Just a few short weeks after shooting their engagement session, I had the chance to shoot Erica and Landon's wedding as 2nd shooter to the talented Shaina Sheaff. While shooting Erica and her dress in some nearby woods I found it to be the perfect time and setting to create this photo using a technique known as the Brenizer Method. It's a portrait panorama, made of 38 individual photos. Shot at 85mm at f/1.4, I locked exposure and focus on Erica, then worked my way around the scene. Stitched together and touched up in Photoshop, it creates an image with the depth of focus and field of view not possible with any current DSLR lens. In fact, it's closer to the effect you would see from a medium format camera. I really like it because it makes your subjects look almost 3D.

 

Follow me on: Facebook | Twitter | Website

This photo is licensed under a Creative Commons license. If you use this photo within the terms of the license or make special arrangements to use the photo, please give the credit to www.baristly.com .

Brenizer method, photomerged from 75 shots. I seems like an overkill but I was very close to the subject so many shots were needed to have a wider frame. Used D300 with 85mm @ f1.8.

 

More info about this method: www.flickr.com/groups/brenizermethod/

 

VIEW ON BLACK

 

Primeira tentativa de fazer o método de Brenizer. Algumas falhas, mas achei bom pra uma primeira vez.

Happy. :)

I use fixer in a method I call "1-2-Fix" which is a one-shot, two-bath scheme. So for every roll I make-up a solution using a certain amount of concentrate per roll (10-15 ml, depending on type of film). To insure the concentrate stays fresh in storage, I broke the 5L bottle down into four 1-liter bottles and two 500 ml bottles. The bottles came from spring water and vitamin water drinks, respectively, and are PET, excellent for chemical storage. Although not shown in the picture, I also store concentrate in two smaller bottle sizes, 178ml and 37ml. At any one time I have only one 37 ml bottle that is partially full. When all of the small bottles are empty, I refill them with one of the 178 ml bottles, and when two 178ml bottles and the small bottles are empty, I refill them with one of the 500 ml bottles. This way only a few ml of stock solution is ever exposed to a part-full bottle, which minimizes oxidation. I am careful to label the bottles, as the concentrate still looks like water (I have no small children around the house).

Wu-Tang Clan, Method Man (Paris, 03/2014)

Some Background:

Operation Haik was officially never undertaken by the CIA. Until today the Agency never admitted it took place. The background of the operation might look strange at the first view: it was that the CIA obviously "felt", that President Sukarno's Indonesia was turning communist, and that something had to be done about that, with the best apparent solution being to bring him to fight the communists.

 

For the operation the CIA decided to use some existing oppositional forces - of which there was a plethora in Indonesia - as a front for the activity. In late 1956, for example, two Army colonels - founders of the organization later better known under the name PERMESTA - declared that they now control the central and northern Sumatra. While central Indonesian authorities did almost nothing against them – at least not immediately – the officers were swift to contact the USA and ask for help.

 

Washington was not interested to do anything or to get involved, however, until additional problems with Dutch were caused by Sukarno, because of which the Indonesian communists sided with him. After this development, some military supplies were shipped, and the CIA - after a considerable amount of research and planning - decided to use PERMESTA - which, under the aegis of PRRI controlled also the northern Sulawesi - as a front. A decision was taken to organize an air arm, and in February 1958, the first three B-26s were taken out of a bone yard at Clark Field AB, Philippines, and prepared for combat operations and delivery to Sulawesi, while several American pilots were recruited to fly them, together with a number of Polish pilots and navigators (most of which soon left, however).

In early 1958, the Indonesian Air Force (Angatan Udara Republik Indonesia or AURI) was was only a small asset with only three small squadrons of combat aircraft, including the 1st Skadron, equipped with 13 operational B-25Js, for which there were only five qualified crews, and the 3rd Skadron, equipped with 13 operational F-51Ds, for which there were only ten qualified pilots (only three of which have ever got any air-to-air combat training). Ready or not, both the AUREV (Angkatan Udara Revolusioner – a kind of PERMESTA Air Force) and the AURI were soon to clash in a series of sharp attacks and counterattacks.

 

When he finally decided to do something against the PERMESTA & PRRI, on 21 March 1958 Sukarno first ordered the AURI to attack the radio stations at Padang and Bukittiniggi on Sumatra. The attack prompted the CIA to move its aircraft into the area as well, and on 12 April first three B-26s were flown to Sulawesi. Hardly 24 hours later, one of them flew the first combat mission of the AUREV, attacking the AURI Makassar air base, on southern Sulawesi. On 17th April another strike followed, in which an oil tanker was sunk near Balikpapan, and oil storage tanks of Royal Dutch/Shell damaged. Three days later the AUREV flew also its first counter-air missions, starting a series of strikes against AURI air base at Halmahera.

 

However, most of the AURI was not to be found there any way, as the Indonesian Air Force was away, fighting rebels at Sumatra, and supporting a successful operation, initiated on 18 April, which was to force the rebels away from Sumatra.

 

The AUREV thus used the time to fly the first two F-51Ds to Sulawesi as well. The AURI returned to the area only in mid-May, and on 16th of the month three B-25s, escorted by two F-51s, attacked Manado airfield, claiming a destruction of three AUREV Mustangs and one Catalina. While the AUREV certainly haven't had as many F-51Ds on Sulawesi, at least that part of Indonesian claims remains disputable, but the story of the Catalina very likely destroyed in that attack is highly probable, as it is known that the Philippine AF used Catalinas to fly supplies and spare parts to AUREV.

 

The CIA now had to reinforce not only because of losses suffered during the AURI strikes to its airfields. Namely, it was known that the Indonesians were short of getting the first batches of MiG-17s, MiG-19s, MiG-21s, as well as a small number of Tu-16 bombers from the USSR (not a single AURI unit became operational on the Soviet jets in 1958, however, as all were busy training additional pilots and technicians).

(Much of this information was gathered and re-edited from www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=v...)

 

P-51D General characteristics::

Crew: 1

Length: 32 ft 3 in (9.83 m)

Wingspan: 37 ft 0 in (11.28 m)

Height: 13 ft 4½ in (4.08 m:tail wheel on ground, vertical propeller blade.)

Wing area: 235 sq ft (21.83 m²)

Empty weight: 7,635 lb (3,465 kg

Loaded weight: 9,200 lb (4,175 kg)

Max. take-off weight: 12,100 lb (5,490 kg)

Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0163

Drag area: 3.80 sqft (0.35 m²)

Aspect ratio: 5.83

Powerplant: :

1 × Packard V-1650-7 liquid-cooled supercharged V-12, 1,490 hp (1,111 kW) at 3,000 rpm;1,720 hp (1,282 kW) at WEP

Performance::

Maximum speed: 437 mph (703 km/h) at 25,000 ft (7,600 m)

Cruise speed: 362 mph (580 km/h)

Stall speed: 100 mph (160 km/h)

Range: 1,650 mi (2,755 km) with external tanks

Service ceiling: 41,900 ft (12,800 m)

Rate of climb: 3,200 ft/min (16.3 m/s)

Wing loading: 39 lb/sqft (192 kg/m²)

Power/mass: 0.18 hp/lb (300 W/kg)

Lift-to-drag ratio: 14.6

Recommended Mach limit 0.8

Armament:

6× 0.50 caliber (12.7mm) M2 Browning machine guns with 1,880 total rounds (400 rounds for each on the inner pair, and 270 rounds for each of the outer two pair)

2× hardpoints for up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs

 

The model and its assembly:

Believe it or not, but this is a real life background and also the model of a real P-51D. I came across this specific airplane rather accidently, but found its unique, improvised camouflage rather challenging – esp. when you build kits with enamels and brush like me. I still had a Hobby Boss P-51D in my vast kit pile, and so I decided to tackle this aircraft as a side project while waiting for parts for another project, since the kit could be built almost OOB, just the decals had to be puzzled together.

 

I only did minor changes to the kit. One addition is a pilot figure in order to cover the cockpit "bathtub", and a dashboard cover under the windshield inside of the cockpit was added, too. A pitot (made from a piece of wire) was added under the port wing, as well as a retractable landing light inside of the starboard main gear well.

Despite being of simple construction, the Hobby Boss kit shows good surface details, including engraved panel lines. It’s quickly built – the fuselage and the wings are both just single, massive(!) pieces. Due this construction, though, the kit is not a good choice for conversions. And one major flaw is the fact that the canopy frame is a fixed part of the fuselage, even though two canopies are supplies – a single piece for closed position, and separate windshield and hatch for a potentially open cockpit. But the latter can actually not be built, and separating the canopy frame from the massive fuselage is IMHO a messy task, and that’s the reason why I left the cockpit closed… Anyway, it is IMO still a good kit for the money, and a good choice as a basis for a simple livery alternative.

 

Beyond that, this model comes “clean” without any ordnance. Since I could not find any reference that would show or mention external loads under AURI Mustangs (not even drop tanks), I left the model this way, what underlines the Mustang's clean lines.

  

Painting and markings

Here, things become more interesting. My model depicts Angatan Udara Republik Indonesia’s F-51D “F-319” and is based (only) on aircraft profiles and sketches, which were themselves only prepared on the basis of poor photographs of AURI Mustangs during late operations against AUREV.

 

AURI Mustang F-319 (44-13045) took, according to an article in Air Enthusiast No.82, actively part in the fighting of 1958, and it is one of the few (maybe even the only) Mustang to sport a cammo scheme. In general, the AURI P-51Ds were left in a bare metal finish, with colored spinners and a black anti glare panel, sometimes decorated with huge shark teeth. Actually, these aircraft were inherited from Dutch forces after Indonesia' independence, and the national insignia just replaced with the AURI pentagon. Even the tactical codes were kept.

 

F-319 was obviously hastily camouflaged, and only on the upper sides and wrapped around the lower fuselage, probably in two shades of green, or in green and brown. The exact colors remain unknown, but any profile I found depicts F-319 in two shades of green, so I stuck with it, and it’s a nice color combo. F-319 was reportedly damaged during the attack against Amahai on 10 May 1958, after that the track is lost.

 

Anyway, key objective of this kit was to replicate that improvised cammo and weathered look that one might expect under harsh climate conditions and frequent use with poor maintenance in front line service.

 

All interior surfaces were painted in a zinc chromate green finish. I used Humbrol 150 as a basis color and added dry-brushed Testors 1715 on top of that. The landing gear was kept in Aluminum (HUmbrol 56). Everything "standard".

 

The model's lower sides were painted with 'Polished Aluminum' Metallizer from Testors. The upper surfaces, which would later be concealed by camouflage, were painted with acrylic paint, 'Aluminum' from Revell. The same color was also used for some contrast panels on the lower surfaces. Onto this basic finish, the decals were applied as a next step. AURI F-319 appears to have had its cammo scheme painted around its original markings and some access hatches, and simulating this would be IMHO achieved the easiest way by simply duplicating the process on the kit!

 

The decals themselves were puzzled together from several aftermarket sheets. The AURI insignia/national markings come from a generic TL Modellbau sheet, the tactical code and the “AURI” letters under the wing were cut and re-arranged from "USAF" letters in 1:72 scale. Improvisation rules, and the frugal modeler.

 

After the decals had been applied ans secured under a thin coat of clear, acryllic varnish, I used water and salt to mask panel lines and leading edges with tiny mottles and irregular "spot clusters". It’s actually a method that works well when you simulate rust and flaking paint on 1:35 tanks and such with an air brush, but I thought that it might also work here, too, since I wanted to let a lot of bare metal shine through the rather thin cammo paint.

 

After having thoroughly dried, the camouflage scheme was applied with a broad but flat, soft brush, with slightly thinned enamel paint and only with gentle strokes. An air brush would have been better suited, not to stir the masks on the metal paint below, but on the other side a brush allows a more tattered, uneven look, enhancing the flaked and worn effect and the realism of the finish.

 

The basic camouflage colors are Humbrol 120 (FS 34227, Light Green) and Humbrol 91 (Black Green). They create a good contrast - but BW pictures are hard to interprete. After this basic cammo paint had dried up, the salt masks were rubbed away, supported by hard brushes and even fine sand paper. Surely, some repair and additions had to be made, e .g. around the insignia and the tactical codes. In some areas, the chipping effect was enhanced with some dry brushing, e .g. with Humbrol 78, 75, and 116. A wash with thin black ink was applied in order to emphasize the kit’s engraved panel lines and the many surface details. Further additions are the red spinner and the black anti-glare panel in front of the cockpit.

 

Finally, everything was sealed under clear varnish – the lower sides with an acrylic Tamiya spray varnish, the upper sides with a matt coat. On top of that, some overall dry painting with olive drab and medium grey was done, and exhaust and soot stains around the guns added through dry painting.

  

To sum it up, a small real-life project of a classic aircraft in a rather exotic, non-fancy but pretty challenging livery – it was more work than one might expect at first glance, esp. with brushes. Improvised and tattered looks are bigger challenges than “fresh from the factory” finishes.

 

ryan brenizer method

85mm f/1.4 on APS-C sensor Sony A77

10 images stitch, if there are lines that didn't match i tried to get rid of those as much as possible.

 

cheers!

W Festival 2015

Chile.

Autor : Cristóbal Cisternas

© All rights reserved

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

ONE OF THE WAY TO TRAIN THE "THE AWARENESS MUSCLE

 

is the critical run

and other emergency art format

 

CRITICAL RUN / Debate Format

 

Critical Run is an Art Format created by Thierry Geoffroy/Colonel

debate while running .

Debate and Run together,Now,before it is too late.

 

www.emergencyroomscanvas todo .org/criticalrun.html

 

The Art Format Critical Run has been activated in 30 differents countries with 120 different burning debates

New York,Cairo,London,Istanbul,Athens,Hanoi,Paris,Munich,Amsterdam Siberia,Copenhagen,Johanesburg,Moskow,Napoli,Sydney,

Wroclaw,Bruxelles,Rotterdam,Barcelona,Venice,Virginia,Stockholm,Århus,Kassel,Lyon,Trondheim, Berlin ,Toronto,Hannover ...

 

CRITICAL RUN happened on invitation from institution like Moma/PS1, Moderna Muset Stockholm ,Witte de With Rotterdam,ZKM Karlsruhe,Liverpool Biennale;Sprengel Museum etc..or have just happened on the spot because

a debate was necessary here and now.

 

In 2020 the Energy Room was an installation of 40 Critical Run at Museum Villa Stuck /Munich

part of Colonel solo show : The Awareness Muscle Training Center

 

----

 

Interesting publication for researches on running and art

 

www.emergencyrooms.org/formats.html

 

14 Performances. Relation Work (1976 - 1980). Filmed by Paolo Cardazzo. Marina Abramović/ Ulay. Neuer Berliner Kunstverein, Berlin, Germany.

 

Abramović, Marina. Student Body: Workshops 1979 - 2003: Performances 1993 - 2003. Milano: ed. Charta, 2003.

