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Only by for Austria successful outcome of Ottoman wars in Europe the conditions were given to turn the old Hofburg, which until now was more fortress than imperial residence, into a befitting palace of a powerful dynasty. When Emperor Charles VI in 1711 succeeded to the throne, stood along the Schaufler alley until St. Michael's square yet the old two-story Chancellery Wing from the time of Ferdinand I. It was significantly lower than the Amalien wing and the Leopoldine wing, bordering the Interior Castle courtyard on the southwest and the southeast side. Between the Chancellery Wing and the Swiss courtyard there was a by Daniel Suttinger created Gate construction. In its place erected Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt in 1712 the so-called Carolingian Triumphal Arch but which was as well demolished in 1728 because now they had laid the foundation for a much more representative Chancellery Wing and in 1723 started the construction work. Hildebrandt's plans provided the unification of the entire inner castle but failed in the end due to the immense cost. 1726 he had to cede construction management to in the meantime appointed Court architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach. This one let the already finished construction at Schaufler alley remain but put in front of it the splendid late baroque wing at the courtyard side. Fischer too could due to lack of sufficient liquid funds of the Imperial family his ideas which comprehended also the entire castle not fully realize. Work came to a halt in 1735 and was finally discontinued. The St. Michael's gate was only from 1888 after the demolition of the old Hofburg theater finished.
Herakles of Mattielli
In Chancellery wing were until 1806 when Emperor Franz II/I resigned the Roman-German Imperial Crown the central offices of the administration of the Holy Roman Empire housed. This included especially as the most important Imperial authority the Aulic Councel. 1810 lived here the French ambassador Berthier, when he, on behalf of Napoleon, asked for the hand of Maria Louise, the daughter of Francis I. At the time of the Vienna Congress in some rooms of the Imperial Chancellery Wing was housed the king of Bavaria. 1848 served archduke Johann a suite of rooms as an apartment. In the summer of this year, he received in Great Audience Hall a delegation from Frankfurt Imperial Diet, offering him the dignity of a "German Imperial Regent". A few years later the rooms were renovated, refurbished and converted into apartments for the Imperial family. Traditionally, no Austrian Emperor has taken over the apartment of his predecessor. Franz Joseph moved into his apartment in 1857, three years after his marriage, and lived there until his death in 1916. The apartment of his wife Elisabeth was in the neighboring Amalien wing. Today, the Imperial Apartments as well as the recently opened Sisi Museum and the former Court Silver and Table Room can be visited. The latter is dedicated to the culture of courtly household and the court ceremonial.
While the front is not very spectacular in Schaufler alley, turns the five-story face side of the Imperial Chancellery Wing towards the interior courtyard. This one served till the 16th century as a tournament court. In 1561 issued Thurnierbuch (tournament book) is yet of tournaments of the future Emperor Maximilian II reported which this one had held here in June of last year. In the 17th century but here no more tournaments took place but mounted tournaments, as the then popular horse ballet. The long facade facing the courtyard is accented by three only little projecting risalits with portals and balconies (1727/29) and divided by giant pilasters. The design of the façade is already reminiscent of the design language of French classicism. Franz Joseph and Elisabeth got through the Imperor's gate in central projection to their rooms on the first floor. The leading upwards Emperor's stairway has a magnificent stucco marble equipment and is decorated with gilted bronze vases. But it is hardly ever used. Today's visitor entrance to the Imperial Apartments is located beneath the dome of St. Michael's gate. The five windows above the Emperor's gate are preceded by a long balcony which rests on strong consoles. On the attic of the central projection is attached the huge blazon of Emperor Charles VI with the double-headed eagle. It is overtopped by the German imperial crown and surrounded by a golden chain with the Golden Fleece. Flanked is it by two, carrying trumpets genii. Beside the portals of the side projections stand each two sandstone sculptures of Lorenzo Mattielli. They show the deeds of Hercules. On the ground floor were housed until 1918 various court offices, as the Chamber for payments of the Court, the House, Court and State Archives (until 1902) and the Control office of the Court. In the premises of once Imperial linen room was from 1921 to 1987 the Vienna tapestry manufacture whose leading products have been exported throughout the world.
Study of Franz Joseph
Additionally to the living quarters of the Emperor - those of the Empress were in neighboring Amalien wing - belongs to the Imperial Apartments the Guard room where the bodyguards were on sentry duty but most of all the large Audience waiting room and the Audience chamber, where the Emperor, standing at his desk, used to receive his visitors individually. Under Maria Theresa, took place the deliberations of the Imperial, Court and State Councils of the former Imperial Chancellery in Audience waiting room. Unfortunately, this beautiful, decorated in white, red and gold hall was similarly to fairy-tale grotto recently equipped with figurines in the national costume of the individual crown lands in order to document that here waited people from all walks of life and from all provinces of the country for an audience. During his long reign, there were at least more than 250,000. In this room, hang large, many-figured murals (1832) of Biedermeier painter Peter Krafft, showing scenes from the life of Emperor Franz I. From the ceiling hangs a eighty-flammy Bohemian crystal chandelier still dating from the time of Maria Theresa. The originally fitted with candles chandelier of the Imperial apartments were in 1891 electrified. The ornate pottery kilns partly still stem from the 18th century. They were heated externally via the situated behind the rooms heating passage with wood. In the equipment of his private rooms the personal modesty of the emperor is reflected. Unlike his wife, he had not even running water injected. Noteworthy is also the simple iron military bed that served him for decades as a place to sleep. His office, in which he most of the time was yet active from six o'clock in the morning is adorned with numerous photos and paintings of his family. Here hangs also a famous portrait of the Empress by Franz Xaver Winterhalter. The equipment of the 22 official and residential premises of Emperor Franz Joseph and his wife Elisabeth, which today can be visited as Imperial Apartments, stems from several eras: from late Baroque to Rococo and the Empire to the 19th century neo-Baroque. These include also the four rooms of Stephan's apartment which is named after Archduke Stephan Viktor. The former theater corridor which enabled a direct connection to the old Hofburg Theater is walled off today.
Tana Toraja Regency (Indonesian for Torajaland or Land of the Toraja, abbreviated Tator) is a regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and home to the Toraja ethnic group. The local government seat is in Makale, while the center of Toraja culture is in Rantepao. But now, Tana Toraja has been divided to two regencies that consist of Tana Toraja with its capital at Makale and North toraja with its capital at Rantepao.
The Tana Toraja boundary was determined by the Dutch East Indies government in 1909. In 1926, Tana Toraja was under the administration of Bugis state, Luwu. The regentschap (or regency) status was given on 8 October 1946, the last regency given by the Dutch. Since 1984, Tana Toraja has been named as the second tourist destination after Bali by the Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia. Since then, hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors have visited this regency. In addition, numerous Western anthropologists have come to Tana Toraja to study the indigenous culture and people of Toraja.
GEOGRAPHY
Tana Toraja is centrally placed in the island of Sulawesi, 300 km north of Makassar, the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. It lies between latitude of 2°-3° South and longitude 119°-120° East (center: 3°S 120°ECoordinates: 3°S 120°E). The total area (since the separation of the new regency of North Toraja) is 2,054.30 km², about 4.4% of the total area of South Sulawesi province. The topography of Tana Toraja is mountainous; its minimum elevation is 150 m, while the maximum is 3,083 above the sea level.
ADMINISTRATION
Tana Toraja Regency in 2010 comprised nineteen administrative Districts (Kecamatan), tabulated below with their 2010 Census population.
The Torajans are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja").[1] Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognised this animistic belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").
The word Toraja comes from the Buginese language term to riaja, meaning "people of the uplands". The Dutch colonial government named the people Toraja in 1909. Torajans are renowned for their elaborate funeral rites, burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as tongkonan, and colourful wood carvings. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.
Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in autonomous villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of tourism in Indonesia: it was exploited by tourism development and studied by anthropologists. By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model—in which social life and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo—to a largely Christian society. Today, tourism and remittances from migrant Torajans have made for major changes in the Toraja highland, giving the Toraja a celebrity status within Indonesia and enhancing Toraja ethnic group pride.
ETHNIC IDENTITY
The Torajan people had little notion of themselves as a distinct ethnic group before the 20th century. Before Dutch colonisation and Christianisation, Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity. Although complexes of rituals created linkages between highland villages, there were variations in dialects, differences in social hierarchies, and an array of ritual practices in the Sulawesi highland region. "Toraja" (from the coastal languages' to, meaning people; and riaja, uplands) was first used as a lowlander expression for highlanders. As a result, "Toraja" initially had more currency with outsiders—such as the Bugis and Makassarese, who constitute a majority of the lowland of Sulawesi—than with insiders. The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the Tana Toraja Regency. Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups—the Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and seafarers), the Makassarese (lowland traders and seafarers), the Mandarese (traders and fishermen), and the Toraja (highland rice cultivators).
HISTORY
From the 17th century, the Dutch established trade and political control on Sulawesi through the Dutch East Indies Company. Over two centuries, they ignored the mountainous area in the central Sulawesi, where Torajans lived, because access was difficult and it had little productive agricultural land. In the late 19th century, the Dutch became increasingly concerned about the spread of Islam in the south of Sulawesi, especially among the Makassarese and Bugis peoples. The Dutch saw the animist highlanders as potential Christians. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the Dutch Reformed Church began missionary work aided by the Dutch colonial government. In addition to introducing Christianity, the Dutch abolished slavery and imposed local taxes. A line was drawn around the Sa'dan area and called Tana Toraja ("the land of Toraja"). Tana Toraja was first a subdivision of the Luwu kingdom that had claimed the area. In 1946, the Dutch granted Tana Toraja a regentschap, and it was recognised in 1957 as one of the regencies of Indonesia.
Early Dutch missionaries faced strong opposition among Torajans, especially among the elite, because the abolition of their profitable slave trade had angered them. Some Torajans were forcibly relocated to the lowlands by the Dutch, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the elites. Ultimately, the Dutch influence did not subdue Torajan culture, and only a few Torajans were converted. In 1950, only 10% of the population had converted to Christianity.
In the 1930s, Muslim lowlanders attacked the Torajans, resulting in widespread Christian conversion among those who sought to align themselves with the Dutch for political protection and to form a movement against the Bugis and Makassarese Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 (following Indonesian independence), southern Sulawesi faced a turbulent period as the Darul Islam separatist movement fought for an Islamic state in Sulawesi. The 15 years of guerrilla warfare led to massive conversions to Christianity.
Alignment with the Indonesian government, however, did not guarantee safety for the Torajans. In 1965, a presidential decree required every Indonesian citizen to belong to one of five officially recognised religions: Islam, Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism), Hinduism, or Buddhism. The Torajan religious belief (aluk) was not legally recognised, and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To make aluk accord with the law, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, Aluk To Dolo ("the way of ancestors") was legalised as a sect of Agama Hindu Dharma, the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia.
SOCIETY
There are three main types of affiliation in Toraja society: family, class and religion.
FAMILY AFFILIATION
Family is the primary social and political grouping in Torajan society. Each village is one extended family, the seat of which is the tongkonan, a traditional Torajan house. Each tongkonan has a name, which becomes the name of the village. The familial dons maintain village unity. Marriage between distant cousins (fourth cousins and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens kinship. Toraja society prohibits marriage between close cousins (up to and including the third cousin)—except for nobles, to prevent the dispersal of property. Kinship is actively reciprocal, meaning that the extended family helps each other farm, share buffalo rituals, and pay off debts.
Each person belongs to both the mother's and the father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia. Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings.
Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the Tana Toraja Regency, each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group; sometimes, villages would unite against other villages. Relationship between families was expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (tongkonan), practically signed by the exchange of water buffalo and pigs on ritual occasions. Such exchanges not only built political and cultural ties between families but defined each person's place in a social hierarchy: who poured palm wine, who wrapped a corpse and prepared offerings, where each person could or could not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even what piece of meat constituted one's share.
CLASS AFFILIATION
In early Toraja society, family relationships were tied closely to social class. There were three strata: nobles, commoners, and slaves (slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch East Indies government). Class was inherited through the mother. It was taboo, therefore, to marry "down" with a woman of lower class. On the other hand, marrying a woman of higher class could improve the status of the next generation. The nobility's condescending attitude toward the commoners is still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.
Nobles, who were believed to be direct descendants of the descended person from heaven, lived in tongkonans, while commoners lived in less lavish houses (bamboo shacks called banua). Slaves lived in small huts, which had to be built around their owner's tongkonan. Commoners might marry anyone, but nobles preferred to marry in-family to maintain their status. Sometimes nobles married Bugis or Makassarese nobles. Commoners and slaves were prohibited from having death feasts. Despite close kinship and status inheritance, there was some social mobility, as marriage or change in wealth could affect an individuals status. Wealth was counted by the ownership of water buffaloes.
Slaves in Toraja society were family property. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women—a crime punishable by death.
RELIGIOUS AFFILATION
Toraja's indigenous belief system is polytheistic animism, called aluk, or "the way" (sometimes translated as "the law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of Torajan people came down from heaven using stairs, which were then used by the Torajans as a communication medium with Puang Matua, the Creator. The cosmos, according to aluk, is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld. At first, heaven and earth were married, then there was a darkness, a separation, and finally the light. Animals live in the underworld, which is represented by rectangular space enclosed by pillars, the earth is for mankind, and the heaven world is located above, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods include Pong Banggai di Rante (god of Earth), Indo' Ongon-Ongon (a goddess who can cause earthquakes), Pong Lalondong (god of death), and Indo' Belo Tumbang (goddess of medicine); there are many more.
The earthly authority, whose words and actions should be cleaved to both in life (agriculture) and death (funerals), is called to minaa (an aluk priest). Aluk is not just a belief system; it is a combination of law, religion, and habit. Aluk governs social life, agricultural practices, and ancestral rituals. The details of aluk may vary from one village to another. One common law is the requirement that death and life rituals be separated. Torajans believe that performing death rituals might ruin their corpses if combined with life rituals. The two rituals are equally important. During the time of the Dutch missionaries, Christian Torajans were prohibited from attending or performing life rituals, but were allowed to perform death rituals. Consequently, Toraja's death rituals are still practised today, while life rituals have diminished.
CULTURE
TONGKONAN
Tongkonan are the traditional Torajan ancestral houses. They stand high on wooden piles, topped with a layered split-bamboo roof shaped in a sweeping curved arc, and they are incised with red, black, and yellow detailed wood carvings on the exterior walls. The word "tongkonan" comes from the Torajan tongkon ("to sit").
Tongkonan are the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with the tongkonan are important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically the tongkonan represents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin. According to Torajan myth, the first tongkonan was built in heaven on four poles, with a roof made of Indian cloth. When the first Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.
The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and is usually done with the help of the extended family. There are three types of tongkonan. The tongkonan layuk is the house of the highest authority, used as the "center of government". The tongkonan pekamberan belongs to the family members who have some authority in local traditions. Ordinary family members reside in the tongkonan batu. The exclusivity to the nobility of the tongkonan is diminishing as many Torajan commoners find lucrative employment in other parts of Indonesia. As they send back money to their families, they enable the construction of larger tongkonan.
Architecture in the style of a tongkonan is still very common. Various administration buildings were built in this style in recent years, e.g. the Kecamatan building in Rantepao.
WOOD CARVINGS
To express social and religious concepts, Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). Wood carvings are therefore Toraja's cultural manifestation.
Each carving receives a special name, and common motifs are animals and plants that symbolise some virtue. For example, water plants and animals, such as crabs, tadpoles and water weeds, are commonly found to symbolise fertility. In some areas noble elders claim these symbols refer to strength of noble family, but not everyone agrees. The overall meaning of groups of carved motifs on houses remains debated and tourism has further complicated these debates because some feel a uniform explanation must be presented to tourists. Torajan wood carvings are composed of numerous square panels, each of which can represent various things, for example buffaloes as a wish of wealth for the family; a knot and a box, symbolizing the hope that all of the family's offspring will be happy and live in harmony; aquatic animals, indicating the need for fast and hard work, just like moving on the surface of water.
Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table below), as well as abstracts and geometrical designs. Nature is frequently used as the basis of Toraja's ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and geometries with regularities and ordering. Toraja's ornaments have been studied in ethnomathematics to reveal their mathematical structure, but Torajans base this art only on approximations. To create an ornament, bamboo sticks are used as a geometrical tool.
