.

The Black Swan's role in Australian heraldry and culture extends to the first founding of the colonies in the eighteenth century. It has often been equated with antipodean identity, the contrast to the white swan of the northern hemisphere indicating 'Australianess'. The Black Swan is featured on the flag, and is both the state and bird emblem, of Western Australia; it also appears in the Coat of Arms and other iconography of the state's institutions.

Fotografado no Zoológico de Brasília, Brasil.

Um texto, em português, da Wikipédia:

O Cisne-negro (Cygnus atratus) é uma ave aquática australiana . É a ave oficial do estado da Austrália Ocidental.

Pertence à família Anatidae, a que pertencem os patos, gansos, e cisnes.

Podem-se encontrar em todos os estados da Austrália. O animal adulto pode pesar até 9 kg. Ao contrário de muitas outras aves aquáticas, os cisnes negros não têm hábitos migratórios. Passam a sua vida no local onde nasceram.

Nidificam em grandes aterros que constroem, no meio de lagos poucos profundos. Os ninhos são utilizados de ano para ano, reparando-se e reconstruindo-se quando necessário. O ninho está tanto ao cuidado do macho quanto ao cuidado da fêmea. Quando as crias já estão aptas para nadar, com a sua plumagem definitiva, é comum ver famílias inteiras em busca de alimento nos lagos.

Os cisnes são aves aquáticas da sub-família Anserinae, que inclui também os gansos. No seu conjunto formam o género Cygnus, sendo caracterizados pelo longo pescoço e por patas curtas. A sua distribuição geográfica é diversificada, sendo os cisnes do hemisfério norte brancos, enquanto que os do hemisfério sul apresentam plumagem por vezes colorida. Os cisnes formam casais monogâmicos e constroem ninhos onde chocam entre 3 a 8 ovos. Se a nidificação falha, é comum os membros do casal procurarem outro parceiro.

Espécies

Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) - Cisne-negro

Cygnus melanocorypha (Molina, 1782) - Cisne-de-pescoço-preto

Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) - Cisne-branco

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1831 - Cisne-trombeteiro

Cygnus columbianus (Ord, 1815) - Cisne-pequeno

Cygnus bewickii Yarrel, 1830 - Cisne-de-bewick

Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cisne-bravo

Cisnes na Cultura:

O Patinho Feio, um conto de Hans Christian Andersen

O Lago dos Cisnes, um bailado

Cisne Negro Companhia de Dança (Brasil)

Os cisnes aparecem na face nacional das Moedas de euro finlandesas

Cygnus é o nome de uma constelação.

Tirano Viajero, Eastern Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus, Aves, Mexico

Ruinas El Rey

Cancun, Quintana Roo, México.

31.mzo.14

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JURA MPB SHOW 2022 SORRIA SEM CAMERA, CONVERSE SEM CELULAR, AJUDE SEM PLATÉIA , AME SEM CONDIÇÕES ! festas 00 55 88 99963 1598 whatsapp shows, festas, eventos musicais !

MULE DEER ......................................

black-tailed deer

CIERVO MULO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

venado bura, ciervo mula, venado mulo, ciervo bura, venado bura de california, venado cola negra, ciervo burro

VEADO-MULA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)

Orden: .......................Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 (= Cetartiodactyla) (Artiodáctilos)

Suborden: ................Ruminantia Scopoli, 1777 (= Rumiantes)

Infraorden: ................Pecora Flower, 1883 (= Pecoros )

Superfamilia: ...........Cervoidea

Familia: .....................Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820 (= Cérvidos= Ciervos)

Subfamilia: ...............Capreolinae (= Odocoileinae, New World deer)

Género: .....................Odocoileus Rafinesque, 1832

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Este hermoso ciervo, de notable cornamenta, es muy buscado por los cazadores norteamericanos.

Su nombre vulgar se debe a que sus grandes orejas recuerdan a las de las mulas.

Comparte el mismo género otra especie mucho más extendida y famosa:

El Ciervo de Virginia, Venado de cola blanca, Ciervo de cola blanca, Venado de Virginia

White-tailed deer, Virginia deer, whitetail

(Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann, 1780).

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DISTRIBUCIÓN:

Este ciervo habita en las regiones occidentales del Canadá, México, y los EE.UU.

El borde oriental de su rango se extiende desde el suroeste de Saskatchewan por el centro de Dakota del Norte y Dakota del Sur, Nebraska, Kansas y el oeste de Texas.

Registros aislados se han reportado desde Minnesota, Iowa y Missouri.

Vacíos importantes en la distribución geográfica se dan en el sur de Nevada, sudeste de California, el suroeste de Arizona, y en la región desértica del Gran Lago Salado.

Aparte de estos vacíos se encuentra en todos los biomas del oeste de Norte América desde el centro de México hacia el norte, con excepción de la tundra Ártica, hasta la franja austral de Alaska.

CANADÁ (territorios en los que esta especie se encuentra)

Manitoba, Alberta, Columbia Británica, Territorios del Noroeste, y Yukón.

E.E.U.U. (estados en los que esta especie se encuentra)

Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Islas Hawaii (introducido), Idaho , Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Nuevo México, Oklahoma, Oregon, Dakota del Norte, Dakota del Sur, Texas, Utah, Washington, y Wyoming.

MÉXICO (estados en los que esta especie se encuentra)

Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, y Tamaulipas.

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REGIONES DONDE FUE INTRODUCIDO:

ARGENTINA:

Provincia de Catamarca:

Sierra de Ambato.

Provincia de Tucumán:

Sierra del Aconquija.

ISLAS HAWAII:

Kauai.

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SISTEMÁTICA:

La especie se puede dividir en dos grupos:

el grupo columbianus o ciervo de cola Negra (que incluye también sitkensis);

y el grupo nominal hemionus o Venado Bura sensu stricto (que incluye también californicus, cerrosensis, eremicus, fuliginatus, inyoensis, peninsulae, y sheldoni).

Dorcelaphus crooki Mearns, 1897 se basa en un híbrido entre Odocoileus virginianus y O. hemionus.

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RAZAS:

Estas son las razas del ciervo mulo:

Grupo Columbianus:

Odocoileus hemionus columbianus Richardson, 1829.

VENADO de COLA NEGRA COLUMBIANO, Venado costero

Columbian black-tailed, coast deer

(Columbia Británica hasta el norte de California)

Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Merriam, 1898.

CIERVO SITKA

Sitka deer

En el oeste de la Columbia Británica, en la zona costera y en las islas.

Grupo Hemionus:

Odocoileus hemionus californicus Caton, 1876.

CIERVO MULO de CALIFORNIA

California mule deer

En el estado de California.

Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis Merriam, 1898.

VENADO BURA de la ISLA CEDROS (Cerros)

Cedros Island mule deer

Isla Cerros, Baja California.

Odocoileus hemionus eremicus Mearns, 1897.

CIERVO BURRO

Burro deer

Noroeste de México y Arizona.

Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus Cowan, 1933.

VENADO BURA SUREÑO

Southern mule deer

En el Sur del estado de California.

Odocoileus hemionus hemionus Rafinesque, 1817.

VENADO BURA de las ROCALLOSAS

Rocky Mountain mule deer

Oeste y centro de América del Norte.

Odocoileus hemionus inyoensis Cowan, 1933.

CIERVO MULO INYO

Inyo mule deer

En el estado de California.

Odocoileus hemionus peninsulae Lydekker, 1898.

VENADO BURA PENINSULAR

Peninsula mule deer

Península de Baja California.

Odocoileus hemionus sheldoni Goldman, 1939.

CIERVO MULO de la ISLA TIBURÓN

Tiburon Island mule deer

Isla Tiburón.

Odocoileus hemionus crooki (resultó un híbrido).

CIERVO MULO del DESIERTO

Desert mule deer

Norte de México.

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CARACTERÍSTICAS:

El pelaje de la hembra varía desde el marrón gris oscuro, gris ceniza oscuro a claro, hasta marrón rojizo uniforme.

El parche trasero puede ser blanco o amarillento, mientras que el parche en la garganta es de color blanco.

Las colas blancas de la mayoría de los ejemplares terminan en un mechón de pelo negro, o menos comúnmente, en un penacho de finos pelos blancos.

En algunos ciervos mula, una línea dorsal oscura se extiende desde el lomo, hasta la punta negra de la cola.

Todas las marcas varían considerablemente en esta especie, pero se mantienen constantes durante toda la vida del individuo.

Posee una marca oscura en forma de V, que se extiende desde entre los ojos hacia arriba y lateralmente, siendo más evidente en los machos. El crecimiento durante el primer año es casi paralelo en machos y hembras.

A partir de entonces, los machos, serán superiores a las hembras en: peso , perímetro torácico, perímetro del cuello, longitud del cuerpo, longitud de la cabeza, anchura del cráneo, altura del hombro, longitud de retropié, y la longitud de la pezuña.

El peso oscila desde 45 hasta 150 kg en los machos, y 43 a 75 kg en las hembras.

La circunferencia de pecho oscila entre 80 y 117 cm en los machos, y 78 a 97 cm en las hembras.