 

Bergson, Henri. Creative Evolution. London: Macmillan and Co., 1911.

Bergson, Henri. Key Writings. Edited by Keith Ansell-Pearson and John Mullarkey. New York:

 

Continuum, 2002.

Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory. New York: Zone Books, 1988.

 

Blaikie, William. “Common Sense Physical Training.” In Athletics and Health: Modern Achievement: Advice and Instruction upon the Conduct of Life, Principles of Business, Care of Health, Duties of Citizenship, etc. Edited by Edward Everett Hale. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1902.

 

Blaikie, William. How to Get Strong and How to Stay So. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1883.

 

Cunningham, Merce. Changes: Notes on Choreography. New York: Something Else Press, 1969.

 

de Balzac, Honoré. The Human Comedy. EBook: Project Gutenberg, 2010. de Balzac, Honoré. Théorie de la démarche. 1833, 1853.

 

de Biran, Maine. “Opposition du principe de Descartes avec celui d’une science de l’homme. Première base d’une division des faits psychologiques et physiologiques. Perception et sensation animale.” In Maine de Biran. Librairie Philosophique J. VRIN, 1990.

 

de Tocqueville, Alexis. The Old Regime and the Revolution. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1856.

 

Delaumosne, M. L’Abbe. “The Delsarte System.” Translated by Frances A. Shaw. In Delsarte System of Oratory, 4th Ed. New York: Edgar S. Werner, 1893.

 

Descartes, René. Méditations metaphysiques. 1641.

 

Gropius, Walter, and Arthur S. Wensinger, eds. The Theater of the Bauhaus: Oskar Schlemmer, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Farkas Molnár. Translated by Arthur S. Wensinger. Middleton, Conn.: Wesleyan University, 1961.

 

Hahn, Archibald. How to Sprint: The Theory of Spring Racing. New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1923.

 

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Phenomenology of Spirit. Translated by A.V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.

 

Helmholtz, Hermann. “On the Facts Underlying Geometry.” In Epistemological Writings: Hermann von Helmholtz. Edited by R.S. Cohen and Y. Elkana. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1977.

 

Helmholtz, Hermann. Théorie physiologique de la musique fondée sur l’étude des sensations auditives. Paris: Masson, 1868.

 

Helmholtz, Hermann. Treatise of Physiological Optics (Handbuch der physiologischen Optik) 1856. 3 Volumes. Translated by James P.C. Southall. Milwaukee, 1924.

 

Holmes, Oliver Wendall. Soundings from the Atlantic. Boston: Tickknor and Fields, 1864. James, William. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1890, 1918.

 

James, William. Writings 1902 - 1910. Edited by Bruce Kuklick. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1987.

 

Kandinsky, Vasily. Über Das Geistige in der Kunst. Dritte Auflage. München: R. Piper&Co, 1912.

 

Kant, Immanuel. “Was ist Aufklärung?” 1784.

 

Laban, Rudolf. A Life for Dance: Reminiscences. Translated by Lisa Ullmann. London: Macdonald & Evans, 1975.

 

Laban, Rudolf. Choreographie. Jena: E. Diederichs, 1926.

 

Laban, Rudolf. Choreutics. Edited by Lisa Ullmann. London: Macdonald & Evans, 1939, 1966.

 

Laban, Rudolf. Effort: Economy in Body Movement. 2nd Edition. Boston: Plays, 1947, 1974.

 

Laban, Rudolf. Principles of Dance and Movement Notation. New York: A Dance Horizons Republication, 1956, 1970.

 

Laban, Rudolf. The Language of Movement: A Guidebook to Choreutics. Edited by Lisa Ullmann. Boston: Plays, Inc., 1974.

  

MacKaye, Percy. “Steele Mackaye, Dynamic Artist of the American Theatre; An Outline of his Life Work,” in The Drama. Edited by William Norman Guthrie and Charles Hubbard Sergel. Chicago: The Dramatic Publishing Company, 1911.

 

Marey, Étienne-Jules. La Machine Animale: Locomotion Terrestre et Aérienne. Paris: Librairie Germer Baillière, 1873.

 

Marey, Étienne-Jules. Le Vol des Oiseaux. Paris: Libraire de l’académie de médecine, 1890. Marey, Étienne-Jules. Movement. Translated by Eric Pritchard. New York: D. Appleton and

 

Company, 1895.

 

Michelet, Jules. The History of France. Volume I. Translated by Walter K. Kelly. London: Chapman and Hall, 1844.

 

Morgan, Anna. An Hour with Delsarte: A Study of Expression. New York: Edgar S. Werner Publisher, 1891.

 

Muybridge, Eadweard. Animal Locomotion: An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania and J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887.

 

Muybridge, Eadweard. Descriptive Zoopraxography, or the Science of Animal Locomotion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1893.

 

Muybridge, Eadweard. The Attitudes of Animals in Motion: A Series of Photographs Illustrating the Consecutive Positions assumed by Animals in Performing Various Movements; Executed at Palo Alto, California, in 1878 and 1879 (1881). Albumen, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Library of Congress.

 

Muybridge, Eadweard. The Human Figure in Motion. New York: Dover Publications, 1955. Ramsaye, Terry. A Million and One Nights: A History of the Motion Picture. U.K.: Simon and

 

Schuster, Inc., 1926, 1954.

Richer, Paul. Physiologie Artistique: De l’Homme en Mouvement. Paris: Aulanier et Cie, 1896.

 

Sanburn, Frederic. Delsartean Scrap-book: Health, Personality, Beauty, House-Decoration, Dress, etc. New York: United States Book Company, c. 1890.

 

Schlemmer, Oskar. Briefe und Tagebücher: The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer. Edited by Tut Schlemmer. Translated by Krishna Winston. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

  

Schlemmer, Oskar, and Heimo Kuchling. Der Mensch, Unterricht am Bauhaus. Nachgelassene Aufzeichnungen. Mainz: F. Kupferberg, 1969.

 

Schuftan, Werner. Handbuch des Tanzes. Preface by Rudolf von Laban. Mannheim: Verlag Deutscher Chorsänger Verband und Tänzerbund, 1928.

 

Shearman, Sir Montague. Athletics and Football. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1888. Smith, Shawn Michelle. At the Edge of Sight: Photography and the Unseen. Durham: Duke

 

University Press, 2013.

 

Stebbins, Genevieve. Delsarte System of Expression, 5th Edition. New York: Edgar S. Werner, 1894; orig. 1885.

 

Talbot, Frederick A. Practical Cinematography and its Applications. London: William Heinemann, 1913.

 

Wigman, Mary. The Mary Wigman Book: Her Writings. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1975.

 

Abramović, Marina, et al. Marina Abramović: Seven Easy Pieces. New York: Charta 2007. Acconci, Vito. Language to Cover a Page: The Early Writings of Vito Acconci. Edited by Craig

 

Dworkin. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.

Adolphs, Volker, and Philip Norten. Gehen Bleiben: Bewegung, Körper, Ort in der Kunst der

 

Gegenwart. Bonn: Kunstmuseum Bonn, 2007.

Agamben, Giorgio. “Movement.” In Dance: Documents of Contemporary Art. Edited André

 

Lepecki. London: MIT Press and WhiteChapel Gallery, 2012.

Alberro, Alexander, and Blake Stimson, eds. Institutional Critique: An Anthology of Artists’

 

Writings. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.

Albers, Kate Palmer. “Abundant Images and the Collective Sublime.” Exposure. Volume 46,

 

Issue 2 (Fall 2013).

 

Allen, Beverly. Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

 

Alloway, Lawrence. The Venice Biennale 1895 - 1968: from salon to goldfish bowl. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society LTD., 1968.

Anderson, Ben. “Affect and Biopower: Towards a Politics of Life.” Transactions - Institute of British Geographers, Issue 1 (2011).

 

Andras, Edit, and Bojana Pejic, eds. Gender Check: Femininity and Masculinity in the Art of Eastern Europe. Cologne: Buchhandlung Walther König, 2009.

 

Antliff, Mark. Inventing Bergson: Cultural Politics and the Parisian Avant-Garde. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

 

Arendt, Hannah. The Human Condition, Second Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958, 1998.

 

Arendt, Hannah. On Violence. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1969.

Atkins, Dawn, ed. Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and

 

Transgender Communities. New York: The Haworth Press, 1998.

Ault, Julie, ed. Alternative Art, New York, 1965-1985: A Cultural Politics Book for the Social

 

Text Collective. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.

Auslander, Philip. “Going with the Flow: Performance Art and Mass Culture.” TDR. Volume 33,

 

Number 2 (Summer 1989).

Auslander, Philip. “The Performativity of Performance Documentation.” PAJ 84 (2006).

 

Backstein, Joseph, and Daniel Birnbaum, Sven-Olov Wallenstein. Thinking Worlds - The Moscow Conference on Philosophy, Politics, and Art. Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2008.

 

Badovinac, Zdenka. Body and the East: From the 1960s to the Present. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999.

 

Baer, Ulrich. Spectral Evidence: The Photography of Trauma. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002. Baker, George. “Entr’acte.” October. Volume 105 (Summer 2003).

 

Bale, John. Imagined Olympians: Body Culture and Colonial Representations in Rwanda. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.

 

Bale, John. Running Cultures: Racing in Time and Space. London: Frank Cass, 2004. Banes, Sally. Democracy’s Body: Judson Dance Theatre, 1962 - 1964. Durham, NC: Duke

 

University Press, 1993.

 

Banes, Sally. Terpsichore in Sneakers: Post-Modern Dance, 2nd edition. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1987.

  

Bartenieff, Irmgard. Body Movement: Coping with the Environment. New York: Routledge, 2002.

 

Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. Translated by Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 198, 2010.

 

Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Translated by Annette Lavers. New York: Hill and Wang, 1972. Batchen, Geoffrey. Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography. Cambridge: MIT

 

Press, 1997.

 

Baudelaire, Charles. The Parisian Prowler, Le Spleen de Paris Petits Poèmes en Prose. Translated by Edward K. Kaplan. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1989.

 

Bauer, M. W. and G. Gaskell. Biotechnology — the Making of a Global Controversy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

 

Bayat, Asef. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010, 2015.

 

Belaief, Lynne. “Meanings of the Body.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. Volume 4, Issue 1 (1977).

 

Bell, Catherine. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

 

Benjamin, Walter. Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism. Translated by Harry Zohn. London: Verso, 1997.

 

Benjamin, Walter. Selected Writings, Volumes 1 - 4. Edited by Howard Eiland and Michael W. Jennings. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003 - 2006.

 

Benjamin, Walter. “The Storyteller: Reflections on the Works of Nikolai Leskov.” In Illuminations. Edited by Hannah Arendt. Translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 2007.

 

Bennett, Jill. Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art. Stanford, CA; Stanford University Press, 2005.

 

Berger, John. About Looking. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.

 

Bergson, Henri. Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. Translated by Cloudesley Brereton and Fred Rothwell. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914.

  

Bishop, Claire, and Marta Dziewańska, eds. 1968 - 1989: Political Upheaval and Artistic Change. Warsaw: Museum of Modern Art, 2009.

 

Bishop, Claire. Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship. London: Verso, 2012.

 

Bishop, Claire. Radical Museology: or, What’s ‘Contemporary’ in Museums of Contemporary Art? London: Koenig Books, 2013.

 

Black, Graham. Transforming Museums in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Routledge, 2011.

 

Blaive, Muriel, and Christian Gerbel, Thomas Lindenberger, eds. Clashes in European Memory: The Case of Communist Repression and the Holocaust. Innsbruck: Studienverlag, 2011.

 

Blassnigg, Martha. Time, Memory, Consciousness and the Cinema Experience: Revisiting Ideas on Matter and Spirit. New York: Rodopi, 2009.

 

Bloomer, Kent C., and Charles Willard Moore. Body, Memory, and Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

 

Boecker, Henning, et. al. “The Runner’s High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain.” Cerebral Cortex. Volume 18, Number 11 (2008).

 

Bougarel, Xavier, and Elissa Helms, Ger Duijzings, eds. The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society. Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2007.

 

Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

 

Bourriaud, Nicolas. Relational Aesthetics. Dijon: Les Presses du réel, 1998, 2002.

 

Brandstetter, Gabriele. Poetics of Dance: Body, Image and Space in the Historical Avant- Gardes. Translated by Elena Polzer and Mark Franko. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, 2015.

 

Braudy, Leo, and Marshall Cohen, eds. Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. New York: Oxford UP, 1999.

 

Braun, Marta. Eadweard Muybridge. London: Reaktion, 2010.

Braun, Marta. Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830 - 1904). Chicago:

 

University of Chicago Press, 1992, 1994.

 

Brettell, Richard R. Modern Art, 1851 - 1929: Capitalism and Representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

  

Brooke, J.D., and H.T.A. Whiting, eds. Human Movement - A Field of Study. London: Henry Kimpton Publishers, 1973.

 

Brown, Keith S., and Yannis Hamilakis, eds. The Usable Past: Greek Metahistories. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003.

 

Brunnbauer, Ulf, and Konrad Clewing, eds. Südost-Forschungen. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2008.

 

Bruno, Giuliana. Atlas of Emotion: Journeys in Art, Architecture, and Film. New York: Verso, 2002.

 

Bryzgel, Amy. Performing the East: Performance Art in Russia, Latvia, and Poland since 1980. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012.

 

Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. Neo-Avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001, 2003.

 

Buck-Morss, Susan. The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991.

 

Burchell, Graham, and Colin Gordon, Peter Miller, eds. The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

 

Bürger, Peter. Theory of the Avant-Garde. Translated by Michael Shaw. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press and Manchester University Press, 1974, 1984.

 

Butler, Judith. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York: Routledge, 1993. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge,

 

2006.

 

Butler, Samuel. Unconscious Memory: A Comparison between the Theory of Dr. Ewald Hering and the ‘Philosophy of the Unconscious’ of Dr. Edward von Hartmann. London: David Bogue, 1880.

 

Cage, John. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1961. Campany, David, ed. The Cinematic: Documents of Contemporary Art. Cambridge: MIT Press,

 

2007.

Canales, Jimena. A Tenth of a Second: A History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

 

Careri, Francesco. Walkscapes: Walking as an Aesthetic Practice. Translated by Steve Piccolo and Paul Hammond. Barcelona: Editorial Gusavo Gili, 2002.

  

Carroll, Noël. Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Cetinić, Ljiljana, and Ana Panić, eds. Štafete: Titova Štafeta - Štafeta Mladosti, 1945 - 1987.

 

Belgrade: Tipografik plus, 2008.

Chase, Stuart. Men and Machines. New York: Macmillan Co, 1929.

 

Christesen, Paul. Sport and Democracy in the Ancient and Modern Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

 

Christian, Mary. Marina Abramović: The Artist is Present. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2010.

