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200221-FRAN-0828D-073
NATO exercise Dynamic Manta (DYMA20) runs between Feb. 24 and March 6, 2020 off the coast of Sicily. Ships, submarines, aircraft and personnel from 9 Allied nations are converging in the Central Mediterranean Sea for advance anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) training.
Photo, taken near Catania coast, on Feb. 24, 2020 shows participating surface ships and submarines posing for a photo.
NATO Photo by FRAN S.Dzioba
NORWEGIAN SEA, June 28. 2018. An NH-90 aircrew debreifs with the Commanding Officer of HNLMS Van Speijk after conducting an ASW flight during Dynamic Mongoose 18. Dynamic Mongoose is a high-end multi-national exercise designed to sharpen existing NATO Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) skills in a deep water training area. Dynamic Mongoose 2018 showcases NATO Maritime capabilities and interoperability. This year, the exercise involves 8 NATO nations as well as 2 submarines, 7 ships and 3 Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA).NATO Photo by FRA N WO Christian Valverde.
Seaman Daniel Alonzo reads a book after his duty shift onboard Spanish submarine ESPS Mistral during the NATO exercise Dynamic Mariner 19. The NATO-led exercise runs until 18 October 2019 and involves forces from 18 NATO Allies, testing the readiness of the naval component of the NATO Response Force (NRF). The NRF provides a quick response to any potential threat from land, air or sea. Thirty-two ships, two submarines and 18 aircraft are participating in the drills off the coast of Spain, proving their ability to work together in a crisis response scenario.
An Italian mini submarine pilot climbs down into the Italian Submarine Rescue Vehicle aboard ITS Anteo during NATO Submarine Escape and Rescue exercise Dynamic Monarch 2017
A Norwegian Coast Guard vessel rescues passengers from the Norwegian passenger ship Sjøkurs during Exercise Dynamic Mercy in the North Sea, May 23, 2018.
Dynamic Mercy tests the coordination and cooperation of air and maritime national assets. Denmark, Norway, and the UK with their national RCCs and SAR assets are the key nations involved in the exercise. The training scenarios include simulations of on-board fire, over boarding, crashes and emergency evacuation to shore.
(NATO Photo by NIC Edouard Bocquet)
British soldiers conduct fire missions with a 105 mm L118 light gun as part of Exercise Dynamic Front 18 at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), March 06, 2018. Exercise Dynamic Front 18 includes approximately 3,700 participants from 26 nations at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), Feb. 23-March 10, 2018. Dynamic Front is an annual U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) exercise focused on the interoperability of U.S. Army, joint service and allied nation artillery and fire support in a multinational environment, from theater-level headquarters identifying targets to gun crews pulling lanyards in the field. (U.S. Army photo by Gertrud Zach)
Official KCON 2013 Photography by Mark Udiabas of Koreaboo.com ©2012 Koreaboo. Do not edit, distort, resize, change or remove copyright on these pictures in any way.
A British Army Royal Military Academy Sandhurst cadet unlocks a hand grenade during Exercise Dynamic Victory at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command’s Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, Nov. 10, 2015. The exercise is the final field exercise for Sandhurst cadets before they become commissioned officers in the British army. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach/released)
Zitadelle-in-Belgrad-1915
Frankfurter Zeitung 10.10.1915: Hastigen Schrittes in die Hauptstadt König Peters
dynamic.faz.net/red/2015/epaper/1915-10-10.pdf
"Deutsche Kriegsteitung" 7.november 1915 - Serbien
digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/feldztgdkz1915/0354?sid=...
