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The music education of mentally disabled children with the help of the colored score system
"There is some region of the soul which only music can lighten."
/ from the Selected Writings In Retrospect by Zoltán Kodály /
Studying music is difficult. Is it? The score is too complicated even for the healthy children. Is it too complicated? If it really causes problems do we have to resign to it? Or shall we find other ways to study and enjoy music? These questions didn't let the German teacher of music and handicapped children Heinrich Ullrich alone. He didn't think only about the music education of healthy schoolchildren but had a faith in that the mentally handicapped children and young people can also study music, only the method should be found.
The five-line score is incomprehensible for most of the handicapped children. That's why the note value and the pitch need not be memorized but the score and the instrument are coordinated note by note. The colors of the tones, which appear in the score, are also indicated beside the strings, pipes and keys of the instruments. So it's enough if the children can match them without even knowing the names of the colors.
As it can be seen on the attached chart, in the colored score system there is no need for the five lines because the pitches of the tones are indicated by colors. As the tone is rising, the colors are getting lighter. The colors of the octaves one above and one below are the same, but in the lower octave every note has a black circle in the middle. In the higher octave a white circle indicates the pitch of the note.
The semitone is simply denoted by the two colors, which the tone is between. E.g.: F# is half- red and half- green.
The marking of the rhythm is also simple:
The quarter note is a full circle, a half note is two circles interlinked, the whole note consists of four circles and an eighth note is a semicircle. The musical rest is marked by a blank hexagon. Further rhythm values denoted according to the above rules.
Bar-lines substitute with stresses above the accented note.
For the time being we are working within the association called "Music Belongs to Everyone". We give individual and group music lessons, hold orchestral rehearsals and give concerts by our Parafónia orchestra.
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This was shot in Des Moines, Iowa. I looked in a window and saw that someone had written this on the side of a counter. This was taken for a project called "My America" where I had to showcase the world around me and tell a story about America today
. . . the natural make-up of the women is called Thanaka. It is a cream made out of the bark of specific trees. Thanaka cream has been used by Burmese women for over 2000 years. It has a fragrant scent somewhat similar to sandalwood. The creamy paste is applied to the face in attractive designs, the most common form being a circular patch on each cheek, nose, sometimes made stripey with the fingers known as thanaka bè gya, or patterned in the shape of a leaf, often also highlighting the bridge of the nose with it at the same time. It may be applied from head to toe (thanaka chi zoun gaung zoun). Apart from cosmetic beauty, thanaka also gives a cooling sensation and provides protection from sunburn. It is believed to help remove acne and promote smooth skin. It is also an anti-fungal. The active ingredients of thanaka are coumarin and marmesin.
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Yangon (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်, MLCTS rankun mrui, pronounced: [jàɴɡòʊɴ mjo̰]; formerly known as Rangoon, literally: "End of Strife") is the capital of the Yangon Region of Myanmar, also known as Burma. Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military government relocated the capital to the purpose-built city of Naypyidaw in central Myanmar. With over 7 million people, Yangon is Myanmar's largest city and is its most important commercial centre.
Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in the region, and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact. The colonial-era commercial core is centred around the Sule Pagoda, which reputed to be over 2,000 years old. The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda — Myanmar's most sacred Buddhist pagoda. The mausoleum of the last Mughal Emperor is located in Yangon, where he had been exiled following the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate infrastructure, especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia. Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure.
ETYMOLOGY
Yangon (ရန်ကုန်) is a combination of the two words yan (ရန်) and koun (ကုန်), which mean "enemies" and "run out of", respectively. It is also translated as "End of Strife". "Rangoon" most likely comes from the British imitation of the pronunciation of "Yangon" in the Arakanese language, which is [rɔ̀ɴɡʊ́ɴ].
HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (c. 1028–1043) by the Mon, who dominated Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centred about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon, renamed it "Yangon", and added settlements around Dagon. The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), but returned it to Burmese administration after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.
COLONIAL RANGOON
The British seized Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma. Yangon is also the place where the British sent Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, to live after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Based on the design by army engineer Lt. Alexander Fraser, the British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land, bounded to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British-ruled Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.
Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East." By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.
Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.
After World War I, Yangon became the epicentre of Burmese independence movement, with leftist Rangoon University students leading the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 all began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japanese occupation (1942–45), and incurred heavy damage during World War II. The city was retaken by the Allies in May 1945.
Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.
CONTEMPORARY YANGON
Soon after Burma's independence in 1948, many colonial names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the current military junta changed the city's English name to "Yangon", along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications, news bureaus including, most notably, the BBC and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and United States.)
Since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya,
Shwepyitha and South Dagon in the 1980s. Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 square kilometres.
During Ne Win's isolationist rule (1962–88), Yangon's infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance and did not keep up with its increasing population. In the 1990s, the current military government's more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the city's infrastructure. Some inner city residents were forcibly relocated to new satellite towns. Many colonial-period buildings were demolished to make way for high-rise hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls, leading the city government to place about 200 notable colonial-period buildings under the Yangon City Heritage List in 1996. Major building programs have resulted in six new bridges and five new highways linking the city to its industrial back country. Still, much of Yangon remains without basic municipal services such as 24-hour electricity and regular garbage collection.
Yangon has become much more indigenous Burmese in its ethnic make-up since independence. After independence, many South Asians and Anglo-Burmese left. Many more South Asians were forced to leave during the 1960s by Ne Win's xenophobic government. Nevertheless, sizable South Asian and Chinese communities still exist in Yangon. The Anglo-Burmese have effectively disappeared, having left the country or intermarried with other Burmese groups.