 

Clark, Kenneth. The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form. New York: Pantheon Books, 1956. Coleman, Simon, and John Eade, eds. Reframing Pilgrimage: Cultures in Motion. London:

 

Routledge, 2004.

 

Connerton, Paul. The Spirit of Mourning: History, Memory and the Body. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

 

Cosgrove, Denis. Geography and Vision: Seeing, Imagining and Representing the World. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2008.

 

Cottington, David. Cubism in the Shadow of War: The Avant-Garde and Politics in Paris 1905- 1914. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

 

Crane, Susan, ed. Museums and Memory. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Crary, Jonathan. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth

 

Century. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Crow, Thomas. The Rise of the Sixties: American and European Art in the Era of Dissent.

 

London: Laurence King Publishing, 1996.

 

Csiksgentmihalyi, Mihaly. Creativity! Flow and psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins, 1996.

 

Cumming, John. Runners & Walkers: A Nineteenth Century Sports Chronicle. Chicago: Regency Gateway, 1981.

 

Cvejić, Bojana, and Ana Vujanović. Public Sphere by Performance. Belgrade: b_books, TkH, 2012.

  

Dagg, Anne Innis. Running, Walking, and Jumping: The Science of Locomotion. New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc, 1977.

 

de Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Translated by Steven Rendall. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, 1988.

 

de Certeau, Michel. The Writing of History. Translated by Tom Conley. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, 1988.

 

de Groote, Pascale. Ballets Suédois: Jean Börlin. Ghent: University of Ghent, 2002.

de Waal, Frans. The Age of Empathy: Nature’s Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York:

 

Harmony Books, 2009.

 

Deleuze, Gilles. Cinema 1: The Movement-Image. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.

 

Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus. London: Continuum, 1980, 2008. Dewey, John. The Public and its Problems: An Essay in Political Inquiry. Edited by Melvin L.

 

Rogers. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University, 2012.

di Giovanni, Janine. Madness Visible: A Memoir of War. London: Bloomsbury, 2005.

 

Djetelić, Pera, and Dragan Maršičević. Narodna Omladina i Jugoslovenski Kongres za Fizičku Kulturu. Beograd: Mladost, 1959.

 

Djurić, Dubravka, and Miško Šuvaković, eds. Impossible Histories: Historical Avant-gardes, Neo-avant-gardes, and Post-avant-gardes in Yugoslavia, 1918 - 1991. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.

 

Donawerth, Jane, ed. Rhetorical Theory by Women before 1900: An Anthology. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2002.

 

Dörr, Evelyn. Rudolf Laban: The Dancer of the Crystal. Lanham, Maryland: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2008.

 

Drakulić, Slavenka. Balkan Express: Fragments from the Other Side of War. London: Hutchinson, 1993.

 

Drakulić, Slavenka. They Would Never Hurt a Fly: War Criminals on Trial in the Hague. New York: Penguin, 2005.

 

Drapag, Vesna. Constructing Yugoslavia: A Transnational History. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

Duncan, Carol. Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums. Abingdon: Routledge, 1995. Eamon, Christopher. Rearview Mirror: New Art from Central and Eastern Europe. Edmonton:

 

Art Gallery of Alberta, 2011.

 

Eichberg, Henning, ed. Body Cultures: Essays on Sport, Space, and Identity. London, New York: Routledge, 1998.

 

Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process. Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1939, 2000.

 

Elias, Norbert, and Eric Dunning. Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process. Dublin: University of College Dublin Press, 2008.

 

Enwezor, Okwui. Archive Fever: Uses of the Document in Contemporary Art. Göttingen: Steidl Publishers, 2008.

 

Erjavec, Aleš, ed. Postmodernism and the Postsocialist Condition: Politicized Art under Late Socialism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

 

Fer, Briony, and David Batchelor, Paul Wood. Realism, Rationalism, Surrealism: Art Between the Wars. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

 

Finn, David. How to Visit A Museum. New York: Abrams, 1985.

Fleming, Bruce. Running is Life: Transcending the Crisis of Modernity. Lanham: University

 

Press of America, Inc, 2010.

 

Forrester, Sibelan E.S., and Magdalena J. Zaborowska, Elena Gapova, eds. Over the Wall/After the Fall: Post-Communist Cultures Through an East-West Gaze. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.

 

Foster, Hal. The Return of the Real: The Avant-Garde at the End of the Century. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

 

Foster, Hal. “What’s Neo about the Neo-Avant-Garde?” October. Volume 70, The Duchamp Effect (Autumn, 1994), 5 - 32.

 

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, Random House, Inc, 1977, 1995.

 

Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality Volume 1. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.

 

Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings, 1972 - 1977. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books,1972, 1980.

  

Fraleigh, Sondra Horton. Dance and the Lived Body: A Descriptive Aesthetics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987.

 

Frampton, Hollis. “Eadweard Muybridge: Fragments of a Tesseract.” In On the Camera Arts and Consecutive Matters: The Writings of Hollis Frampton. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.

 

Fried, Michael. Four Honest Outlaws: Sala, Ray, Marioni, Gordon. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.

 

Gallagher, Catherine, and Thomas Laqueur, eds. The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

 

Gamwell, Lynn, ed. Dreams Nineteen Hundred to Two Thousand: Science, Art, and the Unconscious Mind. Binghamton: State University of New York at Binghamton, 2000.

 

Gay, Peter. Savage Reprisals: Bleak House, Madame Bovary, Buddenbrooks. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002.

 

Gehm, Sabine, and Pirkko Husemann, Katharina von Wilke, eds. Knowledge in Motion: Perspectives of Artistic and Scientific Research in Dance. Translated by Bettina von Arps- Aubert. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2007.

 

Genoways, Hugh H., ed. Museum Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: AltaMira Press, 2006.

 

Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius. “After Kittler: On the Cultural Techniques of Recent German Media Theory.” Theory Culture Society (August 2013).

 

Gidal, Peter. Materialist Film. London: Routledge, 1989.

Giedion, Siegfried. Space, Time, and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition. Cambridge:

 

Harvard University Press, 1974.

 

Godard, Jean-Luc. Godard on Godard. Edited by Jean Narboni and Tom Milne. New York: The Viking Press, 1968, 1972.

 

Gödl, Doris. “Challenging the Past: Serbian and Croatian Aggressor-Victim Narratives.” International Journal of Sociology 37. No. 1 (2007).

 

Goldberg, Roselee. Performance: Live Art Since the ‘60s. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004.

 

Goldberg, Roselee. Performance Art: From Futurism to the Present. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001.

  

Goldberg, Vicki, ed. Photography in Print: Writings from 1816 to the Present. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981.

 

Golding, Sue, ed. The Eight Technologies of Otherness. London: Routledge, 1997. Gotaas, Thor. Running: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books, 2009.

 

Grau, Andrée, and Stephanie Jordan. Europe Dancing: Perspectives on Theatre, Dance, and Cultural Identity. New York: Routledge, 2000.

 

Grigorov, Dimitar. “‘Рачунајте на нас.’ ‘Oдломак’ о Титовој штафети или Штафети младости.” In Друштвену историју. Belgrade: 2008.

 

Grimes, Ronald L. Beginnings in Ritual Studies. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.

 

Groys, Boris. Introduction to Antiphilosophy. Translated by David Fernbach. London: Verso, 2012.

 

Groys, Boris. The Communist Postscript. Translated by Thomas Ford. London: Verso, 2010. Groys, Boris, and Ann von der Heiden, Peter Weibel, eds. Zurück aus der Zukunft.

 

Osteuropäische Kulturen im Zeitalter des Postkommunismus. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2005.

Gržinić, Marina, and Günther Heeg, Veronika Darian. Mind the Map! History is not a Given: A

 

th th

Critical Anthology Based on the Symposium [Leipzig, 13 -16 October 2005]. Frankfurt:

 

Revolver, 2006.

 

Guttman, Allen. “Sport, Politics, and the Engaged Historian.” Journal of Contemporary History. Volume 38, Number 3 (2003).

 

Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri. Empire. Boston, Harvard University Press, 2001. Hargreaves, Jennifer, and Patricia Anne Vertinsky, eds. Physical Culture, Power, and the Body.

 

New York: Routledge, 2007.

 

Harris, Mary Emma. The Arts at Black Mountain College. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987, 2002.

 

Harte, Jane L., et. al. “The effects of running and meditation on beta-endorphin, corticotropin- releasing hormone and cortisol in plasma, and on mood.” Biological Psychology. Volume 40, Issue 3 (June 1995).

 

Harte, Jane L., and Georg H. Eifert. “The effects of running, environment, and attentional focus on athletes’ catecholamine and cortisol levels and moods.” Psychophysiology. Volume 32, Issue 1 (January 1995).

  

Havránek, Vít, ed. Jiří Kovanda: Actions and Installations, 2005-1976. Zurich: Tranzit & JRP|Ringier, 2006.

 

Helme, Sirje. PopKunst Forever: Estonian Pop Art at the Turn of the 1960s and 1970s. Tallinn: Art Museum of Estonia - Kumu Art Museu, 2010.

 

Hemmings, Frederick William John, ed. The Age of Realism. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1974. Hendricks, Gordon. Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture. New York:

 

Grossman Publishers, of Viking Press, 1975.

 

Henning, Michelle. Museums, Media, and Cultural Theory. New York: Open University Press, 2006.

 

Hewitt, Andrew. Social Choreography: Ideology as Performance in Dance and Everyday Movement. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.

 

Higgins, Steven. Still Moving: The Film and Media Collections of the Museum of Modern Art. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2006.

 

Hoberman, John M. “Sport and Political Ideology.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues. Volume 1, Number 2 (1977).

 

Hodgson, John. Mastering Movement: The Life and Work of Rudolf Laban. New York: Routledge, 2001.

 

Hoelzl, Ingrid, and Friedrich Tietjen, eds. Images in Motion. Burges: Die Keure, 2012. Husserl, Edmund. The Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness. Edited by Martin

 

Heidegger. Translated by James S. Churchill. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.

 

IRWIN, ed. East Art Map: Contemporary Art and Eastern Europe. London: Afterall and MIT Press, 2006.

 

Ivey, Paul Eli. Radiance from Halcyon: A Utopian Experiment in Religion and Science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.

 

Jameson, Frederic. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press,1991.

 

Janevski, Ana, ed. As Soon as I Open My Eyes I See a Film: Experiment in the Art of Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s. Warsaw: Museum of Modern Art, 2010.

 

Jarausch, Konrad H., and Michael Geyer. Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.

  

Jones, Amelia. Body Art/Performing the Subject. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.

 

Jones, Amelia, and Adrian Heathfield. Perform, Repeat, Record: Live Art in History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.

 

Jones, Amelia. “The Body and Technology.” Art Journal. Volume 60, Number 1 (Spring, 2001). Joseph, Brandon W. Random Order: Robert Rauschenberg and the Neo-avant-garde.

 

Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.

Joy, Jenn. The Choreographic. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014.

 

Jünger, Ernst. “War and Photography.” Translated by Anthony Nassar. New German Critique. Number 59 (Spring-Summer, 1993).

 

Kater, Michael H. Hitler Youth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004. Kebo, Ozren. Sarajevo za početnike. Sarajevo: Dani, 1996.

 

Kelley, Jeff, ed. Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life. Berkley: University of California Press, 1993, 2003.

 

Kern, Stephen. The Culture of Time and Space. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1983.

 

Kester, Grant H. Conversation Pieces: Community and Communication in Modern Art. Berkley: University of California Press, 2004.

 

Kholeif, Omar. Moving Image. London: Whitechapel, 2015.

Kirkpatrick, Sidney. The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.

 

Kirn, Gal, and Dubravka Sekulić, Žiga Testen, eds. Surfing the Black: Yugoslav Black Wave Cinema and its Transgressive Moments. Maastricht: Jan van Eyck Academie, 2012.

 

Kittler, Friedrich A. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. Klinger, Cornelia, and Bartomeu Mari. Modernologies: Contemporary Artists Researching

 

Modernity and Modernism. Barcelona: Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona, 2009.

Knell, Simon J., et al., eds. National Museums: New Studies from around the World. New York:

 

Routledge, 2011.

Knudson, Duane. Fundamentals of Biomechanics, Second Edition. New York: Springer, 2007.

  

Knust, Albrecht. Handbook of Kinetography Laban: Examples. Hamburg: Das Tanzarchiv, 1958. Koch, Sabine, et al. Body Memory, Metaphor, and Movement. Philadelphia: John Benjamins

 

Publishing Company, 2012.

Krauss, Rosalind E. “Sculpture in the Expanded Field.” October. Volume 8 (Spring 1979).

 

Krauss, Rosalind E. The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985.

 

Kuligowski, Waldemar. “A Relay of Youth of the 21st Century. A Re-enactment of Ritual or a Grotesque Performance?” Cargo. Volume 10, Number 1 - 2 (2012).

 

Kwon, Miwon. One Place After Another: Site-Specific Art and Locational Identity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.

 

LaBelle, Brandon. Background Noise: Perspectives on Sound Art. London and New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006.

 

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

 

Landsberg, Alison. Prosthetic Memory: The Transformation of American Remembrance in the Age of Mass Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

 

Laws, Kenneth, and Francia Russell. Physics and the Art of Dance: Understanding Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

 

le Blanc, Guillaume. Courir: Méditations Physiques. Paris: Éditions Flammarion, 2012.

Leahy, Helen Rees. Museum Bodies: The Politics of Practices of Visiting and Viewing. Surrey,

 

England: Ashgate, 2012.

Lederman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the

 

United States, 1880 - 1917. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995. Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.

 

Lehman, Arnold L., and Brenda Richardson, eds. Oskar Schlemmer. Baltimore: The Baltimore Museum of Art, 1986.

 

Lemke, Thomas. Bio-Politics: An Advanced Introduction. Translated by Eric Frederick Trump. New York: New York University Press, 2011.

 

Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. Hitler Youth, 1922 - 1945: An Illustrated History. London: McFarland & Company, Inc.,2009.

  

Lepecki, André, ed. Dance: Documents of Contemporary Art. London: MIT Press and WhiteChapel Gallery, 2012.

 

Leposavić, Radonja. vlasTito iskustvo. Belgrade: Publikum, 2005.

Licht, Alan. Sound Art: Beyond Music, Between Categories. New York: Rizzoli International

 

Publications, 2007.

 

Lippard, Lucy. Six Years: The Dematerialization of the Art Object from 1966 to 1972. Berkley: University of California Press, 1973.

 

Loland, Sigmund, and Berit Skirstad, Ivan Waddington. Pain and Injury in Sport: Social and Ethical Analysis. New York: Routledge, 2006.

 

Luthar, Breda, and Maruša Pušnik, eds. Remembering Utopia: The Culture of Everyday Life in Socialist Yugoslavia. Washington, D.C.: New Academia Publishers, 2010.