S e r b i e n f r o n t
26. Oktober bis 02. November 1915
Aus Serbien wurden wiederum Erfolge gemeldet. Die Offensive der Heeresgruppe Mackensen machte weitere Fortschritte. Vom 23. bis 27. Oktober hatte die Armee Gallwitz bereits 2.033 Gefangene gemacht. Die deutschen Truppen drangen in die Gebirgskette nördlich von Rudnik vor, während die Armee Köveß in breiter Front über die Kolubara weiter vorging.Weiter östlich drangen österr.-ungarische Truppen der Armee Gallwitz beiderseits der Straße Topola-Kragujevac vor und andere Einheiten vertreiben den Gegner von den Höhen südlich und südöstlich von Svilajnac im Morawetal. Die Armee Köveß drang einen Tag später über die durch Regen fast ungangbar gewordenen Niederungen der Raca weiter vor und warf den Feind von der Cumiskohöhe, wobei es zu erbitterten Kämpfen um Cumis und dessen Kirche kam. Die Armee Gallwitz überschritt Lepenica und machte südöstlich von Svilajnac weitere Fortschritte. Am 29. Oktober kam es zu weiteren Kämpfen um die Höhen Cumis und Strazenica, die siegreich verliefen und den weiteren Vormarsch der Armeen Gallwitz und Köveß nicht stoppen konnten. Am 30. Oktober stürmten Truppen der Armee Köveß die serbischen Stellungen bei Grn.Milanovac und warfen den Feind nordöstlich davon aus seinen Stellungen südlich der Srebrnica. Die Armee Gallwitz drängte währenddessen den Feind beiderseits der Morava weiter nach Süden. Der 31. Oktober 1915 brachte den Fall der Festung Kragujevac, nachdem die serbischen Truppen über den Petrovackar und den Lepenica-Abschnitt zurückgeworfen wurden. Die Festung wurden nach heftigen Kämpfen in Besitz genommen. Ebenso erbitterte Kämpfe fanden bei der Stürmung der Höhen Trimunovo-Brdo statt, die zwischen dem Flußwinkel der Morava und Resava liegen. Das eroberte Kragujevac galt als wichtiger Verkehrsknotenpunkt und war ehemals Sitz der Fürsten von Serbien. Über die Stadt liefen die wichtigen Verbindungsstraßen von der Donau in das Moravetal, zudem stellte eine Bahnlinie die Verbindung mit der Morawetalbahn her. In der damals 16.000 Einwohner großen Stadt befanden sich wichtige militärische Einrichtungen, unter anderem Arsenale, Munitions- und Waffenfabriken. Am 01. November 1915 wurde der Ort Cacak besetzt und damit der Ausgang zum Tal der westlichen (Golijska) Morava geöffnet. Die Höhen südlich Kragujevac wurden vom Feind gesäubert und anschließend die Linie Bagrdan-Despotovac überschritten.Am 02. November 1915 wurde die Stadt Ufice besetzt und die Straße Cacak-Kragujevac überschritten. Beiderseits der Morawa wehrte sich der Feind aber weiterhin hartnäckig gegen die Truppen der Armee Köveß.
Serbia front
26 October to 02 November 1915
From Serbia again successes were reported. The offensive of the Army Group Mackensen made further progress. From 23 to 27 October, the army Gallwitz had already made 2,033 prisoners. The German troops penetrated into the mountain range north of Rudnik, while the army Kövess distribute about Kolubara further vorging.Weiter east invaded the Austro-Hungarian troops of Army Gallwitz astride the road Kragujevac-Topola front and other units on a broad front of the enemy the heights south and southeast of Svilajnac in Morawetal. The army Kövess came a day later on the almost impassable become rain lowlands of Raca continue before and threw the enemy of the Cumiskohöhe, where there was bitter fighting to Cumis and its church. The army Gallwitz exceeded Lepenica and made south-east of Svilajnac further progress. On October 29, there was another battle for the heights Cumis and Strazenica that ran victorious and the further advance of the armies Gallwitz and Kövess could not stop. On October 30, the army stormed troops Kövess the Serbian positions at Grn.Milanovac and threw the enemy northeast assume its positions south of Srebrnica. The army urged Gallwitz during which the enemy on both sides of the Morava further south. The October 31, 1915 brought the fall of the fortress Kragujevac after the Serb forces were thrown back on the Petrovackar and Lepenica-section. The fortress was taken after fierce fighting in possession. Likewise, fierce battles took place during the storming of the heights Trimunovo-Brdo, which lie between the flux angle of the Morava and Resava. The conquered Kragujevac was considered an important transport hub and was formerly the seat of the prince of Serbia. About the city the main connecting roads from the Danube ran into the Moravetal, also presented a railway line to connect to the Morawetalbahn ago. In the then 16,000 inhabitants large city there were important military facilities, including arsenals, ammunition and weapons factories. On 01 November 1915, the site was occupied Cacak and thus open the exit to the valley of western (Golijska) Morava. The heights south Kragujevac were cleaned by the enemy, and then the line Bagrdan-Despotovac überschritten.Am 02 November 1915 the city Ufice occupied and crossed the road Cacak-Kragujevac. On either side of the Morawa fought the enemy but still stubbornly against the troops of the Army Kövess.