Yangon was the centre of major anti-government protests in 1974, 1988 and 2007. The 1988 People Power Uprising resulted in the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands of Burmese civilians, many in Yangoon where hundreds of thousands of people flooded into the streets of the then capital city. The Saffron Revolution saw mass shootings and the use of crematoria in Yangoon by the Burmese government to erase evidence of their crimes against monks, unarmed protesters, journalists and students.
The city's streets saw bloodshed each time as protesters were gunned down by the government.
In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis hit Yangon. While the city had few human casualties, three quarters of Yangon's industrial infrastructure was destroyed or damaged, with losses estimated at US$800 million.
In November 2005, the military government designated Naypyidaw, 320 kilometres north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and subsequently moved much of the government to the newly developed city. At any rate, Yangon remains the largest city, and the most important commercial centre of Myanmar.
GEOGRAPHY
Yangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about 30 km away from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48' North, 96°09' East (16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours.
CLIMATE
Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification system. The city features a lengthy wet season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received; and a dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen. It is primarily due to the heavy rainfall received during the rainy season that Yangon falls under the tropical monsoon climate category. During the course of the year 1961 to 1990s, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 36 °C and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 °C.
CITYSCAPE
Until the mid-1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula setting between the Bago, Yangon and Hlaing rivers. People moved in, but little of the city moved out. Maps from 1944 show little development north of Inya Lake and areas that are now layered in cement and stacked with houses were then virtual backwaters. Since the late 1980s, however, the city began a rapid spread north to where Yangon International airport now stands. But the result is a stretching tail on the city, with the downtown area well removed from its geographic centre. The city's area has steadily increased from 72.52 square kilometres in 1901 to 86.2 square kilometres in 1940 to 208.51 square kilometres in 1974, to 346.13 square kilometres in 1985, and to 598.75 square kilometres in 2008.
ARCHITECTURE
Downtown Yangon is known for its leafy avenues and fin-de-siècle architecture. The former British colonial capital has the highest number of colonial period buildings in south-east Asia. Downtown Yangon is still mainly made up of decaying colonial buildings. The former High Court, the former Secretariat buildings, the former St. Paul's English High School and the Strand Hotel are excellent examples of the bygone era. Most downtown buildings from this era are four-story mix-use (residential and commercial) buildings with 4.3 m ceilings, allowing for the construction of mezzanines. Despite their less-than-perfect conditions, the buildings remain highly sought after and most expensive in the city's property market.
In 1996, the Yangon City Development Committee created a Yangon City Heritage List of old buildings and structures in the city that cannot be modified or torn down without approval. In 2012, the city of Yangon imposed a 50-year moratorium on demolition of buildings older than 50 years. The Yangon Heritage Trust, an NGO started by Thant Myint-U, aims to create heritage areas in Downtown, and attract investors to renovate buildings for commercial use.
A latter day hallmark of Yangon is the eight-story apartment building. (In Yangon parlance, a building with no elevators (lifts) is called an apartment building and one with elevators is called a condominium. Condos which have to invest in a local power generator to ensure 24-hour electricity for the elevators are beyond the reach of most Yangonites.) Found throughout the city in various forms, eight-story apartment buildings provide relatively inexpensive housing for many Yangonites. The apartments are usually eight stories high (including the ground floor) mainly because city regulations, until February 2008, required that all buildings higher than 23 m or eight stories to install lifts. The current code calls for elevators in buildings higher than 19 m or six stories, likely ushering in the era of the six-story apartment building. Although most apartment buildings were built only within the last 20 years, they look much older and rundown due to shoddy construction and lack of proper maintenance.
Unlike other major Asian cities, Yangon does not have any skyscrapers. Aside from a few high-rise hotels and office towers, most high-rise buildings (usually 10 stories and up) are "condos" scattered across prosperous neighbourhoods north of downtown such as Bahan, Dagon, Kamayut and Mayangon. The tallest building in Yangon, Pyay Gardens, is a 25-story condo in the city's north.
Older satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa are lined mostly with one to two story detached houses with access to the city's electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as North Dagon and South Dagon are still essentially slums in a grid layout. The satellite towns - old or new - receive little or no municipal services.
ROAD LAYOUT
Downtown Yangon's road layout follows a grid pattern, based on four types of roads:
Broad 49-m wide roads running west to east
Broad 30-m wide roads running south to north
Two narrow 9.1-m wide streets running south to north
Mid-size 15-m wide streets running south to north
The east-west grid of central was laid out by British military engineers Fraser and Montgomerie after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The city was later developed by the Public Works Department and Bengal Corps of Engineers. The pattern of south to north roads is as follows: one broad 30 m wide broad road, two narrow streets, one mid-size street, two more narrow streets, and then another 30 m wide broad road. This order is repeated from west to east. The narrow streets are numbered; the medium and broad roads are named.
For example, the 30 m Lanmadaw Road is followed by 9.1 m-wide 17th and 18th streets then the medium 15 m Sint-Oh-Dan Road, the 30-foot 19th and 20th streets, followed by another 30 m wide Latha Road, followed again by the two numbered small roads 21st and 22nd streets, and so on.
The roads running parallel west to east were the Strand Road, Merchant Road, Maha Bandula (née Dalhousie) Road, Anawrahta (Fraser) Road, and Bogyoke Aung San (Montgomerie) Road.
PARKS AND GARDENS
The largest and best maintained parks in Yangon are located around Shwedagon Pagoda. To the south-east of the gilded stupa is the most popular recreational area in the city – Kandawgyi Lake. The 61-ha lake is surrounded by the 45-ha Kandawgyi Nature Park, and the 28-ha Yangon Zoological Gardens, which consists of a zoo, an aquarium and an amusement park. West of the pagoda towards the former Hluttaw (Parliament) complex is the 53-ha People's Square and Park, (the former parading ground on important national days when Yangon was the capital.) A few miles north of the pagoda lies the 15-ha Inya Lake Park – a favorite hangout place of Yangon University students, and a well-known place of romance in Burmese popular culture.