 

Mackay, Robin, and Armen Avanessian, eds. #Accelerate: The Accelerationist Reader. Falmouth, UK: Urbanomic, 2014.

 

Malcolm, Noel. Bosnia: A Short Story. London: MacMillan, 1994.

Maletic, Vera. Body - Space - Expression: The Development of Rudolf Laban’s Movement and

 

Dance Concepts. Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, 1987.

Marie, Michel. The French New Wave: An Artistic School. Translated by Richard Neupert.

 

Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997.

 

Marien, Mary Warner. Photography: A Cultural History. 2nd Edition. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2002, 2006.

 

Marks, Laura. Touch: Sensuous Theory and Multisensory Media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.

 

Marvin, Carolyn. When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

 

Mathews, Nancy Mowll. “The Body in Motion.” In Moving Pictures: American Art and Early Film, 1880 - 1910. Manchester, Vermont: Hudson Hills Press, 2005.

 

Mauss, Marcel. “Techniques of the Body” (1934). In Incorporations, Zone 6. Edited by Jonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter. New York: Zone, 1992.

 

Mazower, Mark. Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1999.

  

McGinnis, Peter M. Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise, Third Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2013.

 

McSorley, Kevin, ed. War and the Body: Militarisation, Practice and Experience. New York: Routledge, 2013.

 

Meltzer, Eve. Systems We Have Loved: Conceptual Art, Affect, and the Antihumanist Turn. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2013.

 

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. The Phenomenology of Perception. Translated by Colin Smith. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962, 1989.

 

Metz, Christian. Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema. Translated by Michael Taylor. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

 

Metz, Christian. “Photography and Fetish.” October. Volume 34 (Autumn, 1985).

Meyer, James. Minimalism: Art and Polemics in the Sixties. New Haven: Yale University Press,

 

Michelson, Annette, ed. Kino-Eye: The Writings of Dziga Vertov. Translated by Kevin O’Brien. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

 

Mirzoeff, Nicholas, ed. The Visual Culture Reader, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 1998, 2002.

 

Mishima, Yukio. Sun and Steel: His Personal Testament on Art, Action, and Ritual Death. New York: Kodansha, 1970.

 

Mondloch, Kate. Screens: Viewing Media Installation Art. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 2010.

 

Moore, Sarah J. Empire on Display: San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.

 

Morgan, William P. “Affective beneficence of vigorous physical activity.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Volume 17, Number 1 (February 1985).

 

Morse, Meredith. Soft is Fast: Simone Forti in the 1960s and After. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.

 

Mosse, George L. The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

 

Motherwell, Robert, ed. Dada Painters and Poets. New Haven: Harvard University Press, 1981.

  

Mozley, Anita Ventura, ed. Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, 1872 - 1882. San Francisco: Stanford University, 1972.

 

Mulvey, Laura. Death 24x a Second: Stillness and the Moving Image. London: Reaction books, 2006.

 

Mumford, Lewis. Technics and Civilization. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul LTD, 1934, 1955.

 

Muñoz, José Esteban. Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1999.

 

Musolff, Andreas. Metaphor, Nation, and the Holocaust: The Concept of the Body Politic. New York: Routledge, 2010.

 

New Collectivism, ed. Neue Slowenische Kunst. Translated by Marjan Golobič. Hong Kong: Paramount Printing, 1991.

 

Newman, Michael, and Jon Bird, eds. Rewriting Conceptual Art. London: Reaction Books, 1999. O’Doherty, Brian. Inside the White Cube: The Ideology of the Gallery Space. Berkley:

 

University of California Press, 1986.

 

O’Rourke, Karen. Walking and Mapping: Artists as Cartographers. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.

 

Obrist, Hans Ulrich. Do It: The Compendium. New York: Independent Curators International/D.A.P., 2013.

 

Partsch-Bergsohn, Isa. Modern Dance in Germany and the Untied States: Crosscurrents and Influences. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994.

 

Passerini, Luisa, ed. Memory and Totalitarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pavković, Aleksandar. The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: Nationalism and War in the Balkans,

 

Second Edition. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.

 

Pegrum, Mark A. Challenging Modernity: Dada Between Modern and Postmodern. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2000.

 

Peiffer, Lorenz. Sport im Nationalsozialismus: Zum aktuellen Stand der sporthistorischen Forschung. Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstaat, 2004, 2015.

 

Pejić, Bojana, and David Elliot. After the Wall: Art and Culture in Post-Communist Europe. Stockholm: Moderna Museet, 1999.

  

Penz, Otto. “Sport and Speed.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Volume 25, Number 2 (June 1990).

 

Peoples, Crocker. “A Psychological Analysis of the ‘Runner’s High’ (Human Performance).” Physical Educator. Volume 40, Number 1 (March 1, 1983).

 

Perica, Vjekoslav. Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

 

Petrov, Ana. “Telesni projekti i regulacija normativnog tela: uloga fizičke kulture u Jugoslaviji.” Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku. Issue 51, Number 2 (2014).

 

Pfister, Gertrud, ed. Gymnastics, A Transatlantic Movement: From Europe to America. New York: Routledge, 2011.

 

Phelan, Peggy. Unmarked: The Politics of Performance. New York: Routledge, 1993. Phillips, Christopher, ed. Photography in the Modern Era: European Documents and Critical

 

Writings, 1913 - 1940. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Aperature, 1990. Phillips, Murray G. Deconstructing Sport History: A Postmodern Analysis. Albany: State

 

University of New York Press, 2006.

 

Pissaro, Joachim, et al. Martin Creed: What’s the Point of It? London: Hayward Publishing, 2014.

 

Piotrowski, Piotr. In the Shadow of Yalta: Art and the Avant-Garde in Eastern Europe, 1945 - 1989. London: Reaktion, 2009.

 

Preston-Dunlop, Valerie. Rudolf Laban: An Extraordinary Life. London, Dance Books, 1998. Preziosi, Donald. Art Religion Amnesia: The Enchantments of Credulity. New York: Routledge,

  

Pursell, Caroll. White Heat: People and Technology. Berkley: University of California Press, 1994.

 

Quercetani, R. L. A World History of Track and Field Athletics 1864-1964. London: Oxford University Press, 1964.

 

Rabinbach, Anson. The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity. New York: Basic Books, 1990.

 

Rabinow, Paul, ed. The Foucault Reader. New York: Random House, 1984.

  

Radstone, Susannah, and Bill Schwarz, Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates. New York: Fordham University Press, 2010.

 

Rancière, Jacques. Aesthetics and its Discontents. Malden: Polity Press, 2004.

Rancière, Jacques. The Emancipated Spectator. Translated by Gregory Elliot. London: Verso,

 

Rancière, Jacques. The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible. London: Continuum, 2006.

 

Rees, A.L., and Duncan White, Steven Ball, David Curtis, eds. Expanded Cinema: Art, Performance, Film. London: Tate Publishing, 2011.

 

Rempel, Gerhard. Hitler’s Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

 

Richards, Mary. Marina Abramović. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Ricoeur, Paul. Oneself as Another. Translated by Kathleen Blamey. Chicago: University of

 

Chicago Press, 1992.

Rosa, Hartmut. Beschleunigung und Entfremdung: Entwurf einer Kritischen Theorie

 

spätmoderner Zeitlichkeit. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2013.

Rosa, Hartmut, and William E. Scheuerman. High-Speed: Social Acceleration, Power, and

 

Modernity. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University, 2009.

Rosati, Lauren, and Mary Anne Staniszewski, eds. Alternative Histories: New York Art Spaces,

 

1960-2010. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012.

 

Rosenstone, Robert A., “History in Images/History in Words: Reflections on the Possibility of Really Putting History onto Film.” The American Historical Review. Volume 93. Number 5 (December 1988).

 

Rossol, Nadine. Performing the Nation in Interwar Germany: Sport, Spectacle, and Political Symbolism, 1926 - 1936. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

 

Roxby-Maude, Alice, On Camera: Performance and Photography. Southampton: John Hansard Gallery, 2007.

 

Ruyter, Nancy Lee Chalfa. The Cultivation of Body and Mind in Nineteenth-Century American Delsartism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.

 

Salazar, James B. Bodies of Reform The Rhetoric of Character in Gilded Age America. New York: New York University Press, 2010.

  

Schechner, Richard. Essays on Performance Theory 1970 - 1976. New York: Drama Book Specialists, 1973, 1977.

 

Scheerder, Jeroen, and Koen Breedveld, eds. Running Across Europe: The Rise and Size of One of the Largest Sport Markets. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

 

Seckinelgin, H., and Billy Wong, eds. Global Civil Society 2011: Globally and the Absence of Justice. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

 

Sekula, Allan. “The Body and the Archive.” October. Volume 39 (Winter, 1986). Semon, Richard. Die mnemischen Empmfindungen in ihren Beziehungen zu den

 

Originalempfindungen. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1909.

Shawn, Ted. Every Little Movement: A Book About François Delsarte. Pittsfield, MA: The Eagle

 

Printing and Binding Company, 1954.

Shayt, David H. “Stairway to Redemption: America’s Encounter with the British Prison

 

Treadmill.” Technology and Culture, Volume 30, Number 4 (Oct. 1989).

Sheridan, Heather, and Leslie Howe, and Keith Thompson, eds. Sporting Reflections: Some

 

Philosophical Perspectives. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Verlag, 2007.

 

Siegmund, Gerald, and Stefan Hölscher, eds. Dance, Politics, and Co-Immunity: Thinking Resistances, Current Perspectives on Politics and Communities in the Arts. Volume 1. Zürich- Berlin: Diaphanes, 2013.

 

Sileo, Diego, and Eugenio Viola, PAC (Milano), eds. Marina Abramović: The Abramović Method. 2 Volumes. Milan: 24 ORE Cultura, 2012.

 

Silverman, Kaja. The Subject of Semiotics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Slevin, Tom. Vision of the Human: Art, World War One and the Modernist Subject. London: I.B.

 

Tauris, 2015.

 

Solnit, Rebecca. River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West. New York: Viking, 2003.

 

Solnit, Rebecca. Wanderlust: A History of Walking. London: Verso, 2001.

Sontag, Susan. Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Picador, 1966, 2001. Sontag, Susan. “Fascinating Fascism.” The New York Review of Books (6 February 1975). Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York: Picador, 1977.

  

Spieker, Sven. The Big Archive: Art from Bureaucracy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008. Stepišnik, Drago. Oris Zgodovine Telesne Kulture na Slovenskem. Ljubljana: Dražavna založba

 

Slovenija, 1968.

 

Stipančić, Branka. “‘Zame je resničnost umetnost,’ Intervju s Tomislavom Gotovcem.” Vijenac, Number 123/VI (8 Oct. 1998).

 

Stoddart, Tom. Sarajevo. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.

Stošić, Mirjana. “Body-name — The Brotherhood Chronotype and Social Choreography.”

 

Култура/Culture (2015).

Suljagić, Emir. Postcards from the Grave. Translated by Lejla Haverić. London: The Bosnian

 

Institute, 2005.

 

Susovski, Marijan, ed. The New Art Practice in Yugoslavia, 1966 - 1978. Zagreb: Gallery of Contemporary Art, 1978.

 

Sutil, Nicolás Salazar. Motion and Representation: The Language of Human Movement. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.

 

Swenson, Kirsten. Irrational Judgements: Eva Hesse, Sol Lewitt, and 1960s New York. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.

 

Szeemann, Harold. Zum freien Tanz, zu reiner Kunst. Rolandseck: Stiftung Hans Arp und Sophie Taeuber-Arp, 1991.

 

Tagg, John. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.

 

Tilmans, Karin, and Frank van Vree, Jay Winter, eds. Performing the Past: Memory, History, and Identity in Modern Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.

 

Tumarkin, Maria M. Traumascapes: The Power and Fate of Places Transformed by Tragedies. Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 2005.

 

Udall, Sharyn R. Dance and American Art: A Long Embrace. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012.

 

Vacche, Angela Dalle. Film, Art, New Media: Museum without Walls? New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

 

Vertinsky, Patricia Anne. The Eternally Wounded Woman: Women, Doctors, and Exercise in the Late Nineteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989.

  

Virilio, Paul. The Art of the Motor. Translated Julie Rose. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

 

Weibel, Peter. Beyond Art: A Third Culture. Vienna: Ambra Verlag, 2005.

 

Wells, Liz, ed. Photography: A Critical Introduction. New York: Rutledge, 1996/2015.

 

Westcott, James. When Marina Abramović Dies: A Biography. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2010.

 

White, Hayden. “Historiography and Historiophoty.” The American Historical Review. Volume 93. Number 5 (December 1988).

 

White, Hayden V. Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

 

Wiehager, Renate, ed. Moving Pictures: Photography and Film in Contemporary Art. Ostfildern- Ruit, Germany: Hate Cantz Publishers, 2001.

 

Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society, 1780 - 1950. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958/1983.

 

Wood, Catherine. Yvonne Rainer: The Mind is a Muscle. London: Afterall, 2007. Wood, Denis. The Power of Maps. New York: Guilford Press, 2010.

 

Woodward, Susan L. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995.

 

Young, Kevin. Deviance and Social Control in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2008. Youngblood, Gene. Expanded Cinema. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1970.

 

Zelizer, Barbie, ed. Visual Culture and the Holocaust. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001.

 

Zidić, Igor, and Ana Dević, Antonio Gotovac Lauer a.k.a. Tomislav Gotovac. Antonio Gotovac Lauer: Čelična mreža. Zagreb: Moderna Galerija and Studio Josip Račič, 2006.

 

Zorn, John W., ed. The Essential Delsarte. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1968.

 

Žižek, Slavoj. The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters. London: Verso, 1996.