S e r b i e n f r o n t
23. bis 30. November
Der serbische Kampfschauplatz kam anders als die West- und Ostfront nicht zur Ruhe. Nach der Eroberung von Mitrovica und Pristina war zu vermuten, dass der Widerstand der serbischen Nordarmee gebrochen war. Bei diesen Kämpfen gegen einen erbittert kämpfenden Feind gerieten letztlich 17.000 serbische Soldaten in Gefangenschaft. Den bulgarischen Berichten zufolge hatten die Kämpfe zehn Tage angedauert. Am 23. November gelang es schließlich, die Serben im Norden, Osten und Süden zu umzingeln. Trotzdem gaben die Serben ihren Widerstand nicht auf und kämpften hartnäckig um Pristina. Am 25. November 1915 griffen deutsche Einheiten der Heeresgruppe Mackensen in die Kämpfe bei Pristina ein und feindliche Nachhuten wurden südwestlich von Sjenica und Mitrovica geschlagen. In den folgenden Tagen wurde serbisches Gebiet von den Verbündeten besetzt und von feindlichen Truppen gesäubert. Truppen der Armee Gallwitz säuberten die Höhen auf dem linken Sitnica-Ufer und machten dabei weitere 800 Gefangene. Der bulgarische Vormarsch ging am 26. November 1915 südlich Drenica bis über die Linie Goles-Stimlja-Jezerce-Ljubotin hinaus, den Feind weiter verfolgend. Am 27. November 1915 wurde südwestlich von Mitrovica der Ort Rudnik besetzt, wobei erneut 2.700 Gefangene gemacht wurden. Mit diesen Kämpfen wurden die Operationen in Serbien abgeschlossen. Das Große Hauptquartier gab folgende Erklärung hierzu ab:
Mit der Flucht der kärglichen Reste des serbischen Heeres in die albanischen Gebirge sind die großen Operationen gegen dasselbe abgeschlossen. Ihr nächster Zweck, die Öffnung freier Verbindungen mit Bulgarien und dem Türkischen Reich, ist erreicht.
Brücke über die Crnica in Paracin
Der serbische Feldzug stand unter dem Oberbefehl des Generalfeldmarschalls von Mackensen, dessen Heeresgruppe aus deutschen Truppen und der österr.-ungarischen Armee des Generlas von Köveß bestand. Die Operationen wurden gleichzeitig von den bulgarischen Armeen der Generale Bojadjieff und Todorow flankiert. Nach Überschreiten der Donau gelang es den Armeen, die serbischen Truppen zu schlagen und zurückzudrängen. Der serbische Widerstand bei den Festungsstädten Belgrad, Zajecar, Kujazevac und Pirot konnten schnell erobert werden. Bei den Kämpfen um Belgrad wurden das brandenburgische Reservekorps und das österr.-ungarische 8. Armeekorps besonders hervorgehoben. Insgesamt gerieten 100.000 serbische Soldaten, nach Angaben der Kriegszeitung die Hälfte der serbischen Armee, in Kriegsgefangenschaft. Die Kriegszeitung würdigte die große Leistung der Verbündeten Armee angesichts der widrigen Witterungsbedingungen (Schnee, Regen), schwierigen Geländeverhältnisse und des sich tapfer wehrenden serbischen Heeres. Die geschlagene serbische Armee zog sich nach Berichten aus Monastir auf Prizren zurück, wohin sich der serbische Generalstab mit dem bei ihm befindlichen Vertretern der Entente befand. Ein anderer Teil der serbische Armee begab sich in Richtung Ipek. Die Kriegszeitung vermutete, dass die Serben versuchen würden, die Reste der Armee bei Prizren zu konzentrieren, um anschließend über Djakova und Ipek nach Montenegro und über Dibra-Struga nach Elbassen in Albanien zu marschieren. Von Montenegro aus würden diese Reste zusammen mit Montenegrinern und Allierten Truppen die Offensive gegen die deutsch-österr.-bulgarischen Einheiten aufnehmen. Die bulgarischen Einheiten verhinderten jedoch dieses Vorhaben, indem sie weiter auf Prizren vordrangen und die Serben zum Rückzug nach Albanien zwangen. Die 40 bis 50.000 Einwohner zählende und am Südende der Montojaebene liegende Stadt hatte keine modernen Verteidigungsanlagen, die von den serbischen Truppen zum Widerstand hätten genutzt werden können. Über Prizren führte eine Straßenverbindung zum Drintal und weiter nach Albanien. Eine weitere Verbindung bestand über Djakova nach Montenegro. An der Straße von Pristina nach Prizren ließen die serbischen Truppen zahlreiches Kriegsgerät zurück und verloren weiterhin viele Soldaten in die Gefangenschaft. Dennoch versuchte die serbische Armee, die Stadt zu verteidigen. Nach kurzem Kampf ergaben sich 16 bis 17.000 serbische Soldaten den angreifenden Bulgaren. Darüber hinaus erbeuteten die Bulgaren 50 Geschütze und Haubitzen, 148 Atomobile und großen Mengen weiteren Materiales. Die serbische Armee Bojowitsch war in den Kämpfen um Prizren endgültig aufgerieben worden (28.11.1915). In den nachfolgenden Tagen fanden zwar noch kleinere Gefechte mit versprengten serbischen Einheiten statt, die Gesamtlage wurde dadurch jedoch nicht verändert. Der serbische König befand sich währenddessen auf der Flucht und soll Ende November in Skutari angekommen sein. Sein eigentliches Ziel soll aber Italien gewesen sein, welches er nach Einschätzung des britischen Vizekonsuls von Nisch nur sehr schwer erreichen werde.