La circunferencia del cuello va de 30 a 65 cm en los machos, y 26 a 38 cm en las hembras.

La longitud del cuerpo oscila entre 126 a 168 cm en los machos, y 125 a 156 cm en las hembras.

La altura a los hombros varía desde 84 hasta 106 cm en los machos, y 80 a 100 cm en las hembras.

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CORNAMENTA:

La hembra carece de cuernos en todas las etapas de su vida, siendo el macho el único que los posee.

La cornamenta (hueso compacto constituído fundamentalmente por fósforo y calcio) le empieza a crecer en el verano por el aumento del nivel de testosterona, y con otro cambio hormonal en el otoño la cornamenta deja de crecer, para finalmente caer al final del invierno, después del apareamiento.

A las astas les toma pocos meses el desarrollarse plenamente de nuevo.

En un principio las cubre una capa de piel, llamado "terciopelo", o "velvet", que es desprendida una vez que la cornamenta llegó al pleno crecimiento.

Una nueva cornamenta crece cada año siendo más grande que la del año anterior.

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COMPORTAMIENTO:

Los venados bura viven en una gran variedad de hábitats como bosques, desiertos, y arbustales.

Las poblaciones que viven en las montañas migran a mayores altitudes durante los meses cálidos en busca de hierbas, ramas y brotes de arbustos.

Es un excelente nadador.

Mantienen territorios separados para el invierno y el verano, los que están conectados por un corredor migratorio, lo que implica movimientos más allá del rango de origen a distancias de hasta 8 km.

En climas templados no migran.

El sistema social se compone de clanes de hembras relacionados por ascendencia materna.

Estos clanes son los defensores de los recursos facultativos.

Los machos se dispersan en forma individual o global en grupos de individuos no emparentados.

Durante el invierno y la primavera, la estabilidad de los clanes femeninos y grupos de machos se mantiene con las jerarquías de dominación.

La comunicación se ve facilitada por células secretoras sebáceas y sudoríparas de cinco glándulas tegumentarias.

Las células de cada glándula producen olores específicos (feromonas) que provocan reacciones específicas en sus congéneres.

La glándula metatarsiana produce una feromona de alarma, les ayuda la glándula tarsal en el reconocimiento mutuo, la glándula interdigital deja un rastro de olor, y la función de la glándula de la cola es desconocida.

La orina tiene una función de feromonal en todas las edades y para ambos sexos.

Se deposita en mechones de pelo que rodean las glándulas tarsales.

En cervatillos, funciona como una señal de socorro, mientras que en adultos funciona como una señal de amenaza.

Sus principales enemigos naturales son el oso grizzly, el oso negro, lobos, coyotes, pumas, águilas reales, perros salvajes, y linces.

Se especializa en la detección de peligro a una distancia muy larga por medio de las grandes orejas y una excelente visión.

Los machos pueden detectar visualmente a otro animal a 600 metros, teniendo una visión binocular excelente, si bien no pueden detectar objetos inmóviles, aunque es extraordinariamente sensible a los objetos en movimiento.

El sentido del oído es también muy agudo.

Suele irse al trote, deteniéndose con frecuencia para obtener información sobre la perturbación; se combinada con la liberación de aroma metatarsiano que inhibe la alimentación, muy ventajoso ya que hace que estén con otros vinculados; esta estrategia también da lugar a la formación de grupos.

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REPRODUCCIÓN:

Es una especie polígama.

Las hembras tienden a permanecer cerca del lugar en que nacieron, mientras que los machos se dispersan, establecen sus propios territorios donde competirán por las hembras.

El período de celo y apareamiento ocurre en el otoño boreal.

El pico de reproducción ocurre principalmente desde finales de noviembre hasta mediados de diciembre.

El peso y el volumen testicular son máximos durante noviembre y mínimos durante abril y mayo.

Durante esta época, los machos rivales disputan antagónicamente por las hembras, las que pueden finalizar con la huída de uno de los contendientes o enzarzándose en una lucha que puede hacerse bastante violenta.

De este modo, el macho más grande y fuerte, y los que poseen las mayores astas, realizan la mayoría de las cópulas.

La ovulación se produce de 12 a 14 horas después de que termina el estro.

Aproximadamente entre 27 a 29 días transcurren entre la concepción y la implantación.

La gestación es de aproximadamente de 204 a 207 días.

El pico máximo de nacimientos ocurre desde el16 junio al 6 julio, con la mayoría de los nacimientos ocurriendo en junio.

Las crías nacen con manchas en el pelaje lo cual les sirve como camuflaje; y pesan de 2 a 5 kg. con un promedio de 2.950 gr (103.84 oz).

El destete comienza alrededor de las 5 semanas de edad y generalmente se completa a la edad de 16 semanas.

El desarrollo completo se produce en alrededor de 49 meses de edad en machos y 37 meses de edad en las hembras.

Sin embargo, la ganancia en peso continua hasta una edad de 120 meses en los machos y 96 meses en las hembras.

Ambos sexos pueden comenzar a reproducirse al contar, en promedio, con 503 días de vida.

La mayoría de las hembras logra concebir durante su segundo año y sólo en raras ocasiones durante su primer año.

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CONSERVACIÓN:

Causa daño en las plantaciones de Pino ponderosa, y abeto Douglas que se regeneran mediante la plantación de plantas de vivero, ya que estas especies son sus forrajeras preferidas, con una intensidad suficiente para influir en la regeneración del bosque en muchas áreas.

Es de gran interés para los cazadores; y como las poblaciones son lo suficientemente grandes se apoya la caza durante dos o tres semanas en el otoño, lo cual genera ingresos para las economías locales.

Varios programas de manejo de hábitat incluyen la manipulación del pastoreo por el ganado, la manipulación de las comunidades cultivadas, y la manipulación de las comunidades forestales.

Las etapas de sucesión óptima son las comunidades vegetales subclimaxicas, las que sólo pueden perpetuarsen a través de la influencia de los seres humanos.

Puede transmitir enfermedades víricas al ganada bovino como la fiebre aftosa; infección que se caracteriza por ampollas en la boca, por encima de los cascos, y entre los dedos.

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STATUS:

O. h. cedrocensis= (U.S. ESA) En Peligro, (IUCN) En Peligro o de lo contrario = riesgo bajo.

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LOCALIDAD TIPO (Type Locality):

EE.UU., Dakota del Sur, desembocadura del río Big Sioux.

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Suborden RUMINANTIA:

Los rumiantes son un suborden de mamíferos artiodáctilos que incluye algunos animales muy conocidos, como las vacas, cabras, ovejas y ciervos.

Los rumiantes digieren los alimentos en dos etapas: masticando y tragando de manera normal y, luego regurguitando el bolo para remasticar y volver a tragar, y así extraer al máximo el valor nutritivo.

El estómago de los rumiantes se caracteriza por poseer varias divisiones (cuatro en el caso de los bovinos, ovinos y caprinos).

Dadas estas características, a diferencia de los no rumiantes, son capaces de aprovechar los carbohidratos estructurales presentes en las plantas (celulosa, hemicelulosa y pectina, las dos primeras constituyentes de la fibra) teniendo así una fuente de energía adicional y basando su alimentación en el consumo de forraje.

Hay que aclarar que no todos los rumiantes forman parte de Ruminantia, o pertenecen a este suborden: los camellos y las llamas están entre las excepciones.

Como contraparte, algunos grandes mamíferos pastadores no son estrictamente rumiantes, pero tienen adaptaciones similares para sobrevivir con grandes cantidades de alimento de baja calidad, tal como ocurre con los caballos.

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La familia CERVIDAE:

Los cérvidos representan una de las familias vivientes de mamíferos artiodáctilos del suborden Ruminantia.

La familia está formada por 4 subfamilias con 20 géneros vivientes.

Tienen patas delgadas, pezuñas partidas en dos, largos cuellos, el pelo liso o moteado, y son los únicos mamíferos a los que les crecen astas o cuernas nuevas cada año, formadas por hueso muerto (en los toros, cabras, ovejas,etc son permanentes).

En casi todas las especies solo las desarrollan los machos adultos y las utilizan durante la época de apareamiento, cuando los cérvidos compiten por las hembras.

Las astas empiezan a formarse a partir de dos protuberancias del cráneo.

Al crecer, las recubre un terciopelo (comercialmente muy valioso).

Cuando las astas crecen, empiezan a ramificarse, hasta que, finalmente, el terciopelo cae, y de este modo la cornamenta está completa.

Las hembras además son generalmente un poco más pequeñas, con una complexión más delicada, y tienen en el cuello menos musculatura y pelaje.

Habitan en buena parte del planeta, pues se los puede encontrar en Europa, Asia, América, norte de África y algunas zonas árticas.

Además, fue introducido por el hombre en Nueva Zelanda y Australia.

La mayoría de los ciervos posee una glándula cerca del ojo que contiene feromonas, sustancias que les sirven para marcar su territorio.

Se alimentan de hojas, ramas y brotes de plantas.

El período de gestación de las hembras varía entre 160 días a 10 meses según la especie; paren una o dos crías al año que reciben el nombre de cervatos o gabatos.