 

----

  

------------about Venice Biennale history from wikipedia ---------

curators previous

* 1948 – Rodolfo Pallucchini

* 1966 – Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua

* 1968 – Maurizio Calvesi and Guido Ballo

* 1970 – Umbro Apollonio

* 1972 – Mario Penelope

* 1974 – Vittorio Gregotti

* 1978 – Luigi Scarpa

* 1980 – Luigi Carluccio

* 1982 – Sisto Dalla Palma

* 1984 – Maurizio Calvesi

* 1986 – Maurizio Calvesi

* 1988 – Giovanni Carandente

* 1990 – Giovanni Carandente

* 1993 – Achille Bonito Oliva

* 1995 – Jean Clair

* 1997 – Germano Celant

* 1999 – Harald Szeemann

* 2001 – Harald Szeemann

* 2003 – Francesco Bonami

* 2005 – María de Corral and Rosa Martinez

* 2007 – Robert Storr

* 2009 – Daniel Birnbaum

* 2011 – Bice Curiger

* 2013 – Massimiliano Gioni

* 2015 – Okwui Enwezor

* 2017 – Christine Macel[19]

* 2019 – Ralph Rugoff[20]

  

----------

 

#art #artist #artistic #artists #arte #artwork

 

Pavilion at the Venice Biennale #artcontemporain contemporary art Giardini arsenal

 

venice Veneziako VenecijaVenècia Venedig Venetië Veneetsia Venetsia Venise Venecia VenedigΒενετία( Venetía Hungarian Velence Feneyjar Venice Venezia Venēcija Venezja Venezia Wenecja Veneza VenețiaVenetsiya BenátkyBenetke Venecia Fenisוועניס Վենետիկ ভেনি স威尼斯 (wēinísī) 威尼斯 ვენეციისવે નિસवेनिसヴェネツィアವೆನಿಸ್베니스வெனிஸ்వెనిస్เวนิซوینس Venetsiya

 

art umjetnost umění kunst taide τέχνη művészetList ealaín arte māksla menasarti Kunst sztuka artă umenie umetnost konstcelfקונסטարվեստincəsənətশিল্প艺术(yìshù)藝術 (yìshù)ხელოვნებაकलाkos duabアートಕಲೆសិល្បៈ미술(misul)ສິນລະປະകലकलाအတတ်ပညာकलाකලාවகலைఆర్ట్ศิลปะ آرٹsan'atnghệ thuậtفن (fan)אומנותهنرsanat artist

 

other Biennale :(Biennials ) :

Venice Biennial , Documenta Havana Biennial,Istanbul Biennial ( Istanbuli),Biennale de Lyon ,Dak'Art Berlin Biennial,Mercosul Visual Arts Biennial ,Bienal do Mercosul Porto Alegre.,Berlin Biennial ,Echigo-Tsumari Triennial .Yokohama Triennial Aichi Triennale,manifesta ,Copenhagen Biennale,Aichi Triennale .Yokohama Triennial,Echigo-Tsumari Triennial.Sharjah Biennial ,Biennale of Sydney, Liverpool , São Paulo Biennial ; Athens Biennale , Bienal do Mercosul ,Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art ,DOCUMENTA KASSEL ATHENS

* Dakar

  

kritik [edit] kritikaria kritičar crític kritiker criticus kriitik kriitikko critique crítico Kritiker κριτικός(kritikós) kritikus Gagnrýnandi léirmheastóir critico kritiķis kritikas kritiku krytyk crítico critic crítico krytyk beirniad קריטיקער

 

Basque Veneziako Venecija [edit] Catalan Venècia Venedig Venetië Veneetsia Venetsia Venise Venecia Venedig Βενετία(Venetía) Hungarian Velence Feneyjar Venice Venezia Latvian Venēcija Venezja Venezia Wenecja Portuguese Veneza Veneția Venetsiya Benátky Benetke Venecia Fenis וועניס Վենետիկ ভেনিস 威尼斯 (wēinísī) 威尼斯 Georgian ვენეციის વેનિસ वेनिस ヴェネツィア ವೆನಿಸ್ 베니스 வெனிஸ் వెనిస్ เวนิซ وینس Venetsiya

 

Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel

#thierrygeoffroy #geoffroycolonel #thierrygeoffroycololonel #lecolonel #biennalist

 

#artformat #formatart

#emergencyart #urgencyart #urgentart #artofthenow #nowart

emergency art emergency art urgency artist de garde vagt alarm emergency room necessityart artistrole exigencyart predicament prediction pressureart

 

#InstitutionalCritique

 

#venicebiennale #venicebiennale2017 #venicebiennale2015

#venicebiennale2019

#venice #biennale #venicebiennale #venezia #italy

#venezia #venice #veniceitaly #venicebiennale

 

#pastlife #memory #venicebiennale #venice #Venezia #italy #hotelveniceitalia #artexhibit #artshow #internationalart #contemporaryart #themundane #summerday

 

#biennalevenice

 

Institutional Critique

 

Identity Politics Post-War Consumerism, Engagement with Mass Media, Performance Art, The Body, Film/Video, Political, Collage, , Cultural Commentary, Self as Subject, Color Photography, Related to Fashion, Digital Culture, Photography, Human Figure, Technology

 

Racial and Ethnic Identity, Neo-Conceptualism, Diaristic

 

Contemporary Re-creations, Popular Culture, Appropriation, Contemporary Sculpture,

 

Culture, Collective History, Group of Portraits, Photographic Source

 

, Endurance Art, Film/Video,, Conceptual Art and Contemporary Conceptualism, Color Photography, Human Figure, Cultural Commentary

 

War and Military, Political Figures, Social Action, Racial and Ethnic Identity, Conflict

 

Personal Histories, Alter Egos and Avatars

 

Use of Common Materials, Found Objects, Related to Literature, Installation, Mixed-Media, Engagement with Mass Media, Collage,, Outdoor Art, Work on Paper, Text

  

Appropriation (art) Art intervention Classificatory disputes about art Conceptual art Environmental sculpture Found object Interactive art Modern art Neo-conceptual art Performance art Sound art Sound installation Street installations Video installation Conceptual art Art movements Postmodern art Contemporary art Art media Aesthetics Conceptualism

 

Post-conceptualism Anti-anti-art Body art Conceptual architecture Contemporary art Experiments in Art and Technology Found object Happening Fluxus Information art Installation art Intermedia Land art Modern art Neo-conceptual art Net art Postmodern art Generative Art Street installation Systems art Video art Visual arts ART/MEDIA conceptual artis

 

—-

 

CRITICAL RUN is an art format developed by Thierry Geoffroy / COLONEL, It follows the spirit of ULTRACONTEMPORARY and EMERGENCY ART as well as aims to train the AWARENESS MUSCLE.​

Critical Run has been activated on invitation from institutions such as Moderna Muset Stockholm, Moma PS1 ,Witte de With Rotterdam, ZKM Karlsruhe, Liverpool Biennale, Manifesta Biennial ,Sprengel Museum,Venice Biennale but have also just happened on the spot because a debate was necessary here and now.

 

It has been activated in Beijing, Cairo, London, Istanbul, Athens, Kassel, Sao Paolo, Hanoi, Istanbul, Paris, Copenhagen, Moskow, Napoli, Sydney, Wroclaw, Bruxelles, Rotterdam, Siberia, Karlsruhe, Barcelona, Aalborg, Venice, Virginia, Stockholm, Aarhus, Rio de Janeiro, Budapest, Washington, Lyon, Caracas, Trondheim, Berlin, Toronto, Hannover, Haage, Newtown, Cartagena, Tallinn, Herning, Roskilde;Mannheim ;Munich etc...

 

The run debates are about emergency topics like Climate Change , Xenophobia , Wars , Hyppocrisie , Apathy ,etc ...

 

Participants have been very various from Sweddish art critics , German police , American climate activist , Chinese Gallerists , Brasilian students , etc ...

 

Critical Run is an art format , like Emergency Room or Biennalist and is part of Emergency Art ULTRACONTEMPORARY and AWARENESS MUSCLE .

 

www.emergencyrooms.org/criticalrun.html

 

www.emergencyrooms.org/formats.html

-------

In 2020 a large exhibition will show 40 of the Critical Run at the Museum Villa Stuck in Munich / part of the Awareness Muscle Training Center

------

for activating the format or for inviting the installation

please contact 1@colonel.dk

 

www.colonel.dk/

 

-----

 

critical,run,art,format,debate ,artformat,formatart,moment,clarity,emergency,kunst,

 

Sport,effort,curator,artist,urgency,urgence,criticalrun,emergencies,ultracontemporary

,rundebate,sport,art,activism, critic,laufen,Thierry Geoffroy , Colonel,kunstformat

 

,now art,copenhagen,denmark

 

Finally!

 

Took 3 years and finally I've been able to do this technique.

 

Ryan's released a pretty awesome tutorial for the price of a few starbucks drinks.

 

You can buy it/check it out here:

chill.com/ryanbrenizer/brenizer-method

"Flutophone Classroom Method. Learn to read music. Test your musical ability. Prepare for instrumental study. Van Pelt and Ruddick." Handwritten name: "Deborah Chronister."

 

The cover of Flutophone Classroom Method, by Merrill B. Van Pelt and J. Leon Ruddick (rev. ed., Trophy Products Co., 1948). I like the motto that's printed inside the front cover: "Music Self-played Is Happiness Self-made."

(Note: Step 3. should be labeled "Tiles". And "Tessellations" has two Ls.)

:)

 

I've always been fascinated by M.C.Escher and tessellations. Here's a simple way to make your own.

 

Any grid will work: triangles, squares, diamonds, rectangles, hexagons, etc. To really mix it up, do a different squiggle on each side of the tile. The key is to be sure the lines meet at the corners of each tile.

 

Since I'm not so good with a pen, I'm looking forward to seeing what someone with skill can do with this!

Producing fire with magic.

 

Photographing smoke art is one of the most rewarding aspects of home photography. We've all seen the wispy strands that float and glide through the air, but it's not until these trails are frozen in time do we see the true beauty and elegance of their construction.

 

In many images it's possible to see a subject within the smoke.

 

The advantage of smoke art photography is that - compared to water droplets - the patterns take longer to form so it's easier to judge when to take the shot. It's when the scene is viewed on the screen that the true diversity and uniqueness of the patterns is realised.

 

This was processed in Photoshop to highlight the patterns that exist within the formations.

 

The smoke was created by burning an incense stick against a black background. The light was a flashgun behind and below at an angle of 45° upwards with black card between the flash unit and the subject so that the light hit the smoke, but not the camera lens. The result was processed in Photoshop.

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is the last set of smoke art to be produced using this method. With so many uploads, it's difficult to create original ideas. So now I will be concentrating on a different and more creative method which I plan to have ready within a few months.

 

Watch this space.

Museum Fünf Kontinente, Munich, Germany.

 

The Sican (also Sicán) culture is the name that archaeologist Izumi Shimada gave to the culture that inhabited what is now the north coast of Peru between about 750 and 1375. According to Shimada, Sican means "temple of the Moon".[1]

 

The Sican culture is also referred to as Lambayeque culture, after the name of the region in Peru. It succeeded the Moche culture.

 

There is still controversy among archeologists and anthropologists over whether the two are separate cultures.

 

The Sican culture is divided into three major periods based on cultural changes as evidenced in archeological artifacts.[2]

 

Archaeologist Izumi Shimada, founder of the Sican Archaeological Project, named the prehistoric culture which he discovered in northwestern Peru. They succeeded the Moche and preceded the Inca Empire, the historical civilization that encountered the Spanish explorers and conquistadors.

 

The Sican inhabited a coastal territory near the La Leche and Lambayeque Rivers. The archaeological sites span the Lambayeque region, including the Motupe, La Leche, Lambayeque, and Zaña valleys, near modern-day Chiclayo.[2] Numerous sites have been identified in the Batán Grande area of the La Leche Valley.

 

The climate of the area during Sican occupation was similar to the current climate, despite changes in landscape accumulated in the last 600 years. The drought-and-flood cycles seen in the region for the past 1500 years did not spare the Sican culture. (Goldstein and Shimada 2007, p. 49)

 

The Early Sican period began around 750 and lasted until 900. The lack of artifacts has limited the development of knowledge about this early period.

 

The Sican were probably descendants of the Moche culture, which fell around 800. Their works shows shared motifs in the artifacts recovered.[3]

 

Similar groups include Cajamarca, Wari and Pachacamac. From remains found in the archaeological locations, researchers have determined that this culture maintained commercial exchange with people from present-day Ecuador (shells and snails), Colombia to the north (emeralds and amber), Chile to the south (blue stone), and the eastern basin of the Marañón River (seeds of gold).

 

The Lambayeque culture may have been a separate trading people as well.

 

Around 800, the Sican created the city of Poma, located at Batán Grande, in La Leche Valley. Few other Early Sican sites have been discovered.

 

The Early Sican culture is known for the highly polished, black-finish ceramics found in the La Leche Valley. This black-finish ceramic style began in the Moche culture prior to the Early Sican, and shows the sharing of cultures in the region.

 

Much of the ceramics were examples of a single spout, loop-handle bottle, featuring an anthropomorphic-avian (bird) face at the spout base. The face consisted of bulging eyes, a hooked beak or triangular projection instead of a nose, stylized ears, and no mouth.

 

It appeared to be a predecessor to the related faces of the Sican Deity and the Sican Lord of the Middle Sican culture. (Shimada 2000, p. 51)

 

Aside from the shared ceramic styles, much of the Early Sican defines a distinguishable culture. While the ceramic styles and iconography show some continuity with previous cultures, the combination of all the influences is Sican.

 

The changing ceramic styles, iconography, and funerary practices reflect a change in religious ideology and cosmology that expressed the Sican culture. Most importantly, the late Early Sican period saw the accumulation of these changes in art style and iconography, coupled with other changes in organization, by which the Sican constructed monumental adobe structures, developed large-scale copper alloy smelting and metalworking, and developed the elaborate funerary tradition that would come to characterize the Middle Sican (Shimada 1985, p. 361).

 

Such changes have been seen by researchers at sites in Batán Grande, including the Huaca del Pueblo site, dated to around 850-900.

 

The Middle Sican period lasted from 900 to 1100 . This is the period of the Sican's “cultural florescence,” and is marked by the emergence of various cultural innovations, some of which were unprecedented in the local area.[3]

 

The decline of the Wari Empire and the Middle Cajamarca polity enabled the resurgence in local political and religious identity and autonomy.[3]

 

The Middle Sican culture is marked by distinctive characteristics in six areas: art and ideology, crafts and technology, funerary customs, long-distance trade, religious cities and monumental temples, and the structure and authority of the state (Shimada 2000, p. 52-61; Shimada 1985, p. 365-369).

 

Together, these characteristics provide evidence that the Sicán culture had a highly productive economy, clear social differentiation, and an influential religious ideology. The religious ideology was the underpinning of the structure of their theocratic state.[3]

 

Sicán art is representational in style and religious in nature. Features such as sculptural representation and the minimization of number of colors (one to three), were common among the art of many earlier cultures that flourished on the north coast of Peru.[3] Sicán art reconfigured the motifs, conventions, and concepts of these antecedent cultures (mainly the Wari and Moche) into an overall new and unique style. The references to the old ideas, images and ways of antecedent cultures in Sicán art would have been useful in providing prestige and legitimacy to the new Sicán religion which was emerging.[3]

 

Sicán iconography is dominated by the Sican Deity[4][5] It decorates all artistic media of the Sicán, including ceramics, metal works, and textiles.[3] The icon is most commonly represented with a mask face and upturned eyes.[2]

 

Sometimes it may be shown with avian features, such as beaks, wings, and talons, which are evident in Early Sicán ceramics.[3]

 

These avian features are related to Naylamp, the key figure in Sicán mythology. The name "Naylamp" was first mentioned by the Spanish chronicler Miguel Cabello Valboa, who referred to the Moche figure "Naymlap" in his 1586 Miscelánea Antártica.

 

Later authors believe the form is Mochica Ñañlap, of which the first part is ñañ "waterfowl"; a connexion has been made between the Moche and Chimú cultures and the empire of Chimor and the Mochica language.