FUNERAL RITES
In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most elaborate and expensive event. The richer and more powerful the individual, the more expensive is the funeral. In the aluk religion, only nobles have the right to have an extensive death feast. The death feast of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands and lasts for several days. A ceremonial site, called rante, is usually prepared in a large, grassy field where shelters for audiences, rice barns, and other ceremonial funeral structures are specially made by the deceased's family. Flute music, funeral chants, songs and poems, and crying and wailing are traditional Toraja expressions of grief with the exceptions of funerals for young children, and poor, low-status adults.
The ceremony is often held weeks, months, or years after the death so that the deceased's family can raise the significant funds needed to cover funeral expenses. Torajans traditionally believe that death is not a sudden, abrupt event, but a gradual process toward Puya (the land of souls, or afterlife). During the waiting period, the body of the deceased is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the tongkonan. The soul of the deceased is thought to linger around the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which it begins its journey to Puya.
Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of water buffalo. The more powerful the person who died, the more buffalo are slaughtered at the death feast. Buffalo carcasses, including their heads, are usually lined up on a field waiting for their owner, who is in the "sleeping stage". Torajans believe that the deceased will need the buffalo to make the journey and that they will be quicker to arrive at Puya if they have many buffalo. Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a machete is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Some of the slaughtered animals are given by guests as "gifts", which are carefully noted because they will be considered debts of the deceased's family. However, a cockfight, known as bulangan londong, is an integral part of the ceremony. As with the sacrifice of the buffalo and the pigs, the cockfight is considered sacred because it involves the spilling of blood on the earth. In particular, the tradition requires the sacrifice of at least three chickens. However, it is common for at least 25 pairs of chickens to be set against each other in the context of the ceremony.
There are three methods of burial: the coffin may be laid in a cave or in a carved stone grave, or hung on a cliff. It contains any possessions that the deceased will need in the afterlife. The wealthy are often buried in a stone grave carved out of a rocky cliff. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family. A wood-carved effigy, called Tau tau, is usually placed in the cave looking out over the land. The coffin of a baby or child may be hung from ropes on a cliff face or from a tree. This hanging grave usually lasts for years, until the ropes rot and the coffin falls to the ground.
In the ritual called Ma'Nene, that takes place each year in August, the bodies of the deceased are exhumed to be washed, groomed and dressed in new clothes. The mummies are then walked around the village.
DANNCE AND MUSIC
Torajans perform dances on several occasions, most often during their elaborate funeral ceremonies. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife. First, a group of men form a circle and sing a monotonous chant throughout the night to honour the deceased (a ritual called Ma'badong). This is considered by many Torajans to be the most important component of the funeral ceremony. On the second funeral day, the Ma'randing warrior dance is performed to praise the courage of the deceased during life. Several men perform the dance with a sword, a large shield made from buffalo skin, a helmet with a buffalo horn, and other ornamentation. The Ma'randing dance precedes a procession in which the deceased is carried from a rice barn to the rante, the site of the funeral ceremony. During the funeral, elder women perform the Ma'katia dance while singing a poetic song and wearing a long feathered costume. The Ma'akatia dance is performed to remind the audience of the generosity and loyalty of the deceased person. After the bloody ceremony of buffalo and pig slaughter, a group of boys and girls clap their hands while performing a cheerful dance called Ma'dondan.
As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during harvest time. The Ma'bugi dance celebrates the thanksgiving event, and the Ma'gandangi dance is performed while Torajans are pounding rice. There are several war dances, such as the Manimbong dance performed by men, followed by the Ma'dandan dance performed by women. The aluk religion governs when and how Torajans dance. A dance called Ma'bua can be performed only once every 12 years. Ma'bua is a major Toraja ceremony in which priests wear a buffalo head and dance around a sacred tree.
A traditional musical instrument of the Toraja is a bamboo flute called a Pa'suling (suling is an Indonesian word for flute). This six-holed flute (not unique to the Toraja) is played at many dances, such as the thanksgiving dance Ma'bondensan, where the flute accompanies a group of shirtless, dancing men with long fingernails. The Toraja have indigenous musical instruments, such as the Pa'pelle (made from palm leaves) and the Pa'karombi (the Torajan version of a jaw harp). The Pa'pelle is played during harvest time and at house inauguration ceremonies.
COGENDER VIEWS
Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are homosexual male toburake tambolang shamans; although among their neighbors the Mamasa (western Toraja) there are instead only heterosexual female toburake shamanesses.
LANGUAGE
The ethnic Toraja language is dominant in Tana Toraja with the main language as the Sa'dan Toraja. Although the national Indonesian language is the official language and is spoken in the community, all elementary schools in Tana Toraja teach Toraja language.
Language varieties of Toraja, including Kalumpang, Mamasa, Tae, Talondo, Toala, and Toraja-Sa'dan, belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language from the Austronesian family. At the outset, the isolated geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects between the Toraja languages themselves. After the formal administration of Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects have been influenced by other languages through the transmigration program, introduced since the colonialism period, and it has been a major factor in the linguistic variety of Toraja languages.
A prominent attribute of Toraja language is the notion of grief. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja culture has characterised their languages to express intricate degrees of grief and mourning. The Toraja language contains many terms referring to sadness, longing, depression, and mental pain. Giving a clear expression of the psychological and physical effect of loss is a catharsis and sometimes lessens the pain of grief itself.
ECONOMY
Prior to Suharto's "New Order" administration, the Torajan economy was based on agriculture, with cultivated wet rice in terraced fields on mountain slopes, and supplemental cassava and maize crops. Much time and energy were devoted to raising water buffalo, pigs, and chickens, primarily for ceremonial sacrifices and consumption. Coffee was the first significant cash crop produced in Toraja, and was introduced in the mid 19th century, changing the local economy towards commodity production for external markets and gaining an excellent reputation for quality in the international market.
With the commencement of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. In Toraja, a coffee plantation and factory was established by Key Coffee of Japan, and Torajan coffee regained a reputation for quality within the growing international specialty coffee sector Multinational oil and mining companies opened new operations in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Torajans, particularly younger ones, relocated to work for the foreign companies—to Kalimantan for timber and oil, to Papua for mining, to the cities of Sulawesi and Java, and many went to Malaysia. The out-migration of Torajans was steady until 1985. and has continued since, with remittances sent back by emigre Torajans performing an important role within the contemporary economy.
Tourism commenced in Toraja in the 1970s, and accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1984 and 1997, a significant number of Torajans obtained their incomes from tourism, working in and owning hotels, as tour guides, drivers, or selling souvenirs. With the rise of political and economic instability in Indonesia in the late 1990s—including religious conflicts elsewhere on Sulawesi—tourism in Tana Toraja has declined dramatically. Toraja continues to be a well known origin for Indonesian coffee, grown by both smallholders and plantation estates, although migration, remittances and off-farm income is considered far more important to most households, even those in rural areas.
TOURISM AND CULTURAL CHANGE
Before the 1970s, Toraja was almost unknown to Western tourism. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 visitors attended the funeral ritual of Puang of Sangalla, the highest-ranking nobleman in Tana Toraja and the so-called "last pure-blooded Toraja noble." The event was documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited the regency and in 1981, Torajan sculpture was exhibited in major North American museums. "The land of the heavenly kings of Tana Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, embraced the outside world.
In 1984, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism declared Tana Toraja Regency the prima donna of South Sulawesi. Tana Toraja was heralded as "the second stop after Bali". Tourism was increasing dramatically: by 1985, a total number of 150,000 foreigners had visited the Regency (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists), and the annual number of foreign visitors was recorded at 40,000 in 1989. Souvenir stands appeared in Rantepao, the cultural center of Toraja, roads were sealed at the most-visited tourist sites, new hotels and tourist-oriented restaurants were opened, and an airstrip was opened in the Regency in 1981.
Tourism developers have marketed Tana Toraja as an exotic adventure—an area rich in culture and off the beaten track. Western tourists expected to see stone-age villages and pagan funerals. Toraja is for tourists who have gone as far as Bali and are willing to see more of the wild, "untouched" islands. However, they were more likely to see a Torajan wearing a hat and denim, living in a Christian society. Tourists felt that the tongkonan and other Torajan rituals had been preconceived to make profits, and complained that the destination was too commercialised. This has resulted in several clashes between Torajans and tourism developers, whom Torajans see as outsiders.
A clash between local Torajan leaders and the South Sulawesi provincial government (as a tourist developer) broke out in 1985. The government designated 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional tourist attractions. Consequently, zoning restrictions were applied to these areas, such that Torajans themselves were barred from changing their tongkonans and burial sites. The plan was opposed by some Torajan leaders, as they felt that their rituals and traditions were being determined by outsiders. As a result, in 1987, the Torajan village of Kété Kesú and several other designated tourist attractions closed their doors to tourists. This closure lasted only a few days, as the villagers found it too difficult to survive without the income from selling souvenirs.
Tourism has also transformed Toraja society. Originally, there was a ritual which allowed commoners to marry nobles (puang) and thereby gain nobility for their children. However, the image of Torajan society created for the tourists, often by "lower-ranking" guides, has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy. High status is not as esteemed in Tana Toraja as it once was. Many low-ranking men can declare themselves and their children nobles by gaining enough wealth through work outside the region and then marrying a noble woman.
WIKIPEDIA
given to me today by a relative of the owner this coach still exists in north wiltshire as a caravan although not been on the road for some time. svw 667r is ex thomas calne and is seen here just after purchase by the new owner and having been repainted. although still complete and a runner the paintwork is now peeling off and she has been stood for many years. its a bedford ymt
... allow and that full power should be given by such Letters Patent or Order in Council to the Legislature of such separate Colony to make further provision in that behalf Now know you that we have in pursuance of the powers vested in us by the said Bill and Act and of all other powers and authorities in us in that behalf vested separated from our colony of New South Wales and erected into a separate colony so much of the said colony of New South Wales as lies northward of a line commencing on the sea coast at Point Danger in latitude about twenty eight degrees eight minutes south and following the range thence which divides the waters of the Tweed Richmond and Clarence Rivers from those of the Logan and Brisbane Rivers westerly to the great dividing range between the waters falling to the east coast and those of the River Murray following the great dividing range southerly to the range dividing the waters of Tenterfield Creek from those of the main head of the Dumaresq River following that range westerly to the Dumaresq River and following that river (which is locally known as the Severn) downward to its confluence with the Macintyre River thence following the Macintyre River which lower down becomes the Barwan downward to the twenty ninth parallel of south latitude and following that parallel westerly to the one hundred and forty first meridian of east longitude which is the eastern boundary of South Australia together with all and every the adjacent Islands their members and appurtenances in the Pacific Ocean And do by these presents separate from our said colony of New South Wales and erect the said territory so described into a separate Colony to be called the colony of Queensland And whereas we have by an order made by us in our Privy Council bearing even date herewith made provision for the Government of our said colony of Queensland and we deem it expedient to make particular provision for the Government of our said colony Now know you that We reposing especial trust and confidence in the prudence courage and loyalty of you the said Sir George Ferguson Bowen of our especial grace certain knowledge and mere motion have thought fit to constitute and appoint And do by these presents constitute and appoint you the said Sir George Ferguson Bowen to be during our will and pleasure our Captain General and Governor in Chief in and over our said colony of Queensland and of all forts and garrisons erected and established or which shall be erected and established within our said colony or in its members and appurtenances And we do hereby authorise empower require and command you the said Sir George Ferguson Bowen in due manner to do and execute all things that shall belong to your said command and the trust we have reposed in you according to the several powers provisions and directions granted or appointed you by virtue of our present commission and of the said recited Bill as amended by the said recited Act and according to our Order in our Privy Council bearing even date herewith and to such instructions as are herewith given to you or which may from time to time hereafter be given to you under our Sign Manual and Signet or by our Order in our Privy Council or by us through one of our Principal Secretaries of State ...
From the handout given at the park:
O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Fact Sheet
•Together the parks number 6212 acres. 4,500 in River Rise Preserve and the remainder in the older O’Leno State Park.
•There are 18 different natural communities within the parks boundaries.
•Both parks contain the 3 mile “natural bridge” where the Santa Fe River flows into the sink and returns to the surface at the rise.
•Hernando De Soto traveled through these parks in 1539 while exploring the interior of Florida. Here he met members of local Timucan speaking tribes the Utina and Potano.
•The Park occupies property in both Alachua and Columbia Counties.
•We have 55 listed Cultural sites on park property.
•There are 19 miles of equestrian trails at River Rise Preserve State Park. With a 20 horse stall barn and primitive campsites.
•There are 61 family campsites with water and electric. Two primitive Youth Camps for 25 people apiece and one up to 10 person “hike in/hike out” primitive campsite.
•A town existed here first called Keno and later Ken that lasted from the 1840’s until the mid 1890’s. Hence the origin of the park’s name “Old Leno” becoming O’Leno.
•1935-36 the Civilian Conservation Corps Company 418 Camp P-67 constructed Camp O’Leno to be used as a park/forestry training area. Some of the CCC buildings are still being used today by the park.
•The camp became a park in 1940, and is one of the older state parks. River Rise was purchased as a Preserve in 1974.
•Florida’s First Federal Roadway, the Bellamy Road traveled through the park in the 1820’s. It originated from an earlier Indian trail and later the Camino Real which connected missions in the interior of Florida with St Augustine.
•There are 6 miles of hiking trails.
•There are 17 cabins and 8 support buildings in our Group Camp.
•Both parks receive about 65,000 visitors annually that spend over 2 million dollars annually in the local economy. 67 local jobs are generated because of the parks.
•The park creates over $230,000 in local sales tax revenue.
History of O’Leno State Park
O’Leno State Park occupies an historic crossroads area, unique compared to all of north Florida. The Santa Fe River along with its geologically unique disappearance into the ground and aquifer (River Sink) and its reappearance 3 miles to the south (River Rise) creating a natural land bridge, has the first basis of this land being a crossroads. Before the Spanish arrived in the 1500’s, Native Indian presence and villages were abundant in north Florida. Villages were close by. Research has also shown that the Santa Fe River was a boundary line between the Utina and Potano tribes of the Timucua Indians.
The first European to pass through the area was the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto in 1539. In the Spanish mission period of the 1600’s, the Spanish used the Indian trail for their road running from St. Augustine, through the Santa Fe land bridge, to Tallahassee and Pensacola, calling it the El Camino Real.
About two hundred years later, when Florida was a U.S. territory, the federal government contracted with John Bellamy, a plantation owner, in 1824 to build the first federally-funded major road from St. Augustine to Tallahassee. This road followed the El Camino Real and also passed through the Santa Fe land bridge. This road became known as the Bellamy Road, now referred to today as the Old Bellamy Road.
Just a quarter mile of the River Sink and 2 miles north of the Old Bellamy Road was a fitting place for a town. A town was established on the west bank of the river in 1840 by a man named Henry Matier. The town as “Keno,” a popular bingo-type gambling game in those days. Later, in 1876, the General Store manager, Col. Whetstone, applied for a post office from the U.S. government. It is reported that the request was denied due to the name of the town being associated with gambling. Therefore, the town’s name was changed to Leno, and a post office was granted. Several years later, Col. Whetstone moved the post office to his seat of residence in Mikesville, three miles to the north.
In the latter 1800’s the town of Keno/Leno grew by the hard work defeating the odds of nature, establishing grist mills, saw mills, and cotton gins along the river by first creating a couple dams and channeling the river into the shoots, where the mills were strategically built. The dams were created by embedding cedar slats across the river, backed by barriers of large rocks to direct the river flow. Remnants of these dams, mill sites, and cedar slats and shoots can be seen today when the river is down low. Due to the grinding capability from the two grist mills and six cotton gins and circular saw mill, Leno became and agricultural hub for the area.
In the days of Keno/Leno, criss-crossing the Bellamy Road was the north-south “Alligator Road,” passing Keno/Leno, and heading north up to the city of Alligator, now Lake City. When the town heard in 1894 of a railroad coming through the area, they were hopeful. But the train bypassed Leno, going to Fort White instead. This struck a major blow to the town, and many of the residents moved to neighboring communities. A major freeze then occurred in 1896 killing the major crops in that day, oranges, cotton, and tobacco, which sealed a final blow to the once thriving town of Leno.
The pictures here are given at 600x400 pixel if you wish see that size use the download facility there is an icon on the lower right of the Flickr webpage. If you have any problems with the pictures please contact me. If you would like any other views of this war memorial please do ask. These pictures have been copyrighted to protect them, but I want them to be used to continue the commemoration of the sacrifice and futility of war. If you wish to use them then please do ask.
PHH Sykes ©2020
phhsykes@gmail.com
Here is a transcription of the memorial and some information gathered relating to it. Please do send details of any corrections that can be made.