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(6 de agosto de 2009)

Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia,

ciudad de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA

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www.cristiancaricaturas.com

La Comisión de Asuntos Migratorios y Desarrollo, encabezada por la diputada Esmérita Sánchez (PLRA-Caaguazú), recibió la visita de compatriotas radicados en España, quienes presentaron, este año, un proyecto denominado "Diario del Inmigrante", el cual fue declarado de interés cultural por la Secretaría Nacional de Cultura; y de interés institucional por la Secretaría de Repatriados y Refugiados Connacionales de nuestro país.

El proyecto fue presentado el 18 de junio del corriente año, por el señor Jorge Giménez Rojas, y tiene por objetivo, mostrar las vivencias de los paraguayos en el exterior y dar destaque al valor de la mano de obra paraguaya en todo el mundo, como aporte cultural, incluso, en el país de residencia.

"Es una iniciativa bastante interesante, ya que los proyectistas son jóvenes que se tomaron el desafío de poder organizarse para enfrentar un proyecto de esta envergadura, que es el de trabajar con los inmigrantes que se encuentran en alguna parte del mundo; como así también, mostrar la forma de vivir, la situación del paraguayo que emigró en busca de un futuro más próspero", señaló la diputada Sánchez, con relación al emprendimiento.

La legisladora, agregó: "Desde el órgano asesor estaremos trabajando de cerca con estas personas, porque a través de ellas estaríamos beneficiando a muchas familias".

A su turno, el proyectista, Jorge Giménez, sostuvo que es un gran logro que la iniciativa haya sido declarada de interés cultural, porque a través de la misma, se estará demostrando cómo es la vida de nuestros compatriotas en el exterior y que todo lo que se consigue tiene como base al sacrificio.

"Diario del Inmigrante quiere ir más allá de las fronteras. En un principio, era solo para España, pero ahora decidimos visitar a paraguayos que residen en Nueva York, Dubái, Tokio, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, etc.", comentó.

Known in Puerto Rico as Pelícano Pardo Official SEO name Pelícano Alacatraz

Aquí les traigo, la super serie de 28 fotos del Pelícano Pardo mostrado al estilo CIMARRON MAYOR, documentado haciendo de todo, volando, comiendo, jugando en el agua, rascandose, engrasandose las plumas y sobretodo posando para la cámara! Espero que les gusten tanto como a mi me gustaron!

___________________________________________________________________________________

Clasificación Cientifica// Scientific classification

Orden: Pelecaniformes

Familia: Pelecanidae

Género: Pelecanus

Especie: P. occidentalis

___________________________________________________________________________________

Fun Facts:

The Brown Pelican flies singly or in small flocks, sometimes almost touching the ocean surface to take advantage of the "ground effect" i.e., increased lift from the cushion of air that forms under the wing near a flat surface. It hunts for schools of small fish or shrimp, and suddenly dives straight down to capture a school in its huge throat pouch. M. Oberle -Puerto Rico's Birds in Photographs

It then tilts its head back and drains the water out before dining on its catch. Frigatebirds and Laughing Gulls sometimes steal its food

Although the pelican is generally cautious about humans’ approach, sometimes it boldly lands on a dock or even in a swimming pool! It breeds throughout the year with peak nesting activity from April to June and from November to January; building large stick nests usually in traditional colony sites on offshore islands. M. Oberle -Puerto Rico's Birds in Photographs

The Brown Pelican was on the federal endangered species list, but is frequently seen feeding in coastal areas. Its nesting success declined due to egg damage from the insecticide DDT, but has increased with the ban on that insecticide. The population in Puerto Rico experiences low fledging success. Major die-offs---primarily of juvenile pelicans--- occur regularly. Nevertheless, the population has experienced a major recovery since a ban on DDT was placed. Population estimates place the total number of individuals arround 620,000 on its range.

This phenomenon is not well understood. Dozens of pelicans in Puerto Rico have been documented to have died while trying to swallow the South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, an escaped aquarium fish native to South America. Nesting colonies are susceptible to disturbance by human visitors and nest predators. The Caribbean population numbers only 1,500 nesting pairs, but migrants from North America also winter in the West Indies M. Oberle -Puerto Rico's Birds in Photographs

Datos Curiosos:

El Pelícano Pardo vuela solo o en pequeñas bandadas, a veces casi tocando la superficie del mar. Al volar a poca altura sobre el mar, se aprovecha del cojín de aire que se forma bajo las alas y sobre las aguas tranquilas para mantenerse a flote. Vuela en busca de cardúmenes de pequeños peces o camarones y de repente se deja caer verticalmente al agua para capturar un grupo entero en su enorme saco gular. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

Ya en la superficie, echa la cabeza para atrás para filtrar el alimento antes de tragar, aunque de vez en cuando las Tijeretas y las Gaviotas Gallegas le roban la comida. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

Esta especie es generalmente arisca pero a veces se posa con toda confianza en los muelles y hasta se le ha visto flotando en una piscina. Anida a lo largo de todo el año, con picos de actividad reproductora de abril a junio y de noviembre a enero. Construye grandes nidos de ramas en colonias tradicionales situadas en cayos. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

El Pelícano Pardo se encontraba en la lista federal de especies en peligro de extinción, aunque actualmente es un residente permanente común y es observado con frecuencia mientras pesca en las costas marinas. Su éxito reproductivo disminuyó con el daño causado a los huevos por el DDT, pero con la prohibición del insecticida ha mejorado. La población en Puerto Rico sufre de un bajo éxito reproductivo.

Grandes mortandades---principalmente de pelícanos juveniles-ocurren regularmente, un fenómeno que no se entiende del todo. Las colonias de cría son susceptibles a los disturbios humanos y los depredadores de nidos. La población en el Caribe consiste de 1,500 parejas nidificantes, número que aumenta con la llegada de individuos migratorios de América del Norte en invierno. - M. Oberle Las Aves de Puerto Rico en Fotografías

A Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Black Swan, photographed in Brasília's Zoo, Brazil.

The Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia.

Taxonomy:

Black swans were first seen by Europeans in 1697, when Willem de Vlamingh's expedition explored the Swan River, Western Australia.

The black swan was described scientifically by English naturalist John Latham in 1790. It was formerly placed into a monotypic genus, Chenopis.

The common name ‘Swan’ is a gender neutral term, but ‘cob’ for a male and ‘pen’ for a female are also used, as is ‘cygnet’ for the young. Collective nouns include a ‘bank’ (on the ground) and a ‘wedge’ (in flight). Black Swans can be found singly, or in loose companies numbering into the hundreds or even thousands.

Description:

Black Swans are primarily black feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers.

A mature Black Swan measures between 110 and 142 cm (43-56 in) in length and weighs 3.7–9 kg (8.1-20 lbs). Its wing span is between 1.6 and 2 metres (5.3-6.5 ft). The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an "S".

The Black Swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water or in flight, as well as a range of softer crooning notes. It can also whistle, especially when disturbed while breeding and nesting.

The Black Swan is unlike any other Australian bird, although in poor light and at long range it may be confused with a Magpie Goose in flight. However, the black swan can be distinguished by its much longer neck and slower wing beat.

Distribution:

The species has a large range, with figures between one to ten million km² given as the extent of occurrence. The current global population is estimated to be up to 500,000 individuals. No threat of extinction, or significant decline in population has been identified with this numerous and widespread bird.

The Black Swan is common in the wetlands of south western and eastern Australia and adjacent coastal islands. In the south west the range ecompasses an area between North West Cape, Cape Leeuwin and Eucla; while in the east it covers are large region bounded by the Atherton Tableland, the Eyre Peninsula and Tasmania, with the Murray Darling Basin supporting very large populations of black swans. It is uncommon in central and northern Australia.

The Black Swan’s preferred habitat extends across fresh, brackish and salt water lakes, swamps and rivers with underwater and emergent vegetation for food and nesting materials. Permanent wetlands are preferred, including ornamental lakes, but black swans can also be found in flooded pastures and tidal mudflats, and occasionally on the open sea near islands or the shore.

Black Swans were once thought to be sedentary, but the species is now known to be highly nomadic. There is no set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse immigration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas.

Black Swans, like many other water fowl, lose all their flight feathers at once when they moult after breeding, and they are unable to fly for about a month. During this time they will usually settle on large, open waters for safety.

Introduced populations

Before the arrival of the Māori in New Zealand, a sub-species of the Black Swan known as the New Zealand Swan had developed in the islands, but was apparently hunted to extinction. In 1864, the Australian Black Swan was introduced to New Zealand as an ornamental waterfowl, and populations are now common on larger coastal or inland lakes, especially Rotorua Lakes, Lake Wairarapa and Lake Ellesmere, and the Chatham Islands.[6] Black Swans have also naturally flown to New Zealand, leading some people to consider them a native rather than exotic species, although the present population appears to be largely descended from deliberate introductions.

The Black Swan is also very popular as an ornamental waterbird in Western Europe, especially Britain, and escapes are commonly reported. As yet the population in Britain is not considered to be self-sustaining and so the species is not afforded admission to the official British List, but the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust have recorded a maximum of nine breeding pairs in the UK in 2001, with an estimate of 43 feral birds in 2003/04 (though that is undoubtedly an under-estimate given the level of monitoring undertaken).