Hlawga National Park and Allied War Memorial at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with the well-to-do and tourists.
Yangon Book Plaza, the first and biggest book shop in Myanmar was opened on February 26, 2017 on the fifth floor of Than Zay Market in Lanmadaw Township, Yangon.
ADMINISTRATION
Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). YCDC also coordinates urban planning. The city is divided into four districts. The districts combined have a total of 33 townships. The current mayor of Yangon is Maung Maung Soe. Each township is administered by a committee of township leaders, who make decisions regarding city beautification and infrastructure. Myo-thit (lit. "New Towns", or satellite towns) are not within such jurisdictions.
TRANSPORT
Yangon is Burma's main domestic and international hub for air, rail, and ground transportation.
AIR
Yangon International Airport, located 19 km from the centre, is the country's main gateway for domestic and international air travel. The airport has three terminals, known as T1, T2 and T3 which is also known as Domestic. It has direct flights to regional cities in Asia – mainly, Doha, Dubai, Dhaka, Kolkata, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul, Guangzhou, Taipei, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Kunming and Singapore. Although domestic airlines offer service to about twenty domestic locations, most flights are to tourist destinations such as Bagan, Mandalay, Heho and Ngapali, and to the capital Naypyidaw.
RAILWAYS
Yangon Central Railway Station is the main terminus of Myanmar Railways' 5,403-kilometre rail network whose reach covers Upper Myanmar (Naypyidaw, Mandalay, Shwebo), upcountry (Myitkyina), Shan hills (Taunggyi, Lashio) and the Taninthayi coast (Mawlamyaing, Dawei).
Yangon Circular Railway operates a 45.9-kilometre 39-station commuter rail network that connects Yangon's satellite towns. The system is heavily utilized by the local populace, selling about 150,000 tickets daily. The popularity of the commuter line has jumped since the government reduced petrol subsidies in August 2007.
BUSES AND CARS
Yangon has a 4,456-kilometre road network of all types (tar, concrete and dirt) in March 2011. Many of the roads are in poor condition and not wide enough to accommodate an increasing number of cars. The vast majority of Yangon residents cannot afford a car and rely on an extensive network of buses to get around. Over 300 public and private bus lines operate about 6,300 crowded buses around the city, carrying over 4.4 million passengers a day. All buses and 80% of the taxis in Yangon run on compressed natural gas (CNG), following the 2005 government decree to save money on imported petroleum. Highway buses to other cities depart from Dagon Ayeyar Highway Bus Terminal for Irrawaddy delta region and Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal for other parts of the country.
Motor transportation in Yangon is highly expensive for most of its citizens. As the government allows only a few thousand cars to be imported each year in a country with over 50 million people, car prices in Yangon (and in Burma) are among the highest in the world. In July 2008, the two most popular cars in Yangon, 1986/87 Nissan Sunny Super Saloon and 1988 Toyota Corolla SE Limited, cost the equivalent of about US$20,000 and US$29,000 respectively. A sports utility vehicle, imported for the equivalent of around US$50,000, goes for US$250,000. Illegally imported unregistered cars are cheaper – typically about half the price of registered cars. Nonetheless, car usage in Yangon is on the rise, a sign of rising incomes for some, and already causes much traffic congestion in highway-less Yangon's streets. In 2011, Yangon had about 300,000 registered motor vehicles in addition to an unknown number of unregistered ones.
Since 1970, cars have been driven on the right side of the road in Burma, as part of a military decree. However, as the government has not required left hand drive (LHD) cars to accompany the right side road rules, many cars on the road are still right hand drive (RHD) made for driving on the left side. Japanese used cars, which make up most of the country's imports, still arrive with RHD and are never converted to LHD. As a result, Burmese drivers have to rely on their passengers when passing other cars.
Within Yangon city limits, it is illegal to drive trishaws, bicycles, and motorcycles. Since February 2010, pickup truck bus lines have been forbidden to run in 6 townships of central Yangon, namely Latha, Lanmadaw, Pabedan, Kyauktada, Botahtaung and Pazundaung Townships. In May 2003, a ban on using car horns was implemented in six townships of Downtown Yangon to reduce noise pollution. In April 2004, the car horn ban was expanded to cover the entire city.
RIVER
Yangon's four main passenger jetties, all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across the river to Dala and Thanlyin, and regional ferries to the Irrawaddy delta. The 35-km Twante Canal was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the 1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year-round. While passenger ferries to the delta are still used, those to Upper Burma via the Irrawaddy river are now limited mostly to tourist river cruises.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Yangon is the most populous city by far in Burma although estimates of the size of its population vary widely. All population figures are estimates since no official census has been conducted in Burma since 1983. A UN estimate puts the population as 4.35 million in 2010 but a 2009 U.S. State Department estimate puts it at 5.5 million. The U.S. State Department's estimate is probably closer to the real number since the UN number is a straight-line projection, and does not appear to take the expansion of city limits in the past two decades into account. The city's population grew sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s. Immigrants have founded their regional associations (such as Mandalay Association, Mawlamyaing Association, etc.) in Yangon for networking purposes. The government's decision to move the nation's administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon.
Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. While Indians formed the slight majority prior to World War II, today, the majority of the population is of indigenous Bamar (Burman) descent. Large communities of Indians/South Asian Burmese and the Chinese Burmese exist especially in the traditional downtown neighborhoods. A large number of Rakhine and Karen also live in the city.
Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed
some to study other languages: Mandarin Chinese is most popular, followed by Japanese, and French.
RELIGIONS
The primary religions practiced in Yangon are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Shwedagon Pagoda is a famous religious landmark in the city.
MEDIA
Yangon is the country's hub for the movie, music, advertising, newspaper and book publishing industries. All media is heavily regulated by the military government. Television broadcasting is off limits to the private sector. All media content must first be approved by the government's media censor board, Press Scrutiny and Registration Division.
Most television channels in the country are broadcast from Yangon. TV Myanmar and Myawaddy TV are the two main channels, providing Burmese-language programming in news and entertainment. Other special interest channels are MWD-1 and MWD-2, MRTV-3, the English-language channel that targets overseas audiences via satellite and via Internet, MRTV-4 and Channel 7 are with a focus on non-formal education programs and movies, and Movie 5, a pay-TV channel specializing in broadcasting foreign movies.
Yangon has three radio stations. Myanmar Radio National Service is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese (and in English during specific times.) Pop culture oriented Yangon City FM and Mandalay City FM radio stations specialize in Burmese and English pop music, entertainment programs, live celebrity interviews, etc. New radio channels such as Shwe FM and Pyinsawaddy FM can also be tuned with the city area.
Nearly all print media and industries are based out of Yangon. All three national newspapers – two Burmese language dailies Myanma Alin (မြန်မာ့အလင်း) and Kyemon (ကြေးမုံ), and the English language The New Light of Myanmar — are published by the government. Semi-governmental The Myanmar Times weekly, published in Burmese and in English, is mainly geared for Yangon's expatriate community. Over twenty special interest journals and magazines covering sports, fashion, finance, crime, literature (but never politics) vie for the readership of the general populace.
Access to foreign media is extremely difficult. Satellite television in Yangon, and in Burma, is very expensive as the government imposes an annual registration fee of one million kyats. Certain foreign newspapers and periodicals such as the International Herald Tribune and the Straits Times can be found only in a few (mostly downtown) bookstores. Internet access in Yangon, which has the best telecommunication infrastructure in the country, is slow and erratic at best, and the Burmese government implements one of the world's most restrictive regimes of Internet control. International text messaging and voice messaging was permitted only in August 2008.
COMMUNICATION
Common facilities taken for granted elsewhere are luxury prized items in Yangon and Burma. The price of a GSM mobile phone was about K1.1 million in August 2008. In 2007, the country of 55 million had only 775,000 phone lines (including 275,000 mobile phones), and 400,000 computers. Even in Yangon, which has the best infrastructure, the estimated telephone penetration rate was only 6% at the end of 2004, and the official waiting time for a telephone line was 3.6 years. Most people cannot afford a computer and have to use the city's numerous Internet cafes to access a heavily restricted Internet, and a heavily censored local intranet. According to official statistics, in July 2010, the country had over 400,000 Internet users, with the vast majority hailing from just two cities, Yangon and Mandalay. Although Internet access was available in 42 cities across the country, the number of users outside the two main cities was just over 10,000.
LIFESTYLE
Yangon's property market is the most expensive in the country and beyond the reach of most Yangonites. Most rent outside the centre and few can afford to rent such apartments. (In 2008, rents for a typical 60 to 70 m2 apartments in the centre and vicinity range between K70,000 and K150,000 and those for high end condos between K200,000 and K500,000.)
Most men of all ages (and some women) spend their time at ubiquitous tea-shops, found in any corner or street of the city. Watching European football (mostly English Premier League with occasional La Liga, Serie A, Bundesliga) matches while sipping tea is a popular pastime among many Yangonites. The average person stays close to his or her residential neighbourhood. The well-to-do tend to visit shopping malls and parks on weekends. Some leave the city on weekends for Chaungtha and Ngwesaung beach resorts in Ayeyarwady Division.
Yangon is also home to many pagoda festivals (paya pwe), held during dry-season months (November – March). The most famous of all, the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival in March, attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the country.
Yangon's museums are the domain of tourists and rarely visited by the locals.
Most of Yangon's larger hotels offer some kind of nightlife entertainment, geared towards tourists and the well-to-do Burmese. Some hotels offer traditional Burmese performing arts shows complete with a traditional Burmese orchestra. The pub scene in larger hotels is more or less the same as elsewhere in Asia. Other options include karaoke bars and pub restaurants in Yangon Chinatown.
Due to the problems of high inflation, the lack of high denomination notes, and the fact that many of the population do not have access to checks, or credit or debit cards, it is common to see citizens carrying a considerable amount of cash. (The highest denomination of Burmese currency kyat is 10 000 (~US$10.)) Credit cards are only rarely used in the city, chiefly in the more lavish hotels. Credit cards are also accepted in the major supermarket and convenience store chains.
SPORTS
As the city has the best sporting facilities in the country, most national-level annual sporting tournaments such as track and field, football, volleyball, tennis and swimming are held in Yangon. The 40,000-seat Aung San Stadium and the 32,000-seat Thuwunna Stadium are the main venues for the highly popular annual State and Division football tournament. Until April 2009, the now defunct Myanmar Premier League, consisted of 16 Yangon-based clubs, played all its matches in Yangon stadiums, and attracted little interest from the general public or commercial success despite the enormous popularity of football in Burma. Most Yangonites prefer watching European football on satellite TV. Teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Bayern Munich and Manchester City are among the favorite European teams among the Yangonites. It remains to be seen whether the Myanmar National League, the country's first professional football league, and its Yangon-based club Yangon United FC will attract a sufficient following in the country's most important media market.