OUR GLORIOUS DEAD
TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN THE LOVING MEMORY OF THE MEN OF THIS PARISH
WHO DIED IN THE GREAT WAR, 1918-1919
ERECTED BY THE THEIR FRIENDS 1920
NEIL PRIMROSE , M.C.ROYAL BUCKS, HUSSARS
GEORGE ALVES, CAMERON HDRS.
WILLIAM ALVES, CAMERON HDRS.
GEORGE BEATTIE,BLACK WATCH.
JAMES W. BLAKE,R. G. ARTILERY.
JOHN A. TEMPLE BLAKE, CAN. MTD. RIFLES.
THOMAS FULLERTON,ROYAL ENGINEERS.
GEORGE JOHNSON,ROYAL SCOTS.
MARTIN JOYCE,47TH. BAT. CAN.
ROBERT LEES,K.O.S.B.
JAMES McDOUGALL,A. & S. HDRS.
DONALD McGLASHAN,R.F. ARTILLERY.
ANDREW NEILL,SCOTS GUARDS.
THOMAS RAMAGE,A. & S. HDRS.
ARCHIBALD YOUNG,BLACK WATCH.
JAMES YOUNG,CAMERON HDRS.
GREATER LOVE HATH NO MAN THAN THIS, THAT A MAN LAY DOWN HIS LIFE FOR HIS FRIENDS.
THOMAS ALVES, R.N. 1939-1945 IAN KERR, R.A.C.
Monument Abbreviations Extended
Cameron Highlanders
Royal Garrison Artillery
Canadian Mounted Rifles, Canadian Expeditionary Force
47th Battalion (British Columbia) Canadian Expeditionary Force
King's Own Scottish Borderers
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)
Royal Field Artillery
Royal Navy
Royal Armoured Corps
Below is a list of information found at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, www.cwgc.org/ and St. Giles High Kirk and other websites. I have tried to confirm and collect it together here.
CAPTAIN The Rt. Hon. NEIL JAMES ARCHIBALD PRIMROSE
Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars 1st/1st
Died 15 November 1917
Age 34 years old
Buried or commemorated at RAMLEH WAR CEMETERY D. 49.
Israel and Palestine (including Gaza)
Personal Inscription HE LIVES BY LOVE
Awards Military Cross, Mentioned in Despatches
Second son of 5th Earl of Rosebery (the former Prime Minister) and Countess of Rosebery; husband of Lady Victoria Primrose (now Lady Victoria Bullock), of Swynford Paddocks, Six Mile Bottom, Newmarket. Privy Councillor and Member of Parliament for Wisbech Division, Cambs. Since 1910.
He has a memorial in St Giles High Kirk on the High Street Edinburgh which reads as follows,
IN MEMORY OF
CAPTAIN THE RIGHT HON
NEIL JAMES ARCHIBALD
PRIMROSE M.P. M.C.
WHO WAS BORN AT DALMENY
DECEMBER 14TH 1889
WAS KILLED IN ACTION
NOVEMBER 15TH 1917
AT THE HILL OF GEZER
IN PALESTINE AND LIES BURIED
AT RAMLEH
THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY
HIS PROUD & AFFLICTED FATHER
HIS LIFE WAS LOVELY AND
PLEASANT & HE DIED IN GLORY
THEY GO FROM STRENGTH TO
STRENGTH EVERY ONE OF THEM
IN ZION APPEARING BEFORE GOD
PRIVATE GEORGE ALVES Service Number: S/13290
Cameron Highlanders 7th Bn.
Died 25 September 1915
Buried or commemorated at LOOS MEMORIAL
Panel 119 to 124.
France
PRIVATE W B ALVES Service Number: S/13281
Cameron Highlanders 1st Bn.
Died 23 September 1918
Age 25 years old
Buried or commemorated at BRIE BRITISH CEMETERY
III. B. 1.
France
PRIVATE GEORGE BEATTIE Service Number: S/11800
Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) 2nd Bn.
Died 22 April 1916
Buried or commemorated at BASRA MEMORIAL Panel 25 and 63.
Iraq
PRIVATE JOHN ARCHIBALD TEMPLE BLAKE Service Number: 117150
2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion
Died 16 June 1916
Age 24 years old
Buried or commemorated at BOULOGNE EASTERN CEMETERY
VIII. B. 96.
France
SAPPER T FULLERTON Service Number: 414779
Royal Engineers
"B.W." Cable Sect.
Died 11 October 1917
Age 34 years old
Buried or commemorated at LONGUENESSE (ST. OMER) SOUVENIR CEMETERY
IV. E. 36.
France
PRIVATE MARTIN JOYCE Service Number: 227705
Canadian Infantry 47th Bn.
Died 28 October 1917
Age 43 years old
Buried or commemorated at YPRES (MENIN GATE) MEMORIAL
Panel 10 - 26 - 28.
Belgium
SECOND LIEUTENANT ROBERT WALLACE LEES
King's Own Scottish Borderers 7th Bn. attd. 2nd Bn.
Died 03 September 1916
Age 23 years old
Buried or commemorated at THIEPVAL MEMORIAL Pier and Face 4 A and 4 D.
France
PRIVATE JAMES McDOUGALL
Service Number: S/11915
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1st Bn.
Died 29 September 1918
Buried or commemorated at MIKRA BRITISH CEMETERY, KALAMARIA 420.
Greece
SHOEING SMITH CORPORAL D McGLASHAN
Service Number: 635500
Royal Field Artillery "A" Bty. 256th Bde.
Died 12 October 1917
Age 40 years old
Buried or commemorated at VLAMERTINGHE NEW MILITARY CEMETERY
X. F. 1.
Belgium
CORPORAL T RAMAGE Service Number: S/9821
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1st/7th Bn.
Died 20 July 1918
Buried or commemorated at MARFAUX BRITISH CEMETERY
VI. A. 7.
France
PRIVATE JOHN ARCHIBALD YOUNG Service Number: 27256
Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) 9th Bn.
Died 16 September 1918
Age 38 years old
Buried or commemorated at ST. MARY'S A.D.S. CEMETERY, HAISNES V. F. 1.
France
PETTY OFFICER STOKER THOMAS ALVES Service Number: P/K 59736
Royal Navy H.M.S. Vortigern
Died 15 March 1942
Age 47 years old
Buried or commemorated at PORTSMOUTH NAVAL MEMORIAL
Panel 67, Column 3.
United Kingdom
Son of John and Mary Alves; husband of Alice Alves, of Hornsey, London.
CAPTAIN IAN KERR Service Number: 151541
Died 26 June 1944
Age 26 years old
Son of John and Margaret Kerr; husband of Diana Joan Kerr, of Gorebridge, Midlothian.
JERUSALEM WAR CEMETERY, CHOUAIN, Calvados, France.
Microsoft's first Lumia smartphone has been creatively engineered to stand out among the present budget phones in the market. It runs on Windows 8.1 operating system and is available in 5 colours: Black, White, Green, Orange & Blue. Powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 200 Quad Core 1.2 GHz processor, Lumia 535 has 1 GB RAM and 8 GB internal storage capacity. Both its cameras, front and rear, are 5 Mega Pixel, that click gorgeous images both ways. The pixel resolution of its 5 inch screen is 540*960 for a great visual experience. It is a Dual Sim phone with 15 GB of One Drive cloud storage facility. With 1905 mAh Li-Ion battery, the phone can last long hours without charging.
Saturday, 1 November 2014. A section of London's Regent Street given over to a collection of historic racing motorbikes, from the great "Unrideable" 500cc Two-Stroke Grands Prix era of the 1980's, to promote a revival event to take place in Spain, in 2015.
The event will see former racers including Wayne Gardner, Christian Sarron, Freddie Spencer, Kevin Schwantz and Didier de Radiguez make a return to the track, together, and it was fantastic to see some of them in London, as part of this promotion.
Me? Being a Suzuki guy, I'd still have my money on #34, Kevin Schwantz!
Given the reason for this rally, and given the events of July 3rd, I thought this photo was appropriate for most Flickr people, who would quite likely see this on the 4th, wherever they live.
Given to me by the son of the man who bought it in Canada for $40, when he was training as a bomber pilot in WW2. Somewhat ironic (though not uncommon - Capa took a Contax and a Rolleiflex to the D-Day beaches) is the fact that it was built at the Dr Nagel-Werke, Stuttgart. It has seen a lot of use - it's one of the more battered cameras I own.
given to me on my birthday yesterday (18th Mar).
Made with soft dough. :-)
definitely the most delicious cake i had in my life.
Asian Heritage Foundation's Jiyo is organizing a 4-day long handicraft and designer’s exhibition at The Ashok, Chanakyapuri. It is also hosting South Asia's first food exhibition named Sanjha Chulha, curated by Dr. Pushpesh Panth to promote the incredible variety of local and regional cuisines of South Asia showcasing the diversity of culinary art.
After hovering around the Lotus Bazaar (the handicraft market) for 10-15 minutes, we landed up at the nicely decorated interior of The Audh, one of the best restaurants of The Ashok, for an interaction session with chef Rajan Loomba.
Rajan Loomba, senior executive chef of The Ashok, who has been attached to the hotel for a very long time, explained how culinary arts have evolved rapidly in recent years. "Eating out was a rare thing in our boyhood. Wedding parties were perhaps the only means of eating out at that time", Chef Loomba continued, "Now a days the growing usage of mobile phones and internet has given a boom to this industry. Growing number of foodies and food blogging websites are also playing a enormous role here." Then moving on to the concept of Sanjha Chulha, which literarily means Community Kitchen, Chef clarified that despite political barriers how people from SAARC countries are trying to connect through art and culture. This festival is another step towards that. Chef mentioned that once you leave Asia, people hardly recognize cuisine of these 9 countries separately as the basic flavor and spices used are very similar in these places. "Look how people from Bangladesh are selling food in the street using Indian names", Mr. Loomba cited. "Diversity is there, but somehow we are connected somewhere" and this food festival is an attempt to explore that connection. When we asked how they select a few dishes given such a wide range of dishes available in these countries, Chef told that they made a selection from the dishes they can make using the available resources on the basis of feedback received over several buffet parties. They got a huge help from embassies to stitch together recipes and make them even better. Here Mr. Loomba shared a beautiful memory about how they got one of their very special dishes Irani Raita, a usual Raita with raisins, honey and peeled cucumber skin from Late Usha Narayanan, wife of 10th President of India, Late K.R. Narayanan.
Meantime we got to taste a few dishes: Mutton Kebab, Momo, Murg Rihana, Anda Keema Kaleji, Afgani Shorba, Coconut Naan, Rice, Haleem etc. Items were light and tasted good. Chef specially mentioned two dishes: Murg Rihana and Haleem. "Murg Rihanna is a different take on Butter Chicken ", Mr. Loomba continued "and spices of Halim are bought by one delegate from Pakistan". Specialty of the Halim is that they put chicken instead of mutton in it, which is a new concept to me. Coconut Naan along with juicy Shorba (light mutton stew) melted in our mouth. Spice level of all dishes are kept at the minimum level as their usual visitors are very health conscious. As an example Chef mentioned health consciousness of our PM Mr. Modi who wanted cookies without butter and how team of Chefs had a brainstorming session to solve it.
Given that jet fighters might be tricky to fly for pilots used to flying propeller aircraft, let alone new trainee pilots, Lockheed proposed in 1945 that a two-seat conversion trainer be built for the P-80 Shooting Star. The US Army Air Force rejected the idea on cost grounds, citing that the T-6 Texan already in service would be sufficient enough. After a series of fatal crashes of the P-80, the USAAF revisited Lockheed’s proposal, which included extending the P-80’s fuselage by three feet, extending the canopy backwards, and adding a second cockpit with full flight controls. This aircraft, designated first TP-80C on its maiden flight in March 1948, then TF-80C, then finally T-33A, would go on to be far more successful than the fighter it was based on.
The T-33 was designed to be simple, robust, and easy to fly for trainee pilots, though it was intended at first to be only used for propeller-qualified pilots to transition into jets. As propeller aircraft were mostly phased out of the independent US Air Force’s inventory, the service made the decision to go to an “all-jet” training syllabus, and as a result pilots began flying T-33s in flight school.
The “T-Bird,” as it became known, could still be unforgiving in certain circumstances, and was less forgiving as the T-37 Tweet or the T-38 Talon that would eventually replace it. It also was an aircraft for practical jokers: the in-and-outs of the T-33 was something only experienced pilots knew well, and trainees could be subjected to all kinds of tricks by the instructor pilot. The T-33 was, however, eminently reliable. Even after it was withdrawn from training units in the mid-1950s, it soldiered on as a “hack” aircraft for units, a familiarization aircraft, advanced trainer, and aggressor aircraft, especially in Air Defense Command and Air National Guard units.
Well into the 1980s, T-33s could be found in frontline USAF units, and it was said that, when the last F-16 was retired, the pilot would hitch a ride home in a T-Bird. While this did not prove true, it was not off by much—the last USAF T-33s did not leave the inventory until around 1988. The US Navy also used T-33s, including both standard Shooting Stars and the heavily modified TV-1 Seastar, which had a larger engine, reworked tail, and strengthened fuselage for carrier operations. While the Seastar was replaced in the 1960s by the T-2 Buckeye, standard T-33s remained as test and chase aircraft for the Navy’s test squadrons into the 1990s.
Because of its robustness and cheap flyaway price, the T-33 was also popular with foreign air forces: no less than 41 nations operated T-33s at one time or another, and it was license-built in Japan by Kawasaki and in Canada as the CT-133 Silver Star, which differed from US-built aircraft only in using a Rolls-Royce Nene engine. While it was usually used in the trainer role, many were modified for a variety of roles, including armed AT-33s and reconnaissance RT-33s (some of which were also used by the USAF). AT-33s, which were basically two-seat F-80s, were used in several conflicts worldwide, mainly in South America; Bolivia still uses its AT-33s as frontline counterinsurgency aircraft. While Bolivia remains the only air force to still operate T-33s on a regular basis, many of these nations did not retire their Shooting Stars until the late 1990s—Canada did not retire its last CT-133s until 2008, and Boeing Aircraft has two T-33As on charge as chase aircraft. 6557 T-33s were built overall, and today over 80 and possibly as many as a hundred survive, with many still flyable.
This is a T-33 assigned as a “hack” familiarization aircraft to the 407th Strategic Fighter Wing at Great Falls AFB, Montana, and was the aircraft flown by Colonel Einar Malmstrom when he was killed in an accident south of Great Falls on 21 August 1954. As was usually the case in the 1950s, this aircraft was somewhat anonymous, lacking unit markings, and was finished in overall bare metal, with black antiglare panels on the nose and inner tiptanks.
Only by for Austria successful outcome of Ottoman wars in Europe the conditions were given to turn the old Hofburg, which until now was more fortress than imperial residence, into a befitting palace of a powerful dynasty. When Emperor Charles VI in 1711 succeeded to the throne, stood along the Schaufler alley until St. Michael's square yet the old two-story Chancellery Wing from the time of Ferdinand I. It was significantly lower than the Amalien wing and the Leopoldine wing, bordering the Interior Castle courtyard on the southwest and the southeast side. Between the Chancellery Wing and the Swiss courtyard there was a by Daniel Suttinger created Gate construction. In its place erected Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt in 1712 the so-called Carolingian Triumphal Arch but which was as well demolished in 1728 because now they had laid the foundation for a much more representative Chancellery Wing and in 1723 started the construction work. Hildebrandt's plans provided the unification of the entire inner castle but failed in the end due to the immense cost. 1726 he had to cede construction management to in the meantime appointed Court architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach. This one let the already finished construction at Schaufler alley remain but put in front of it the splendid late baroque wing at the courtyard side. Fischer too could due to lack of sufficient liquid funds of the Imperial family his ideas which comprehended also the entire castle not fully realize. Work came to a halt in 1735 and was finally discontinued. The St. Michael's gate was only from 1888 after the demolition of the old Hofburg theater finished.