Die bulgarischen Einheiten zogen ihren Ring immer enger um die serbische Südarmee bei Monastir, nachdem die Babuna-PLanina, eine Gebirgskette welche die Ebene zwischen Prilep und Monastir nach Norden hin deckte, von ihnen besetzt worden war. Zaghafte allierte Versuche die Serben zu untertsützen, wurden am Fluss Crna vereitelt. Die Allierten gelangten über diese Stellung nicht hinaus und wurden sogar zurückgedrängt. Dabei zerstörten sie die Brücken bis zur Mündung des Flusses in den Vardar (Bardar?). Damit war klar, dass die Alliierten den Serben nicht mehr zu Hilfe kommen würden. Die bulgarische Armee besetzte den Ort Kruschewo, während die Stadt Monastir von den Serben geräumt wurde. Der serbischen Südarmee blieb letztlich nur noch der weitere Rückzug auf griechisches Gebiet. Das mit Serbien verbündete Montenegro sieht sich währenddessen weiteren Angriffen der österr.-ungarischen Armee ausgesetzt, welche die befestigten Grenzstellungen bei Celebic und am Metalkasattel stürmten. Am 30. November 1915 wurden die Höhen von Plevlje besetzt.
Kirche von Paracin, von der Brücke über die Crnica aus gesehen
Serbia front
November 23 to 30
Serbian battleground turned out differently than the western and eastern fronts not to rest. After the conquest of Mitrovica and Pristina was to be assumed that the resistance of the Serbian Army of the North was broken. In this fight against an enemy bitterly fighting ultimately fell 17,000 Serb soldiers in captivity. The Bulgarian reportedly fighting had lasted ten days. On November 23, they finally managed to surround the Serbs in the north, east and south. Nevertheless, the Serbs did not give up their resistance and fought tenaciously to Pristina. On November 25, 1915 German units of Army Group Mackensen intervened in the fighting in Pristina and hostile rear guards were beaten southwest of Sjenica and Mitrovica. In the following days, Serbian territory was occupied by the allies and cleared of enemy troops. Army troops Gallwitz cleared the heights on the left bank of Sitnica and made it another 800 prisoners. The Bulgarian advance was received on November 26, 1915 south Drenica up over the line-Goles Stimlja-Jezerce-Lyubotin addition, the enemy pursuing further. On November 27, 1915, the place Rudnik was southwest of Mitrovica occupied, again 2,700 prisoners were taken. With these struggles the operations in Serbia were completed. The GHQ made the following statement on the matter after:
With the flight of the scanty remains of the Serbian army in the Albanian mountains the big operations are completed against it. Your next purpose, the opening of free connections with Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, is achieved.
Bridge over the Crnica in Paracin
The Serbian campaign was under the command of Field Marshal von Mackensen, whose Army Group consisted of German troops and the Austro-Hungarian army of Generlas of Kövess. The operations were accompanied simultaneously by the Bulgarian armies of Generals Bojadjieff and Todorov. After the Danube exceeded succeeded the armies to beat and push back the Serbian forces. The Serbian resistance at the fortress Belgrade, Zajecar, Pirot Kujazevac and could be quickly conquered. In the battle for Belgrade the Brandenburg Reserve Corps and the Austro-Hungarian 8th Corps were highlighted. Overall, 100,000 Serb soldiers came, according to the Kriegszeitung half of the Serbian army, in captivity. The Kriegszeitung praised the great achievement of the Confederate Army in the face of adverse weather conditions (snow, rain), difficult terrain conditions and valiantly struggling Serb army. The defeated Serbian army withdrew after reports from Monastir to Prizren back, where there was the Serbian General Staff with the located with him representatives of the Entente. Another part of the Serbian army came to pass in the direction of Ipek. The Kriegszeitung suspected that the Serbs would try the remnants of the army to concentrate in Prizren in order then to march through Gjakova and Ipek to Montenegro and Dibra-Struga after Elbassen in Albania. From Montenegro of these radicals would take together with Montenegrins and Allied troops, the offensive against the German-Austro-Bulgarian units. However, the Bulgarian units prevented this project by further penetrated in Prizren and the Serbs forced to retreat to Albania. 40 to 50,000 inhabitants counting and lying at the southern end of the city Montojaebene had no modern defenses that would have the resistance of the Serb forces can be used. About Prizren held a road connection to Drintal and on to Albania. Another connection was via Gjakova to Montenegro. On the road from Pristina to Prizren, the Serbian forces left behind numerous military equipment and still lost a lot of soldiers in captivity. Nevertheless, the Serbian army was trying to defend the city. After a brief struggle itself 16-17000 Serb soldiers were attacking the Bulgarians. In addition, the Bulgarians captured 50 guns and howitzers, 148 atomobile and large quantities other material. The Serbian army Bojowitsch was finally wiped out in the fighting around Prizren (11/28/1915). In the following days, although even smaller skirmishes with scattered Serb forces took place, the overall situation was, however, not changed. The Serbian king was meanwhile on the run and the end of November to have arrived in Scutari. But his ultimate goal is to have been Italy, which he would achieve only with great difficulty in the opinion of the British vice-consul of Nish.