Yangon is also home to annual the Myanmar Open golf tournament, and the Myanmar Open tennis tournament. The city hosted the 1961 and 1969 South East Asian Games. During colonial times, cricket was played mostly by British officials in the city. First-class cricket was played in the city in January 1927 when the touring Marylebone Cricket Club played Burma and the Rangoon Gymkhana. Two grounds were used to host these matches, the BAA Ground and the Gymkhana Ground. These matches mark the only time Burma and Rangoon Gymkhana have appeared in first-class cricket, and the only time first-class cricket has been played in Burma. After independence cricket all but died out in the country.
Yangon has a growing population of skateboarders, as documented in the films Altered Focus: Burma and Youth of Yangon. German non-profit organization Make Life Skate Life has received permission from the Yangon City Development Committee to construct a concrete skatepark at Thakin Mya park in downtown, and plans to complete the park in November 2015.
ECONOMY
Yangon is the country's main centre for trade, industry, real estate, media, entertainment and tourism. The city represents about one fifth of the national economy. According to official statistics for FY 2010–2011, the size of the economy of Yangon Region was 8.93 trillion kyats, or 23% of the national GDP.
The city is Lower Burma's main trading hub for all kinds of merchandise – from basic food stuffs to used cars although commerce continues to be hampered by the city's severely underdeveloped banking industry and communication infrastructure. Bayinnaung Market is the largest wholesale centre in the country for rice, beans and pulses, and other agricultural commodities. Much of the country's legal imports and exports go through Thilawa Port, the largest and busiest port in Burma. There is also a great deal of informal trade, especially in street markets that exist alongside street platforms of Downtown Yangon's townships. However, on 17 June 2011, the YCDC announced that street vendors, who had previously been allowed to legally open shop at 3 pm, would be prohibited from selling on the streets, and permitted to sell only in their townships of residence, presumably to clean up the city's image. Since 1 December 2009, high-density polyethylene plastic bags have been banned by city authorities.
Manufacturing accounts for a sizable share of employment. At least 14 light industrial zones ring Yangon, directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010. The city is the centre of country's garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9 fiscal year. More than 80 percent of factory workers in Yangon work on a day-to-day basis. Most are young women between 15 and 27 years of age who come from the countryside in search of a better life. The manufacturing sector suffers from both structural problems (e.g. chronic power shortages) and political.
problems (e.g. economic sanctions). In 2008, Yangon's 2500 factories alone needed about 120 MW of power; yet, the entire city received only about 250 MW of the 530 MW needed. Chronic power shortages limit the factories' operating hours between 8 am and 6 pm.
Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw, new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009–2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008–2009.
Tourism represents a major source of foreign currency for the city although by south-east Asian standards the number of foreign visitors to Yangon has always been quite low - about 250,000 before the Saffron Revolution in September 2007. The number of visitors dipped even further following the Saffron Revolution and Cyclone Nargis. The recent improvement in the country's political climate has attracted an increasing number of businessmen and tourists. Between 300,000 and 400,000 visitors that went through Yangon International in 2011. However, after years of underinvestment, Yangon's modest hotel infrastructure - only 3000 of the total 8000 hotel rooms in Yangon are "suitable for tourists" - is already bursting at seams, and will need to be expanded to handle additional visitors. As part of an urban development strategy, a hotel zone has been planned in Yangon's outskirts, encompassing government- and military-owned land in Mingaladon, Hlegu and Htaukkyant Townships.
EDUCATION
Yangon educational facilities has a very high number of qualified teachers but the state spending on education is among the lowest of the world. Around 2007 estimate by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies puts the spending for education at 0.5% of the national budget. The disparity in educational opportunities and achievement between rich and poor schools is quite stark even within the city. With little or no state support forthcoming, schools have to rely on forced "donations" and various fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers' salaries, forcing many poor students to drop out.
While many students in poor districts fail to reach high school, a handful of Yangon high schools in wealthier districts such as Dagon 1, Sanchaung 2, Kamayut 2, Bahan 2, Latha 2, and TTC provide the majority of students admitted to the most selective universities in the country, highlighting the extreme shallowness of talent pool in the country. The wealthy bypass the state education system altogether, sending their children to private English language instruction schools such as YIEC or more widely known as ISM, or abroad (typically Singapore or Australia) for university education. In 2014, international schools in Yangon cost at least US$8,000 a year.
There are over 20 universities and colleges in the city. While Yangon University remains the best known (its main campus is a part of popular Burmese culture e.g. literature, music, film, etc.), the nation's oldest university is now mostly a graduate school, deprived of undergraduate studies. Following the 1988 nationwide uprising, the military government has repeatedly closed universities, and has dispersed most of undergraduate student population to new universities in the suburbs such as Dagon University, the University of East Yangon and the University of West Yangon. Nonetheless many of the country's most selective universities are still in Yangon. Students from around the country still have to come to study in Yangon as some subjects are offered only at its universities. The University of Medicine 1, University of Medicine 2, Yangon Technological University, University of Computer Studies and Myanmar Maritime University are the most selective in the country.
HEALTH CARE
The general state of health care in Yangon is poor. According to a 2007 estimate, the military government spends 0.4% of the national budget on health care, and 40% to 60% on defense. By the government's own figures, it spends 849 kyats (US$0.85) per person. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals including the flagship Yangon General Hospital lack many of the basic facilities and equipment.