Herakles of Mattielli
In Chancellery wing were until 1806 when Emperor Franz II/I resigned the Roman-German Imperial Crown the central offices of the administration of the Holy Roman Empire housed. This included especially as the most important Imperial authority the Aulic Councel. 1810 lived here the French ambassador Berthier, when he, on behalf of Napoleon, asked for the hand of Maria Louise, the daughter of Francis I. At the time of the Vienna Congress in some rooms of the Imperial Chancellery Wing was housed the king of Bavaria. 1848 served archduke Johann a suite of rooms as an apartment. In the summer of this year, he received in Great Audience Hall a delegation from Frankfurt Imperial Diet, offering him the dignity of a "German Imperial Regent". A few years later the rooms were renovated, refurbished and converted into apartments for the Imperial family. Traditionally, no Austrian Emperor has taken over the apartment of his predecessor. Franz Joseph moved into his apartment in 1857, three years after his marriage, and lived there until his death in 1916. The apartment of his wife Elisabeth was in the neighboring Amalien wing. Today, the Imperial Apartments as well as the recently opened Sisi Museum and the former Court Silver and Table Room can be visited. The latter is dedicated to the culture of courtly household and the court ceremonial.
While the front is not very spectacular in Schaufler alley, turns the five-story face side of the Imperial Chancellery Wing towards the interior courtyard. This one served till the 16th century as a tournament court. In 1561 issued Thurnierbuch (tournament book) is yet of tournaments of the future Emperor Maximilian II reported which this one had held here in June of last year. In the 17th century but here no more tournaments took place but mounted tournaments, as the then popular horse ballet. The long facade facing the courtyard is accented by three only little projecting risalits with portals and balconies (1727/29) and divided by giant pilasters. The design of the façade is already reminiscent of the design language of French classicism. Franz Joseph and Elisabeth got through the Imperor's gate in central projection to their rooms on the first floor. The leading upwards Emperor's stairway has a magnificent stucco marble equipment and is decorated with gilted bronze vases. But it is hardly ever used. Today's visitor entrance to the Imperial Apartments is located beneath the dome of St. Michael's gate. The five windows above the Emperor's gate are preceded by a long balcony which rests on strong consoles. On the attic of the central projection is attached the huge blazon of Emperor Charles VI with the double-headed eagle. It is overtopped by the German imperial crown and surrounded by a golden chain with the Golden Fleece. Flanked is it by two, carrying trumpets genii. Beside the portals of the side projections stand each two sandstone sculptures of Lorenzo Mattielli. They show the deeds of Hercules. On the ground floor were housed until 1918 various court offices, as the Chamber for payments of the Court, the House, Court and State Archives (until 1902) and the Control office of the Court. In the premises of once Imperial linen room was from 1921 to 1987 the Vienna tapestry manufacture whose leading products have been exported throughout the world.
Study of Franz Joseph
Additionally to the living quarters of the Emperor - those of the Empress were in neighboring Amalien wing - belongs to the Imperial Apartments the Guard room where the bodyguards were on sentry duty but most of all the large Audience waiting room and the Audience chamber, where the Emperor, standing at his desk, used to receive his visitors individually. Under Maria Theresa, took place the deliberations of the Imperial, Court and State Councils of the former Imperial Chancellery in Audience waiting room. Unfortunately, this beautiful, decorated in white, red and gold hall was similarly to fairy-tale grotto recently equipped with figurines in the national costume of the individual crown lands in order to document that here waited people from all walks of life and from all provinces of the country for an audience. During his long reign, there were at least more than 250,000. In this room, hang large, many-figured murals (1832) of Biedermeier painter Peter Krafft, showing scenes from the life of Emperor Franz I. From the ceiling hangs a eighty-flammy Bohemian crystal chandelier still dating from the time of Maria Theresa. The originally fitted with candles chandelier of the Imperial apartments were in 1891 electrified. The ornate pottery kilns partly still stem from the 18th century. They were heated externally via the situated behind the rooms heating passage with wood. In the equipment of his private rooms the personal modesty of the emperor is reflected. Unlike his wife, he had not even running water injected. Noteworthy is also the simple iron military bed that served him for decades as a place to sleep. His office, in which he most of the time was yet active from six o'clock in the morning is adorned with numerous photos and paintings of his family. Here hangs also a famous portrait of the Empress by Franz Xaver Winterhalter. The equipment of the 22 official and residential premises of Emperor Franz Joseph and his wife Elisabeth, which today can be visited as Imperial Apartments, stems from several eras: from late Baroque to Rococo and the Empire to the 19th century neo-Baroque. These include also the four rooms of Stephan's apartment which is named after Archduke Stephan Viktor. The former theater corridor which enabled a direct connection to the old Hofburg Theater is walled off today.
Given their penchant for using Macs on "the grid" on Spooks, It was really only a matter of time before they used an iPhone or iPod Touch...
I'm always entertained by far-fetched tech on TV shows, and so when I saw this "tool" for cracking a computer's login details, I thought I'd do a version myself!
It's just a video, nothing cleverer than that, but the effect is exactly the same!
The "Cracker" is available to download from www.dkirkham.com/archives/54
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. – Service members and their families were given free general admission to the Laguna Seca Mazda Raceway during the Monterey Grand Prix on May 3 in honor of National Military Appreciation Month. The raceway celebrated the service members in attendance with free meals and presented them with opportunities to participate in special VIP events including all access guided tours of pit crews and body shop areas, ride-along hot laps, and meet and greets with racecar drivers.
Official Presidio of Monterey Web site
Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook
PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.
well, given that it is has a slight element of physical risk, who'd have thought i would have attempted something as exciting as snowboarding? yet here i am, up a mountain with a plank attached to my feet.
By now I’d completely given up on the 8025, after all it had left Cicero an hour ago, and I was now holding out for another oil train, this one off the CSX with a UP ACe leading; it was supposed to be out around 2:30 or so. Time passed and a westbound flashing yellow went up on M2 followed moments later by the headlight for a train with high mounted headlights to the east. Low headlights - BNSF, high headlights – NS, so what was up? I didn’t know of any NS lead trains set for the triple track other than the one with the 8025 on it, but I found it hard to believe that it could be it! I looked, I watched, and sure enough, whatever it was, it was lead by an NS motor, so just in case I retreated down the platform to a spot where I could duck back for wide angles if a miracle happened. The gates went down, unfortunately just in time for the train to stop for the track work at Fairview, bollixing up traffic at Washington St, and prompting one pedestrian to run the gates, a dumb thing to do since the police are in a ticket writing mood for stuff like that, and Washington St is the gateway to the police station! The train sounded its horn, got on the move and I got my first really good look at it. Oil, Texas tea, or in this case, North Dakota tea, and despite all odds obviously the 8025’s train! Their pain, my gain; I set up to take in the action.
Downers Grove IL / Washington St
BNSF w/b empty unit oil – Train U NSDSTN
NS 8118 ES44AC
NS 8025 ES44AC
One of the things being online has given me, is an appreciation of the wonders that surrounded me as I was growing up, but was ignorant of. Such a shame then that I only get to see bits and pieces when we go back to visit my Mother, of like this weekend, when I returned home for a school reunion.
Fritton is a small village on the A143 between Yarmouth and Beccles, and we used to go as we liked the local pub, The Decoy. It was run by an ex-RAF dentist, Eric. Nice bloke, hope he and his wife are still OK.
Looking through my friend's website on Suffolk churches last week, I came across the entry for Fritton, and I was intrigued: so, the first stop out of Lowestoft was Fritton.
Set down a quiet country lane, a simple round-towered church, but then like so many churches, the exterior does not hint at the delights and wonders inside.
I thought the round chancel similar to Wissington, but inside the chancel is revealed as Norman and many-arched. But let Simon describe it:
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Norfolk now has two Frittons, but this one used to be in Suffolk. Here we are out in the wilds of the Lothingland Peninsula, and in 1974 the border was moved a few miles south so that Great Yarmouth's dreary suburbia could all be taken into Norfolk. Unfortunately for Suffolk, the new border line was taken down to Fritton Lakes, putting this little jewel of a church and its pretty village into the northern county.
Perhaps it was compensation of a kind for also having to take on the awful town of Hopton to the east. In this case, Suffolk's loss was very much Norfolk's gain, for this is that rare thing in East Anglia, a Norman church with an apse. They are thin on the ground in the region, and the three best are now all within a few miles on the same side of the border. Hales and Heckingham are on the far bank of the Waveney; St Edmund is similarly round-towered and thatched, and if it is not quite as pretty as its two cousins, it is at least as interesting, and perhaps even more of a treasure house than they are.
There is a little trapdoor on the south side of the chancel, the purpose of which is not immediately clear. Inevitably in this traditionally lawless area not far from the sea, it has become known as the Smugglers' Loft. The churches of this area are all in the Norwich Diocese, even the Suffolk ones, and while the churches near to Yarmouth and Lowestoft have a reputation for being kept locked, Fritton St Edmund is, thankfully, open everyday, and you step into a pleasantly Victorianised rustic interior. The view to the east is unusual, with the little, low chancel hemmed in up one corner behind a screen which doesn't really seem to fit, and the royal arms high above on top of the eastern wall of the 14th Century rebuilt nave. When the nave was widened, the original north wall was retained and the other wall rebuilt about three metres further south, thus the curious juxtaposition between nave and chancel. In the splay of a window on this south side the rebuilders painted an image of a Saint, possibly St John the Baptist holding an agnus dei, while on the north wall opposite the south doorway is a massive St Christopher of about the same date. Otherwise, the nave is rather austere, the recut square font at the west end lending a note of gravitas.
This plainness and simplicity offset the fabulous jewel-like interior of the chancel, which you step down into as if into a quite different church. It is a remarkable survival. The tunnel-vaulting is an extraordinary thing to find. The trapdoor outside lets into the space above it, but more interestingly vaulting of this kind is often associated with there having been a tower above. Not only the vaulting of the apse has survived, but in 1967 a sequence of wall-paintings depicting the martyrdom of St Edmund were uncovered in the eastern end of the apse. It is one of the most complete sequences of the subject in England. The Saint himself appears crowned and shot through with arrows in the central panel, and other panels depict Danish bowmen, possibly St Peter and a donor. There is a little panel of Victorian glass depicting St Edmund at the centre, a happy accident because they could not have known about the wall paintings.
The chancel windows are furnished with some excellent early 20th century glass depicting a sequence of East Anglian Saints. They include St Walstan, St Olaf, St William of Norwich, St Felix, Fursey, St Wendreda, St Etheldreda and the more international seafaring Saint, St Nicholas. It is a perfect setting for them.
The screen has obviously been restored, perhaps more than once, but it almost certainly dates from the time that the nave was widened. There is said to be another which is almost identical, only better, in the now-closed church at Belton a few miles off, where it awaits an uncertain fate. No such fears here; I compared St Edmund with the churches of Hales and Heckingham near the start of this piece, but it is worth adding that this is the only one of those three apsed Norman churches which has not been declared redundant, and is still home to an Anglican faith community.
Arthur Mee, in his 1940s Kings England: Suffolk, waxes so lyrically about Fritton that you might be forgiven for thinking that he is actually writing a spoof, or a parody of himself. Here is heart's delight, he begins, for painter, poet and naturalist; great waters, spreading woodland, nursery of multitudes of water-fowl, and nightingales which sing in chorus the livelong day and night of their minstrel season. Mee also recalls the inconsequential but fascinating detail from the registers that on the 17th day of August 1816, Hannah Freeman did penance in the church for defaming the character of Mary Hanham, spinster. There is a good story behind that, no doubt.
Today, most visitors to this parish are here on holiday, because around the great Fritton Lake, which is the longest in East Anglia, spreads Fritton Country Park and its associated camping sites. Part of the lake is Fritton Decoy, a long, narrow stretch into which ducks were attracted to be shot in their hundreds by 19th century worthies. There is something pleasingly old-fashioned about the setting, as if the Famous Five might even now be in a tent nearby, awaiting an adventure.
Simon Knott, July 2008
Only by for Austria successful outcome of Ottoman wars in Europe the conditions were given to turn the old Hofburg, which until now was more fortress than imperial residence, into a befitting palace of a powerful dynasty. When Emperor Charles VI in 1711 succeeded to the throne, stood along the Schaufler alley until St. Michael's square yet the old two-story Chancellery Wing from the time of Ferdinand I. It was significantly lower than the Amalien wing and the Leopoldine wing, bordering the Interior Castle courtyard on the southwest and the southeast side. Between the Chancellery Wing and the Swiss courtyard there was a by Daniel Suttinger created Gate construction. In its place erected Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt in 1712 the so-called Carolingian Triumphal Arch but which was as well demolished in 1728 because now they had laid the foundation for a much more representative Chancellery Wing and in 1723 started the construction work. Hildebrandt's plans provided the unification of the entire inner castle but failed in the end due to the immense cost. 1726 he had to cede construction management to in the meantime appointed Court architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach. This one let the already finished construction at Schaufler alley remain but put in front of it the splendid late baroque wing at the courtyard side. Fischer too could due to lack of sufficient liquid funds of the Imperial family his ideas which comprehended also the entire castle not fully realize. Work came to a halt in 1735 and was finally discontinued. The St. Michael's gate was only from 1888 after the demolition of the old Hofburg theater finished.
Herakles of Mattielli
In Chancellery wing were until 1806 when Emperor Franz II/I resigned the Roman-German Imperial Crown the central offices of the administration of the Holy Roman Empire housed. This included especially as the most important Imperial authority the Aulic Councel. 1810 lived here the French ambassador Berthier, when he, on behalf of Napoleon, asked for the hand of Maria Louise, the daughter of Francis I. At the time of the Vienna Congress in some rooms of the Imperial Chancellery Wing was housed the king of Bavaria. 1848 served archduke Johann a suite of rooms as an apartment. In the summer of this year, he received in Great Audience Hall a delegation from Frankfurt Imperial Diet, offering him the dignity of a "German Imperial Regent". A few years later the rooms were renovated, refurbished and converted into apartments for the Imperial family. Traditionally, no Austrian Emperor has taken over the apartment of his predecessor. Franz Joseph moved into his apartment in 1857, three years after his marriage, and lived there until his death in 1916. The apartment of his wife Elisabeth was in the neighboring Amalien wing. Today, the Imperial Apartments as well as the recently opened Sisi Museum and the former Court Silver and Table Room can be visited. The latter is dedicated to the culture of courtly household and the court ceremonial.
While the front is not very spectacular in Schaufler alley, turns the five-story face side of the Imperial Chancellery Wing towards the interior courtyard. This one served till the 16th century as a tournament court. In 1561 issued Thurnierbuch (tournament book) is yet of tournaments of the future Emperor Maximilian II reported which this one had held here in June of last year. In the 17th century but here no more tournaments took place but mounted tournaments, as the then popular horse ballet. The long facade facing the courtyard is accented by three only little projecting risalits with portals and balconies (1727/29) and divided by giant pilasters. The design of the façade is already reminiscent of the design language of French classicism. Franz Joseph and Elisabeth got through the Imperor's gate in central projection to their rooms on the first floor. The leading upwards Emperor's stairway has a magnificent stucco marble equipment and is decorated with gilted bronze vases. But it is hardly ever used. Today's visitor entrance to the Imperial Apartments is located beneath the dome of St. Michael's gate. The five windows above the Emperor's gate are preceded by a long balcony which rests on strong consoles. On the attic of the central projection is attached the huge blazon of Emperor Charles VI with the double-headed eagle. It is overtopped by the German imperial crown and surrounded by a golden chain with the Golden Fleece. Flanked is it by two, carrying trumpets genii. Beside the portals of the side projections stand each two sandstone sculptures of Lorenzo Mattielli. They show the deeds of Hercules. On the ground floor were housed until 1918 various court offices, as the Chamber for payments of the Court, the House, Court and State Archives (until 1902) and the Control office of the Court. In the premises of once Imperial linen room was from 1921 to 1987 the Vienna tapestry manufacture whose leading products have been exported throughout the world.
Study of Franz Joseph
Additionally to the living quarters of the Emperor - those of the Empress were in neighboring Amalien wing - belongs to the Imperial Apartments the Guard room where the bodyguards were on sentry duty but most of all the large Audience waiting room and the Audience chamber, where the Emperor, standing at his desk, used to receive his visitors individually. Under Maria Theresa, took place the deliberations of the Imperial, Court and State Councils of the former Imperial Chancellery in Audience waiting room. Unfortunately, this beautiful, decorated in white, red and gold hall was similarly to fairy-tale grotto recently equipped with figurines in the national costume of the individual crown lands in order to document that here waited people from all walks of life and from all provinces of the country for an audience. During his long reign, there were at least more than 250,000. In this room, hang large, many-figured murals (1832) of Biedermeier painter Peter Krafft, showing scenes from the life of Emperor Franz I. From the ceiling hangs a eighty-flammy Bohemian crystal chandelier still dating from the time of Maria Theresa. The originally fitted with candles chandelier of the Imperial apartments were in 1891 electrified. The ornate pottery kilns partly still stem from the 18th century. They were heated externally via the situated behind the rooms heating passage with wood. In the equipment of his private rooms the personal modesty of the emperor is reflected. Unlike his wife, he had not even running water injected. Noteworthy is also the simple iron military bed that served him for decades as a place to sleep. His office, in which he most of the time was yet active from six o'clock in the morning is adorned with numerous photos and paintings of his family. Here hangs also a famous portrait of the Empress by Franz Xaver Winterhalter. The equipment of the 22 official and residential premises of Emperor Franz Joseph and his wife Elisabeth, which today can be visited as Imperial Apartments, stems from several eras: from late Baroque to Rococo and the Empire to the 19th century neo-Baroque. These include also the four rooms of Stephan's apartment which is named after Archduke Stephan Viktor. The former theater corridor which enabled a direct connection to the old Hofburg Theater is walled off today.