The Bulgarian units attracted her ring ever closer to the Serbian southern army at Monastir after the Babuna Planina, a mountain range which covered the plain between Prilep and Monastir to the north, had been occupied by them. Tentative Allied attempts to untertsützen the Serbs were defeated by the river Crna. The Allies came not go beyond this position and were even forced back. They destroyed the bridges to the estuary of the river in the Vardar (Bardar?). It was clear that the Allies would the Serbs no longer come to the rescue. The Bulgarian army occupied the place Kruschewo, while the city of Monastir was evacuated by the Serbs. The Serbian southern army ultimately remained only the further retreat on Greek territory. The allied with Serbia Montenegro sees himself meanwhile further attacks of the Austro-Hungarian army exposed, which stormed the fortified border positions at Celebic and on Metalkasattel. On November 30, 1915, the heights of Plevlje were occupied.
Viewed Church of Paracin, from the bridge over the Crnica from
NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, July. 3 2017. GEN.Aboard HNLMS Evertsen. Dynamic Mongoose is a high-end multi-national exercise designed to sharpen existing NATO Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) skills in a deep water training area. Dynamic Mongoose 2017 showcases NATO Maritime capabilities and interoperability. This year, the exercise involves more than 2,000 military and maritime personnel from 10 NATO nations as well as 5 submarines,11 ships and 8 Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA). NATO Photo by FRAN CPO Christian Valverde
Soldiers from multiple nations watch artillery rounds hitting the impact zone as part of exercise Dynamic Front 18 at the 7th Army Training Command's Grafenwoehr training area, Germany, March 8, 2018. Exercise Dynamic Front 18 includes approximately 3,700 participants from 26 nations at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), Feb. 23-March 10, 2018. Dynamic Front is an annual U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) exercise focused on the interoperability of U.S. Army, joint service and allied nation artillery and fire support in a multinational environment, from theater-level headquarters identifying targets to gun crews pulling lanyards in the field..
(U.S. Army photo by Markus Rauchenberger)
| XTi | 10-22 |
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Coin, AD 55-6
Illustrating the shifting power dynamic between Nero and his mother during his early reign.
[From] prominence to Agrippina and relegates Nero to the reverse...mother and son facing each other...Agrippina behind. It demonstrates her waning influence and Nero's rising independence. Subsequently, Agrippina disappeared from his coinage altogether.
[British Museum]
Nero: the Man Behind the Myth
(May - Oct 2021)
Nero is known as one of Rome's most infamous rulers, notorious for his cruelty, debauchery and madness.
The last male descendant of the emperor Augustus, Nero succeeded to the throne in AD 54 aged just 16 and died a violent death at 30. His turbulent rule saw momentous events including the Great Fire of Rome, Boudicca's rebellion in Britain, the execution of his own mother and first wife, grand projects and extravagant excesses.
Drawing on the latest research, this major exhibition questions the traditional narrative of the ruthless tyrant and eccentric performer, revealing a different Nero, a populist leader at a time of great change in Roman society.
Through some 200 spectacular objects, from the imperial palace in Rome to the streets of Pompeii, follow the young emperor’s rise and fall and make up your own mind about Nero. Was he a young, inexperienced ruler trying his best in a divided society, or the merciless, matricidal megalomaniac history has painted him to be?
Nero was the 5th emperor of Rome and the last of Rome’s first dynasty, the Julio-Claudians, founded by Augustus (the adopted son of Julius Caesar). Nero is known as one of Rome’s most infamous rulers, notorious for his cruelty and debauchery. He ascended to power in AD 54 aged just 16 and died at 30. He ruled at a time of great social and political change, overseeing momentous events such as the Great Fire of Rome and Boudica’s rebellion in Britain. He allegedly killed his mother and two of his wives, only cared about his art and had very little interest in ruling the empire.
Most of what we know about Nero comes from the surviving works of three historians – Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio. All written decades after Nero’s death, their accounts have long shaped our understanding of this emperor’s rule. However, far from being impartial narrators presenting objective accounts of past events, these authors and their sources wrote with a very clear agenda in mind. Nero’s demise brought forward a period of chaos and civil war – one that ended only when a new dynasty seized power, the Flavians. Authors writing under the Flavians all had an interest in legitimising the new ruling family by portraying the last of the Julio-Claudians in the worst possible light, turning history into propaganda. These accounts became the ‘historical’ sources used by later historians, therefore perpetuating a fabricated image of Nero, which has survived all the way to the present.
Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December AD 37.
He was the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. Both Gnaeus and Agrippina were the grandchildren of Augustus, making Nero Augustus’ great, great grandson with a strong claim to power.
Nero was only two years old when his mother was exiled and three when his father died. His inheritance was taken from him and he was sent to live with his aunt. However, Nero’s fate changed again when Claudius became emperor, restoring the boy’s property and recalling his mother Agrippina from exile.
In AD 49 the emperor Claudius married Agrippina, and adopted Nero the following year. It is at this point that Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. In Roman times it was normal to change your name when adopted, abandoning your family name in favour of your adoptive father’s. Nero was a common name among members of the Claudian family, especially in Claudius’ branch.
Nero and Agrippina offered Claudius a politically useful link back to Augustus, strengthening his position.
Claudius appeared to favour Nero over his natural son, Britannicus, marking Nero as the designated heir.
When Claudius died in AD 54, Nero became emperor just two months before turning 17.
As he was supported by both the army and the senate, his rise to power was smooth. His mother Agrippina exerted a significant influence, especially at the beginning of his rule.
The Roman historians Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all claim that Nero, fed up with Agrippina’s interference, decided to kill her.
Given the lack of eyewitnesses, there is no way of knowing if or how this happened. However, this did not stop historians from fabricating dramatic stories of Agrippina’s murder, asserting that Nero tried (and failed) to kill her with a boat engineered to sink, before sending his men to do the job.
Agrippina allegedly told them to stab her in the womb that bore Nero, her last words clearly borrowed from stage plays.
It is entirely possible, as claimed by Nero himself, that Agrippina chose (or was more likely forced) to take her own life after her plot against her son was discovered.
Early in his rule, Nero had to contend with a rebellion in the newly conquered province of Britain.
In AD 60–61, Queen Boudica of the Iceni tribe led a revolt against the Romans, attacking and laying waste to important Roman settlements. The possible causes of the rebellion were numerous – the greed of the Romans exploiting the newly conquered territories, the recalling of loans made to local leaders, ongoing conflict in Wales and, above all, violence against the family of Prasutagus, Boudica’s husband and king of the Iceni.
Boudica and the rebels destroyed Colchester, London and St Albans before being heavily defeated by Roman troops. After the uprising, the governor of Britain Suetonius Paulinus introduced harsher laws against the Britons, until Nero replaced him with the more conciliatory governor Publius Petronius Turpilianus.
The marriage between Nero and Octavia, aged 15 and 13/14 at the time, was arranged by their parents in order to further legitimise Nero’s claim to the throne. Octavia was the daughter of the emperor Claudius from a previous marriage, so when Claudius married Agrippina and adopted her son Nero, Nero and Octavia became brother and sister. In order to arrange their marriage, Octavia had to be adopted into another family.
Their marriage was not a happy one. According to ancient writers, Nero had various affairs until his lover Poppaea Sabina convinced him to divorce his wife. Octavia was first exiled then executed in AD 62 on adultery charges. According to ancient writers, her banishment and death caused great unrest among the public, who sympathised with the dutiful Octavia.
No further motives were offered for Octavia’s death other than Nero’s passion for Poppaea, and we will probably never know what transpired at court. The fact that Octavia couldn’t produce an heir while Poppaea was pregnant with Nero’s daughter likely played an important role in deciding Octavia’s fate.
On 19 July AD 64, a fire started close to the Circus Maximus. The flames soon encompassed the entire city of Rome and the fire raged for nine days. Only four of the 14 districts of the capital were spared, while three were completely destroyed.
Rome had already been razed by flames – and would be again in its long history – but this event was so severe it came to be known as the Great Fire of Rome.
Later historians blamed Nero for the event, claiming that he set the capital ablaze in order to clear land for the construction of a vast new palace. According to Suetonius and Cassius Dio, Nero took in the view of the burning city from the imperial residence while playing the lyre and singing about the fall of Troy. This story, however, is fictional.
Tacitus, the only historian who was actually alive at the time of the Great Fire of Rome (although only 8 years old), wrote that Nero was not even in Rome when the fire started, but returned to the capital and led the relief efforts.
Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all describe Nero as being blinded by passion for his wife Poppaea, yet they accuse him of killing her, allegedly by kicking her in an outburst of rage while she was pregnant.
Interestingly, pregnant women being kicked to death by enraged husbands is a recurring theme in ancient literature, used to explore the (self) destructive tendencies of autocrats. The Greek writer Herodotus tells the story of how the Persian king Cambyses kicked his pregnant wife in the stomach, causing her death. A similar episode is told of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. Nero is just one of many allegedly ‘mad’ tyrants for which this literary convention was used.