A colony of Black Swans in Dawlish, Devon has become so well associated with the town that the bird has been the town's emblem for forty years.

Behaviour:

When swimming, black swans hold their necks arched or erect, and often carry their feathers or wings raised in an aggressive display. In flight, a wedge of black swans will form as a line or a V, with the individual birds flying strongly with undulating long necks, making whistling sounds with their wings and baying, bugling or trumpeting calls.

Nesting:

Generally, black swans nest in the wetter winter months (February to September), occasionally in large colonies. A typical clutch contains 4 to 8 greenish-white eggs that are incubated for about 35–40 days. After hatching, the cygnets are tended by the parents for about 6 months until fledging, and may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water.

A Black Swan nest is essentially a large heap or mound of reeds, grasses and weeds between 1 and 1.5 metres (3-4½ feet) in diameter and up to 1 metre high, in shallow water or on islands. A nest is reused every year, restored or rebuilt as needed. Both parents share the care of the nest. Like other swans, the black swan is largely monogamous, pairing for life (about 6% divorce rate). Recent studies have shown that around a third of all broods exhibit extra-pair paternity.

Sexuality:

An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are homosexual and they steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. Several swan species exhibit lifelong homosocial behaviours, and the same phenomenon can also be found in a number of other water-birds, notably geese and flamingos, where it serves as a flexible life strategy.

In swans, the pair is the central social unit. The birds reinforce the unit with frequent preening and sex. When one dies the other will usually live out the remainder of its life alone, which is also the norm for male-female couples. The pair builds nests, raise cygnets and defends the territory. Two cobs, being bigger and stronger than a cob (male) and a pen, (female) can hold down a larger territory, and provide their cygnets with more to eat.

Such same-sex pairs represent a major fitness bonus to a pen, and pens without partners will seek out these couples, have sex with one or other of the cobs and lay eggs in their nest. She is then chased off, not being a part of the pair, and the cobs raise the cygnets themselves. Having access to more food the brood have up to ten times the survival rate of a brood with a heterosexual swan couple. From an evolutionary point of view, this is a very rewarding strategy for the cobs as well.

This situation only holds true as long as a nest and/or a territory is in short supply. The two males will have a fitness loss in that they (1) have no guarantee they are the actual fathers of the cygnets (not being bonded with the female) and (2) will have to split reproduction between them.

A same-sex lifestyle will be advantageous in some situations, but not in others. However, having a partner is a requisite for building a nest and keeping a territory, and an opposite-sex partner may not always be available when forming pairs. Thus, the ability to form a male pair is a normal part of the black swan’s social behaviour and an example of a flexible life strategy in the species.

Conservation:

The Black Swan is protected under the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974. It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Australian culture:

Main article: Black Swan emblems and popular culture

The Black Swan was a literary or artistic image, even before the discovery of Cygnus atratus. Cultural reference has been based on symbolic contrast and as a distinctive motif.

The Black Swan's role in Australian heraldry and culture extends to the first founding of the colonies in the eighteenth century. It has often been equated with antipodean identity, the contrast to the white swan of the northern hemisphere indicating 'Australianess'. The Black Swan is featured on the flag, and is both the state and bird emblem, of Western Australia; it also appears in the Coat of Arms and other iconography of the state's institutions.

Fotografado no Zoológico de Brasília, Brasil.

Um texto, em português, da Wikipédia:

O Cisne-negro (Cygnus atratus) é uma ave aquática australiana . É a ave oficial do estado da Austrália Ocidental.

Pertence à família Anatidae, a que pertencem os patos, gansos, e cisnes.

Podem-se encontrar em todos os estados da Austrália. O animal adulto pode pesar até 9 kg. Ao contrário de muitas outras aves aquáticas, os cisnes negros não têm hábitos migratórios. Passam a sua vida no local onde nasceram.

Nidificam em grandes aterros que constroem, no meio de lagos poucos profundos. Os ninhos são utilizados de ano para ano, reparando-se e reconstruindo-se quando necessário. O ninho está tanto ao cuidado do macho quanto ao cuidado da fêmea. Quando as crias já estão aptas para nadar, com a sua plumagem definitiva, é comum ver famílias inteiras em busca de alimento nos lagos.

Os cisnes são aves aquáticas da sub-família Anserinae, que inclui também os gansos. No seu conjunto formam o género Cygnus, sendo caracterizados pelo longo pescoço e por patas curtas. A sua distribuição geográfica é diversificada, sendo os cisnes do hemisfério norte brancos, enquanto que os do hemisfério sul apresentam plumagem por vezes colorida. Os cisnes formam casais monogâmicos e constroem ninhos onde chocam entre 3 a 8 ovos. Se a nidificação falha, é comum os membros do casal procurarem outro parceiro.

Espécies

Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) - Cisne-negro

Cygnus melanocorypha (Molina, 1782) - Cisne-de-pescoço-preto

Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) - Cisne-branco

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1831 - Cisne-trombeteiro

Cygnus columbianus (Ord, 1815) - Cisne-pequeno

Cygnus bewickii Yarrel, 1830 - Cisne-de-bewick

Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cisne-bravo

Cisnes na Cultura:

O Patinho Feio, um conto de Hans Christian Andersen

O Lago dos Cisnes, um bailado

Cisne Negro Companhia de Dança (Brasil)

Os cisnes aparecem na face nacional das Moedas de euro finlandesas

Cygnus é o nome de uma constelação.

Observado en el Parque Algarrobos durante el Primer Conteo Urbano de Aves de Quito

Visitante migratorio en República Dominicana

Muitíssimo obrigado ao Bertrando Campos, por, mais uma vez, me corrigir e identificar corretamente esta ave.

Veja um pescando com pipoca servindo como isca: www.youtube.com/watch?v=22AjHKT5oFc

Socozinho (Butorides striata) Striated Heron

Socozinho (Butorides striata) (Linnaeus, 1758), fotografado no Parque Olhos D'Água, em Brasília, Brasil.

O socozinho é uma ave da ordem Pelecaniformes da família Ardeidae. Conhecido também como socó-estudante, soco-í e socó-mirim (Pará), socó-mijão e socó-tripa.

Butorides - do gênero Butor = bútio + ides, do grego = semelhante, parecido; striatus - do latim striatus = faixa, listra.

Tem cerca de 36 centímetros. É inconfundível, devido às suas pernas curtas e amarelas e pelo seu andar agachado.

Alimenta-se com peixes, insetos aquáticos (imagos e larvas), caranguejos, moluscos, anfíbios e répteis. Permanece imóvel por longos períodos, empoleirado sobre a água ou em suas proximidades, à espera de presas.

Vive solitário o ano inteiro. No período reprodutivo, costuma fazer seus ninhos separado das demais aves da família ou mesmo da espécie, sendo raro encontrar colônias desse socó. Não chega a desenvolver uma plumagem especial de reprodução como as garças. A íris e as pernas ficam vermelhas nessa fase. Às vezes nidifica em colônias. Constrói seu ninho sobre árvores ou arbustos nos brejais. Os ovos são esverdeados ou verde-azulados (às vezes brancos ou esbranquiçados), uniformes. Põe 3 a 4 ovos.

Os adultos costumam coletar o alimento da prole a grande distância do ninhal. A procriação procede geralmente no início ou no fim da estação seca, quando o alimento para as aves aquáticas é normalmente mais farto.

Vive em qualquer lugar que haja água. Tanto no interior do continente como nos manguezais. É migratório. Anda como se esgueirasse, a passos largos e como se observasse um perigo ou uma oportunidade. Voa devagar, com o pescoço encolhido e as pernas esticadas. Para dormir, não volta a cabeça para trás, e sim mantém o bico dirigido para a frente. Costuma colocar o bico verticalmente para baixo de encontro ao peito dentre a plumagem, o qual oculta completamente. Gosta de dias chuvosos e escuros, sente-se à vontade tanto com espécies noturnas como diurnas.

Presente em todo o Brasil e nas regiões de clima quente ao redor do planeta, na América, África, Ásia, Austrália e ilhas do oeste do Oceano Pacífico. (Informações retiradas do site Wiki Aves : wikiaves.com.br/socozinho)

Striated Heron (Butorides striata)

Following, a text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

The Striated Heron, Butorides striata, also known as Mangrove Heron, Little Heron or Green-backed Heron, is a small heron. Striated Herons are mostly non-migratory and noted for some interesting behavioral traits. Their breeding habitat is small wetlands in the Old World tropics from west Africa to Japan and Australia, and in South America. Vagrants have been recorded on oceanic islands, such as Chuuk and Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marianas and Palau; the bird recorded on Yap on February 25, 1991, was from a continental Asian rather than from a Melanesian population, while the origin of the bird seen on Palau on May 3, 2005 was not clear.[1]

This bird was long considered to be conspecific with the closely related North American species, the Green Heron, which is now usually separated as B. virescens, as well as the Lava Heron of the Galápagos Islands (now B. sundevalli, but often included in B. striata, e.g. by BirdLife International[2]); collectively they were called "green-backed herons".