Nikon D200
This is my current camera. It was given to me a few years back by a friend, but I am just now starting to figure it out. It came with a 50mm fixed lens and I recently added a used 35-80mm lens.
Given their secretive nature, it was a real treat to watch and take shots of this Bullfinch feeding on blossom out in the open earlier this afternoon. He was with at least two others at the time and was happily feeding in branches not far above me. I was actually there to see if I could find any butterflies around the blossom, as it seemed warm enough. I had no luck in the end, but this definitely made the visit to this spot worth paying.
Given the regular use of the South Inch for exercising dogs, I'm presuming this ball-on-a-string was an enthusiastically thrown toy.
السلام عليكم ورحمه الله و بركاته
عيشي بلادي عاش اتحاد اماراتنا .. نظرا لإحتفالات الدولة باليوم الوطني
يسرني انا المصور فيصل الريس الاعلان عن البوم " شارك معي لرفع علم الامارات "
شاركوني افكاركم وشاركوني كمودلز شباب و بنات
يسرني العمل كفريق في حال احب الشخص اللي ودة يعمل البوم مشترك ايضا
وان شاء الله الاعمال سيتم فرزها مع المودلز وسيتم اختيار الصور و المشاركة فيها في معارض مع دعوة خاصة للمودلز
حيث لن يتم اختيار اي صورة دون موافقة المودلز
اتمنا من الجميع شباب و بنات المشاركة
واللي حاب يتواصل معاي :
faresdubai@gmail.com
او يبعث برسالة خاصة على فلكر وان شاء الله سيتم التواصل معه
------------------
On the occasion of National Day of the United Arab Emirates 40 th
I began to work on Stock Photos provision of belonging and love for the United Arab Emirates and for the UAE identity.
And of course the search for young girls and love photography and of course the images will be copy right for me and the Modlz.
Modlz will be given a copy of the work with edit and without.
Ages required starting from 10-38 for youth and girls ...
Will be to determine where there are external images and photos of the internal
Contact:
E-mail: faresdubai@gmail.com
To see samples of my work please visit my previous special site "Flickr" ..
PHOTO CREDIT: Louise Coghill.
Strip search Pastors strip to expose refugees as people
Eight Church leaders faced court in Perth this morning. The group pleaded guilty and were given a spent conviction with three month conditional release (they cannot be charged or convicted of an offence in that time). Photos are available for publication: www.flickr.com/photos/lovemakesaway/sets/72157650100422857/
Outside court: Five Christian leaders in Perth have stripped to their underwear and placards reading “Refugees are People” - they are currently walking to Foreign Minister Julie Bishop’s office, calling for the release of the 135 children currently locked-up on Nauru and for an end to offshore detention
Following a court hearing in Perth this morning 5 Christian leaders have stripped to just their undergarments and placards reading “Refugees are People” and are currently walking from Perth Court to Foreign Minister Julie Bishop’s Subiaco office, calling for the release of the 135 children currently locked-up on Nauru and for an end to offshore detention.
“Attempts to humiliate and deter us have failed and we are more determined than ever to see the dignity of people in immigration detention recognised,” said Pastor Jarrod McKenna of WestCity Church of Christ.
“For those who seek to deter us we have a simple message: at the centre of our faith is a symbol of torture that God transformed into a symbol of love. There is nothing you can throw at us that we can’t see transformed for the freedom of others,” said Pastor McKenna.
This action comes after eight Christian leaders faced Perth court earlier this morning over a peaceful sit-in last month at the office of Foreign Minister Julie Bishop. The eight Christian leaders were arrested, strip searched and charged with trespass on 10 December 2014 after the peaceful sit-in which was part of the #LoveMakesAWay national day of action. Love Makes a Way is a national movement of Christians seeking an end to Australia's inhumane asylum seeker policies through prayer and nonviolent love in action.
“The Human Rights Law Centre described the strip-searches of peaceful protesters as ‘deeply concerning’,” said Pastor McKenna.
“Instead of strip searching Church leaders our nation needs to be searching its heart for a humane response to those seeking safety,” he said.
“Even if you strip-search us, even if you make us squat and cough, even if you threaten us, we will not stop fighting for freedom of all people in detention. We believe that love makes a way,” said Teresa Lee, co-founder of First Home Project who faced court earlier today after participating in the peaceful sit-in last month.
“Refugees are people, it is as simple as that. All people deserve to have a safe home and not one of the 1930 people currently locked up in detention deserve to have their future frozen indefinitely,” she said.
“Today we call on the Government to make a public commitment to release the 135 children currently imprisoned on Nauru. These children have been cruelly shipped off, locked-up, and left in limbo, deprived of their precious childhoods,” said Reverend Lorna Green, Anglican Rector of Serpentine-Jarrahdale who also faced court earlier today.
“We say to these children and all those people locked up on Manus Island and Nauru: we see you and we won’t give up on you,” said Pastor Alex McKellar from WA’s largest church, Riverview, also among the eight who faced court for the December action at the Foreign Minister's office.
Whyalla. Population 21,200.
Hummock Hill was sighted and named by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and soon after given French names by Captain Baudin. The first pastoral runs were taken out here in the 1850s as it had the Middle Back ranges, coastal access and Port Augusta not too far distant. One of the early pastoralists was James Patterson who took out the Iron Knob leasehold of over 160 square miles in 1854 near Iron Knob. To the north and west of his leasehold was that of James Loudon who took out Caroona station in 1862. Other leaseholds in the region of Whyalla were Point Lowly, Pandurra and Middleback. In the early 1870s Loudon sold Caroona to Sir Samuel Davenport and Sir John Morphett and it was Davenport, with his interest in minerals and mining, who sent the first ore samples to England in 1878 for analysis. This resulted in a mining lease taken out in 1880 by Ernest Siekman. The lease lapsed as he did not pay the annual rental. BHP took out nine mining leases in 1896 and the future of iron Knob and the future Whyalla began. BHP began taking iron ore for smelting to Port Augusta in 1899 which took bullock drays two days. The Hundred of Randell which covered this area was declared in 1895 as interest in the ore deposits increased.
In 1896 the government released land fronting Spencers Gulf for lease. One of the first to take up land where Whyalla stands was Humphrey Cowled who leased 30,000 acres on the gulf which he called Nonowie. The town of Hummock Hill emerged in 1900 after BHP developed their ore leases. The ore was used for flux in the Port Pirie smelter and it was shipped across Spencers Gulf. Most of the early settler families at Hummock Hill also came by ship across the gulf from Port Pirie. These families remained the backbone of the Whyalla population until World War Two. In 1900 BHP proposed to the government of SA to enact a bill that would allow them to build a tramway from Iron Knob to Hummock Hill on the coast with a permanent leasehold of the route. Port Augusta Council opposed this as they wanted the tramway built to Port Augusta and its already existing port. There was some logic in this opposition as a tramway to Port Augusta would be 46 miles in length whereas the tramway to Hummock Hill was about 35 miles, not a significantly shorter distance. The government enacted legislation for a BHP tramway to Hummock Hill in 1901 and BHP had developed a small jetty and port by 1903. At the same time the town of Hummock Hill emerged partly on BHP leasehold land. By 1905 the settlement had its first school, a general store and a tin Institute in which the school was conducted. Church services were also held in the hall. In 1903 the community was pleased when Mr Delprat, the general manager of the Broken Hill mine visited Hummock Hill and Iron Knob. The first hotel opened in 1905 on the site that later became the Whyalla Hotel 20 or so years later. The beer was shipped to the hotel from Port Pirie. The isolation of Hummock Hill was reduced when a telephone service began in 1911. Gradually stone houses replaced early tin and timber houses and the town took shape. The government officially surveyed and changed the name of the town to Whyalla in 1914 which means “sound of the sea” in a local Aboriginal language. The new solid Institute was opened in 1920 by Mr Delprat the BHP manager in Broken Hill. At the time Whyalla had a population of around 1,000 people with sporting clubs, RSL, banks, and commercial enterprises. Water was shipped from Port Pirie when necessary. BHP established a dairy to provide milk for the residents and a small desalination plant was built to provide additional fresh water. The impressive red ironstone buildings, often in the Art Deco style were erected in the late 1930s or early 1940s as the city’s industrial base expanded to steel making and ship building. The iron stone Whyalla Hotel opened in 1933. It was enlarged in 1940. This was a company town run by BHP with the exception of the Post Office, the School and the Police Station run by the government and the commercial enterprises of the town. BHP was a paternalistic employer and during the Depression of the 1930s as work slowed BHP found other jobs for married male employees such as re grading the tramway from Iron Knob etc.
During World War One Mr Delprat had suggested a steel furnace and steel works in Whyalla but this did not happen. The steel industry in Australia began with a small furnace and plant at Lithgow in the Blue Mountains in 1901. This plant was superseded by the bigger steel works in Newcastle in 1915 and Whyalla jetty was then expanded to ship iron ore direct to Newcastle. The third steel plant in Australia was established at Port Kembla (Wollongong) in 1928 and Iron Knob ore was also shipped there. With the rise of Hitler and Third Reich in Europe in 1933 and the ominous threat of world war Australia began to be concerned about its future as it was clear we were no longer isolated from the rest of the world. In 1937 the SA government passed legislation for the Morgan to Whyalla Murray River water pipeline to ensure water reliability for Whyalla and this was an essential for the first production of steel by BHP. The 1937 act set aside 1,000 acres for BHP to establish the plant and adjacent harbour. Progress was not hasty and the furnace and harbour began in 1939. After the outbreak of World War Two work progressed quickly. The first steel was produced in 1941 and called pig iron. Port Kembla also produced pig iron or steel and its export to Japan in 1938 led to the Attorney General Robert Menzies being called Pig Iron Bob by striking wharf unionists. The union slogan at the time was “No scrap for the Jap.” At that time Japan was fighting the Sino-Japanese War and needed more steel. The industrial dispute at Port Kembla ended in January 1939 when the waterside workers loaded the ships at Port Kembla. In 1940 the Royal Australia Navy asked BHP if they could build ships in Whyalla and this became urgent with the war and work began in 1940 on the hulls of several ships before the steel blast furnace was completed. The town grew rapidly with an influx of new workers and the construction of the hospital, an abattoirs, the Spencer Hotel, and the establishment of a Whyalla newspaper in 1941/42. During the War the population rose from 1,350 in 1937 to 7,900 in 1944. During most of World War Two BHP employed around 2,500 men and women with a peak of 2,750 employees in 1941. During the War BHP also established an ammunitions annex to produce shells for war arms. In a couple of years Whyalla produced 748,000 shell cases. The Combined Unions Council negotiated with BHP for workers’ wages and conditions. The newly employed women to offset the war time labour shortage were employed in the war effort in the shell annex, the tool room and in ship building. The women received 90% of the men’s wages for the same job.
The first ship was launched in 1941 and named the HMAS Whyalla (650 tonnes) which is now part of the Information Centre and Maritime Museum. It was one of four corvettes made in Whyalla for the Royal Australia Navy and they mainly worked as minesweepers and surveillance. During and after World War Two Whyalla built 36 ships for the Australian Navy, four for Indian navy and 20 for the British Admiralty. After the War most of the ships built in Whyalla shipyards were mainly cargo and iron ore carriers. A total of 63 ships, one oil rig and two barges were built in Whyalla by 1978 when shipbuilding was closed down. Most of the corvettes manufactured in Whyalla had South Australian town names- Whyalla, Gawler and Pirie. Whyalla also built the Kalgoorlie corvette for the Royal Navy. Other SA named corvettes built interstate were the Kapunda, the Glenelg and the Wallaroo. After the war BHP built commercial ships and eventually in 1958 they decided to build an integrated steel works in Whyalla (completed 1965) to process the ore into steel. Railway lines and ships were among the steel products produced.
As a shipbuilding site and producer of ammunition shells Whyalla needed special consideration and defence during World War Two. Defence installations were erected on Hummock Hill during the Second World War (1942) as Whyalla was a potential Japanese bombing target. Four anti-aircraft guns were on the ready at Hummock Hill. Other defence installations were built south of Cowell at Port Gibbon to forewarn of a Japanese attack. Complacency about war threats was overturned when German shipping mines were discovered in Spencers Gulf in 1940 designed to impede BHP ore carriers to Newcastle and Wollongong. Across the Gulf Port Pirie produced half of Britain’s lead so it too needed special protection. A survey recommended special defences for both Iron Triangle cities but only Whyalla got special protection. As the threat of Japan increased anti-aircraft guns were sent to Hummock Hill and arrived on 4 February 1942. Ten days later (14 th February) Singapore fell to the Japanese and on 19th February 1942 Darwin was bombed and partially destroyed by the Japanese. The hummock Hill anti-aircraft guns were operational by 23rd March. One Royal Navy ship guarded the entrance to Whyalla for most of the War until 1944. Search lights were installed at Hummock Hill late in 1942. But no threat emerged during the War. Air raid practices were conducted by BHP from time to time warning people to take cover when the BHP siren sounded. Despite the practices and preparations no raid occurred but the need for precaution was not unfounded. Three of BHP’s merchant ships were sunk off the coast of NSW on their way to or from Whyalla with a total loss of 85 lives. By early 1944 Australia’s home defences were known to be out of danger but gunners at Whyalla had been withdrawn in August 1943 and their tasks taken over by civilian defence.
By 1943 Whyalla had a population of 5,000 people and people began to query the lack of local government as the city was run by BHP. Local government was instituted in 1944 with three elected and three BHP appointed councillors. 1944 was also the year the Morgan to Whyalla water pipeline was completed. In 1960 Whyalla became a city as it had around 14,000 residents. The Commission system of local government was ended in 1970 when locals could finally elect all councillors to their city. By 1976 Whyalla had 33,000 residents, the largest city outside of Adelaide but with the loss of shipbuilding in 1978 the city’s population declined to about 20,000. BHP sold their Whyalla works to OneSteel in 2000 which changed its name to Arrium. Sanjeev Gupta bought the insolvent Arrium steelworks in 2017 and has revitalised it albeit with recent difficulties. The Whyalla steel works are critical to the whole of Australia as steel is only made at Whyalla and Port Kembla. Whyalla is the only plant to make steel rail for all sorts of uses not just railways. In late 2024 Whyalla steel works employed 4,800 people directly and countless more indirectly in other firms. (Port Kembla employs around 3,000 people.) Perhaps the future of the city will be revitalised even more if the hydrogen hub proceeds. Whether that happens or not billions of dollars of investment are needed to move Whyalla steel works away from coal fired furnaces to gas or hydrogen fired furnaces. On the way to Hummock Hill lookout in Gay St. we pass the Whyalla Institute with a classical façade with the date as 1920. This was also the site of the first timber Institute opened in February 1905. The first Whyalla School opened in this Institute in April 1905.The current port of Whyalla exports iron ore and steel mainly. Port Bonython 16 kms north of Whyalla mainly exports crude oil and liquid gas from South Australia’s Cooper basin.
Some historic buildings in Whyalla.
Starting at the corner of Horwood Street and Darling Terrace.
1. On the corner is the Art Deco Courthouse and next to it in Darling St the original 1930s neo Georgian style Courthouse with two roof ventilators on it. The newer part was built in 1944 and the single storey part was built around 1930.
2. Opposite in Darling St is the former Whyalla Hotel with massive scale opened in 1933 by the SA Brewing company. Enlarged in 1940. Now the Whyalla Playford Apartments.
3. At the next corner turn right into Forsyth St. On the corner is the red iron stone and cement rendered brick Spencer Hotel with a clock tower. Look carefully at the frieze below the parapet roof line as they have indented sculptures of the steelworks, the port and the HMAS Whyalla corvette etc. The Hotel Spencer was completed in 1939 so the frieze with the Whyalla corvette was made a bit later
4. Next on the left is Lutine House in red ironstone with pilasters and a classical façade. This became chambers for local lawyers but it began life as a bank. Built around 1940.