Wealthier Yangonites still have access to country's best medical facilities and internationally qualified doctors. Only Yangon and Mandalay have any sizable number of doctors left as many Burmese doctors have emigrated. The well-to-do go to private clinics or hospitals like Pun Hlaing International Hospital and Bahosi Medical Clinic. Medical malpractice is widespread, even in private clinics and hospitals that serve the well-to-do. In 2009 and 2010, a spate of high-profile deaths brought out the severity of the problem, even for the relatively well off Yangonites. The wealthy do not rely on domestic hospitals and travel abroad, usually Bangkok or Singapore, for treatment.
WIKIPEDIA
I'm assuming the vacuum cleaner is used to remove Blocks and Negative Energy. I didn't dare look inside the dumpster.
Businesses that do dealings online now offer the customer service aspect of shopping an online operation. You can live chat with a representative if you have questions or if site navigation is confusing and you can't find out what you are looking for or just have questions about product specifications.
SOURCE: www.squirrelcart.com/
Wandering further than I normally do during my walks I came across an area of the farm that had various abandoned pieces of equipment and machinery, this aged and rusting tractor caught my eye.
MASSEY FERGUSON
Registration number: YYC 858H
Body type: Rear Digger
Colour: Yellow
Date of first registration: April 1970. Weight : 3501kg
The internet is revealing a little bit of info on this piece of machinery, hence if anyone viewing can provide further info please comment
Massey Ferguson Limited is an American-owned major manufacturer of agricultural equipment until recently based in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Massey transferred its headquarters to Buffalo, New York in 1997 before it was acquired by AGCO new owner of former competitor Allis-Chalmers. The current business was formed by the 1953 merger of farm machinery manufacturers Massey Harris of Canada and Britain's Ferguson Company under the new name Massey Harris Ferguson. In 1958, the name was shortened to Massey Ferguson. Today Massey Ferguson is only a brand name used by AGCO but its machinery remains a major seller around the world.
Massey Ferguson was founded in 1847 in Newcastle, Ontario by Daniel Massey as the Newcastle Foundry and Machine Manufactory. To begin with it made some of the world's first mechanical threshers at first by assembling parts from the United States but eventually designing and building their own equipment.
Daniel's eldest son Hart Massey renamed the enterprise the Massey Manufacturing Co. and moved it to Toronto in 1879 where it soon became one of the city's leading employers.
The massive collection of factories, consisting of a 4.4 hectares (11 acres) site with plant and head office at 915 King Street West (now part of Liberty Village), became one of the best known features of the city. Massey expanded further and began to sell its products internationally.
Through extensive advertising campaigns he made it one of the most well known brands in Canada. A labour shortage throughout the country also helped to make the firm's mechanized equipment very attractive.
AH! okay so i made the hill higher... now what? anything i should add to make it look like awesome sauce!?!?
27/365
save someone it means to live not in vain this week or life. If you could change someone's destiny, then all is not wasted.
Price : ₹ 1100 /kg
( Pure Chocolate {Chocolate Fantasy} )
--------------------------------------------------
Minimum weight : 1.5 Kg
Type of cake : Designer
100% Eggless
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Call us for instant help : 8873005500
Note :
> The cake stand, cutlery and accessories used in the image are only for representations purposes. They are not delivered with the cake.
> The image displayed is indicative in nature. The cake being handmade may differ as per craftsmanship.
> Sculptural elements and figurines may contain wire supports or toothpicks or wooden skewers for support, Please consume with caution.
> The cake should be consumed within 1 hour unless refrigerate.
> Enjoy your cake!
BACK TO ALBUM LIST :
www.flickr.com/photos/monginis/albums/with/72157719664993176
"Oh noes. Beautiful women with big breastes are after me. Halp?" *laughs*
And Wendi knows *how* to work the pimp hat well.
We helped Josh Temple from DIY Network's House Crashers create a home gym for a fitness fanatic:
Get more info here:
www.gladiatorgarageworks.com/content.jsp?pageName=newsEve...
Watch the show and check out the episode listings here: www.diynetwork.com/house-crashers/garage-gym/index.html
For thrash seekers....Limited Time Only....And now expired…
TPE 68027 stands at buffer stops at Scarborough after arriving with the 1U27 from Leeds .
5 12 23
Sophie wanted to help me take photos of these little French Buggy/Carriage/Prams. I don't know that much about them, but I have several in different colors and different brands. These two are from Ponfa and Doucet. I also have some from RED. They all seem to have been made in France. For comparison Sophie is a Lati Yellow BJD doll and she is only 6 inches tall. She fits inside both quite nicely. I forgot to add, I believe these were made around the 1950s. They are metal, the wheels are rubber, and the cover is some type of vinyl. Anyone know anything else about them?
This China Suction Sewage Truck, also known as combination vacuum jetting truck or sewer vacuum truck, is a kind of vehicle specially used to suck, transport, and transfer sludge and sewage in sewer lines, rainwater wells, and sedimentary wells. It can help to reduce the labor intensity of work in sewer as well as to keep poisonous gases away from workers.
It is not only a good choice for cleaning pipelines, but also a good assistant for large factories to deal with sewage, greasy dirt, and wastewater. Besides, sometimes it can be even used to clean brooks.
Apart from sucking, cleaning, and dredging sewer lines, this combination vacuum jetting truck possesses other advantages. The first one lies in that its advanced sewage circulation filtration system can recycle the sucked wastewater, thus saving a great deal of water. The second advantage is that the recycling use of water can help to reduce the times of adding and pouring out water, thus improving the work efficiency greatly.
This sewer vacuum truck mainly consists of chassis, tank, vacuum system, high pressure system, driving system, water recycling system, hydraulic system, and electrical system.
It should adopt RORO.
We can provide tri-axial and bi-axial combination vacuum jetter trucks for you to choose.