Sican gold cup, 850-1050

 

Naylamp was said to be the founder of the first dynasty of prehistoric kings in La Leche and Lambayeque valleys. In The Legend of Naylamp, first recorded in the 16th century by the Spanish chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa, Naylamp is said to have traveled on a balsa raft by sea to the Lambayeque shores. He founded a large city, and the 12 sons of his eldest son each founded a new city in the Lambayeque region.

 

When Naylamp died, he sprouted wings and flew off to another world (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 18 and 65).

 

Middle Sicán art did not change the concept or representation of the icon of the Sicán Deity. Both the preceding Moche and Wari cultures feature a single dominant male figure, and the upturned eyes characteristic of the Sicán Deity are common to the art and iconography of other Pre-Hispanic societies.

 

The iconography accompanying the Sicán Deity was unique and significant (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 66).

 

Iconography of the moon and the ocean may symbolize the Sicán Deity's involvement in the wellbeing of marine life and fishermen. Iconography related to water signifies the importance of irrigation and agriculture to the Sicán.

 

Other iconography, such as of the sun and moon, symbolizes the importance of duality in both human and celestial life.

 

Depictions of the Sicán Deity with tumi knives and trophy heads may indicate his omnipotent control in both human life and the celestial world (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 66; Shimada 2000, p. 52-53). Through the iconography which the Sicán associated with the icon, anthropologists theorize that the Sicán Deity may have been attributed with power to control all of the celestial forces fundamental to life and abundance (Shimada 2000, p. 53).

 

The lack of representation of humans in Middle Sicán art emphasizes the omnipresence of the Sicán Deity in Sicán iconography.

 

The only exceptions are representations of the Sicán Lord, the male elite personage, and his entourage. (Shimada 2000, p. 53)

 

Iconography of the Sicán Lord is almost identical to the Sicán Deity, except that he is shown in natural settings and does not have avian features.[2][5] The Sicán Lord was probably meant to represent an earthly alter-ego of the

 

The population of Batán Grande included many skilled artisans. Craft production during the Middle Sican flourished and became one of the leading characteristics of the period.

 

The highly polished black finish ceramics from the Early Sican bloomed in this later phase, along with metallurgy; however, the ceramic technology used in the Middle Sican developed over 2500 years from local pottery production techniques (Shimada and Wagner 2001, p. 26).

 

Workshops, such as the one found at Huaca Sialupe to the west of Batán Grande, likely had both pottery and metalworking production sites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 45).

 

Ceramics allowed for a medium to convey political and religious ideology in the forms of storage vessels, architectural ornaments, cooking vessels, sculptures of the Deity or animals, and other types proliferated during this period.[2][5]

 

The potters likely worked separately from one another, rather than in assembly-line type production. Huaca Sialupe excavations produced clusters of similar kilns using local hardwood for charcoal.

 

Field experiments indicated that the kilns were used either for ceramics or metallurgy (Shimada and Wagner 2001, p. 28).

 

The Paleteada ceramics used the paddle-and-anvil technique to form and decorate pottery, primarily with geometric designs (Cleland and Shimada 1998, p. 112).

 

The monochrome black pottery became widely popular across the region during the Middle Sican as the Sican themselves began to emphasize the black pottery, with the help of the Middle Sican religious prestige.

 

Only the geometric designs continued on the pottery into the Late Sican.[2]

 

Metallurgy is one of the Sican's greatest legacies, lasting nearly 600 years at Batán Grande (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 83). Some Middle Sican workshops showed multicraft production and it is likely the crafts competed for resources, such as fuel for kilns.

 

Middle- and high-status burials both contained the black ceramics, while only the social elite had access to the precious metal object; therefore, metalworking probably was given production preference by the elites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 47).

 

The greatness of Middle Sican metallurgy was the large scale smelting and diverse use of arsenical copper, which was more ductile and corrosion-resistant than pure copper.[2][5]

 

The great amounts of smelting and/or metalworking sites found in the Lambayeque region point to the convergence of major factors to allow such an occurrence: accessible ore deposits, extensive forests for hardwood to make charcoal, pottery making tradition using efficient kilns, gold working tradition that formed the basis for later metalworking technology, and a demand for goods by the elites (Shimada, Goldstein, Wagner, Bezur 2007, p. 339).

 

The large number of smelting sites also point to the amount of labor required by using their method. In modern standards, their copper-alloy smelting was inefficient, which could have led to the high number of workshops with multiple furnaces (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 85).

 

The precious metal objects found in Middle Sican sites reveal the unprecedented scale of their production and use.

 

Metal objects permeated all levels of society. Tumbaga, a thin sheet of low karat gold alloy, was used to wrap ceramic vessels for the lower elites, while the upper elites had high karat gold alloys.

 

Common laborers only had arsenical copper objects. The precious metal objects then clearly demonstrate a hierarchy within the society (Shimada 2000, p. 56).

 

No evidence of metalworking at the large sites has been uncovered, such as the Middle Sican capital Sican or elsewhere in the Batán Grande area, but the precious metal objects were clearly for the elites.

 

From their high status sites, the elites supervised the manufacturing of their precious metal objects for ritual or funerary purposes (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 86).

 

Excavations of religious sites have revealed much about the funerary practices of the Sicán people.

 

These funerary practices have helped anthropologists understand the broader organization and structure of Sicán society and religion.

 

Most of the evidence for these funerary practices has been based on excavations carried out at the Huaca Loro site in Poma by Izumi Shimada and the SAP.

 

First of all, the funerary practices at Huaca Loro reflect the social differentiation and hierarchy present Sicán society. This social stratification is revealed in varying burial types and practices, along with accompanying grave goods.

 

The most obvious difference in burial type based on social hierarchy was that commoners were buried in simple, shallow graves on the peripheries of the monumental mounds while the elite of Sicán society were buried in deep shaft tombs beneath monumental mounds, as shown in the East and West tombs at Huaca Loro.[5][6]

 

Secondly, it was found that one's social status was also a determinant of the burial position of the body; seated, extended, or flexed. For example, bodies of the High Elite were always buried in the seated position, while commoners could be buried in a seated, extended, or flexed position (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87; Shimada et al. 2004).

 

Furthermore, social differentiation is manifested even within the elite tombs at Huaca Loro, through the grouping and placement of bodies.

 

The complex internal organization of both East and West Tombs was designed according to specific social and kinship relationships (Shimada et al. 2004).

 

Recent studies that included the use of MtDNA (systematic mitochondrial DNA) analysis and inherited dental traits analysis revealed that women in the West Tomb were grouped according to their kinship ties to the principal personage and each other (Shimada et al. 2005; Shimada et al. 2004).

 

The grouping of women in the south part of the West Tomb were found to be maternally related to one another, as well as the principal personage; the grouping of women in the north part of the West Tomb were found to not only be unrelated to one another, but also unrelated to the principal personage.

 

Further, ceramics in the south part were found to be of typical Middle Sicán style, while the ceramics in the North part were of a Mochica style (Shimada et al. 2005; Shimada et al. 2004).

'

This evidence suggests that while the women of the South part of the West tomb were grouped and placed according to their kinship ties with the principal personage, the women of the North part of the West tomb had no kinship ties with the principal personage or each other therefore were placed and grouped according to some other distinct relationship to the principal personage.

 

This genetic evidence and along with the differing styles of ceramics suggests that the North-niche women of the West Tomb were perhaps descendants of a different ethnic group, the Moche, who had been integrated into Sicán society under political domination (Shimada et al. 2004).

 

While these relationships have not been proved definitively, it shows the great complexity itself of elite burial practices based on social differentiation.

 

Social stratification and hierarchy is also evidenced through the variation in quantity and quality of grave goods associated with those of different social status.

 

The elite East Tomb at Huaca Loro, contained over a ton of diverse grave goods, over two-thirds of which were objects of arsenical bronze, tumbaga (low-karat gold), silver and copper alloys, and high-karat gold alloys.[7][8]

 

Other grave goods of the elite included semi-precious stone objects, amber, feathers, textiles, imported shells (such as conus and spondylus), shell beads, and double spout bottles. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87; Shimada 2000, p. 56; Bruhns 1994, p. 290)

 

On the other hand, commoner burials had a significantly less amount of grave goods of different types, made of less valuable materials.

 

For example, commoner grave goods at Huaca Loro were usually restricted to single-spout bottles, utilitarian plain and/or paddle decorated pottery, and copper-arsenic objects, instead of the precious metal objects of the elite tombs. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87, Shimada et al. 2004)

 

The power of the elite of Sicán society is demonstrated not only by the amount, quality, and diversity of exotic and status goods accumulated in the tombs, but also by the amount of time and labor that would have gone into making and acquiring them. (Shimada 2000, p. 56)

 

All together, the construction of the monumental mound at Huaca Loro, the preparation of the East and West Tombs and performance of the associated rituals required careful and complex planning, and considerable material, labor resources and time, and suggests the elite's control and monopoly of power in society.[2]

 

Secondly, the funerary practices of the Sicán suggest the existence of an elite lineage that used the new Sicán religion to demonstrate and maintain their power (Shimada et al. 2004).

 

The Sicán elite used funerary practices as a way to symbolize their relationship to the divine. The sheer size and grandeur of the monumental mounds built above the elite tombs would have been awe-inspiring to Sicán citizens and a symbol the divine nature of the figures buried below. (Shimada et al. 2004)

 

Colorful murals with religious iconography decorated ceremonial precincts in the temples of the mounds, establishing the sanctity of the ritual space, and reaffirming this connection of the buried elite below to the divine. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, Shimada et al. 2004)

 

Also, the principal personage of the East Tomb at Huaca Loro wears a mask identical to the Sicán Deity, which is another reference to his relationship to the Deity and the divine. (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 389)

 

The construction itself of these monumental mounds served as a reminder of the elite's power and endurance, and combined with the symbolic use of Sicán religious iconography to justify the divine merits of the elite lineage, was an attempt by the Sicán elite to “preserve the status quo of inherited rights.” (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 370)

 

The funerary rites and rituals performed by the living lineage members served to further reinforce their lineage identity and the three-way relationship between the divine, the dead, and the living elite. (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 389)

 

The variety of grave goods suggests the wide range of power of the Middle Sican elite.

 

They not only received the most grave offerings, but also the best quality and exotic offerings.

 

None of the metalworking sites showed evidence of on-site mining of any of the materials.

 

In addition, the spondylus shell, emeralds, feathers, and other minerals were imported to the area. Their materials came from mainly the northern Andes, such as Ecuador (from the Manteno and Milagro cultures), Peru, Colombia, but could have also reached as far south as the Tiwanaku empire in the south-central Andes and east to the Marañón River, a major tributary of the Amazon River.[2][5][9]

 

The Middle Sican trade networks appear to be unprecedented in range and goods involved, which helped to insure the spread of Sican religion and polity outside of the Lambayeque and La Leche valleys (Shimada 2000, p. 58).

 

They also could have controlled the transport methods in addition to the goods being traded. The breeding and herding of llamas on the North Coast since the time of the Moche could have been utilized by the Sican to provide the goods as well as a caravan of llamas to transport the goods considerable distances (Shimada 1985, p. 391).

 

The Sicán culture is characterized by the establishment of religious cities with monumental temples.[2][5]

 

The religious capital city and cultural center of the Middle Sicán is referenced as the Sicán Precinct. (Bruhns 1994, p. 293).

 

This T-shaped area is defined by monumental mounds of Huaca Loro, El Moscón, Las Ventanas, La Merced, and Abejas built between around AD 900 and 1050.[5][10] The pyramidal monumental mounds were used as both burials sites for the elite and places of worship and ritual.[2][10]

 

The construction of the monumental mounds required considerable material, labor resources and time, indicating the Sicán elite's control and monopoly over the society's resources and manpower.

 

They are a dramatic symbol of the power, wealth and permanence of the Middle Sicán elite and their theocratic state that dominated much of the north coast.[2]

 

Two types of mounds are found in the Lambayeque Valley dating to the Sicán. The first type is the T-shaped mound, which is a relatively low mound with a short, central ramp providing direct access to the top of the mound.

 

The second type is a relatively tall mound with steep sides and a zig-zagging ramp to provide circuitous access to the mound top. This second type also featured an enclosed structure at the top of the mound, likely for private rituals, whereas the first type of mound was likely for public rituals (Shimada 2000, p. 60; Shimada, Shinoda, Farnum, Corruccini, Watanabe 2004, p. 388).

 

The mounds also covered and protected the shafts of tombs of elites underneath.

 

The Sicán used a walled-chamber-and-fill technique (which first appeared on the North Coast during Moche V) for constructing the monumental mound where the walls were created by adobe bricks and mortar in conjunction with chambers of superimposed lattices filled with refuse and other readily available materials.[2][5][11]

 

Marks on the adobe bricks used to make the mounds are indications of the patrons donating materials and/or labor for the construction of the temples (Shimada 2000, p. 60).

 

This construction technique required “large-scale, unified construction with centrally pooled materials and labor force” (Shimada 2000 p. 60). It allowed for rapid erection of monumental buildings while minimizing labor and material investment and promoted the centralization of political and religious power in order to plan and complete these monumental mounds.[2][12]

Agriculture and canals

 

While the Sican ceramics and metallurgy are vastly studied, agriculture during the Middle to Late Sican may have been linked to their increasing craft production.

 

Shimada suggests that the canals at Pampa de Chaparri were developed by the Sican as part of an agro-industrial complex marked by an increase in mining and smelting operations, settlement growth, and the expansion of agriculture.[13] Along the canals, 39

Middle Sican sites and 76 Late Sican sites were identified; however, few sites were located in the irrigation fields.

 

This Sican occupation at the irrigation system points to its construction during the Middle Sican. The construction of this irrigation system, as well as the association of hierarchical social units and canal branches, coincides with the rapid and dramatic growth of the Middle Sican. Irrigation for agriculture was a necessity for the Sican elite to produce a surplus of food to feed artisans and laborers, who in turn support the elites.[14]

 

The Late Sican period began around 1100 and ended with the conquest of the Lambayeque region by the Chimú kingdom of Chimor circa 1375.

 

Around 1020, a major drought lasting 30 years occurred at Sican. At the time of the drought, the Sican Deity, so closely tied to the ocean and water in general, was at the center of Sican religion. The catastrophic changes in weather were thus linked to the Sican Deity, mainly to the failure of the Sican Deity to mediate nature for the Sican people.[15]

 

The Sican ceremonies (and temples/mounds on which they were performed) were supposed to ensure that there was an abundance of nature for the people.

 

The elites were the mediators between the common people and the Sican Deity, as the Sican Deity was the mediator between nature and the Sican people.[15]

 

After 30 years of uncertainty in respect to nature, the temples that were the center of Middle Sican religion and elite power were burned and abandoned between 1050 and 1100.