5. On the next corner left is the Bay View Hotel also built in Art Deco style but in brick in 1941. Rounded corners, small tower.
6. Return to the Spencer Hotel and turn right into Darling Tce again and on next corner is the old Whyalla Primary School. Parts still date from its origin in 1915 but with many later additions. Opposite is the Catholic Convent (1942) and the Catholic High School – Samaritan College. St Theresa’s Catholic Church was here too. It was built in 1929 and became the Parish hall when the new church as built in 1941. About 3 minutes’ walk along Darling Tce you come to a roundabout
and the street ahead is Broadbent Tce. On the corner is the Whyalla High School. This impressive building was built in 1943 during the War and its central wing has an unusual wooden weather vane/vent. Return to the Main Street.
Mount Laura homestead dates from the origins of Hummock Hill. An earlier owner M Goode started building the homestead in 1910 completing the main homestead in 1922. The Nicholson family took out a 288 square mile leasehold in 1919 near Whyalla. After they purchased Mt Laura homestead in 1933 from the Goode family they
built the bungalow style stone front section of the homestead in 1933. The Nicholsons lived here until 1954 when the state government acquired it and the land around it for expansion of the city. The government donated the homestead to the National Trust in 1969. It is now their museum which includes the first BHP galvanised iron Office from 1914 which was located in Gray Street.
The new standard gauge line from Port Augusta to Whyalla opened on 6 October 1972. The Iron Triangle train service, using American Budd cars was initiated in 1975 by the Commonwealth Railways and Sth Australian Railways. The Budd car trains were made in Philadelphia and introduced by Commonwealth Railways in 1951 for the service between Woomera and Adelaide. The passenger service from Adelaide to Whyalla began in 1972 and the service closed in 1975. The 1972 to 1975 trains left Adelaide Monday to Friday at 12:30 pm and reached Whyalla at 1:15 am with an extra service Fridays leaving Adelaide at 7:35 am and reaching Whyalla at 3:25 pm. Another service operated from Adelaide on Sunday evenings from 4:45 pm reaching Whyalla at 11:15 pm. Trains departed Whyalla Monday to Friday at 10:20 am and on Sundays at 2:50 pm and on Fridays at 3:50 pm. There was also an overnight service on Fridays departing Whyalla at 10:15 pm and reaching Adelaide at 6:40 am. The train service to Whyalla re-opened eleven years later in April 1986 with refurbished American Budd rail cars with the service known as the Iron Triangle Limited. When the refurbished Budd car trains started in 1986 the timetable was more efficient and fast. Trains left Adelaide Mondays, Wednesday and Fridays at 5:30 pm arriving in Whyalla at 10:25 pm. Trains left Whyalla on Mondays, Wednesday and Fridays at 5:00 am and reached Adelaide at 10:00 am. What a pity this train service ceased on 31 December 1990. Budd cars were taken out of service in 1990 after 39 years of service. Australian National rail closed down all passenger services in South Australia in 1990.
And sometimes is seen a strange spot in the sky
A human being that was given to fly
High.. flying
-Pearl Jam- / -Given to Fly-
Given the preponderance of brunette Rapunzels in these parts, I thought I'd better make a new Eugene or two so that there are enough to go around. This guy came from eBay, and since I was already repainting him, I thought I'd have a go at seeing how he'd look with a full beard. Slightly odd, as it happens. I copied the pattern of hair growth off the boyfriend, who'd conveniently fallen asleep on the sofa. ;)
Given the developments in Côte d'Ivoire, and in particular in Abidjan, France decided last night to reinforce the French military force Licorne.
For several days, the Licorne force patrols densified in Area 4 of the city, home to many foreigners and French threats of looting conducted by rogue groups.
Since March 31, more than 1,650 citizens, which over half are foreign nationals, were welcomed at a French military camp of Port-Bouet, where life is organized for these nationals, many of whom are waiting to join family and home.
Moreover, on the night of April 2 to 3, two companies and command elements were thrown into Abidjan from pre-positioned forces by military transport aircraft Transall C160 and C130 Hercules.
At the same time, the Licorne force has taken control of the airport Houphët Felix Boigny International Airport in Abidjan.
The impartial forces, UNOCI and Licorne, provide security and air traffic control of the airport which should allow back military and civilian flights.
The Licorne force now has about 1500 soldiers. She had already been reinforced for the first time in late January with the grounding of an operational reserve board, established by the BPC Tonnerre who was taking part in Operation highbush in the Gulf of Guinea.
Côte d’Ivoire
Compte-tenu de l’évolution de la situation en Côte d’Ivoire, et en particulier dans la ville d’Abidjan, la France a décidé la nuit dernière de renforcer la force militaire française Licorne.
Depuis plusieurs jours, la force Licorne a densifié ses patrouilles dans la zone 4 de la ville, où résident de nombreux ressortissants étrangers et français, menacés des pillages conduits par des groupes crapuleux.
Depuis le 31 mars, plus de 1 650 ressortissants, dont plus de la moitié sont des ressortissants étrangers, sont accueillis au camp militaire français de Port-Bouët où la vie s’organise pour ces ressortissants, dont beaucoup sont en famille et attendent de rejoindre leur domicile.
Par ailleurs, dans la nuit du 2 au 3 avril, deux compagnies et des éléments de commandement ont été projetés à Abidjan à partir des forces prépositionnées par des avions de transport militaires C160 Transall et C130 Hercules.
Dans le même temps, la force Licorne a pris le contrôle de l’aéroport Félix Houphët Boigny, l’aéroport international d’Abidjan.
Les forces impartiales, de l’ONUCI et de Licorne, assurent la sécurité et le contrôle aérien de l’aéroport. Ce qui doit permettre d’accueillir à nouveau les vols militaires et civils.
La force Licorne compte aujourd’hui environ 1500 militaires. Elle avait déjà été renforcée une première fois fin janvier avec la mise à terre d’une réserve opérationnelle embarquée, mise en place par le BPC Tonnerre qui participait alors à l’opération Corymbe dans le golfe de Guinée.
Given that wheels belong on the road, Ronal Group displayed their products on a stand depicting a road scene. The open stand design gave visitors enough room to have a close look at the different wheels. Attractive signage increased the stands visibility and rounded off the overall impression.
" The approval given last week by the VoG Planning Committee to gas-drilling activity showed a disgraceful bias towards the company Coastal Oil & Gas. The officers let the company get away with minimal information and falsely ignoring the toxic waste water and radioactive sludges likely to be produced.
Both the officers and the Natural Resources Agency ignored flooding risks and environmental impacts as allegedly short-term, yet the precautionary principle and environmental impact (EIA) regulations do cover short-term harm.
The VoG officers quoted the Llandow inquiry decision. Yet no other authority takes that seriously, as the Vale Council failed to make a proper case on drilling noise disturbance and local water supplies at risk. They accepted noise levels used for regulating quarrying (nighttime quarry working excluded) to apply to all-night drilling for gas; they ignored the WHO (World Health Organisation) 30 decibel level for disturbance to sleep.
The Vale's new LDP does give the chance to write into our local plan strong requirements on shale-gas drilling. Official support for this comes in EU Commission and European parliament resolutions both saying that EIA should apply to all shale gas activities.
At the committee on 3rd October, Councillors pressed the VoG officer to assure them that extracting shale gas would require EIA, but he was not even ready to promise this.
Building a strong policy into the LDP will enable us to stand up to pro-fracking interests and the hands-off Welsh Government, who see only profits from exploitation.
Basic to this policy should be requiring EIA and normal restrictions on night-time noise for 'unconventional' gas exploration as well as its exploitation. It should also mandate the precautionary principle is to be used until all questions on pollution and gas leakage have been satisfied. "
Max Wallis
Barry & Vale Friends of the Earth
14 Robert Street, Barry
Because it is test drilling. There will be stimulation (fracking) to test the productivity.
The Llantrthyd application is for “gas testing”
The ‘supporting information’ does not explain this protracted process anywhere, but it involves pumping of water with chemicals to “stimulate” the release of gas. At Balcombe, Cuadrilla use the word “stimulation” to describe this gas-testing process, but Coastal Oil&Gas’s Supporting Information refers to ’stimulation’ only in:
the shale gas boom in recent years has been due to modern technology in stimulation techniques to create extensive artificial fractures around well bores.
The BBC denial refers only to this use of the term.
See supporting information here vogonline.planning-register.co.uk/PlaRecord.aspx?AppNo=20...
Ref: Application for Planning Permission.
7. Waste Storage and Collection
Do the plans incorporate areas to store and aid the collection of waste? Yes
please provide details:
The drilling cuttings will be placed in a skip and disposed of at a licensed facility. Any waste water will be tankered to a licensed treatment plant.
Planning Application Details for : 2013/00335/FUL
vogonline.planning-register.co.uk/PlaRecord.aspx?AppNo=20...
Dangerous levels of radioactivity found at fracking waste site in Pennsylvania. This area is a high Radon area, the waste material will be deal with how and where?
www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/02/dangerous-rad...
What is the Minerals Planning Authority (MPA) for Wales criteria for determining if a Environmental Impact Assesment (EIA) is required and what have their assessments been for all fracking applications in Wales.
The MPA determines if an EIA is required. When an operator wishes to drill an exploration well, their first step is to negotiate access with landowners for the drilling pad area and the surface under which any drilling extends. Permission must also be obtained from the Coal Authority if the well encroaches on coal seams. Then the operator needs to seek planning permission from the MPA. The operator must obtain the appropriate environmental authorisation/permit from the Natural Resources Wales (NRW).
The MPA will determine if an EIA is required, such assessments are required if the scale of the operations meets certain' thresholds', or if, depending on their nature, scale and location, they may have significant environmental impacts. If an EIA is required, it must be completed by the applicant and submitted to the MPA before the MPA decides on planning permission.
There is a bill being put to EU Parliament on 8th October to get this amended so that it is mandatory for EIAs to be carried out for both the exploration and production phases of all unconventional fossil fuel projects.
I recommend you write to your local MEP’s and ask them to support amendments 31 and 79 in the Zanoni report and that they reject amendment 112 which excludes exploration phase from mandatory EIAs.
On top of this the Government is planning to amend UK planning laws so that fracking companies don’t need to notify you if they plan to frack under your property. Given that in the states people struggle to sell their houses if they have been fracked under as they can’t get insurance and thus mortgages and we live in old coal mining areas prone to subsidence this could be an issue for valley property.
The whole of the Vale needs to realise the potential scale if shale gas is to be viable here, how many wells, lorries, polluted water (10,000 to 30,000 tonnes per well), gas pipes, infrastuctures to be put into place? The whole of the Vale is pretty much available for fracking license, are the communities there aware of this? What is Alun Cairns MP (conservative) for the Vale of Glamorgan doing, and Jane Hutt Labour AM for The Vale Of Glamorgan doing to help these communities?
I felt that site visit was pointless, the planning officers and councilors had already made their minds up.
Please Attend:
Tomorrows Planning C'ttee, THURSDAY, 3RD OCTOBER, 2013 AT 6.00 P.M. Venue COMMITTEE ROOM 2, CIVIC OFFICES. Holton Rd, Barry, Vale of Glamorgan.
www.facebook.com/events/204260026421416/?ref_newsfeed_sto...
Todays site meeting www.llantrithyd.com/
Llantrithyd 'Villagers Against Drilling' The Vale of Glamorgan
Frack Free Wales www.facebook.com/groups/394027893948761/
Future fracking fears as south Wales drilling bids considered (with my photos) www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-24376142
Twitter @nspugh twitter.com/nspugh
Because it is test drilling. There will be stimulation (fracking) to test the productivity.
The Llantrthyd application is for “gas testing”
The ‘supporting information’ does not explain this protracted process anywhere, but it involves pumping of water with chemicals to “stimulate” the release of gas. At Balcombe, Cuadrilla use the word “stimulation” to describe this gas-testing process, but Coastal Oil&Gas’s Supporting Information refers to ’stimulation’ only in:
the shale gas boom in recent years has been due to modern technology in stimulation techniques to create extensive artificial fractures around well bores.
The BBC denial refers only to this use of the term.
See supporting information here vogonline.planning-register.co.uk/PlaRecord.aspx?AppNo=20...
Ref: Application for Planning Permission.
7. Waste Storage and Collection
Do the plans incorporate areas to store and aid the collection of waste? Yes
please provide details:
The drilling cuttings will be placed in a skip and disposed of at a licensed facility. Any waste water will be tankered to a licensed treatment plant.
Planning Application Details for : 2013/00335/FUL
vogonline.planning-register.co.uk/PlaRecord.aspx?AppNo=20...
Dangerous levels of radioactivity found at fracking waste site in Pennsylvania. This area is a high Radon area, the waste material will be deal with how and where?
www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/02/dangerous-rad...
What is the Minerals Planning Authority (MPA) for Wales criteria for determining if a Environmental Impact Assesment (EIA) is required and what have their assessments been for all fracking applications in Wales.
The MPA determines if an EIA is required. When an operator wishes to drill an exploration well, their first step is to negotiate access with landowners for the drilling pad area and the surface under which any drilling extends. Permission must also be obtained from the Coal Authority if the well encroaches on coal seams. Then the operator needs to seek planning permission from the MPA. The operator must obtain the appropriate environmental authorisation/permit from the Natural Resources Wales (NRW).
The MPA will determine if an EIA is required, such assessments are required if the scale of the operations meets certain' thresholds', or if, depending on their nature, scale and location, they may have significant environmental impacts. If an EIA is required, it must be completed by the applicant and submitted to the MPA before the MPA decides on planning permission.
There is a bill being put to EU Parliament on 8th October to get this amended so that it is mandatory for EIAs to be carried out for both the exploration and production phases of all unconventional fossil fuel projects.
I recommend you write to your local MEP’s and ask them to support amendments 31 and 79 in the Zanoni report and that they reject amendment 112 which excludes exploration phase from mandatory EIAs.
On top of this the Government is planning to amend UK planning laws so that fracking companies don’t need to notify you if they plan to frack under your property. Given that in the states people struggle to sell their houses if they have been fracked under as they can’t get insurance and thus mortgages and we live in old coal mining areas prone to subsidence this could be an issue for valley property.
The whole of the Vale needs to realise the potential scale if shale gas is to be viable here, how many wells, lorries, polluted water (10,000 to 30,000 tonnes per well), gas pipes, infrastuctures to be put into place? The whole of the Vale is pretty much available for fracking license, are the communities there aware of this? What is Alun Cairns MP (conservative) for the Vale of Glamorgan doing, and Jane Hutt Labour AM for The Vale Of Glamorgan doing to help these communities?
I felt that site visit was pointless, the planning officers and councilors had already made their minds up.
Please Attend:
Tomorrows Planning C'ttee, THURSDAY, 3RD OCTOBER, 2013 AT 6.00 P.M. Venue COMMITTEE ROOM 2, CIVIC OFFICES. Holton Rd, Barry, Vale of Glamorgan.
www.facebook.com/events/204260026421416/?ref_newsfeed_sto...
Todays site meeting www.llantrithyd.com/
Llantrithyd 'Villagers Against Drilling' The Vale of Glamorgan
Frack Free Wales www.facebook.com/groups/394027893948761/
Future fracking fears as south Wales drilling bids considered (with my photos) www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-24376142
Twitter @nspugh twitter.com/nspugh
Alcatraz. San Francisco, California. April/2018
The Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary or United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island (often just referred to as Alcatraz or the Rock) was a maximum high-security federal prison on Alcatraz Island, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco, California, which operated from August 11, 1934, until March 21, 1963.
The main prison building was built in 1910–1912 during its time as a United States Army military prison; Alcatraz had been the site of a citadel since the 1860s. The United States Disciplinary Barracks, Pacific Branch on Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island became a prison of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in August 1934 after the buildings were modernized to meet the requirements of a top-notch security prison. Given this high security and the location of Alcatraz in the cold waters and strong currents of San Francisco Bay, the prison operators believed Alcatraz to be escape-proof and America's strongest prison.
Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons. One of the world's most notorious and best known prisons over the years, Alcatraz housed some 1,576 of America's most ruthless criminals including Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud(the "Birdman of Alcatraz"), George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Bumpy Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Mickey Cohen, Arthur R. "Doc" Barker, Whitey Bulger, and Alvin "Creepy" Karpis (who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate). It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons' staff and their families. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts during the 29 years of the prison's existence, the most notable of which were the violent escape attempt of May 1946 known as the "Battle of Alcatraz", and the arguably successful "Escape from Alcatraz" by Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin in June 1962 in one of the most intricate escapes ever devised. Faced with high maintenance costs and a poor reputation, Alcatraz closed on March 21, 1963.
