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Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.
Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.
The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.
LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY
The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.
HISTORY
The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.
Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.
ARCHITECTURE
The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.
Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.
RAJAGIRI
The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.
The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.
KRISHNAGIRI
The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.
CHAKKILIYA DURG
The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.
CULTURE
After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.
WIKIPEDIA
Prepared for Pimp my Pixels Group from an original by lorzzzzzzz. The thread is here: www.flickr.com/groups/pimpmypixels/discuss/72157622668981...
San Francisco streets from TIGER, replaced by OpenStreetMap walking tracks of the same (endpoint to endpoint) length.
A lot of long streets are missing because it's hard to find walks of the right length. There are a lot more short walks to choose from.
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est
Pro patria mori.
From Dulce et Decorum est, Wilfred Owen
Deo optimo maximo
Aquí yace Francisco Gonzalez canónico de esta iglesia 26 de mayo 1676.
Recuerdo haber tomado esta foto como si fuese ayer, y mas que cuatro decadas han pasado desde ese dia de primavera en Segovia cuando vi este monumento.
D.O.M.
Here lies Francisco Gonzalez canon of this church 26 May 1676.
I remember framing this photo as if I had taken it yesterday, and here it's been more than four decades since the day in Segovia when this monument caught my eye.
Segovia, 1974
Lying Buddha, Wat Po Temple, Bangkok, Thailand
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Heirloom quality hand tools from Lie-Nielson. A pleasure to use. This is the small Independence dovetail saw.
The small secluded harbour at Paignton lies at the very end of the Promenade, in the shadow of Roundham Head. Many visitors to the town don't realise it is there.
Paignton Harbour was constructed by the Paignton Harbour Company in the late 1830s, the Act of Parliament approving its construction (The Paignton Harbour Act, 1838) apparently being the first-ever Act to receive Royal Assent during the reign of Queen Victoria. The Harbour was acquired by Paignton Urban District in 1936 and has been managed by Torbay Borough Council since 1974.
I asked local artist Donald Libby to make this stunning piece for me, The Brown Trout is made out of Ram's Horn and the wood is ancient from an Eishken Estate Lochside.
John Lie, poet, writer & lecturer. Photo in possession of Clay County Historical Society Archives, #38.61.4, lent by Guro Muhle, R#1, Glyndon, MN, Oct 17, 1938. (Our first cousin three times removed.)
Sacher cake
180 years is the Sachertorte old. It belongs so inextricably to Vienna as St. Stephen's Cathedral and the Vienna Boys' Choir. The chocolate cake with apricot jam and chocolate icing is probably the most famous cake in the world and in Austria a national institution. The secret of its pleasant taste lies in the simplicity of its composition and the perfect proportions of its ingredients. The original recipe by the Hotel Sacher is kept like a state secret. Currently, every year are produced around 300,000 original Sacher cakes by the Hotel Sacher. And because this is partly performed by hand, for this 21 pastry chefs and 25 packers are required. According to Adam Riese, representing about 40 pies per day and confectioner. The consumption of apricot jam alone lies by 70 tons per year.
The history of the Sacher Torte began in 1832 when Prince Metternich for the wedding of a friend of his, a painter, ordered his court kitchen to create a special dessert for his celebrity guests. "But that he did not bring shame on me, tonight!" the prince is supposed to have said to his head cook. Because this one but became ill (some sources say that he had shirked his responsibility), the last person in charge remained the 16-year-old pastry apprentice Franz Sacher (1816-1907).
So Franz Sacher invented the forerunner of future Sachertorte. Both the prince and his guests were wowed by the result. As trained cook, Franz Sacher after a few years of professional experience made himself independent and worked for the time being in Bratislava and then for a time on Danube ships between Vienna and Budapest. In 1848, he returned to Vienna and opened here a deli. Soon the chocolate cake of Franz Sacher became a bestseller.