Adults have a blue-grey back and wings, white underparts, a black cap and short yellow legs. Juveniles are browner above and streaked below.

These birds stand still at the water's edge and wait to ambush prey, but are easier to see than many small heron species. They mainly eat small fish, frogs and aquatic insects. They sometimes use bait, dropping a feather or leaf carefully on the water surface and picking fish that come to investigate[3].

They nest in a platform of sticks measuring between 20–40 cm long and 0.5–5 mm thick. The entire nest measures some 40–50 cm wide and 8–10 cm high outside, with an inner depression 20 cm wide and 4–5 cm deep. It is usually built in not too high off the ground in shrubs or trees but sometimes in sheltered locations on the ground, and often near water. The clutch is 2–5 eggs, which are pale blue and measure around 36 by 28 mm.[4]

An adult bird was once observed in a peculiar and mysterious behavior: while on the nest, it would grab a stick in its bill and make a rapid back-and-forth motion with the head, like a sewing machine's needle. The significance of this behavior is completely unknown: While such movements occur in many other nesting birds where they seem to compact the nest, move the eggs, or dislodge parasites, neither seems to have been the case in this particular Striated Heron.[4]

Young birds will give a display when they feel threatened, by stretching out their necks and pointing the bill skywards. In how far this would deter predators is not known.[4]

Widespread and generally common, the Striated Heron is classified as a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN; this holds true whether the Lava Heron is included in B. striata or not.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD_vM1t6hO4&feature=related

Cardenal Migratorio

Cooper's Tanager

Алая пиранга

ナツフウキンチョウ

玫红丽唐纳雀

31/01/2014

Sabas Nieves. Parque Nacional Guaraira Repano

2300 mts

A Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Black Swan, photographed in Brasília's Zoo, Brazil.

The Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia.

Taxonomy:

Black swans were first seen by Europeans in 1697, when Willem de Vlamingh's expedition explored the Swan River, Western Australia.

The black swan was described scientifically by English naturalist John Latham in 1790. It was formerly placed into a monotypic genus, Chenopis.

The common name ‘Swan’ is a gender neutral term, but ‘cob’ for a male and ‘pen’ for a female are also used, as is ‘cygnet’ for the young. Collective nouns include a ‘bank’ (on the ground) and a ‘wedge’ (in flight). Black Swans can be found singly, or in loose companies numbering into the hundreds or even thousands.

Description:

Black Swans are primarily black feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers.

A mature Black Swan measures between 110 and 142 cm (43-56 in) in length and weighs 3.7–9 kg (8.1-20 lbs). Its wing span is between 1.6 and 2 metres (5.3-6.5 ft). The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an "S".

The Black Swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water or in flight, as well as a range of softer crooning notes. It can also whistle, especially when disturbed while breeding and nesting.

The Black Swan is unlike any other Australian bird, although in poor light and at long range it may be confused with a Magpie Goose in flight. However, the black swan can be distinguished by its much longer neck and slower wing beat.

Distribution:

The species has a large range, with figures between one to ten million km² given as the extent of occurrence. The current global population is estimated to be up to 500,000 individuals. No threat of extinction, or significant decline in population has been identified with this numerous and widespread bird.

The Black Swan is common in the wetlands of south western and eastern Australia and adjacent coastal islands. In the south west the range ecompasses an area between North West Cape, Cape Leeuwin and Eucla; while in the east it covers are large region bounded by the Atherton Tableland, the Eyre Peninsula and Tasmania, with the Murray Darling Basin supporting very large populations of black swans. It is uncommon in central and northern Australia.

The Black Swan’s preferred habitat extends across fresh, brackish and salt water lakes, swamps and rivers with underwater and emergent vegetation for food and nesting materials. Permanent wetlands are preferred, including ornamental lakes, but black swans can also be found in flooded pastures and tidal mudflats, and occasionally on the open sea near islands or the shore.

Black Swans were once thought to be sedentary, but the species is now known to be highly nomadic. There is no set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse immigration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas.

Black Swans, like many other water fowl, lose all their flight feathers at once when they moult after breeding, and they are unable to fly for about a month. During this time they will usually settle on large, open waters for safety.

Introduced populations

Before the arrival of the Māori in New Zealand, a sub-species of the Black Swan known as the New Zealand Swan had developed in the islands, but was apparently hunted to extinction. In 1864, the Australian Black Swan was introduced to New Zealand as an ornamental waterfowl, and populations are now common on larger coastal or inland lakes, especially Rotorua Lakes, Lake Wairarapa and Lake Ellesmere, and the Chatham Islands.[6] Black Swans have also naturally flown to New Zealand, leading some people to consider them a native rather than exotic species, although the present population appears to be largely descended from deliberate introductions.

The Black Swan is also very popular as an ornamental waterbird in Western Europe, especially Britain, and escapes are commonly reported. As yet the population in Britain is not considered to be self-sustaining and so the species is not afforded admission to the official British List, but the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust have recorded a maximum of nine breeding pairs in the UK in 2001, with an estimate of 43 feral birds in 2003/04 (though that is undoubtedly an under-estimate given the level of monitoring undertaken).

A colony of Black Swans in Dawlish, Devon has become so well associated with the town that the bird has been the town's emblem for forty years.

Behaviour:

When swimming, black swans hold their necks arched or erect, and often carry their feathers or wings raised in an aggressive display. In flight, a wedge of black swans will form as a line or a V, with the individual birds flying strongly with undulating long necks, making whistling sounds with their wings and baying, bugling or trumpeting calls.

Nesting:

Generally, black swans nest in the wetter winter months (February to September), occasionally in large colonies. A typical clutch contains 4 to 8 greenish-white eggs that are incubated for about 35–40 days. After hatching, the cygnets are tended by the parents for about 6 months until fledging, and may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water.

A Black Swan nest is essentially a large heap or mound of reeds, grasses and weeds between 1 and 1.5 metres (3-4½ feet) in diameter and up to 1 metre high, in shallow water or on islands. A nest is reused every year, restored or rebuilt as needed. Both parents share the care of the nest. Like other swans, the black swan is largely monogamous, pairing for life (about 6% divorce rate). Recent studies have shown that around a third of all broods exhibit extra-pair paternity.

Sexuality:

An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are homosexual and they steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. Several swan species exhibit lifelong homosocial behaviours, and the same phenomenon can also be found in a number of other water-birds, notably geese and flamingos, where it serves as a flexible life strategy.

In swans, the pair is the central social unit. The birds reinforce the unit with frequent preening and sex. When one dies the other will usually live out the remainder of its life alone, which is also the norm for male-female couples. The pair builds nests, raise cygnets and defends the territory. Two cobs, being bigger and stronger than a cob (male) and a pen, (female) can hold down a larger territory, and provide their cygnets with more to eat.

Such same-sex pairs represent a major fitness bonus to a pen, and pens without partners will seek out these couples, have sex with one or other of the cobs and lay eggs in their nest. She is then chased off, not being a part of the pair, and the cobs raise the cygnets themselves. Having access to more food the brood have up to ten times the survival rate of a brood with a heterosexual swan couple. From an evolutionary point of view, this is a very rewarding strategy for the cobs as well.

This situation only holds true as long as a nest and/or a territory is in short supply. The two males will have a fitness loss in that they (1) have no guarantee they are the actual fathers of the cygnets (not being bonded with the female) and (2) will have to split reproduction between them.

A same-sex lifestyle will be advantageous in some situations, but not in others. However, having a partner is a requisite for building a nest and keeping a territory, and an opposite-sex partner may not always be available when forming pairs. Thus, the ability to form a male pair is a normal part of the black swan’s social behaviour and an example of a flexible life strategy in the species.

Conservation:

The Black Swan is protected under the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974. It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Australian culture:

Main article: Black Swan emblems and popular culture

The Black Swan was a literary or artistic image, even before the discovery of Cygnus atratus. Cultural reference has been based on symbolic contrast and as a distinctive motif.

The Black Swan's role in Australian heraldry and culture extends to the first founding of the colonies in the eighteenth century. It has often been equated with antipodean identity, the contrast to the white swan of the northern hemisphere indicating 'Australianess'. The Black Swan is featured on the flag, and is both the state and bird emblem, of Western Australia; it also appears in the Coat of Arms and other iconography of the state's institutions.

Fotografado no Zoológico de Brasília, Brasil.

Um texto, em português, da Wikipédia:

O Cisne-negro (Cygnus atratus) é uma ave aquática australiana . É a ave oficial do estado da Austrália Ocidental.

Pertence à família Anatidae, a que pertencem os patos, gansos, e cisnes.

Podem-se encontrar em todos os estados da Austrália. O animal adulto pode pesar até 9 kg. Ao contrário de muitas outras aves aquáticas, os cisnes negros não têm hábitos migratórios. Passam a sua vida no local onde nasceram.