Performance of Combination Vacuum Jetter Truck:
1.It has incorporated vacuum sewage sucking, high-pressure cleaning, water recycling, large swing arm holder of hydraulic driving suction tubes, automatically retractable cleaning water pipes with length of 120m, and hydraulic driving system into just one body.
2. It can increase the water usage ratio by 100%, and by recycling water constantly, it can deal with more sewage as much as 175% that of other similar trucks
3. It enjoys 50% higher work efficiency, and 30% higher loading capacity.
4. This sewer vacuum truck can take continuous vacuum suction work.
5. It has a high-efficiency cleaning system to clean its sewage tank.
6. The sludge discharged by this truck can meet the high environmental standards.
Parameters of Combination Vacuum Jetter Truck:
Chassis
Appointed by the customer
Water flushing system
Brand: WOMA
Type: 185 ARP-GGG
Flow/pump: ± 406 l/min
Max Pressure: ± 180 bar
Power requirement: ± 135 kW
Drive line: Hydraulically driven from the 2nd PTO exit on the gearbox. Largely dimensioned and adequately protected for safe operation.
Jetting pump engaged and disengaged from the main control panel.
Safety features: The jetting pump will be automatically disengaged at minimum water level.
Water supply tank: Capacity ±1000L, incorporated with the cooling water tank.
Filling device, overflow and drain ducts are foreseen with the necessary valves and quick couplings.
Manhole is foreseen.
Water level sight glass with couplings at top and bottom for cleaning purposes.
Low level water detection in water tank.
Suction hose: 20m length, made in stainless steel with flexible tubing and foreseen with a water filter and the necessary isolation valves.
Pressure hose: The pressure duct can be connected to the air supply system of the truck to blow out all water in case of temperatures below 0°.
Manual set water pressure regulation device with overflow to the water tank.
Jetting hose reel: 200m cleaning length. Executed in stainless steel,fixed rear mounted,
swivelling through 180°
Drived by hydraulic motor.
Coiling off manually operated, coiling on automatic (spring system)
Foreseen with lever operated ball valve.
Power takeoff
The chassis has to be equipped at your expenses with:
1 PTO on the gearbox with twin outlets:
1 outlet for driving the vacuum pump
1 outlet for driving the needed hydraulic pumps
All outlets is able to work simultaneously when needed at their full power demand.
The exact execution of the PTO has to be determined together with our technical department.
Pressure vacuum tank
Shape: Cylindrical shaped tank with U-sectional external stiffening rings.
Material: Stainless steel, grade A240-316L (1.4404 acc DIN)
Capacity: ±5,000 Litres
Baffles: None foreseen.
Wall Thickness: ± 6 mm
Head Thickness: ± 6 mm (torispherical heads)
Design pressure: FV and 4,0 bar overpressure
Working pressure: -0.9 bar underpressure and 2 bar overpressure
Tipping ram: Front tipping ram with safety support for easy working under a tipped tank.
Manhole: 1 Off manhole, positioned on the top centre line of the barrel.
Overpressure safety: A bursting disc [graphite] is mounted with overpressure relief valve,flame arrestor and pressure gauge
Walkway: Aluminium low level walkway to man-way, with rigidly fixed handrail, accessible by ladder.
Vent Valve: A 80mm stainless steel butterfly valve, pneumatically operated from the main control panel, on tank top.
Discharge gutter: A stainless steel discharge gutter will be mounted at the rear to protect the chassis.
Advertising boards: Mounted on both sides of the barrel. Boards to be in aluminium, painted.
Rear door: Full door with hydraulically opening operation and heavy, adjustable hinges. No threshold because door bottom is at same level as tank floor.
Safety: Hydraulic check valves with auto check and mechanical hold in upper position.
Locking mechanism: The door is locked by hydraulic operated clamps.
Seal: Positive seal with rubber seal in neoprene.
Content indicator: By means of a stainless steel floating ball inside the tank and an indicating arrow on the outside.
When the tank is full, the suction duct is closed automatically and a horn signal is activated. By means of a by-pass switch you can still empty the suction hoses.
Inlet valve: One off 150mm ball valve, brand BV, with manual operation. Valve to be in steel with stainless steel ball and PTFE seals. Located in base of rear door. A riser pipe is fitted to the inlet line with a suitable bend. Terminating in 6” Camlock male connection with blank cap.
Outlet Valve: One off 150mm ball valve, brand BV, with manual operation. Valve to be in steel with stainless steel ball and PTFE seals. Located in base of rear door. Terminating in 6” Camlock male connection with blank cap. Valves locked pneumatically during transport.
Vacuum pump
Type: Liquid ring vacuum pump, make KENFLO, driven from the PTO on the gearbox with cardan shaft and V-belts. Engage and disengage from drivers cab, continuous operate at 8 meters of water vacuum..
Air Flow: ± 30,000lpm
Suction depth: 10m vertical depth below ground level.
Power requirement: ± 85 kW
Ductwork: 6" – in stainless steel and rubber hosing
Equipment: 1st cut-off with stainless steel floating ball, at top of tank.
stainless steel secondary cut-off.
Pneumatic operated transport valve on top of tank.
Non return valve at pump entrance.
Snifter valve 2”
Exhaust: On top of the water tank and at ground level. The upper exhaust is executed as “chimney” exhaust. Both exhausts are foreseen with a male coupling.
Pump cooling: Water tank in stainless steel 304(L), ± 1.500L, mounted just behind the drivers cab and foreseen with filling duct and discharge line, manhole and 40/30mm acrylic sight glass.
Cooling duct to pump foreseen with automatic operated isolation valve.
