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Birkenau execution camp - Electrified fence
Category: 3 Cities4: Auschwitz2, Budapest1
Tags: Trips from Vienna;Krakow
Terezin execution grounds
Executions of prisoners in the Small Fortress began in 1943. A total of 250 to 300 prisoners were shot dead without a court sentence. The biggest execution took place on May 2, 1945. As many as 52 people, mostly members of the Czech resistance groups (e.g. Predvoj or Vanguard) were killed. The gallows were used just once for the hanging of 3 prisoners. A passageway through the embankment leads to the mass graves.
White painted outlines mark the spots where the Ceauşescus' fell, and a volley of bullet holes pepper the wall – apparently, the Ceauşescus were shot too quickly for the event to be captured live on video, so many of the holes seen were actually fired after they had been executed.
Provincial Criminal Court
Object ID: 57028, Conrad-von-Hötzendorf street 41, 43
Cadastral Community: Jakomini. The monumental three-storey building block with late historic-old German facades was built between 1890 and 1895.
Landesgericht für Strafsachen
Objekt ID: 57028, Conrad-von-Hötzendorf-Straße 41, 43
Katastralgemeinde: Jakomini. Der monumentale dreigeschoßige Baublock mit späthistoristisch-altdeutschen Fassaden wurde zwischen 1890 und 1895 errichtet.
During the National Socialist dictatorship from 1938 to 1945 was in this building the place of execution, in which women and men from Austria as well as from many other European countries were beheaded for their political beliefs, national origin or because of their faith. Honor to all of the Victims! The city of Graz in 1988. Austrian League for Human Rights
Während der Nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft von 1938 bis 1945 befand sich in diesem Gebäude jene Hinrichtungsstätte, in der Frauen und Männer aus Österreich wie aus vielen anderen Europäischen Ländern wegen ihrer politischen Überzeugung, nationalen Herkunft oder wegen ihres Glaubens enthauptet wurden. Ehre Allen Opfern! Die Stadt Graz 1988. Österreichische Liga für Menschenrechte
(further information you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
History and judicial organization
The Revolution of 1848 marked also the Austria jurisdiction of that time in a substantial manner with manifestations that act to the present day. The with this associated judicial organization brought then - here particularly interesting - most of all four court levels or court types: District Courts, Higher Civil Courts (Landesgerichte), Higher Regional Courts (Oberlandesgerichte) and a Supreme Court. To those four kinds of courts, the procedures of first instance - differentiated by sum in dispute or seriousness of the offense - and the review of judicial decisions on appeal were distributed in a manageable manner. That in the course of this the (only) Supreme Court already at the time of the monarchy could be found in Vienna is understandable, that it remained there from 1918 until today (apart from the period of National Socialism) is known.
The next level below the Supreme Court was and is formed by the High Regional Courts. In 1855 there were in the whole Empire nineteen, today there are four in Austria, namely in Vienna, Linz, Innsbruck and Graz. They act primarily as appellate courts. Next come the so-called courts of first instance. This generic term was necessary because there were, besides the regional courts also district courts - partly later - special courts for commercial, youth, labor and social welfare cases or should be. Of all these existed at the time of the monarchy, of course, already a significant number, in the area of present-day Austria were originally seventeen, today there are twenty after the Juvenile Court in Vienna had been dissolved in 2003 (Federal Law Gazette 30/2003). The district of the Higher Regional Court of Graz accounts for the Regional Court for Civil Matters and the National Criminal Court in Graz, the Klagenfurt Regional Court and the Regional Court of Leoben. The lowest level eventually was formed by the district courts. "Lowest" in this context is of course no rating but merely an expression of the position in the structure of jurisdiction. In Styria there were initially 45 district courts, including the district of the Provincial Court of Leoben 22 (Reich Law Gazette 339/1849). Those were merged over time. District courts are now still in Schladming, Liezen, Murau, Judenburg, Mürzzuschlag, Bruck/Mur and Leoben. Aside from court consolidations, modifications of the district sizes, responsibility shifts caused by changes in the value limits and also renamings there were naturally in the past 160 years repeatedly also suggestions or ideas for actual substantive changes of this Court System. For example, there was talk of dissolving the Courts of First Instance and to distribute their agendas to the district courts. Or these courts should be strengthened and therefore waived of the Higher Regional Court. Nothing of it gained majority, the from the mid-19th Century stemming basic system remained established and is valid until today .