Nidificam em grandes aterros que constroem, no meio de lagos poucos profundos. Os ninhos são utilizados de ano para ano, reparando-se e reconstruindo-se quando necessário. O ninho está tanto ao cuidado do macho quanto ao cuidado da fêmea. Quando as crias já estão aptas para nadar, com a sua plumagem definitiva, é comum ver famílias inteiras em busca de alimento nos lagos.

Os cisnes são aves aquáticas da sub-família Anserinae, que inclui também os gansos. No seu conjunto formam o género Cygnus, sendo caracterizados pelo longo pescoço e por patas curtas. A sua distribuição geográfica é diversificada, sendo os cisnes do hemisfério norte brancos, enquanto que os do hemisfério sul apresentam plumagem por vezes colorida. Os cisnes formam casais monogâmicos e constroem ninhos onde chocam entre 3 a 8 ovos. Se a nidificação falha, é comum os membros do casal procurarem outro parceiro.

Espécies

Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) - Cisne-negro

Cygnus melanocorypha (Molina, 1782) - Cisne-de-pescoço-preto

Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) - Cisne-branco

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1831 - Cisne-trombeteiro

Cygnus columbianus (Ord, 1815) - Cisne-pequeno

Cygnus bewickii Yarrel, 1830 - Cisne-de-bewick

Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cisne-bravo

Cisnes na Cultura:

O Patinho Feio, um conto de Hans Christian Andersen

O Lago dos Cisnes, um bailado

Cisne Negro Companhia de Dança (Brasil)

Os cisnes aparecem na face nacional das Moedas de euro finlandesas

Cygnus é o nome de uma constelação.

A Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Black Swan, photographed in Brasília's Zoo, Brazil.

The Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia.

Taxonomy:

Black swans were first seen by Europeans in 1697, when Willem de Vlamingh's expedition explored the Swan River, Western Australia.

The black swan was described scientifically by English naturalist John Latham in 1790. It was formerly placed into a monotypic genus, Chenopis.

The common name ‘Swan’ is a gender neutral term, but ‘cob’ for a male and ‘pen’ for a female are also used, as is ‘cygnet’ for the young. Collective nouns include a ‘bank’ (on the ground) and a ‘wedge’ (in flight). Black Swans can be found singly, or in loose companies numbering into the hundreds or even thousands.

Description:

Black Swans are primarily black feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers.

A mature Black Swan measures between 110 and 142 cm (43-56 in) in length and weighs 3.7–9 kg (8.1-20 lbs). Its wing span is between 1.6 and 2 metres (5.3-6.5 ft). The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an "S".

The Black Swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water or in flight, as well as a range of softer crooning notes. It can also whistle, especially when disturbed while breeding and nesting.

The Black Swan is unlike any other Australian bird, although in poor light and at long range it may be confused with a Magpie Goose in flight. However, the black swan can be distinguished by its much longer neck and slower wing beat.

Distribution:

The species has a large range, with figures between one to ten million km² given as the extent of occurrence. The current global population is estimated to be up to 500,000 individuals. No threat of extinction, or significant decline in population has been identified with this numerous and widespread bird.

The Black Swan is common in the wetlands of south western and eastern Australia and adjacent coastal islands. In the south west the range ecompasses an area between North West Cape, Cape Leeuwin and Eucla; while in the east it covers are large region bounded by the Atherton Tableland, the Eyre Peninsula and Tasmania, with the Murray Darling Basin supporting very large populations of black swans. It is uncommon in central and northern Australia.

The Black Swan’s preferred habitat extends across fresh, brackish and salt water lakes, swamps and rivers with underwater and emergent vegetation for food and nesting materials. Permanent wetlands are preferred, including ornamental lakes, but black swans can also be found in flooded pastures and tidal mudflats, and occasionally on the open sea near islands or the shore.

Black Swans were once thought to be sedentary, but the species is now known to be highly nomadic. There is no set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse immigration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas.

Black Swans, like many other water fowl, lose all their flight feathers at once when they moult after breeding, and they are unable to fly for about a month. During this time they will usually settle on large, open waters for safety.

Introduced populations

Before the arrival of the Māori in New Zealand, a sub-species of the Black Swan known as the New Zealand Swan had developed in the islands, but was apparently hunted to extinction. In 1864, the Australian Black Swan was introduced to New Zealand as an ornamental waterfowl, and populations are now common on larger coastal or inland lakes, especially Rotorua Lakes, Lake Wairarapa and Lake Ellesmere, and the Chatham Islands.[6] Black Swans have also naturally flown to New Zealand, leading some people to consider them a native rather than exotic species, although the present population appears to be largely descended from deliberate introductions.

The Black Swan is also very popular as an ornamental waterbird in Western Europe, especially Britain, and escapes are commonly reported. As yet the population in Britain is not considered to be self-sustaining and so the species is not afforded admission to the official British List, but the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust have recorded a maximum of nine breeding pairs in the UK in 2001, with an estimate of 43 feral birds in 2003/04 (though that is undoubtedly an under-estimate given the level of monitoring undertaken).

A colony of Black Swans in Dawlish, Devon has become so well associated with the town that the bird has been the town's emblem for forty years.

Behaviour:

When swimming, black swans hold their necks arched or erect, and often carry their feathers or wings raised in an aggressive display. In flight, a wedge of black swans will form as a line or a V, with the individual birds flying strongly with undulating long necks, making whistling sounds with their wings and baying, bugling or trumpeting calls.

Nesting:

Generally, black swans nest in the wetter winter months (February to September), occasionally in large colonies. A typical clutch contains 4 to 8 greenish-white eggs that are incubated for about 35–40 days. After hatching, the cygnets are tended by the parents for about 6 months until fledging, and may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water.

A Black Swan nest is essentially a large heap or mound of reeds, grasses and weeds between 1 and 1.5 metres (3-4½ feet) in diameter and up to 1 metre high, in shallow water or on islands. A nest is reused every year, restored or rebuilt as needed. Both parents share the care of the nest. Like other swans, the black swan is largely monogamous, pairing for life (about 6% divorce rate). Recent studies have shown that around a third of all broods exhibit extra-pair paternity.

Sexuality:

An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are homosexual and they steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. Several swan species exhibit lifelong homosocial behaviours, and the same phenomenon can also be found in a number of other water-birds, notably geese and flamingos, where it serves as a flexible life strategy.

In swans, the pair is the central social unit. The birds reinforce the unit with frequent preening and sex. When one dies the other will usually live out the remainder of its life alone, which is also the norm for male-female couples. The pair builds nests, raise cygnets and defends the territory. Two cobs, being bigger and stronger than a cob (male) and a pen, (female) can hold down a larger territory, and provide their cygnets with more to eat.

Such same-sex pairs represent a major fitness bonus to a pen, and pens without partners will seek out these couples, have sex with one or other of the cobs and lay eggs in their nest. She is then chased off, not being a part of the pair, and the cobs raise the cygnets themselves. Having access to more food the brood have up to ten times the survival rate of a brood with a heterosexual swan couple. From an evolutionary point of view, this is a very rewarding strategy for the cobs as well.

This situation only holds true as long as a nest and/or a territory is in short supply. The two males will have a fitness loss in that they (1) have no guarantee they are the actual fathers of the cygnets (not being bonded with the female) and (2) will have to split reproduction between them.

A same-sex lifestyle will be advantageous in some situations, but not in others. However, having a partner is a requisite for building a nest and keeping a territory, and an opposite-sex partner may not always be available when forming pairs. Thus, the ability to form a male pair is a normal part of the black swan’s social behaviour and an example of a flexible life strategy in the species.

Conservation:

The Black Swan is protected under the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974. It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Australian culture:

Main article: Black Swan emblems and popular culture

The Black Swan was a literary or artistic image, even before the discovery of Cygnus atratus. Cultural reference has been based on symbolic contrast and as a distinctive motif.

The Black Swan's role in Australian heraldry and culture extends to the first founding of the colonies in the eighteenth century. It has often been equated with antipodean identity, the contrast to the white swan of the northern hemisphere indicating 'Australianess'. The Black Swan is featured on the flag, and is both the state and bird emblem, of Western Australia; it also appears in the Coat of Arms and other iconography of the state's institutions.

Fotografado no Zoológico de Brasília, Brasil.

Um texto, em português, da Wikipédia:

O Cisne-negro (Cygnus atratus) é uma ave aquática australiana . É a ave oficial do estado da Austrália Ocidental.

Pertence à família Anatidae, a que pertencem os patos, gansos, e cisnes.

Podem-se encontrar em todos os estados da Austrália. O animal adulto pode pesar até 9 kg. Ao contrário de muitas outras aves aquáticas, os cisnes negros não têm hábitos migratórios. Passam a sua vida no local onde nasceram.

Nidificam em grandes aterros que constroem, no meio de lagos poucos profundos. Os ninhos são utilizados de ano para ano, reparando-se e reconstruindo-se quando necessário. O ninho está tanto ao cuidado do macho quanto ao cuidado da fêmea. Quando as crias já estão aptas para nadar, com a sua plumagem definitiva, é comum ver famílias inteiras em busca de alimento nos lagos.