Filtration system
Brand Klass(Germany)
made of stainless steel, debris dewatered to at least 80% of solid content.
granularity 500μm
Tank mounting
The chassis will be equipped at our expense with a sub frame acc. chassis manufacturer's prescriptions.
At the rear, the tank is equipped with 2 heavy hinge points.
At the front, the tank rests in a tank saddle with rubber lining.
Hydraulic – pneumatic and electrical equipment
Equipment: All needed control valves and equipment for a smooth and easy operation of the unit are installed.
Hydraulic: The needed hydraulic pump is mounted directly onto the PTO on the gearbox.
The unit is foreseen with a suitable oil tank and the needed filters and valves.
Pneumatic: The necessary air supply is taken from the main air supply of the truck. The necessary safety valves are installed.
Electrical: The needed electrical current, 24VDC, is taken from the trucks electrical system and is foreseen with the needed fuses.
Additional safety features
Earthing: An earthing reel with 10m cable and spike is mounted.
Emergency stop: An emergency stop is installed on the main control panel.
Rotary beacon: 1 off amber coloured rotary beacon is mounted at the top at the rear.
Working light: 1 off working light is foreseen at the rear.
Control panel
Controls: All necessary controls needed for good operation are provided and will be discussed with the customer prior to mounting.
Labels: The whole unit is foreseen with clearly engraved labels where necessary.
Speed governor: A speed governor is foreseen at the control panel. Pre-wiring for this has to be executed by the chassis supplier at his expense.
Finishing
Hose racks: On one side a stainless steel hose storage rack with solid bottom. Length according to available place.
Swivel arm: swivelling in both the vertical and horizontal plane.
Tool boxes: On one side a multi compartment stainless steel toolbox is foreseen. The control panel is also located inside this box.
Mudwings: Synthetic mudwings are foreseen on all rear axles.
Traffic regulation: All necessary items to comply with the local traffic regulations are mounted on the truck.
Underrun protection: At the rear a fixed underrun protection will be installed.
Treatment
Sandblasting: All steel and stainless steel parts are sandblasted to grade SA2.5
Paint: The whole unit is painted in an acrylic paint in your FLN colours.
Inside: The inside of the tank is pickled and passivated.
Advertising: Not foreseen in this offer.
Delivery
Date: In mutual agreement.
Delivery: Ready to operate but without suctions hoses and other equipment, unless mentioned earlier in this offer.
Manual: The unit is foreseen with an operations manual and a manual for complete maintenance.
Training: Our company provides operate training.
As a professional manufacturer of combination vacuum jetter truck in China, FUJIAN TAIHUA TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CO., LTD can also provide many special vehicles for you, such as low bed semi trailer, container flatbed semi trailer, container skeletal semi trailer, tipping semi trailer, van semi trailer, side wall semi trailer,fuel tanker semi trailer, bulk cement tanker semi trailer, bitumen tanker semi trailer, vacuum suction truck, water jetting truck, and more. All of our products have obtained ISO9001 and CCC certification. With reliable quality and competitive price, our products have been quite popular among clients in many countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE(United Arab Emirates), Tanzania, Kenya, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cuba, Morocco, Algeria and such. If you need combination vacuum jetter truck, please don't hesitate to contact us.
Actually, this plunger was fine and didn't need any help other than with getting warm when he got out. This is my only photo for tonight. The remainder will be posted tomorrow night.
Polar Bear Plunge - 2014 - bks-6221
HELP JAPAN
The flag wishes good luck to Japan and its north eastern region most badly affected by the March 2011 tsunami.
Now the spectacle is over, and as the beady eye of TV rolling news moves onto David Cameron's toy war, aid agencies are beginning to cotton on to the enormity of what has happened in Japan...
Oxfam [Great Britain / UK - Japan Earthquake and Tsunami website] or just Donate
Red Cross [British Red Cross Japan Tsunami Appeal website] or just Donate...
Very many Japanese people - in a population comprising a high proportion of the elderly - need water, food, shelter and warmth.
This view, is of the reverse of a hand made cotton fabric banner, "mirror flipped" so that the text is readable. Only some of the marker pen has soaked through to the back, leaving a textured effect to the rising sun fill. Some "smart sharpening" has also been applied using Adobe Photoshop, to reveal the warp and weft of the fabric.
Part of a set / Slideshow. セットの一部 / スライドショー
も参照してください / See also:
Help Japan / Tsunami [Brighton University / Oki Nami ジヤパニ一ズ・ダィニソグ]
Support for Japan [University of Sussex, Brighton]
Origami Peace Cranes and Fundraising [Brighton University Help Japan]
Helped my buddy Jonas out today with an impromptu photoshoot for a film project he has been working on about a writer struggling with alcoholism.
Was my absolute pleasure. Figured I’d share with the rest of you!
Help me pick my new glasses! This pair is black, with a pink inner trim, and gunmetal arms. Both are the same sort of style that suits my face.
Vote for your favourite pair in the comments.
If you want to help pay for more shoots, see the about section. I can afford another 2 shoots this year. Maybe if we raise enough, we could talk Sarah into a video? Even a dollar or two helps.
LURKERS TOTALLY WELCOME
JOIN OUR GROUPS, COMMENT AND FAV!
LADIES IN LATEX
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SCREW! POST YOUR FUCKING PICS
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FLICKR WIVES SHOWING THEIR FACE
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WIVES UNINHIBITED
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USE AND ABUSE ME- ANYTHING GOES!
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CUMDUMPED
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ASIANS
Tourists get information from police at Plaza de Armas in Cusco, Peru November 3, 2015. Photo by Tim Chong
Could use your help on this!
I'm trying to win the autoviva photo contest on facebook.
Please all go click on this link, and like the picture !!
THX!!