Really famous became the Sachertorte only by Sacher's son Eduard Sacher (1843-1892) who during his training at the kuk Court Sugar Bakery Demel completed the indivual preparation of the pie in the form as we known it today. The Sachertorte was initially offered as an Original Sacher-Torte at Demel and later also in the by Eduard Sacher in the year 1876 founded Hotel. Decisive for the success of the hotel was Anna Sacher (1859-1930), the widow of Eduard Sacher, an energetic woman who not only smoked cigars but also knew how to inspire Vienna's "High Society" for herself and her hotel.
After the death of Anna Sacher and the bankruptcy of the hotel in 1934, the latter was sold and Eduard's son bearer of the same forename remained only the recipe of the Original Sacher-Torte, which he transferred to the Patisserie Demel.
Sachertorte
1938 saw the first disagreement with the new owners of the hotel who introduced the street sale of Sacher-Torte and had registered the designation of "Original Sacher-Torte" as a trademark. Thereupon, flared up between the pastry shop Demel and the Hotel Sacher a dispute over the right to the name.
In the decades ongoing lawsuits, also the authenticity of the individual preparation was a central point, namely the question whether the mandatory layer of apricot jam only should be spread under the chocolate icing (standpoint of Patisserie Demel) or if there had to be a second one in the middle of the cake (point of view of Hotel Sacher), and whether margarine should be mixed.
The famous journalist and writer Friedrich Torberg, who was a regular guest both in Demel as well at the Hotel Sacher, testified in court that the Sachertorte during the lifetime of Anna Sacher certainly not had a jam layer in the middle.
The legal wrangling extended through all instances. In 1963, finally, an agreement was reached out of court, as the Supreme Court Solomon-like differentiated between "real" and "original-cake": The Sacher Torte of Hotel Sacher from then on is allowed to display a round seal with the label "Original Sacher-Torte" while Demel a triangular seal "Eduard-Sacher-Torte" shows. Both Sacher cakes differ mainly by their jam layers. The Hotel Sacher-variant has two jam layers below the chocolate coating and in the center of the pie while the Demel version has only a jam layer below the chocolate coating.
Preparation
But Viennese people can be very rebellious when the authority wants to dictate them something. They have taken sides and vote with their feet by going to "Demel". Their Sacher-Torte is already referred to as the "real Sacher-Torte" in the vernacular.
The individual preparation of the "Original Sacher-Torte" is held by Hotel Sacher strictly under wraps. All the hotel's pastry chefs have signed that they do not pass on the recipe and are also not entitled to use it further on if they were to leave the company once. They assume liability. The products which are used to prepare the cake are created exclusively for the Hotel Sacher. The secret of the Sachertorte is not so much stuck in the ingredients but in the chocolate glaze, consisting of three special types of chocolate which are produced by various manufacturers especially for the Hotel Sacher, the exact mixing ratio being known only by Sacher-confectioners.
The fact that this recipe for success has found imitators, was to be expected. Everywhere in the world, is a chocolate cake that has been coated with one or more layers of apricot jam and covered with chocolate, called "Sachertorte". In Austria, but the lawmakers are more accurate. The term "Original Sacher-Torte" is a registered trademark that may be used exclusively by the Vienna Hotel Sacher. The term "Sachertorte" alone, but has now become a generic term which may be used for products which are produced according to the laid down in the Austrian Food Codex specifications.
In 1709 vestigen de Engelse theresianen een nieuw klooster aan de Kerkstraat in Lier. Het kloostercomplex werd begrensd door de Nete en de Sint-Pietersvliet. Rond 1736 werd in de ommuurde kloostertuin een barokke hofkapel (boetekapel) gebouwd. De bak- en zandstenen kapel heeft een verzorgde binnenafwerking met een fraai barok stucplafond. In 1980 werd de hofkapel beschermd als monument.
Foto: Iris Van Dessel
box, art, hinge, spring, collage, rust, player piano sheet music, washer, cut nail, outsider, wrench, assemblage, corner brace, nut
3 3/4" X 5 1/4"
On my second day in #Lier #Belgium I decided to revisit the Sint-Gummaruskerk and see if I could get some decent shots of the front of the church, despite the renovation work. It’s not exactly the church at it’s very best, but it gives a feel for it’s fine-detailed grandeur all the same, and it does show the distinctive octagonal top sections of the tower.