Os cisnes são aves aquáticas da sub-família Anserinae, que inclui também os gansos. No seu conjunto formam o género Cygnus, sendo caracterizados pelo longo pescoço e por patas curtas. A sua distribuição geográfica é diversificada, sendo os cisnes do hemisfério norte brancos, enquanto que os do hemisfério sul apresentam plumagem por vezes colorida. Os cisnes formam casais monogâmicos e constroem ninhos onde chocam entre 3 a 8 ovos. Se a nidificação falha, é comum os membros do casal procurarem outro parceiro.

Espécies

Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) - Cisne-negro

Cygnus melanocorypha (Molina, 1782) - Cisne-de-pescoço-preto

Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) - Cisne-branco

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1831 - Cisne-trombeteiro

Cygnus columbianus (Ord, 1815) - Cisne-pequeno

Cygnus bewickii Yarrel, 1830 - Cisne-de-bewick

Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cisne-bravo

Cisnes na Cultura:

O Patinho Feio, um conto de Hans Christian Andersen

O Lago dos Cisnes, um bailado

Cisne Negro Companhia de Dança (Brasil)

Os cisnes aparecem na face nacional das Moedas de euro finlandesas

Cygnus é o nome de uma constelação.

Charrán Menor, Least Tern, Sternula antillarum.

Cancún, Quintana Roo, México.

Península de Yucatán México

Septiembre 2013.

Gavilán aliancho - Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus)

Jardín, Antioquia, Colombia (1700 masl)

Orden:Anseriformes

Familia:Anatidae

Subfamilia: Anatinae

Genero:Anas

Nombre común: Pato de la florida Macho

Nombre científico: Anas discors

Nombre ingles: Blue-winged Teal male

Status: Visitante migratorio no reproductor

Lugar de captura: Green Cay Wetlands, Boynton Beach, Florida

Por : Cimarron mayor Panta

Un zorzal durmiendo. Las cosas maravillosas que se ven durante migración.

A sleeping or resting thrush.

Things you see on migration.

Laguna de las Ilusiones

Villahermosa, Tabasco, México

09-Abril-2013

Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator, Mergo Copeton

Puerto Ceiba, Paraíso, Tabasco, México,

08-febrero-2015

El Águila Pescadora (Pandion haliaetus) es un ave de presa escasa en la Albufera de Valencia, los pocos ejemplares existentes son migratorios y solo pueden ser vistos en la época invernal.

Este magnífico ejemplar hembra lo avistamos en El Palmar por primera vez y después de más de un mes siguiéndole la pista por fin lo pudimos fotografiar alimentándose de su presa en un poste eléctrico en los campos de arroz de Catarroja.

The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is a scarce bird of prey in the Albufera of Valencia, the few existing specimens are migratory and only can be seen in the winter.

This beautiful female specimen I sighted for the first time in El Palmar for after more than a month looking for her track we could finally shoot feeding on an electric pole in the rice fields of Catarroja.

Nikon Coolpix P900

©2015 All rights reserved. MSB.photography

Thank all for your visit and awards.

Chorlo Gris / Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola)

Status:

LIFER !!

Residente Comun(Rc)

Migratorio (M)

El chorlito gris o chorlo ártico (Pluvialis squatarola) es una especie de ave Charadriiforme de la familia Charadriidae propio de la tundra

Este chorlito blanco y negro, tiene las alas puntiagudas y el potente vuelo de un migrador a grandes distancias. En invierno es casi totalmente de color gris ceniza, y puede ser identificado por las axilas negras sobre el blanco de la parte inferior, y su voz "thii-uu-vii".

En invierno se alimenta en las marismas en bajamar, sondeando lentamente el barro en busca de gusanos, pequeños bibalvos, crustáceos y otros invertebrados.

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non-breedingplumage:

The grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), known as the black-bellied plover in North America, is a medium-sized plover breeding in Arctic regions. It is a long-distance migrant, with a nearly worldwide coastal distribution when not breeding.

the adults are spotted black and white on the back and wings. The face and neck are black with a white border; they have a black breast and belly and a white rump. The tail is white with black barring. The bill and legs are black. They moult to winter plumage in mid August to early September and retain this until April; this being a fairly plain grey above, with a grey-speckled breast and white belly. The juvenile and first-winter plumages, held by young birds from fledging until about one year old, are similar to the adult winter plumage but with the back feathers blacker with creamy white edging. In all plumages, the inner flanks and axillary feathers at the base of the underwing are black, a feature which readily distinguishes it from the other three Pluvialis species in flight.

Their breeding habitat is Arctic islands and coastal areas across the northern coasts of Alaska, Canada, and Russia. They nest on the ground in a dry open tundra with good visibility; the nest is a shallow gravel scrape. Four eggs (sometimes only three) are laid in early June, with an incubation period of 26–27 days; the chicks fledge when 35–45 days old

Young birds do not breed until two years old; they typically remain on the wintering grounds until their second summer

They forage for food on beaches and tidal flats, usually by sight. The food consists of small molluscs, polychaete worms, crustaceans, and insects. It is less gregarious than the other Pluvialis species, not forming dense feeding flocks, instead feeding widely dispersed over beaches, with birds well spaced apart.

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Lugar de Observacion / Taken: Salinas de puerto Hermoso, peravia, Republica Dominicana.

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Scientific classification

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Aves

Order:Charadriiformes

Family:Charadriidae

Genus:Pluvialis

Species:P. squatarola

Binomial name

Pluvialis squatarola

Pataamarilla Mayor, Greater Yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca, Aves, Tabasco, Mexico

Puerto Ceiba, Paraíso, Tabasco, México,

01 de diciembre de 2013

Cardenal Migratorio

Highland Hepatic-tanager

Алая пиранга

ナツフウキンチョウ

玫红丽唐纳雀

The Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata, is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It breeds in most of Europe and western Asia, and is migratory, wintering in Africa and south western Asia. It is declining in parts of its range.

This is an undistinguished looking bird with long wings and tail. The adults have grey-brown upperparts and whitish underparts, with some streaking on the breast. The legs are short and black, and the bill is black and has the broad but pointed shape typical of aerial insectivores. Juveniles are browner than adults and show the spots on the upperparts which give this species its name.

Spotted Flycatchers hunt from conspicuous perches, making sallies after passing flying insects, and often returning to the same perch. Their upright posture is characteristic.They are birds of deciduous woodlands, parks and gardens, with a preference for open areas amongst trees. They build an open nest in a suitable recess, often against a wall, and will readily adapt to an open-fronted nest box. 4-6 eggs are laid.Interestingly, most European birds cannot discriminate between their own eggs and those of other species. The exception to this are the hosts of the Common Cuckoo, which have had to evolve this skill as a protection against that nest parasite. Spotted Flycatcher shows excellent egg recognition, and it is likely that it was once a host of the Cuckoo, but became so good at recognising the intruder's eggs that it ceased to be victimised. A contrast to this is the Dunnock, which appears to be a recent Cuckoo host, since it does not show any egg discrimination.

The flycatcher's call is a thin, drawn out soft and high pitched tssssseeeeeppppp, slightly descending in pitch.

Il pigliamosche (Muscicapa striata, Pallas 1764) è un piccolo uccello dalle dimensioni dei passeracei della famiglia dei Muscicapidi.

Se ne conoscono 7 sottospecie.

Taglia media di 14 cm di lunghezza, e 16 grammi di peso. Il pigliamosche è un uccello che si distingue nell'aspetto con lunghe ali e una lunga coda. Gli uccelli adulti hanno nella parte superiore un piumaggio che va dal grigio al marroncino. Nella parte inferiore sono biancastri con striature deboli e scure. Le zampe sono corte e nerastre come il becco. I piccoli sono di colore più marroncino degli uccelli adulti. Sulla schiena hanno un margine chiaro nelle piume; il piumaggio è di aspetto completamente coperto di macchie (ecco perché in inglese il suo nome è Spotted Flycatcher).

Cova nella maggior parte delle regioni d'Europa e nell'Asia occidentale. Come uccello migratorio sverna in Africa e nel sud-ovest dell'Asia. I pigliamosche sono uccelli delle foreste soleggiate, dei parchi, dei giardini e dei frutteti e preferiscono le superfici aperte con una quantità di alberi sparsi. In Italia è sia nidificante, che di passo, anche se sta subendo una riduzione notevole.

Il pigliamosche caccia insetti volanti cogliendoli alla sprovvista. Si nota perché normalmente nella posizione di caccia arretra con le ali e la coda e poi vola verso l'alto per un paio di metri per arraffare gli insetti.

Costruiscono un nido a forma di ciotola all'aperto e accettano volentieri cassette per il nido aperte. La covata è composta di 4 - 6 uova. Nidificano da metà maggio a metà luglio. A differenza di molti altri uccelli il pigliamosche riesce a distinguere tra le proprie uova e quelle di un'altra specie. Questa capacità è tipica soltanto di uccelli parassitari del nido quali il cuculo. Il pigliamosche tuttavia non viene sfruttato dal cuculo. Perciò si suppone che il pigliamosche un tempo appartenesse a quegli uccelli nei quali il cuculo deponeva con successo le sue uova. Al contrario delle altre specie di uccelli il pigliamosche ha imparato verosimilmente a distinguere tra le proprie uova e quelle del cuculo, tanto che oggi non fa più parte degli uccelli ospiti del cuculo.