The three-story cellhouse included the main four blocks of the jail, A-block, B-block, C-block, and D-block, the warden's office, visitation room, the library, and the barber shop. The prison cells typically measured 9 feet (2.7 m) by 5 feet (1.5 m) and 7 feet (2.1 m) high. The cells were primitive and lacked privacy, with a bed, a desk and a washbasin and toilet on the back wall, with few furnishings except a blanket. African-Americans were segregated from the rest in cell designation due to racial abuse being prevalent. D-Block housed the worst inmates and five cells at the end of it were designated as "The Hole", where badly behaving prisoners would be sent for periods of punishment, often brutally so. The dining hall and kitchen lay off the main building in an extended part where both prisoners and staff would eat three meals a day together. The Alcatraz Hospital was above the dining hall.
Corridors of the prison were named after major American streets such as Broadway and Michigan Avenue. Working at the prison was considered a privilege for inmates and many of the better inmates were employed in the Model Industries Building and New Industries Building during the day, actively involved in providing for the military in jobs such as sewing and woodwork and performing various maintenance and laundry chores.
Today the penitentiary is a public museum and one of San Francisco's major tourist attractions, attracting some 1.5 million visitors annually. The former prison is now operated by the National Park Service's Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and the badly eroded buildings of the former prison have been subject to restoration works in recent times and maintained
Source: Wikipedia
Alcatraz é uma ilha localizada no meio da Baía de São Francisco na Califórnia, Estados Unidos. Inicialmente foi utilizada como base militar, e somente mais tarde foi convertida em uma prisão de segurança máxima. Atualmente, é um ponto turístico operado pelo National Park Service junto com a Área de Recreação Golden Gate.
Alcatraz foi uma base militar de 1850 a 1930. Posteriormente, foi adquirida pelo Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos, em 12 de outubro de 1933, quando sofreu a conversão. Em 1 de janeiro de 1934, foi re-inaugurada como uma Prisão Federal. Durante seus 29 anos de existência, a prisão alojou alguns dos maiores criminosos norte-americanos. A prisão foi fechada em 21 de março de 1963, menos de um ano após a primeira fuga realizada na prisão. O governo alegou que o complexo foi fechado devido ao seu alto custo de manutenção, e ao fato de que não garantia uma total segurança, em relação às prisões mais modernas. Era mais fácil e mais barato construir uma prisão nova do que melhorar as condições de Alcatraz.
Em 1969, um grupo de nativos norte-americanos criou um movimento que ocupou a ilha, baseando-se num tratado federal de 1868, que permitia que os nativos utilizassem todo o território que o governo não usava ativamente . Após quase dois anos de ocupação, o governo os retirou da ilha.
Durante 29 anos, a prisão de Alcatraz nunca registrou oficialmente fugas bem sucedidas de prisioneiros. Em todas as tentativas, os fugitivos foram mortos ou afogavam-se nas águas da baia de São Francisco. Três fugitivos, Frank Morris, e os irmãos John e Clarence Anglin, desapareceram das sua celas em 11 de Junho de 1962. Somente algumas provas foram encontradas, e elas levam a crer que os prisioneiros morreram, mas, oficialmente, ainda estão listados como desaparecidos e provavelmente afogados. Em 1979 foi feito um filme sobre essa fuga com Clint Eastwood chamado Escape from Alcatraz. A história chegou a ser testada no programa "Mythbusters-Os Caçadores de Mitos" no episódio Fuga de Alcatraz.
Em outubro de 2015 documentário do canal "History" foi divulgado, onde foram apresentadas novas evidências que indicam que os irmãos Anglin não somente sobreviveram, como mantiveram contato com sua família e teriam fugido para o Brasil.
Fonte: Wikipedia
Dorman Memorial Museum - The propellor was given to the RAF Club in Woodlands Road in memory of Pilot Officer Henry Alfred Schumm. Only son of Henry Alfred husband of Minnie Schumm who died June 22nd 1944. Minnie died August 15th 1960. Pilot Officer Henry Alfred Schumm R.A.F.V.R. died over France on April 22nd 1942. He is buried at Rheinberg which lies in the west of Germany approx 85kms to the north of Koln.
Henry Alfred Schumm
No. 117134 Pilot Officer (Observer),
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve;
No. 9 Squadron, Royal Air Force.
Died 23 April 1942, aged 27 years.
Buried in Rheinberg War Cemetery, Kamp Lintfort,
Nordrhein-Westphalen, Germany,
Grave I.A.25.
No. 9 Squadron was part of RAF Bomber Command and was stationed at RAF Honington in Suffolk at the time of Pilot Officer Schumm’s death. It was then flying Vickers Wellington Mark III bombers. In the evening of 22 April 1942, Pilot Officer Schumm was a member of the crew of Wellington code-sign WS-(?) which took off to take part in a raid over Cologne in Germany. But it crashed near Cologne in the course of the raid. He was killed in the crash, whilst the other five crew members survived and were taken prisoner.
The cemetery in which Pilot Officer Schumm is now buried was constructed after the end of the War and contains the graves of over 3,300 British and Commonwealth service personnel, mostly airmen, whose graves were originally sited in various other parts of the western areas of Germany.
Henry Schumm was the son of Henry Alfred Schumm and Minnie Schumm of Middlesbrough. The Schumm family were naturalised British citizens, of German origin, who had established a prominent butcher’s business in Middlesbrough in the 1870s. Henry came to Coatham Grammar School in September 1923, aged eight, and joined Miln’s House in the preparatory form. He was a fee-paying day boy. In 1928 he represented his house in both athletics and swimming competitions, with some success, and he left school in July 1929. In July 1940 he was on the list of Old Coathamians in H.M. Forces, as a Cadet, RAF. At the time of his death, both parents were living in The Avenue, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
An Old Coathamian – Not Forgotten
Henry Alfred SCHUMM
No. 117134 Pilot Officer (Observer),
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve;
No. 9 Squadron, Royal Air Force.
Died 23 April 1942, aged 27 years.
Buried in Rheinberg War Cemetery, Kamp Lintfort,
Nordrhein-Westphalen, Germany,
Grave I.A.25.
No. 9 Squadron was part of RAF Bomber Command and was stationed at RAF Honington in Suffolk at the time of Pilot Officer Schumm’s death. It was then flying Vickers Wellington Mark III bombers. In the evening of 22 April 1942, Pilot Officer Schumm was a member of the crew of Wellington code-sign WS-(?) which took off to take part in a raid over Cologne in Germany. But it crashed near Cologne in the course of the raid. He was killed in the crash, whilst the other five crew members survived and were taken prisoner.
The cemetery in which Pilot Officer Schumm is now buried was constructed after the end of the War and contains the graves of over 3,300 British and Commonwealth service personnel, mostly airmen, whose graves were originally sited in various other parts of the western areas of Germany.
Henry Schumm was the son of Henry Alfred Schumm and Minnie Schumm of Middlesbrough. The Schumm family were naturalised British citizens, of German origin, who had established a prominent butcher’s business in Middlesbrough in the 1870s. Henry came to Coatham Grammar School in September 1923, aged eight, and joined Miln’s House in the preparatory form. He was a fee-paying day boy. In 1928 he represented his house in both athletics and swimming competitions, with some success, and he left school in July 1929. In July 1940 he was on the list of Old Coathamians in H.M. Forces, as a Cadet, RAF. At the time of his death, both parents were living in The Avenue, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. He was first listed on the School’s Roll of Honour in December 1943.
This is a photograph from the Longwood GAA 10KM and 5KM Road Races and Fun Runs 2014 which were held in Longwood Village, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 19th October 2014 at 11:00. This is the fifth year which Longwood GAA have hosted race events. This year's event was an outstanding success with the number of participants doubling over last year's final numbers. There were almost 400 participants in both events with 224 in the 10KM and 166 in the 5KM. In the first three previous years the club had organised a 5KM road race. The events were organised as fundraisers for both the adult and juvenille teams at Longwood GAA club. The event also provided a fundraising opportunity for the local St. Vincent de Paul charity. Overall the whole day was a great success with the hard work put in by the organising committee ensuring that participants enjoyed their race experience. Both routes were accurately measured, kilometer points clearly marked, junctions well stewarded, and electronic timing provided. The event provided many local runners, joggers, fun runners and walkers with a local event to support whilst at the same time providing runners preparing for events such as the Dublin marathon with an opportunity to race a short, fast, distance in the lead up to marathon day. The GAA club provided excellent stewarding and traffic management all around the course. The race had a professional feel to it and it is sure to grow next year given the very positive feedback from many of the participants today.
This is a photograph which is part of a larger set of photographs taken at the event. There were photographs taken at the start of the races and the finishes of both races in Longwood GAA. The full set is available at this link www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157648845224981/
Longwood is a small village in South East Co. Meath and is close to the town of Enfield with access to the M4 Motorway.
Timing and event management was provided by Precision Timing. Results are available on their website at www.precisiontiming.net/result.aspx?v=2100 with additional material available on their Facebook page (www.facebook.com/davidprecisiontiming?fref=ts) See their promotional video on YouTube: www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-7_TUVwJ6Q
Overall Race Summary
Participants: There were about 400 participants over the two events.
Weather: The weather was very breezy but dry. The temperatures around 10C.
5KM Course: The 5KM started in Longwood village. Runners then took a left turn in the Village down St. Oliver's Road. This straight section of road brings runners to a left turn onto a very well maintained boreen road for less than one kilometer. The race then emerges and joins with the 10KM at Stoneyford where the runners take a left and then another left before arriving back at the finish line in Longwood GAA club. Overall this is a very fast and flat 5KM with no hills to speak of.
10KM Course: The 10KM event begins in Longwood Village outside Stoney's Pub (goo.gl/maps/Of4fW) and proceeds westward out of the village. There are some interesting points along this part of the course. At the 2KM point the runners will run under the double bridges - an aquaduct for the Royal Canal and a bridge carrying the Dublin Sligo Railway line. The race then enters county Kildare just before the 3km and after taking a right turn at the four-cross roads known locally as Lally's Cross it returns to County Meath on top of the River Boyne Bridge (Ashfield Bridge) which forms the county boundary. The race follows a straight road for the next 2KM until runners encounter Blackshade bridge which is the toughest climb on the route. As a point of interest Blackshade bridge brings runners back over the Royal Canal and the Railway line. The race then crosses the River Boyne again at Stoneyford before taking a right which will bring runners on a testing two kilometer stretch with some short hills. The 10KM course then joins with the 5Km course for the final 1.5KM back to Longwood GAA club for the finish.
Location Map: Longwood GAA club (Race Finish and Race Head Quarters - goo.gl/maps/4a8iQ Google StreetView)
Joining point of the two courses (Google Streetview goo.gl/maps/ICUvs)
Some Useful Links
RESULTS 2014: www.precisiontiming.net/result.aspx?v=2253
www.facebook.com/longwoodroadrace?fref=ts (may require Facebook logon)
Longwood GAA Facebook: www.facebook.com/longwoodgaa (may require Facebook logon)
Our photographs from Longwood 5KM 2013: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157636477484093/
Our photographs from Longwood 5KM 2012: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157631820426332/
Our photographs from Longwood 5KM 2011: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157627782257481/
Our photographs from Longwood 5KM 2010: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157625058772687/
Garmin GPS Trace for the 5KM Event in 2013: connect.garmin.com/player/238527691
Garmin GPS Trace for the 10KM Event in 2013: connect.garmin.com/activity/387453099
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us.
This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download the photographic image here direct to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. However - look for a symbol with three dots 'ooo' or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Creative Commons aims to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
“I was given an opportunity by VisionFund República Dominicana that no one else would give me. They took a leap of faith with my dream and me. I wouldn’t be here without them,” says Francisco Nunez.
Talking with Francisco outside his rural Dominican house, he seemed like a typical Dominican man. Soon after meeting Francisco, hearing his story and catching his dream, there was a quick realisation the he was anything but typical.
Nearly two years ago, Francisco had an idea to start a fish breeding company. This was unheard of in his community, but he was unfazed. He started his business by gathering used water bottles, old buckets and even discarded refrigerators, which he delivered to his house by strapping them to his back while riding his bike. To others, this was all trash. To Francisco, this was the start of his business and perfect materials for fish tanks. After he had filled his containers with local river water he determined which ones would be good for each fish species and began breeding them.
The fish were breeding, but not nearly as fast as they should be. Francisco realised that this was due to the local river water not being clean for the fish. That’s when he decided to go to VisionFund República Dominicana and ask for a loan to drill a well for fresh water. VisionFund wasn’t the first place he went to for a loan, but there were the first to say yes. It was a leap of faith for them because Francisco had no credit, very little income, a family to feed and a crazy business idea. They took a risk for him and gave him a sizeable loan of $1,100 USD to drill a well at his home.
Since Francisco took out his loan he has yet to miss a payment. His water well has also greatly increased the rate of breeding for his fish and the quality of fish bred. Betta fish are his best sellers, many of which are bought by local individuals and children, but he also ships many of his prized fish to large cities in the Dominican Republic.
Francisco has never had this dream so that he can become wealthy though. He has a heart to serve his community, giving away his well water for free to his neighbours and friends. Francisco states, “I want to help others and give them opportunities in life, just like I have been given opportunities.”
As Francisco helped his wife Suleika get their three children Sailin (age 12), Francelis (age 9) and Frandi (age 5 pictured), ready for school, he stated that his dream is even bigger than what he has accomplished so far. “I plan to pay off my loan, grow my business, and get another loan to make cement fish pools and put water filters in each one” says Francisco. “I also want to improve my house so that my family can be comfortable and so my three children don’t have to share the same bed anymore.”
Francisco’s story isn’t just about starting a business or having big dreams, it’s also about having very little and yet having a big heart to give to others. It’s about empowering communities to dream big and love a lot. That’s who Francisco is and what his dream is all about.
Given that jet fighters might be tricky to fly for pilots used to flying propeller aircraft, let alone new trainee pilots, Lockheed proposed in 1945 that a two-seat conversion trainer be built for the P-80 Shooting Star. The US Army Air Force rejected the idea on cost grounds, citing that the T-6 Texan already in service would be sufficient enough. After a series of fatal crashes of the P-80, the USAAF revisited Lockheed’s proposal, which included extending the P-80’s fuselage by three feet, extending the canopy backwards, and adding a second cockpit with full flight controls. This aircraft, designated first TP-80C on its maiden flight in March 1948, then TF-80C, then finally T-33A, would go on to be far more successful than the fighter it was based on.
The T-33 was designed to be simple, robust, and easy to fly for trainee pilots, though it was intended at first to be only used for propeller-qualified pilots to transition into jets. As propeller aircraft were mostly phased out of the independent US Air Force’s inventory, the service made the decision to go to an “all-jet” training syllabus, and as a result pilots began flying T-33s in flight school.
The “T-Bird,” as it became known, could still be unforgiving in certain circumstances, and was less forgiving as the T-37 Tweet or the T-38 Talon that would eventually replace it. It also was an aircraft for practical jokers: the in-and-outs of the T-33 was something only experienced pilots knew well, and trainees could be subjected to all kinds of tricks by the instructor pilot. The T-33 was, however, eminently reliable. Even after it was withdrawn from training units in the mid-1950s, it soldiered on as a “hack” aircraft for units, a familiarization aircraft, advanced trainer, and aggressor aircraft, especially in Air Defense Command and Air National Guard units.
Well into the 1980s, T-33s could be found in frontline USAF units, and it was said that, when the last F-16 was retired, the pilot would hitch a ride home in a T-Bird. While this did not prove true, it was not off by much—the last USAF T-33s did not leave the inventory until around 1988. The US Navy also used T-33s, including both standard Shooting Stars and the heavily modified TV-1 Seastar, which had a larger engine, reworked tail, and strengthened fuselage for carrier operations. While the Seastar was replaced in the 1960s by the T-2 Buckeye, standard T-33s remained as test and chase aircraft for the Navy’s test squadrons into the 1990s.