Poppaea probably died from complications connected with her pregnancy and not at Nero’s hands. She was given a lavish funeral and was deified.
Centred on greater Iran, the Parthian empire was a major political and cultural power and a long-standing enemy of Rome. The two powers had long been contending for control over the buffer state of Armenia and open conflict sparked again during Nero’s rule. The Parthian War started in AD 58 and, after initial victories and following set-backs, ended in AD 63 when a diplomatic solution was reached between Nero and the Parthian king Vologases I.
According to this settlement Tiridates, brother of the Parthian king, would rule over Armenia, but only after having travelled all the way to Rome to be crowned by Nero.
The journey lasted 9 months, Tiridates’ retinue included 3,000 Parthian horsemen and many Roman soldiers. The coronation ceremony took place in the summer of AD 66 and the day was celebrated with much pomp: all the people of Rome saw the new king of Armenia kneeling in front of Nero. This was the Golden Day of Nero’s rule
In AD 68, Vindex, the governor of Gaul (France), rebelled against Nero and declared his support for Galba, the governor of Spain. Vindex was defeated in battle by troops loyal to Nero, yet Galba started gaining more military support.
It was at this point that Nero lost the support of Rome’s people due to a grain shortage, caused by a rebellious commander who cut the crucial food supply from Egypt to the capital. Abandoned by the people and declared an enemy of the state by the senate, Nero tried to flee Rome and eventually committed suicide.
Following his death, Nero’s memory was condemned (a practice called damnatio memoriae) and the images of the emperor were destroyed, removed or reworked. However, Nero was still given an expensive funeral and for a long time people decorated his tomb with flowers, some even believing he was still alive.
After Nero’s death, civil war ensued. At the end of the so-called ‘Year of the Four Emperors’ (AD 69), Vespasian became emperor and started a new dynasty: the Flavians.
[Francesca Bologna, curator, for British Museum]
Taken in the British Museum
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NATO exercise Dynamic Manta (DYMA20) runs between Feb. 24 and March 6, 2020 off the coast of Sicily. Ships, submarines, aircraft and personnel from 9 Allied nations are converging in the Central Mediterranean Sea for advance anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) training.
Photo, taken on board ITS Carabiniere, on Feb. 27, 2020 off the coast of Sicily, shows sailor at work.
NATO Photo by FRAN S.Dzioba
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The NATO Maritime Command-led Dynamic Mariner/Flotex-19 (DYMR/FL19) is an exercise that tests NATO’s Response Force Maritime Component and enhances the flexibility and interoperability amongst allied nations. DYMR/FL19 involves ships, submarines, aircraft and personnel from fifteen allied nations converging off the coast of Spain between 8th and 18th September 2019.
Aboard TCG Giresun during activities at sea, 8th October.
Giresun preparing Replenishment At Sea with task group 05.
Norwegian Coast Guardsmen coordinate with crew members of from the Norwegian passenger ship Sjøkurs in order to rescue passengers during Exercise Dynamic Mercy in the North Sea, May 23, 2018.Dynamic Mercy tests the coordination and cooperation of air and maritime national assets. Denmark, Norway, and the UK with their national RCCs and SAR assets are the key nations involved in the exercise. The training scenarios include simulations of on-board fire, over boarding, crashes and emergency evacuation to shore. (NATO Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Danielle Brandt, USN)
Dynamic Automotive - Where Customers Become Friends - for lots of videos also see: www.frederick.com/dynamic-automotive
Dynamic Automotive Car Show 2018 - Dynamic Automotive - Where Customers Become Friends - for lots of videos also see: www.frederick.com/dynamic-automotive
U.S. Army Spc. Eric Sample with Archer Battery, Field Artillery Regiment, 2d Cavalry Regiment carries propellant charges for M777 Howitzers during Exercise Dynamic Front 18 at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), March 08, 2018. Exercise Dynamic Front 18 includes approximately 3,700 participants from 26 nations at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), Feb. 23-March 10, 2018. Dynamic Front is an annual U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) exercise focused on the interoperability of U.S. Army, joint service and allied nation artillery and fire support in a multinational environment, from theater-level headquarters identifying targets to gun crews pulling lanyards in the field. (U.S. Army photo by Gertrud Zach)
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NATO exercise Dynamic Manta (DYMA20) runs between Feb. 24 and March 6, 2020 off the coast of Sicily. Ships, submarines, aircraft and personnel from 9 Allied nations are converging in the Central Mediterranean Sea for advance anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) training.
Photo, taken near Catania coast, on Feb. 24, 2020 shows an Italian submarine submerging.