 

Perhaps the ancestor cult and aggrandizing of the elites caused too much resentment. Coupled with the drought that surely weakened agriculture in the area, the tolerance of the common population plummeted, forcing the removal of the political and religious leadership at Sican to save the people.[2]

 

There was little or no repair of the destruction of Sican, and further damage was inflicted by El Nino floods around 1100.

 

The burning and abandonment of the previous capital meant that a new capital needed to be built. Túcume or "el Purgatorio" was constructed as the new Late Sican capital at the juncture of the La Leche and Lambayeque Valleys.

 

Túcume became the new religious and ceremonial center of the Sican. The religious and iconographic legacies of the Middle Sican abruptly disappeared. It is at this juncture, when the Sican Deity and Sican Lord disappear from art, is when the Late Sican begins.

 

Other mythical depictions from the Middle Sican continued in the Late Sican and reflect the revitalization of the religion going back to tradition relationships with nature. Icons include felines, fish, and birds that were secondary to the Sican Deity during the previous era, but were also linked to previous cultures in the area.

 

Sican material culture, such as ceramics and metallurgy, unrelated to religion or politics did not suffer a severe change during the Middle Sican to Late Sican transition.[2][5][15][16]

 

Agriculture and irrigation were also not affected by the transition of political and religious power, as evidenced by the lack of effects on Pampa de Chaparri and numerous large urban hill-side settlements.[14][17]

 

Túcume took on the religious and ceremonial prestige as the site of Sican claimed during the Middle Sican. The mounds and temples from the Middle Sican were continued into the Late Sican since the idea of mounds were not associated with the fall of the Middle Sican, only those mounds in Batán Grande.

 

The same types of ceremonial and religious artifacts made from the same materials were found at Túcume.

 

The site grew enormously during its 250-year Late Sican occupation. By the time of the Chimú conquest of the Lambayeque region in 1375, there were 26 major mounds and enclosures.

 

The site is built on 220 hectares around the La Raya Mountain. Túcume is seen as the reorganization and reunification of the Sican elite and Sican population as a whole until the fall of the Sican to the Chimú.[17]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sican_culture

Raleigh: 5-6-15. Fire behind the Babylon Salon on Method Rd at Western Blvd. RFD A-shift Co's o/s - E8 E5 E20 E1 L7 R1 BC3 BC5 C43 C401; Wake EMS8 D1; RPD. Other RFD & EMS units were cancelled. (This building was the original fire station 8. Was used from 1960 to 1963).

Exposed and developed accoring to the Mortensen method : Expose for the highlights, develop for the shadows.

 

Dev: 510-Pyro 1+250, 23°C, 95 mts. stand developent (first 5 mts. cont. agitation and once after 50 mts

Here's a third shot of my nephew and his wife. This is another "bokehrama" or "Brenizer method" shot.

Könnte sein ... 😄

 

Aufgenommen mit der Konica C35 automatic (schwarz) auf einem Kodak VR 400 plus (mind. 20 Jahre abgelaufen).

Soft box upper camera left.

 

I'm sorry I haven't uploaded in such a long time! To be honest, I just got over the biggest un-inspired streak I've ever had. I just needed a break, I think.

 

Anyway, I will be catching up with pictures, and all. :]

 

Model: Jeffie (Check out her pictures!)

Taken with home built astrograph

www.flickr.com/photos/130427052@N06/24289359589/in/datepo...

Images taken roughly 10 min apart

My present life planned out on A4 - home, work, interests. Each oval is a major project or component. The lines show the inter-relatednes of each component.

I am writing and serializing a book on the slip method, explaining how it works and how it can be integrated with a system.

As Daisy prepared to swipe her card at the checkout, the idle crew behind her was clearly enjoying the unexpected breaktime scenery. Until I whipped out my phone to take a photo, that is. The moment they realized they were about to be on camera, they quickly turned their heads and pretended to be engaged in a serious work related conversation. 😉

Except for the one customer strolling by who knew he had nothing to lose...and kept his attention locked on target. If nothing else, it was an interesting experiment, wouldn't you say? 😜

Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (Commonwealth and Ireland), also aquarelle from French, is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The term "watercolor" refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum or leather, fabric, wood, and canvas. Watercolors are usually transparent, and appear luminous because the pigments are laid down in a relatively pure form with few fillers obscuring the pigment colors. Watercolor can also be made opaque by adding Chinese white. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, Ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions. Fingerpainting with watercolor paints originated in China.Although watercolor painting is extremely old, dating perhaps to the cave paintings of paleolithic Europe, and has been used for manuscript illumination since at least Egyptian times but especially in the European Middle Ages, its continuous history as an art medium begins in the Renaissance. The German Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) who painted several fine botanical, wildlife and landscape watercolors, is generally considered among the earliest exponents of the medium. An important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by Hans Bol (1534–1593) as part of the Dürer Renaissance.Despite this early start, watercolors were generally used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or cartoons (full-scale design drawings). Among notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were Van Dyck (during his stay in England), Claude Lorrain, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, and many Dutch and Flemish artists. However, Botanical illustrations and those depicting wildlife are perhaps the oldest and most important tradition in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular in the Renaissance, both as hand tinted woodblock illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on vellum or paper. Botanical artists have always been among the most exacting and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today watercolors—with their unique ability to summarize, clarify and idealize in full color—are used to illustrate scientific and museum publications. Wildlife illustration reached its peak in the 19th century with artists such as John James Audubon, and today many naturalist field guides are still illustrated with watercolor paintings. Many watercolors are more vibrant in pigment if they are higher quality. Some British market watercolors can be found in many craft stores In America and in other countries too.Materials

Paint

 

Watercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients:

 

pigments, natural or synthetic, mineral or organic;

gum arabic as a binder to hold the pigment in suspension and fix the pigment to the painting surface;

additives like glycerin, ox gall, honey, preservatives: to alter the viscosity, hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and

solvent, the substance used to thin or dilute the paint for application and that evaporates when the paint hardens or dries.

 

The term "watermedia" refers to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that can be applied with a brush, pen or sprayer; this includes most inks, watercolors, temperas, gouaches and modern acrylic paints.

 

The term watercolor refers to paints that use water soluble, complex carbohydrates as a binder. Originally (16th to 18th centuries) watercolor binders were sugars and/or hide glues, but since the 19th century the preferred binder is natural gum arabic, with glycerin and/or honey as additives to improve plasticity and dissolvability of the binder, and with other chemicals added to improve product shelf life.

 

Bodycolor refers to paint that is opaque rather than transparent, usually opaque watercolor, which is also known as gouache.[2] Modern acrylic paints are based on a completely different chemistry that uses water soluble acrylic resin as a binder.

Commercial watercolors

 

Watercolor painters before c.1800 had to make paints themselves using pigments purchased from an apothecary or specialized "colourman"; the earliest commercial paints were small, resinous blocks that had to be wetted and laboriously "rubbed out" in water. William Reeves (1739–1803) set up in business as a colorman about 1766. In 1781 he and his brother, Thomas Reeves, were awarded the Silver Palette of the Society of Arts, for the invention of the moist watercolor paint-cake, a time-saving convenience the introduction of which coincides with the "golden age" of English watercolor painting.

 

Modern commercial watercolor paints are available in two forms: tubes or pans. The majority of paints sold are in collapsible metal tubes in standard sizes (typically 7.5, 15 or 37 ml.), and are formulated to a consistency similar to toothpaste. Pan paints (actually, small dried cakes or bars of paint in an open plastic container) are usually sold in two sizes, full pans (approximately 3 cc of paint) and half pans (favored for compact paint boxes). Pans are historically older but commonly perceived as less convenient; they are most often used in portable metal paint boxes, also introduced in the mid 19th century, and are preferred by landscape or naturalist painters.

 

Among the most widely used brands of commercial watercolors today are Daler Rowney, Daniel Smith, DaVinci, Holbein, Maimeri, M. Graham. Reeves, Schmincke, Sennelier, Talens, and Winsor & Newton.

 

Thanks to modern industrial organic chemistry, the variety, saturation (brilliance) and permanence of artists' colors available today is greater than ever before. However, the art materials industry is far too small to exert any market leverage on global dye or pigment manufacture. With rare exceptions, all modern watercolor paints utilize pigments that were manufactured for use in printing inks, automotive and architectural paints, wood stains, concrete, ceramics and plastics colorants, consumer packaging, foods, medicines, textiles and cosmetics. Paint manufacturers buy very small supplies of these pigments, mill (mechanically mix) them with the vehicle, solvent and additives, and package them.

Color names

 

Many artists are confused or misled by labeling practices common in the art materials industry. The marketing name for a paint, such as "indian yellow" or "emerald green", is often only a poetic color evocation or proprietary moniker; there is no legal requirement that it describe the pigment that gives the paint its color. More popular color names are "viridian hue" and " chinese white"

 

To remedy this confusion, in 1990 the art materials industry voluntarily began listing pigment ingredients on the paint packaging, using the common pigment name (such as "cobalt blue" or "cadmium red"), and/or a standard pigment identification code, the generic color index name (PB28 for cobalt blue, PR108 for cadmium red) assigned by the Society of Dyers and Colourists (UK) and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (USA) and known as the Colour Index International. This allows artists to choose paints according to their pigment ingredients, rather than the poetic labels assigned to them by marketers. Paint pigments and formulations vary across manufacturers, and watercolor paints with the same color name (e.g., "sap green") from different manufacturers can be formulated with completely different ingredients.

Transparency

 

Watercolor paints are customarily evaluated on a few key attributes. In the partisan debates of the 19th-century English art world, gouache was emphatically contrasted to traditional watercolors and denigrated for its high hiding power or lack of "transparency"; "transparent" watercolors were exalted. Paints with low hiding power are valued because they allow an underdrawing or engraving to show in the image, and because colors can be mixed visually by layering paints on the paper (which itself may be either white or tinted). The resulting color will change depending on the layering order of the pigments. In fact, there are very few genuinely transparent watercolors, neither are there completely opaque watercolors (with the exception of gouache); and any watercolor paint can be made more transparent simply by diluting it with water.

 

"Transparent" colors do not contain titanium dioxide (white) or most of the earth pigments (sienna, umber, etc.) which are very opaque. The 19th-century claim that "transparent" watercolors gain "luminosity" because they function like a pane of stained glass laid on paper[citation needed] – the color intensified because the light passes through the pigment, reflects from the paper, and passes a second time through the pigment on its way to the viewer—is false: watercolor paints do not form a cohesive paint layer, as do acrylic or oil paints, but simply scatter pigment particles randomly across the paper surface; the transparency consists in the paper being directly visible between the particles.[3] Watercolors appear more vivid than acrylics or oils because the pigments are laid down in a more pure form with no or fewer fillers (such as kaolin) obscuring the pigment colors. Furthermore, typically most or all of the gum binder will be absorbed by the paper, preventing it from changing the visibility of the pigment.[3] Even multiple layers of watercolor do achieve a very luminous effect without fillers or binder obscuring the pigment particles.

Pigments characteristics

 

Staining is a characteristic assigned to watercolor paints: a staining paint is difficult to remove or lift from the painting support after it has been applied or dried. Less staining colors can be lightened or removed almost entirely when wet, or when rewetted and then "lifted" by stroking gently with a clean, wet brush and then blotted up with a paper towel. In fact, the staining characteristics of a paint depend in large part on the composition of the support (paper) itself, and on the particle size of the pigment. Staining is increased if the paint manufacturer uses a dispersant to reduce the paint milling (mixture) time, because the dispersant acts to drive pigment particles into crevices in the paper pulp, dulling the finished color.

 

Granulation refers to the appearance of separate, visible pigment particles in the finished color, produced when the paint is substantially diluted with water and applied with a juicy brush stroke; pigments notable for their watercolor granulation include viridian (PG18), cerulean blue (PB35), cobalt violet (PV14) and some iron oxide pigments (PBr7).

 

Flocculation refers to a peculiar clumping typical of ultramarine pigments (PB29 or PV15). Both effects display the subtle effects of water as the paint dries, are unique to watercolors, and are deemed attractive by accomplished watercolor painters. This contrasts with the trend in commercial paints to suppress pigment textures in favor of homogeneous, flat color.

Grades

 

Commercial watercolor paints come in three grades: "Artist" (or "Professional"), "Student", and "Scholastic".

 

Artist Watercolors contain a full pigment load, suspended in a binder, generally natural gum arabic. Artist quality paints are usually formulated with fewer fillers (kaolin or chalk) which results in richer color and vibrant mixes. Conventional watercolors are sold in moist form, in a tube, and are thinned and mixed on a dish or palette. Use them on paper and other absorbent surfaces that have been primed to accept water-based paint.

Student grade paints have less pigment, and often are formulated using two or more less expensive pigments. Student Watercolors have working characteristics similar to professional watercolors, but with lower concentrations of pigment, less expensive formulas, and a smaller range of colors. More expensive pigments are generally replicated by hues. Colors are designed to be mixed, although color strength is lower. Hues may not have the same mixing characteristics as regular full-strength colors.

Scholastic watercolors come in pans rather than tubes, and contain inexpensive pigments and dyes suspended in a synthetic binder. Washable formulations feature colors that are chosen to be non-staining, easily washable, suitable for use even by young children with proper supervision. They are an excellent choice for teaching beginning artists the properties of color and the techniques of painting.

 

Reserves

 

As there is no transparent white watercolor, the white parts of a watercolor painting are most often areas of the paper "reserved" (left unpainted) and allowed to be seen in the finished work. To preserve these white areas, many painters use a variety of resists, including masking tape, clear wax or a liquid latex, that are applied to the paper to protect it from paint, then pulled away to reveal the white paper. Resist painting can also be an effective technique for beginning watercolor artists. The painter can use wax crayons or oil pastels prior to painting the paper. The wax or oil mediums repel, or resist the watercolor paint. White paint (titanium dioxide PW6 or zinc oxide PW4) is best used to insert highlights or white accents into a painting. If mixed with other pigments, white paints may cause them to fade or change hue under light exposure. White paint (gouache) mixed with a "transparent" watercolor paint will cause the transparency to disappear and the paint to look much duller. White paint will always appear dull and chalky next to the white of the paper; however this can be used for some effects.

Brushes

 

A brush consists of three parts: the tuft, the ferrule and the handle.

 

The tuft is a bundle of animal hairs or synthetic fibers tied tightly together at the base;

The ferrule is a metal sleeve that surrounds the tuft, gives the tuft its cross sectional shape, provides mechanical support under pressure, and protects from water wearing down the glue joint between the trimmed, flat base of the tuft and the handle;

The lacquered wood handle, which is typically shorter in a watercolor brush than in an oil painting brush, has a distinct shape—widest just behind the ferrule and tapering to the tip.

 

When painting, painters typically hold the brush just behind the ferrule for the smoothest brushstrokes.