THE REGIONAL COURT LEOBEN
After creating the legal basis for the new judicial organization, it was now about to implement them. It arose the familiar question of "where" and "with whom". The decision for Leoben was already on 25th July in 1849 published (Reich Law Gazette 339/1849) and also the top management for Upper Styria was very soon decided. As of 28/12/1849 the previous "Council of the Styrian state law" Dr. Heinrich Perissutti was appointed President of the Provincial Court of Leoben. He took on 18 February 1850 in Graz his oath of office and actually was taking up activities on 4 April 1850. He moved - then granted - to Leoben, there is evidence that he had lived at Unteren Platz, house number 121 (today Timmerdorfer lane 2). The accommodation question for the court in Leoben also could be settled successfully in a short time. This should move into the former Dominican monastery (now Land Registry 60327, Leoben register number 103), a building that was owned by the city of Leoben and the judiciary has been left to everlasting time for its own purposes (Treaty of 11 August 1853). This had to be adapted but only for the new task and it did take some time but, that is to say early summer 1856.
The aforementioned modifications of the judicial organization were in the first years in Leoben area relatively noticeable. Firstly, the High Regional Courts of Graz and Klagenfurt were merged with headquarters in Graz (1852 enacted and 1854 implemented) and on the other hand it came to a "downgrating" as to the label of the Provincial Court Leoben to a "district court" (19 January 1853).
The First World War, the downfall of the monarchy, the First Republic and the Corporate State brought in Upper Styria as to judicial organization only one significant, lasting change. The district courts Aflenz, Mautern and Obdach were merged with neighboring courts (Federal Law Gazette 187/1923, 276/1923). With the seizure of power by the Nazis in 1938 but went down the country's independent judiciary. Justice solely "In the name of the German people" should be distributed and probably to some extend it had a different status than before. Pure terminologically, the county court became a Higher District Court, the district courts have mutated into local courts (Journal of Laws for the country Austria 350/1938). What changed further was the area of the district. The Ausseerland was separated from Styria and the Gau (administrative district) of "Upper Danube" and thus to the district of the Higher District Court in Wels assigned.
After the end of the Second World War it came to the restoration of the on 13 March 1938 existing judicial organization, Bad Aussee, therefore, returned to the district of the Court of Leoben (State Gazette 47/1945). There were other changes. The most significant over time was probably that the1946 set up labor courts, which had replaced the earlier commercial courts, together with the arbitration courts of the Social Insurance and the mediation courts on 1 January 1987 merged in the ordinary jurisdiction (Federal Law Gazette 104/1985).
As already indicated, the terminology of the Leoben Court of Justice was subject to alterations. Beginning of 1849 had been created among other things the "Higher District Court" Leoben. With Order of 19 January 1853 (Reich Law Gazette 10/1853) to "District Court" downgraded, the Nazis transformed the term from 13 August 1938 (Journal of Laws for the country of Austria 350/1938 ) into "Higher District Court". The Court Organization Act of 3 July 1945 (State Gazette 47/1945) re-established the "District Court", until on the first of March 1993 the time came that the most original denomination "Higher District Court" was again brought back to life (Federal Law Gazette 91/1993). Without that during the whole period of the responsibilities and tasks anything really notheworthy would have changed, the Court in Leoben got three different names in five time periods.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzten_O...
www.justiz.gv.at/web2013/html/default/2c94848540b9d489014...
A memorial erected by survivors; the original was dismantled. The windows in the building on the left were blocked out to prevent other camp residents from seeing the medical experiments conducted on young girls there.