Font : Wikipedia

Hembra, female en Bitter Creek Wilderness Study Area, Montana, USA

Orden:Passeriformes

Familia:Parulidae

Nombre común: Ciguita garganta amarilla

Nombre inglés:Yellow-throated Warbler

Nombre científico:Setophaga dominica

Status:Visitante migratorio no reproductor.

Lugar de captura: Cordillera Central

Por: Cimarron mayor Panta.

* Candelita, American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) (Mc)

* La candelita norteña o pavito migratorio (Setophaga ruticilla) es una especie de avepaseriforme de la familia de los parúlidos que vive en América. Tradicionalmente era la única especie del género Setophaga.

* Los adultos miden una media de 12 cm de largo. Los machos son de color negro en la cabeza, las partes dorsales, la garganta y el pecho; el vientre y las plumas cobertoras de la cola son blancos. En los flancos del pecho hay manchas naranjas brillantes, también en las rémiges del ala y en la cola.

En las hembras, la cabeza y las partes dorales son grisáceas o grisáceo oliváceas, y las partes ventrales blancas. En los costados y la cola hay manchas amarillo limón brillante.

Los juveniles se parecen a las hembras pero los machos presentan tintes naranjas en los costados, además de presentar algunas manchas negras en el cuerpo.

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The American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) is a New World warbler. It is unrelated to the Old World redstarts. It derives its name from the male's red tail, start being an old word for tail.

The breeding males are unmistakable, jet black above apart from large orange-red patches on their wings and tails. Their breast sides are also orange, with the rest of their underparts colored white. In their other plumages, American redstarts display green in their upperparts, along with black central tails and grey heads. The orange patches of the breeding males are replaced by yellow in the plumages of the females and young birds.

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*

Lugar de Observacion / Taken: Reserva Ecologica Agüita Dulce (READ), Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana.

*

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* Scientific classification

* Kingdom:•Animalia

* Phylum:•Chordata

* Class:•Aves

* Order:•Passeriformes

* Family:•Parulidae

* Genus:•Setophaga

* Species:•S. ruticilla

* Binomial name

* Setophaga ruticilla

Papamoscas ailero - Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum)

380

Alumna: Elsa Lupicki Rodríguez (4ºESO)

Escola: IES Alexandre Bóveda (Vigo)

Nesta foto aparecen cinco persoas na casa dos tíos da miña nai , Celsa e Manolo. Están na cociña, diante da fiestra, que ten posta unhas cortinas sinxelas e finas. Os mobles son simples e ben coidados. As persoas que se ven na foto son: os meus avós Antonio e Ana; Celsa, a irmá do meu avó e Manolo, o seu home; tamén está o Antonio de Lagariza, irmán de Manolo. Están ceando os chourizos que trouxeron Celsa e Manolo desde España ás agachadas, porque nesa época non se podía pasar carne de porco pola peste porcina. Ían en tren desde Galiza ata Xenebra ( Suíza ) pero cando levaban porco baixaban na última estación francesa (Lyon) e alugaban un coche para entrar en Suíza . Isto facíano así porque controlaban máis os estranxeiros na aduana do tren que cando pasaban en coche.

Meu avó emigrou a Suíza no 196 2 con 23 anos , un pouco polas circunstancias familiares Ata ese momento, vivía na casa familiar e traballaba as terras axudando a súa nai e a o seu irmán. Pero cando casou o irmán e este quedou a vivir na casa familiar, o meu avó decidiu marchar cara outro lugar para atopar traballo e intentar prosperar. Nese momento os galegos marchaban cara Suíza, fenómeno migratorio facilitado pol a supresión do visa do entre España e Suíza O meu avó tamén o fixo así porque sabía dalgún veciño que fixera o mesmo ao principio, foi moi duro para el porque non coñecía a ninguén e aínda por riba estaba a barreiro da lingua Ademais de non saber francés tampouco lle gustaban as comidas, en especial o queixo. Co tempo aprendeu o francés e encantoulle o queixo.

El tordo sargento (Agelaius phoeniceus), también conocido como sargento, tordo alirrojo, tordo capitán o turpial alirrojo, es un ave de hábitos migratorios perteneciente a la familia de los #ictéridos, dentro del orden de los paseriformes. Habita en zonas húmedas y terrenos de cultivo de América del Norte y Central. Presenta un marcado dimorfismo sexualvinculado a una sensible diferencia en su tamaño y al color del plumaje, que se manifiesta a temprana edad. Las hembrasson principalmente marrones con un intenso veteado ventral y los machos, predominantemente negros con un par de manchas rojas bordeadas por una banda amarilla sobre las alas. Los insectos y las semillas constituyen la mayor parte de su dieta. Es considerado una plaga para la agricultura. Quizá sea el ave nativa más abundante de América del Norte

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The red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) is a passerine bird of the family Icteridae found in most of North and much of Central America. It breeds from Alaska and Newfoundland south to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, and Guatemala, with isolated populations in western El Salvador, northwestern Honduras, and northwestern Costa Rica. It may winter as far north asPennsylvania and British Columbia, but northern populations are generally migratory, moving south to Mexico and the southern United States. Claims have been made that it is the most abundant and best studied living bird in North America.[ The red-winged blackbird is sexually dimorphic; the male is all black with a red shoulder and yellow wing bar, while the female is a nondescript dark brown. Seeds and insects make up the bulk of the red-winged blackbird's diet.

Scientific classification

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Aves

Order:Passeriformes

Family:Icteridae

Genus:Agelaius

Species:A. phoeniceus

Binomial name

Agelaius phoeniceus

www.cristiancaricaturas.com

Birds. Saddle-billed Stork. Sabi Sand. Arathusa Safari Lodge. South Africa. Sep/2020

Saddle-billed Stork

The saddle-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) is a large wading bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. It is a widespread species which is a resident breeder in sub-Saharan Africa from Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya south to South Africa, and in The Gambia, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire and Chad in west Africa.

This is a close relative of the widespread Asian black-necked stork, the only other member of the genus Ephippiorhynchus.

Source: Wikipedia

Tuiuiú Africano ou Jabiru

A Tuiuiú africano ou Jabiru (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), também conhecido como tuiuiú da África, juburu africano ou cegonha-de-lombo-preto, é uma ave ciconiforme da família das cegonhas. É um pássaro migratório de grande distribuição na África subsaariana. Pássaro de grande envergadura, nidifica no Sudão, Etiópia e Quênia. Parte dos indivíduos migram para o oeste na África Ocidental (Gâmbia, no Senegal e na Costa do Marfim) e para a África Central (Chade). Outra parte dos indivíduos migram para o sul, chegando até a África do Sul

Fonte: Wikipedia

Arathusa Safari Lodge

Arathusa Safari Lodge is unique and highly sought-after by visitors because of its prime location within the Sabi Sand Reserve, adjacent to the unfenced Kruger National Park. Together these two areas comprise one of South Africa’s most incredible and pristinely preserved wilderness sanctuaries.

Arathusa offers an exceptional safari experience – expect a high concentration of an assortment of game, including the Big Five, and frequent leopard sightings. A large waterhole is situated in front of the lodge ensuring interesting game and bird viewing from the comfort of the camp.

Add to this the private luxury accommodations, exceptional service, great value for money and decadent spa treatments, and you have just a few of the things that put Arathusa Safari Lodge in a league of its own.

Source: arathusa.co.za

Arathusa Safari Lodge

O Arathusa Safari Lodge é único e muito procurado pelos visitantes devido à sua localização privilegiada na Reserva Sabi Sand , adjacente ao Parque Nacional Kruger sem vedação. Juntas, essas duas áreas formam um dos santuários selvagens mais incríveis e preservados da África do Sul .

Arathusa oferece uma experiência de safári excepcional - espere uma alta concentração de uma variedade de animais selvagens , incluindo os BIG 5, e avistamentos frequentes de leopardos. Um grande represa está situada em frente aos chalés, garantindo avistamentos interessantes e observação de pássaros no conforto do acampamento.

Adicione a isso as acomodações de luxo privadas , serviço excepcional , excelente valor para o dinheiro e tratamentos de spa, e você tem apenas algumas das coisas que colocam o Arathusa Safari Lodge em uma categoria à parte.

Fonte: arathusa.co.za (tradução livre)

Lugar: Boca del río Capaya, Barlovento, centro norte de Venezuela. Este playero migratorio está preparándose también para partir hacia sus sitios de anidación en Norteamérica. Aunque son comunes en nuestras costas, es la primera vez que los encuentro en la Boca del Capaya.

Place: Capaya River mouth, Barlovento, north-central Venezuela. These migratory sandpipers are preparing themself to leave to their breeding places in North America. Notwithstanding they are commun through our coast, this is the first time that I have found them at Capaya River mouth.

Charrán Común, Common Tern, Sterna hirundo, Aves, Mexico, Tabasco

Puerto Ceiba, Paraíso, Tabasco, México,

12 de enero de 2014