NATO Photo by FRAN S.Dzioba
Dynamic Automotive - Where Customers Become Friends - for lots of videos also see: www.frederick.com/dynamic-automotive
U.S. Army Soldiers with Archer Battery, Field Artillery Regiment, 2d Cavalry Regiment conduct a fire mission with a M777 Howitzer during Exercise Dynamic Front 18 at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), March 08, 2018. Exercise Dynamic Front 18 includes approximately 3,700 participants from 26 nations at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), Feb. 23-March 10, 2018. Dynamic Front is an annual U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) exercise focused on the interoperability of U.S. Army, joint service and allied nation artillery and fire support in a multinational environment, from theater-level headquarters identifying targets to gun crews pulling lanyards in the field. (U.S. Army photo by Gertrud Zach)
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The NATO Maritime Command-led Dynamic Mariner/Flotex-19 (DYMR/FL19) is an exercise that tests NATO’s Response Force Maritime Component and enhances the flexibility and interoperability amongst allied nations. DYMR/FL19 involves ships, submarines, aircraft and personnel from fifteen allied nations converging off the coast of Spain between 8th and 18th September 2019.
Aboard TCG Giresun during activities at sea, 9th October.
Helicopter SH70B on the flight deck before a CASEX exercise flight.
NATO Photo by FRAN S.DZIOBA
U.S. Soldiers with Archer Battery, Field Artillery Regiment, 2d Cavalry Regiment conduct a fire mission with a M777 Howitzer during Exercise Dynamic Front 18 at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), March 08, 2018. Exercise Dynamic Front 18 includes approximately 3,700 participants from 26 nations at the U.S. Army’s Grafenwoehr Training Area (Germany), Feb. 23-March 10, 2018. Dynamic Front is an annual U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) exercise focused on the interoperability of U.S. Army, joint service and allied nation artillery and fire support in a multinational environment, from theater-level headquarters identifying targets to gun crews pulling lanyards in the field. (U.S. Army photo by Gertrud Zach)
ROYAL NAVY ON NATO EXERCISE OFF THE COAST OF ICELAND - BQ200018025
On Wednesday 1st July 2020, the Task Force involved in this year's Exercise Dynamic Mongoose met off the coast of Iceland.
HMS Kent and her sister ship HMS Westminster met with the USS Roosevelt, USS Indiana, HNOMS Otto Sverdrop, HNOMS Utsira, HMCS Frederiction, FGS U36, and FS Casabianca Rouge off the Icelandic coast during a dark and overcast Thursday afternoon.
Exercise Dynamic Mongoose will see the sister ships from HMNB Portsmouth participate along with other countries including Iceland, Norway and Canada during extensive serials practicing the art of close proximity sailing, anti-submarine warfare drills and surface engagement drills (quickdraw exercises).
HMS Kent has been involved in a wide array of operations over the last three months, from exercising with the Americans in the Arctic Circle, taking part in Exercise BALTOPS 20 with numerous NATO units to working alongside HMS Queen Elizabeth in the North Sea.
Credit: LPhot Dan Rosenbaum, HMS Kent
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The NATO Maritime Command-led Dynamic Mariner/Flotex-19 (DYMR/FL19) is an exercise that tests NATO’s Response Force Maritime Component and enhances the flexibility and interoperability amongst allied nations. DYMR/FL19 involves ships, submarines, aircraft and personnel from fifteen allied nations converging off the coast of Spain between 8th and 18th September 2019.
Activities at sea, 14th October, on board spanish aircraft carrier L61 Juan Carlos I. Two Harrier AV8B landing after a patrol.
NATO Photo by FRAN S.DZIOBA
The Dynamic Defence Display, a combined land, air and sea performance by the Singapore Armed Forces during the National Day Parade 2017 Preview 2
NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN (July 3, 2017) Helicopters from HMCS St. John's and USS James E. Williams work together to find submarines during NATO exercise Dynamic Mongoose in the North Atlantic. Dynamic Mongoose is a high-end multi-national exercise designed to sharpen existing NATO Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) skills in a deep water training area. Dynamic Mongoose 2017 showcases NATO Maritime capabilities and interoperability. This year, the exercise involves more than 2,000 military and maritime personnel from 10 NATO nations as well as 5 submarines,11 ships and 8 Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA). NATO Photo by FRAN CPO Christian Valverde.
NORWEGIAN SEA, June 30. 2018. A Spanish Navy firefighter team gets ready to investigate as Damage and Control drills started aboard ESPS Alvaro de Bazan, Dynamic Mongoose 18. Dynamic Mongoose is a high-end multi-national exercise designed to sharpen existing NATO Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) skills in a deep water training area. Dynamic Mongoose 2018 showcases NATO Maritime capabilities and interoperability. This year, the exercise involves 8 NATO nations as well as 2 submarines, 7 ships and 3 Maritime Patrol Aircrafts (MPA).NATO Photo by FRA N WO Christian Valverde.