The Cheka were created 1917, by Vladimir Lenin. They were the military and security section of the Bolshevik Communist Dictatorship. When sent to requisition grain from the peasants, the Cheka frequently carried out extra judicial killings. This was known as red terror.
www.discogs.com/Svjatoslav-Richter-Sternstunden-Des-Klavi.... Mussorgsky - Pictures at an Exhibition, Schubert - Moments Musicaux op.94,1, Impromptu op.90,2,4 & Chopin - Etude op.10,3 "Tristesse", Liszt - Valses Oubliees No.1 & No.2, Etudes d'execution transcendante No.5 & No.11 - Sviatoslav Richter Piano, Live in Sofia Bulgaria - Sternstunden des Klavierspiels, Philips 6702 003 D
They call me Brute from Katowice. At first sight I seem to be rough and unpleasant, but I have a soul of a poet. My days are numbered – I’m waiting for execution of death sentence. Unfortunately people didn’t appreciate me. I’m a railway station…
I was born in Katowice, Poland on the 4th of December, 1971. Then I was considered to be the most progressive railway station in the country. Unfortunately many people keep reminding me of the fact that it was the time of PRL (Polish People's Republic) and try to put stereotypical opinions into others head, for example such a drivel like I am a socialist building! That’s not true! I am a work of a late modernism, an example of Brutalism. I add immodestly that I am regarded as a masterpiece and rarity of architecture. There is no other like me in Poland and I have only a few brothers all over the world, but they weren’t built with such a flourish. I had a few fathers - Three Tigers – the famous Warsaw architects Waclaw Klyszewski, Jerzy Mokrzynski and Eugeniusz Wierzbicki, and I also owe a lot of genius engineer Waclaw Zalewski. Secretly my father is Felix Candela, who invented the mushroom alias umbrella structure. Among my forefathers is also the largest of the great - Le Corbusier, who gave the ground for Brutalism. This is after him I have a rough skin – texture of a bare concrete. For a while I'm gone. Nothing lasts forever; even a stone can turn to fluff. But maybe you mention me sometimes...
The Representative of Switzerland adresses the Interactive dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions,44th session of the Human Rights Council. 9 july 2020. UN Photo.
The Registan (Uzbek: Регистон, Registon) was the heart of the city of Samarkand of the Timurid Empire, now in Uzbekistan. The name Rēgistan (ریگستان) means "sandy place" or "desert" in Persian.
The Registan was a public square, where people gathered to hear royal proclamations, heralded by blasts on enormous copper pipes called dzharchis — and a place of public executions. It is framed by three madrasahs (Islamic schools) of distinctive Persian architecture. The square was regarded as the hub of the Timurid Renaissance.
The three madrasahs of the Registan are the Ulugh Beg Madrasah (1417–1420), the Sher-Dor Madrasah (1619–1636), and the Tilya-Kori Madrasah (1646–1660). Madrasah is an Arabic term meaning school.
Ulugh Beg Madrasah (1417–1420)
The Ulugh Beg Madrasah, built by Ulugh Beg during the Timurid Empire era of Timur, has an imposing iwan with a lancet-arch pishtaq or portal facing the square. The corners are flanked by high minarets. The mosaic panel over the iwan's entrance arch is decorated by geometrical stylized ornaments. The square courtyard includes a mosque and lecture rooms, and is fringed by the dormitory cells in which students lived. There are deep galleries along the axes. Originally the Ulugh Beg Madrasah was a two-storied building with four domed darskhonas (lecture rooms) at the corners.
The Ulugh Beg Madrasah (Persian: مدرسه الغ بیگ) was one of the best clergy universities of the Muslim Orient in the 15th century CE. Abdul-Rahman Jami, the great Persian poet, scholar, mystic, scientist and philosopher studied at the madrasah. Ulugh Beg himself gave lectures there. During Ulugh Beg's government the madrasah was a centre of learning.
Sher-Dor Madrasah (1619–1636)
In the 17th century Uzbek ruler of Samarkand, Yalangtoʻsh Bakhodir, ordered the construction of the Sher-Dor (Persian: شیردار) and Tillya-Kori (Persian: طلاکاری) madrasahs. The tiger mosaics with a rising sun on their back are especially interesting for their depiction of living beings and use of Turko-Persian motifs. The name of the madrasah comes from the patterns on the portal of the building as the word "Sher" means tiger.