Hairs and fibers

 

Brushes hold paint (the "bead") through the capillary action of the small spaces between the tuft hairs or fibers; paint is released through the contact between the wet paint and the dry paper and the mechanical flexing of the tuft, which opens the spaces between the tuft hairs, relaxing the capillary restraint on the liquid. Because thinned watercolor paint is far less viscous than oil or acrylic paints, the brushes preferred by watercolor painters have a softer and denser tuft. This is customarily achieved by using natural hair harvested from farm raised or trapped animals, in particular sable, squirrel or mongoose. Less expensive brushes, or brushes designed for coarser work, may use horsehair or bristles from pig or ox snouts and ears.

 

However, as with paints, modern chemistry has developed many synthetic and shaped fibers that rival the stiffness of bristle and mimic the spring and softness of natural hair. Until fairly recently, nylon brushes could not hold a reservoir of water at all so they were extremely inferior to brushes made from natural hair. In recent years, improvements in the holding and pointing properties of synthetic filaments have gained them much greater acceptance among watercolorists.

 

There is no market regulation on the labeling applied to artists' brushes, but most watercolorists prize brushes from kolinsky (Russian or Chinese) sable. The best of these hairs have a characteristic reddish brown color, darker near the base, and a tapering shaft that is pointed at the tip but widest about halfway toward the root. Squirrel hair is quite thin, straight and typically dark, and makes tufts with a very high liquid capacity; mongoose has a characteristic salt and pepper coloring. Bristle brushes are stiffer and lighter colored. "Camel" is sometimes used to describe hairs from several sources (none of them a camel).

 

In general, natural hair brushes have superior snap and pointing, a higher capacity (hold a larger bead, produce a longer continuous stroke, and wick up more paint when moist) and a more delicate release. Synthetic brushes tend to dump too much of the paint bead at the beginning of the brush stroke and leave a larger puddle of paint when the brush is lifted from the paper, and they cannot compete with the pointing of natural sable brushes and are much less durable. On the other hand they are typically much cheaper than natural hair, and the best synthetic brushes are now very serviceable; they are also excellent for texturing, shaping, or lifting color, and for the mechanical task of breaking up or rubbing paint to dissolve it in water.

 

A high quality sable brush has five key attributes: pointing (in a round, the tip of the tuft comes to a fine, precise point that does not splay or split; in a flat, the tuft forms a razor thin, perfectly straight edge); snap (or "spring"; the tuft flexes in direct response to the pressure applied to the paper, and promptly returns to its original shape); capacity (the tuft, for its size, holds a large bead of paint and does not release it as the brush is moved in the air); release (the amount of paint released is proportional to the pressure applied to the paper, and the paint flow can be precisely controlled by the pressure and speed of the stroke as the paint bead is depleted); and durability (a large, high quality brush may withstand decades of daily use).

 

Most natural hair brushes are sold with the tuft cosmetically shaped with starch or gum, so brushes are difficult to evaluate before purchasing, and durability is only evident after long use. The most common failings of natural hair brushes are that the tuft sheds hairs (although a little shedding is acceptable in a new brush), the ferrule becomes loosened, or the wood handle shrinks, warps, cracks or flakes off its lacquer coating.

Shapes

 

Natural and synthetic brushes are sold with the tuft shaped for different tasks. Among the most popular are:

 

Rounds. The tuft has a round cross section but a tapering profile, widest near the ferrule (the "belly") and tapered at the tip (the "point"). These are general purpose brushes that can address almost any task.

Flats. The tuft is compressed laterally by the ferrule into a flat wedge; the tuft appears square when viewed from the side and has a perfectly straight edge. "Brights" are flats in which the tuft is as long as it is wide; "one stroke" brushes are longer than their width. "Sky brushes" or "wash brushes" look like miniature housepainting brushes; the tuft is usually 3 cm to 7 cm wide and is used to paint large areas.

Mops (natural hair only). A round brush, usually of squirrel hair and, decoratively, with a feather quill ferrule that is wrapped with copper wire; these have very high capacity for their size, especially good for wet in wet or wash painting; when moist they can wick up large quantities of paint.

Filbert (or "Cat's Tongue", hair only). A hybrid brush: a flat that comes to a point, like a round, useful for specially shaped brush strokes.

Rigger (hair only). An extremely long, thin tuft, originally used to paint the rigging in nautical portraits.

Fan. A small flat in which the tuft is splayed into a fan shape; used for texturing or painting irregular, parallel hatching lines.

Acrylic. A flat brush with synthetic bristles, attached to a (usually clear) plastic handle with a beveled tip used for scoring or scraping.

 

A single brush can produce many lines and shapes. A "round" for example, can create thin and thick lines, wide or narrow strips, curves, and other painted effects. A flat brush when used on end can produce thin lines or dashes in addition to the wide swath typical with these brushes, and its brushmarks display the characteristic angle of the tuft corners.

 

Every watercolor painter works in specific genres and has a personal painting style and "tool discipline", and these largely determine his or her preference for brushes. Artists typically have a few favorites and do most work with just one or two brushes. Brushes are typically the most expensive component of the watercolorist's tools, and a minimal general purpose brush selection would include:

 

4 round (for detail and drybrush)

8 round

12 or 14 round (for large color areas or washes)

1/2" or 1" flat

12 mop (for washes and wicking)

1/2" acrylic (for dissolving or mixing paints, and scrubbing paints before lifting from the paper)

 

Major watercolor brush manufacturers include DaVinci, Escoda, Isabey, Raphael, Kolonok, Robert Simmons, Daler-Rowney, Arches, and Winsor & Newton. As with papers and paints, it is common for retailers to commission brushes under their own label from an established manufacturer. Among these are Cheap Joe's, Daniel Smith, Dick Blick and Utrecht.

Sizes

 

The size of a round brush is designated by a number, which may range from 0000 (for a very tiny round) to 0, then from 1 to 24 or higher. These numbers refer to the size of the brass brushmakers' mould used to shape and align the hairs of the tuft before it is tied off and trimmed, and as with shoe lasts, these sizes vary from one manufacturer to the next. In general a #12 round brush has a tuft about 2 to 2.5 cm long; tufts are generally fatter (wider) in brushes made in England than in brushes made on the Continent: a German or French #14 round is approximately the same size as an English #12. Flats may be designated either by a similar but separate numbering system, but more often are described by the width of the ferrule, measured in centimeters or inches.

Watercolor pencil

 

Watercolor pencil is another important tool in watercolors techniques. This water-soluble color pencil allows to draw fine details and to blend them with water. Noted artists who use watercolor pencils include illustrator Travis Charest.[4] A similar tool is the watercolor pastel, broader than watercolor pencil, and able to quickly cover a large surface.

Paper

 

Most watercolor painters before c.1800 had to use whatever paper was at hand: Thomas Gainsborough was delighted to buy some paper used to print a Bath tourist guide, and the young David Cox preferred a heavy paper used to wrap packages. James Whatman first offered a wove watercolor paper in 1788, and the first machinemade ("cartridge") papers from a steam powered mill in 1805.

 

All art papers can be described by eight attributes: furnish, color, weight, finish, sizing, dimensions, permanence and packaging. Watercolor painters typically paint on paper specifically formulated for watermedia applications. Fine watermedia papers are manufactured under the brand names Arches, Bockingford, Cartiera Magnani, Fabriano, Hahnemühle, Lanaquarelle, The Langton, The Langton Prestige, Millford, Saunders Waterford, Strathmore, Winsor & Newton and Zerkall; and there has been a recent remarkable resurgence in handmade papers, notably those by Twinrocker, Velke Losiny, Ruscombe Mill and St. Armand.

 

Watercolor paper is essentially Blotting paper marketed and sold as an art paper, and the two can be used interchangeably, as watercolor paper is more easily obtainable than blotter and can be used as a substitute for blotter. Lower end watercolor papers can resemble heavy paper more while higher end varieties are usually entirely cotton and more porous like blotter. Watercolor paper is traditionally torn and not cut.

Furnish

 

The traditional furnish or material content of watercolor papers is cellulose, a structural carbohydrate found in many plants. The most common sources of paper cellulose are cotton, linen, or alpha cellulose extracted from wood pulp. To make paper, the cellulose is wetted, mechanically macerated or pounded, chemically treated, rinsed and filtered to the consistency of thin oatmeal, then poured out into paper making moulds. In handmade papers, the pulp is hand poured ("cast") into individual paper moulds (a mesh screen stretched within a wood frame) and shaken by hand into an even layer. In industrial paper production, the pulp is formed by large papermaking machines that spread the paper over large cylinders—either heated metal cylinders that rotate at high speed (machinemade papers) or wire mesh cylinders that rotate at low speed (mouldmade papers). Both types of machine produce the paper in a continuous roll or web, which is then cut into individual sheets.

Weight

 

The basis weight of the paper is a measure of its density and thickness. It is described as the gram weight of one square meter of a single sheet of the paper, or grams per square meter (gsm). Most watercolor papers sold today are in the range between 280gsm to 640gsm. (The previous Imperial system, expressed as the weight in pounds of one ream or 500 sheets of the paper, regardless of its size, obsolete in some areas, is still used in the United States. The most common weights under this system are 300 lb (heaviest), 200 lb 140 lb, and 90 lb.) Heavier paper is sometimes preferred over lighter weight or thinner paper because it does not buckle and can hold up to scrubbing and extremely wet washes. Watercolor papers are typically almost a pure white, sometimes slightly yellow (called natural white), though many tinted or colored papers are available. An important diagnostic is the rattle of the paper, or the sound it makes when held aloft by one corner and shaken vigorously. Papers that are dense and made from heavily macerated pulp have a bright, metallic rattle, while papers that are spongy or made with lightly macerated pulp have a muffled, rubbery rattle.

Finish

 

All papers obtain a texture from the mold used to make them: a wove finish results from a uniform metal screen (like a window screen); a laid finish results from a screen made of narrowly spaced horizontal wires separated by widely spaced vertical wires. The finish is also affected by the methods used to wick and dry the paper after it is "couched" (removed) from the paper mold or is pulled off the papermaking cylinder.

 

Watercolor papers come in three basic finishes: hot pressed (HP), cold press (CP, or in the UK "Not", for "not hot pressed"), and rough (R). These vary greatly from manufacturer to manufacturer.

 

Rough papers are typically dried by hanging them like laundry ("loft drying") so that the sheets are not exposed to any pressure after they are couched; the wove finish has a pitted, uneven texture that is prized for its ability to accent the texture of watercolor pigments and brushstrokes.

Cold pressed papers are dried in large stacks, between absorbent felt blankets; this acts to flatten out about half of the texture found in the rough sheets. CP papers are valued for their versatility.

Hot pressed papers are cold pressed sheets that are passed through heated, compressing metal cylinders (called "calendering"), which flattens almost all the texture in the sheets. HP papers are valued because they are relatively nonabsorbent: pigments remain on the paper surface, brightening the color, and water is not absorbed, so it can produce a variety of water stains or marks as it dries.

 

These designations are only relative; the CP paper from one manufacturer may be rougher than the R paper from another manufacturer. Fabriano even offers a "soft press" (SP) sheet intermediate between CP and HP.

Sizing

 

Watercolor papers are traditionally sized, or treated with a substance to reduce the cellulose absorbency. Internal sizing is added to the paper pulp after rinsing and before it is cast in the paper mould; external or "tub" sizing is applied to the paper surface after the paper has dried. The traditional sizing has been gelatin, gum arabic or rosin, though modern synthetic substitutes (alkyl ketene dimers such as Aquapel) are now used instead. The highly absorbent papers that contain no sizing are designated waterleaf.

Dimensions

 

Most art papers are sold as single sheets of paper in standard sizes. Most common is the full sheet (22" x 30"), and half sheets (15" x 22") or quarter sheets (15" x 11") derived from it. Larger (and less standardized) sheets include the double elephant (within an inch or two of 30" x 40") and emperor (40" x 60"), which are the largest sheets commercially available. Papers are also manufactured in rolls, up to about 60" wide and 30 feet long. Finally, papers are also sold as watercolor "blocks"—a pad of 20 or so sheets of paper, cut to identical dimensions and glued on all four sides, which provides high dimensional stability and portability, though block papers tend to have subdued finishes. The painter simply works on the exposed sheet and, when finished, uses a knife to cut the adhesive around the four sides, separating the painting and revealing the fresh paper underneath.

Big Leaf: HDR Method A (from single TIFF) - Sony Cybershot DSC F-717 with Karl Zeiss 2.0-2.4 38-190 mm Zoom - Photographer Russell McNeil PhD (Physics) lives in Nanaimo, British Columbia where he works also as a writer and a personal trainer.

Oils on primed heavy paper.

 

www.tumblr.com/dashboard

Tas Pappas / method air - Megaranch - Australia

Published in "A Brief Glance" issue #28

www.abriefglance.com/magazine/issue_28.html

Just a quick test trying some new methods for processing astro photos.

My Get Pushed Challenge fromNikkiNakkiNoo365 was to produce an image using the Brenizer Method.

 

Nikki gave me the following description and some great tutorials and software to try.

 

"The Brenizer method was created by Ryan Brenizer and is sometimes referred to as a Bokeh Panorama. The idea behind the method is to create a feel of a large format sensor by stitching together exposures to create an image that is both wide angle and has a shallow depth of field."

 

This was most definitely a Push (almost over a cliff, LOL) I am not entirely happy with my final result, the main subject although sharp in the single shot, just never seemed that way after the stitching.

 

It was a great challenge, and I learnt heaps, so thank you Nikki, I hope you like it.

 

"Altbier (German for 'old beer') is a style of beer originating in Germany. It was first brewed in the historical region of Westphalia and is a speciality of the city of Düsseldorf. Its name comes from its production using the technique of top fermentation, an older method than bottom fermentation characteristic of other lager styles of beer."

 

Source: wikipedia.org

Dale sending a huge method to 50-50 back back in February.

 

www.benngie.tumblr.com

 

Following my attempt to curl this doll's hair using a method called a "boil perm," the hair dried, the ends became a little frizzy, and the curls straightened out a bit.

 

Still, the final effect is pretty close to what I was hoping for. I'm trying to decide whether to give it another try to maybe tighten up the waves, or just leave it and call it good enough. Will the "do" do or do I re-do the "do?"

 

Also, I realized upon closer inspection that the eyeglasses I'm using for this figure are not quite right for what I'm trying to accomplish. Another set of teeny tiny dolly eyeglasses are on the way via eBay. What I find ridiculous is that one pair of doll eyeglasses that do not even have lenses costs more than a three-pack, a four-pack, or even a six-pack of basic full-size reading glasses like I wear myself.

 

The subject for this experiment is a circa 2007 Integrity Toys Nu Face "Pretty Calculated" Erin Salstrom doll.

 

14 March - A Doll A Day 2025

 

Pentax M 50mm f/1.4 SMC