Because of its robustness and cheap flyaway price, the T-33 was also popular with foreign air forces: no less than 41 nations operated T-33s at one time or another, and it was license-built in Japan by Kawasaki and in Canada as the CT-133 Silver Star, which differed from US-built aircraft only in using a Rolls-Royce Nene engine. While it was usually used in the trainer role, many were modified for a variety of roles, including armed AT-33s and reconnaissance RT-33s (some of which were also used by the USAF). AT-33s, which were basically two-seat F-80s, were used in several conflicts worldwide, mainly in South America; Bolivia still uses its AT-33s as frontline counterinsurgency aircraft. While Bolivia remains the only air force to still operate T-33s on a regular basis, many of these nations did not retire their Shooting Stars until the late 1990s—Canada did not retire its last CT-133s until 2008, and Boeing Aircraft has two T-33As on charge as chase aircraft. 6557 T-33s were built overall, and today over 80 and possibly as many as a hundred survive, with many still flyable.
Though painted as 53-5326, this is actually 57-0701. As is typical with T-33s, it is hard to track down this aircraft's unit history; it is known to have spent at least part of its career as a general "hack" aircraft at Kelly AFB, Texas. 57-0701 was retired in 1971 and donated to the town of Hillsboro, North Dakota as a memorial, where it was painted as 53-5326, an aircraft that had served with the 119th Fighter-Interceptor Group (North Dakota ANG) at nearby Fargo.
It seems every town in North Dakota has an aircraft on display, and Hillsboro is no different. 57-0701 is displayed without tiptanks, and could use a new coat of paint, as the "Happy Hooligans" scheme is beginning to fade after several decades of North Dakota winters. I must have passed this T-33 dozens of times while traveling the Empire Builder between Montana and Chicago, but since the train almost always passes through Hillsboro at night, I didn't know this aircraft existed until just recently.
From the handout given at the park:
O’Leno State Park and River Rise Preserve State Park Fact Sheet
•Together the parks number 6212 acres. 4,500 in River Rise Preserve and the remainder in the older O’Leno State Park.
•There are 18 different natural communities within the parks boundaries.
•Both parks contain the 3 mile “natural bridge” where the Santa Fe River flows into the sink and returns to the surface at the rise.
•Hernando De Soto traveled through these parks in 1539 while exploring the interior of Florida. Here he met members of local Timucan speaking tribes the Utina and Potano.
•The Park occupies property in both Alachua and Columbia Counties.
•We have 55 listed Cultural sites on park property.
•There are 19 miles of equestrian trails at River Rise Preserve State Park. With a 20 horse stall barn and primitive campsites.
•There are 61 family campsites with water and electric. Two primitive Youth Camps for 25 people apiece and one up to 10 person “hike in/hike out” primitive campsite.
•A town existed here first called Keno and later Ken that lasted from the 1840’s until the mid 1890’s. Hence the origin of the park’s name “Old Leno” becoming O’Leno.
•1935-36 the Civilian Conservation Corps Company 418 Camp P-67 constructed Camp O’Leno to be used as a park/forestry training area. Some of the CCC buildings are still being used today by the park.
•The camp became a park in 1940, and is one of the older state parks. River Rise was purchased as a Preserve in 1974.
•Florida’s First Federal Roadway, the Bellamy Road traveled through the park in the 1820’s. It originated from an earlier Indian trail and later the Camino Real which connected missions in the interior of Florida with St Augustine.
•There are 6 miles of hiking trails.
•There are 17 cabins and 8 support buildings in our Group Camp.
•Both parks receive about 65,000 visitors annually that spend over 2 million dollars annually in the local economy. 67 local jobs are generated because of the parks.
•The park creates over $230,000 in local sales tax revenue.
History of O’Leno State Park
O’Leno State Park occupies an historic crossroads area, unique compared to all of north Florida. The Santa Fe River along with its geologically unique disappearance into the ground and aquifer (River Sink) and its reappearance 3 miles to the south (River Rise) creating a natural land bridge, has the first basis of this land being a crossroads. Before the Spanish arrived in the 1500’s, Native Indian presence and villages were abundant in north Florida. Villages were close by. Research has also shown that the Santa Fe River was a boundary line between the Utina and Potano tribes of the Timucua Indians.
The first European to pass through the area was the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto in 1539. In the Spanish mission period of the 1600’s, the Spanish used the Indian trail for their road running from St. Augustine, through the Santa Fe land bridge, to Tallahassee and Pensacola, calling it the El Camino Real.
About two hundred years later, when Florida was a U.S. territory, the federal government contracted with John Bellamy, a plantation owner, in 1824 to build the first federally-funded major road from St. Augustine to Tallahassee. This road followed the El Camino Real and also passed through the Santa Fe land bridge. This road became known as the Bellamy Road, now referred to today as the Old Bellamy Road.
Just a quarter mile of the River Sink and 2 miles north of the Old Bellamy Road was a fitting place for a town. A town was established on the west bank of the river in 1840 by a man named Henry Matier. The town as “Keno,” a popular bingo-type gambling game in those days. Later, in 1876, the General Store manager, Col. Whetstone, applied for a post office from the U.S. government. It is reported that the request was denied due to the name of the town being associated with gambling. Therefore, the town’s name was changed to Leno, and a post office was granted. Several years later, Col. Whetstone moved the post office to his seat of residence in Mikesville, three miles to the north.
In the latter 1800’s the town of Keno/Leno grew by the hard work defeating the odds of nature, establishing grist mills, saw mills, and cotton gins along the river by first creating a couple dams and channeling the river into the shoots, where the mills were strategically built. The dams were created by embedding cedar slats across the river, backed by barriers of large rocks to direct the river flow. Remnants of these dams, mill sites, and cedar slats and shoots can be seen today when the river is down low. Due to the grinding capability from the two grist mills and six cotton gins and circular saw mill, Leno became and agricultural hub for the area.
In the days of Keno/Leno, criss-crossing the Bellamy Road was the north-south “Alligator Road,” passing Keno/Leno, and heading north up to the city of Alligator, now Lake City. When the town heard in 1894 of a railroad coming through the area, they were hopeful. But the train bypassed Leno, going to Fort White instead. This struck a major blow to the town, and many of the residents moved to neighboring communities. A major freeze then occurred in 1896 killing the major crops in that day, oranges, cotton, and tobacco, which sealed a final blow to the once thriving town of Leno.
----------------------------- JESUS ✝️ SAVES-------------------------------
SALVATION THROUGH FAITH IN JESUS CHRIST - ALONE!
12 Salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to men by which we must be saved."
❤️❤️ IT'S ALL JESUS AND NONE OF OURSELVES! ❤️❤️
16 I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for the SALVATION of everyone WHO BELIEVES: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile. 17 For in the gospel a RIGHTEOUSNESS FROM GOD IS REVEALED, a righteousness that is by FAITH FROM FIRST TO LAST, just as it is written: "THE RIGHTEOUS WILL LIVE BY FAITH." (Romans 1:16-17)
16 KNOW that a man is NOT justified by observing the law, but by FAITH IN JESUS CHRIST. So we, too, have put our faith in Christ Jesus that we may be JUSTIFIED BY FAITH in CHRIST and NOT by observing the law, BECAUSE BY OBSERVING THE LAW NO ONE WILL BE JUSTIFIED. (Galatians 2:16)
1. Now, brothers, I want to remind you of the gospel I preached to you, which you received and on which you have taken your stand. 2. BY THIS GOSPEL YOU ARE SAVED, if you hold firmly to the word I preached to you. Otherwise, you have believed in vain.
3. For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, 4. that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, 5. and that he appeared to Peter, and then to the Twelve. 6. After that, he appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers at the same time, most of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep. 7. Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles, 8. and last of all he appeared to me also, as to one abnormally born.
9. For I am the least of the apostles and do not even deserve to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. 10. But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace to me was not without effect. No, I worked harder than all of them--yet not I, but the grace of God that was with me. 11. Whether, then, it was I or they, this is what we preach, and this is what you believed. (1 Corinthians 15:1-11)
7. Therefore Jesus said again, "I tell you the truth, I am the gate for the sheep. 8. All who ever came before me were thieves and robbers, but the sheep did not listen to them. 9. I am the gate; whoever enters through me WILL BE SAVED. He will come in and go out, and find pasture. 10. The thief comes only to STEAL and KILL and DESTROY; I have come that they may have LIFE, and have it to the FULL. (John 10:7-10)
1 Brothers, my heart's desire and prayer to God for the Israelites is that they may be saved. 2 For I can testify about them that they are zealous for God, but their zeal is not based on knowledge. 3 Since they did not know the righteousness that comes from God and sought to establish their own, they did not submit to God's righteousness. 4 Christ is the end of the law so that there may be righteousness for everyone who believes.
5 Moses describes in this way the righteousness that is by the law: "The man who does these things will live by them." 6 But the righteousness that is by faith says: "Do not say in your heart, 'Who will ascend into heaven?'" (that is, to bring Christ down) 7 "or 'Who will descend into the deep?'" (that is, to bring Christ up from the dead). 8 But what does it say? "The word is near you; it is in your mouth and in your heart," that is, the word of faith we are proclaiming: 9 That if you confess with your mouth, "Jesus is Lord," and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. 10 For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you confess and are saved. 11 As the Scripture says, "Anyone who trusts in him will never be put to shame." 12 For there is no difference between Jew and Gentile--the same Lord is Lord of all and richly blesses all who call on him, 13 for, "Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved." (Romans 10:1-13)
Jesus came to bring spiritual LIFE to the spiritually dead and set the captives FREE! FREE from RELIGION, ERROR and outright LIES, so WE might serve THE LIVING GOD! In SPIRIT and in TRUTH!
So you'll KNOW, and not think you're to bad for God to love. The Christian LIFE isn't about how good WE are, because NONE of us are! It's about how GOOD JESUS IS! Because JESUS LOVES US, so much he died in our place and took the punishment for all of our sins on himself. The wages of sin is DEATH, and Jesus took the death WE so richly deserved for us and died in our place. The good news is, there's no more punishment for sin left. WE, you and I were all born forgive as a result of the crucifixion of God himself on the cross that took away the sins of the whole world. All we have to do is believe it, and put your Faith in the finished work of Jesus Christ. That my friends is REAL UNCONDITIONAL LOVE! YOU ARE LOVED. ❤️ ✝️ ❤️
For the best Biblical teaching in the last 2 centuries! Please listen to and down load these FREE audio files that were created with YOU in mind. It's ALL FREE, if you like it, please share it with others. ❤️
archive.org/details/PeopleToPeopleByBobGeorgeFREE-ARCHIVE...
CLICK ON THE LETTER "L" TO ENLARGE.
My THANK'S to all Flickr friends who fave and/or commented on my photos, I very much appreciate it! ❤️
© All Rights reserved no publication or copying without permission from the author.
And, given that there are no eggs in the recipe, I could have!
I might *just* be crazy. I mean, who flies in the face of King Arthur Flour and not only de-glutenizes a signature cookie of theirs, but veganizes it AND crams 7 cups of stuff into the batter?
Well, that would be me. Whatever draws you to these thick, chunky, crammed-full of flavour cookies, you'll be sure to always keep them around! In fact, the only thing these cookies DON'T have in them (besides gluten, wheat, dairy, corn and eggs) is chocolate... but I'm not telling you what to do!
Recipe I bastardized: www.kingarthurflour.com/recipes/breakfast-cookies-recipe
yummysmells.blogspot.com/2010/11/baby-its-brand-new-day.html
Premier Ford was given a tour of the Thorncliffe Park vaccination clinic.
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Le premier ministre Ford a fait une visite guidée de la clinique de vaccination de Thorncliffe Park.
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This official Ontario Government photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal use by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way.
© Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2021
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Cette photographie officielle du Gouvernement de l’Ontario n'est disponible que pour la publication par les organismes de nouvelles ou l'impression, pour un usage personnel, par le ou les sujets de la photographie. Interdiction formelle de manipuler la photographie
© Imprimeur de la Reine pour l'Ontario, 2021
Land at Tonbridge was given to Richard Fitzgilbert, Richard of Brionne, following the Battle of Senlac in 1066. At Tonbridge there was an important crossing of the Medway (probably dating back to the Iron Age) where he built a motte and bailey castle. The motte (mound) is huge, about 27,000 cubic metres and the bailey runs partly along the banks of the Medway and was probably served by a water gate.
www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/sets/72157629105437762/ to see the full set.
In addition to Tonbridge he was also given land at Clare, on the Essex/Suffolk borders, where a second castle of his still exists although much altered. He took the name Richard De Clare. As a result of supporting Robert, son of William the Conqueror, in a rising against King William II, the castle and town of Tonbridge were sacked and burned. In the 1090s the De Clares rebuilt the castle and added a stone keep to the top of the motte. Stone keeps on mottes are relatively rare and it is interesting to note that the sister castle at Clare also has the remains of one.
Stone walls were added to the bailey made of dressed local stone front and back with a rubble and morter infill. One section of the surviving wall is 2.6 metres thick. The De Clares later received the titles of Earl of Hertford and Earl of Gloucester and in 1215 Richard the 3rd Earl of Gloucester and his son Gilbert were two of the 25 barons responsible for policing Magna Carta. King John objected and Tonbridge was attacked and seized. It was not returned to the De Clares until the reign of Henry III.
In 1262 Gilbert became Earl (the 'Red Earl' on account of his red hair) and he subsequently backed the barons against Henry III. In 1264 Henry captured Rochester Castle and then swung south against Tonbridge seizing the town, the castle and Gilbert's wife the countess Alice. Gilbert backed De Montfort at Lewes against the King but in 1265 he switched sides because of De Montfort's ambitions and plans to allay with the Welsh.
Gilbert regained Tonbridge but also gained a reputation for inconstancy. It appears the second loss of Tonbridge sparked Gilbert to build the imposing gatehouse which is the principal surviving feature at Tonbridge today.
The gatehouse is dated to the 1262 -1314 period and was probably complete by 1272 when Gilbert played host to the new King Edward I. It consists of a pair of drum towers with substantial foundations jutting out into the moat and once had a barbican (now lost). This barbican probably contained the drawbridge. At the rear are round towers of more slender proportion.
The main structure has gates and portcullises on BOTH sides of the building indicating that the gatehouse could also be held against a breach of the bailey walls or a rebellion by the garrison. Indeed the gatehouse is liberally supplied with at least six separate portcullises. Access to the gatehouse interior is primarily from inside the archway and the small doors on each each side of this passageway have their own portcullis. Additional portcullises also exist at wallwalk level - one of these leading to a covered way which once led up to the keep on the motte. In effect the gatehouse and the keep could be completely isolated from the rest of the site and it was possible to safely walk from one to the other inside the wallwalk.
The gatehouse was also liberally supplied with meutrieres (murder holes) both in the passageway and on the outside but these probably served a fire-fighting function as well as a military purpose. Shooting from the holes in the passageway roof would prevent combustibles being heaped against the side doors which gave access to the gatehouse itself or allow water to be poured on any combustibles which arrived.
There is considerable storage in the basement level either side of the gatehouse with a real-life 'secret passage' linking the two basements below the gate passage itself. The upper level was probably a guard room but a higher level has larger windows, fine carved heads and large fireplaces and this may have been a fine apartment for a constable, visitors or overflow accomodation from the adjacent keep. It was at this level that the main portcullis was operated and, while the gate and mechanism are both missing, Tonbridge Council have installed a light projector to show an image of the missing portcullis upon the wall. A nice touch.
I remember the gatehouse as a gutted shell but Tonbridge Council have reinstated internal access to the gate since 2000 and added a new roof and access all the way to the top of the gatehouse's roof giving an imposing view over the town. Inside there is a substantial museum in one basement containing examples of locally manufactured glass and cricket balls while elsewhere there are figures of 12th/13th century members of the garrison including one chap sitting on the garderobe with a very serious expression on his face - obvious he needs more ruffage in his diet. At another window a man stands ready with a crossbow in his hand.
Elsewhere model guards eat food in the other basement while a clerk checks his paperwork and another guard counts arrows stored in a barrel. It is clear that the council have spent a lot of money on the castle restoration and the interpretation displays and I came away with the impression of money well spent.
Finally made the Tina Givens Bloom Dress (free pattern!) in some Cotton and Steel Double Gauze that had been languishing in the stash and was begging to be used.
I've been so happy with the quality of C&S double gauze, the modified Top 64 I made last year and nearly worn to death is still holding up well to dozens of wash and dry cycles. Good to know that even though it feels fragile, you don't have to baby the fabric to get it clean.
This is from their Fall 2014 line when they first brought in double gauze. I've fallen in and out of love with it since it was hard to choose a pattern that wouldn't bust up the graphic stripes. Now that I made the top, I'm totally head over heels again.
ajavaz.com/2015/07/15/tina-givens-bloom-dress-in-cotton-s...