Tilya-Kori Madrasah (1646–1660)
Ten years later the Tilya-Kori (Persian: طلاکاری, meaning "Gilded") Madrasah was built. It was not only a residential college for students, but also played the role of grand masjid (mosque). It has a two-storied main facade and a vast courtyard fringed by dormitory cells, with four galleries along the axes. The mosque building (see picture) is situated in the western section of the courtyard. The main hall of the mosque is abundantly gilded.
Mausoleum of Shaybanids
To the east of the Tilya-Kori Madrasah, the mausoleum of Shaybanids (16th century) is located (see picture). The real founder of Shaybanid power was Muhammad Shaybani—grandson of Abu'l-Khayr Khan. In 1500, with the backing of the Chaghataite Khanate, then based in Tashkent, Muhammad Shaybani conquered Samarkand and Bukhara from their last Timurid rulers. The founder of the dynasty then turned on his benefactors and in 1503 took old Tashkent. He captured Khiva in 1506 and in 1507 he swooped down on Merv (Turkmenistan), eastern Persia, and western Afghanistan. The Shaybanids stopped the advance of the Safavids, who in 1502 had defeated the Akkoyunlu (Azerbaijan). Muhammad Shaybani was a leader of nomadic Uzbek tribes. During the ensuing years they substantially settled down in oases of the Central Asia, Caspian shore, Tian Shan valleys, Russian steeps and Indostan . The one of the last and vast Uzbek invasion of the 15th century CE was the large component of today's Uzbek nation ethnogeny.
Chorsu trading dome
The trading dome Chorsu (1785) is situated right behind the Sher-Dor. Chorsu located at southeast of the Registan at the intersection of the cross-roads connecting Samarkand, Tashkent, Bukhara, and Shahrisabz. Chorsu is a word of Persian origin meaning "crossing roads," referring to this famous intersection of busy roadways. The building is old. It has a rather rich centuries-old history. At the moment, it is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the rest of the historical part of the glorious city.
Chorsu was originally a bazaar constructed in the 15th century but was rebuilt in the 18th century, becoming a hat market. The current building was built during the reign of Amir Shahmurad, in 1785. Today, the bazaar which was previously located at Chorsu is nowadays the Siyob Bazaar near the Bibi-Khanym Mosque.
In 2005, ownership of Chorsu was transferred to the Academy of Arts of Uzbekistan. While renovating the building, three meters of dirt were removed from the building revealing the original base construction. Chorsu now serves as an art gallery which offers the work of artists both contemporary and historical. The art of in the Chorsu gallery displays the arts, culture, history, and diversity of the multi-national Uzbek people.
يا زمان العجايب وش بعد ما ظهـر
كل ما قلت هانت جـد علـمٍ جديـد
إن حكينا ندمنـا وإن سكتنـا قهـر
بين قلبٍ عطيب وبيـن راس عنيـد
لو تفيد المدامع كـان أسيّـل نهـر
مير كثر التوجّد والدمـع مـا يفيـد
اصبر ايام واشهر واتصبـرّ دهـر
وان حصلّ لي مناتي جيت لوني بعيد
ارجي الله واراقب كل طالـع شهـر
يجلي الهم عني أو عسى مـا يزيـد
يا غزالٍ فضوح الزّين عنه أشتهـر
في عيوني ملاك ووسط قلبي وحيـد
مخطي اللي يشبّه وجنتـك بالزهـر
الزهر ما له رماحٍ تصيب وتصيـد
لو جحدت المحبة سقم حالـي جهـر
مير ما كل قلبٍ ياصل اللـي يريـد
Divinity of Dreams-
I dislike this. The vision was worthy of it's name but the execution was terrible. I will be better tomorrow.
In 1998 we were trying to get together a treatment for a documetary about electric chairs. This was a title sequence concept of the film frame getting jammed in the projector gate and burning. Of course "Electric Chair Documentary" was just a working title. We probably would have called it "Asses of Fire".
This is what happens when you don't perform in my office!!! R shooting M in the face with Nerf. Believe it or not, he knocked off the apple. Looks nice large on black.